TheCambridgeHandbookofComparativeLaw
Editedby MATHIASSIEMS
EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Florence
POJENYAP
TheUniversityofHongKong
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Contents
ListofFigures page ix
ListofTables xi
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xvii
ListofAbbreviations xix
Introduction:ANewHandbookforComparativeLawinaGlobalContext MathiasSiemsandPoJenYap
TraditionalMethods
JaakkoHusa
Historical-JurisprudentialMethods
Jean-LouisHalpérin
CriticalMethods
ThomasCoendet
CultureandComparativeLawMethodology
QianXiangyang
LinguisticApproaches
ŁucjaBiel
QualitativeFieldwork
PetraMahy,RichardMitchell,JohnHowe,IngridLandauand CarolynSutherland NewInstitutionalEconomics
OliveSabiiti
EmpiricalMethods
MathiasSiems
Machine-LearningMethods
Han-weiHo,PatrickChung-ChiaHuangandYun-chienChang
CivilLaw
AndreaOrtolani
CommonLaw
ShivprasadSwaminathan
ConfucianLegalTradition
NgocSonBui
FormerSovietStatesofEasternEurope,CaucasusandCentralAsia
AndreyShirvindt
LatinAmerica
IsabelZuloagaandJoséManuelDíazdeValdés
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica
RadwaS.Elsaman
SouthAsia
RehanAbeyratne
Sub-SaharanAfrica
CharlesMangaFombad TheTraditionofComparativeLaw:ComparisonandItsColonialLegacies
HelgeDedek
DecolonialTheoryandComparativeLaw
RogerMerino
LegalTransplants:ATheoreticalFrameworkandaCaseStudyfromPublicLaw
MargitCohn
LegalTransplants:ACaseStudyofPrivateLawinItsHistoricalContext
GerardoCaffera,RodrigoMombergandMaríaElisaMorales
ConvergenceandDivergenceinPublicLaw
PoJenYap
ConvergenceandDivergenceinCompanyLaw
HaticeKübraKandemir
LawandDevelopment
Yong-ShikLeeandAndrewHarding
DividedLegalSystems:UnderstandingLegalSystemsin Conflict-ProneSocieties
M.BashirMobasherandHarounRahimi
LegalPluralismandCommerce
AdaOrdor,NojeemAmoduandVictorAmadi
ComparativeInternationalLaw
DanielleHannaRachedandConradoHubnerMendes TransnationalRegulation
VictorV.Ramraj
QuantitativeFormsofLegalGovernance
ReneUrueña
ComparativeInternationalArbitrationLaw
ShahlaAli
Cross-BorderJudicialDialogue
TomGeraldDaly
ComparingRegionalLaw
ArminCuyvers
ComparativeCon flictofLaws
YukoNishitani
ComparativeIndigenousLaw
AnthonyC.Diala
ComparativeLegalEducation
TanCheng-Han,AlanKoh,TopoSantoso,UmakanthVarottil andJiangyuWang
Index
Theresearchprocess
Versionsofuniversalism
HeatmaponGowersimilaritycoeffi cients
GowerdissimilaritycoefficientwithEnglishpropertylaw
ResultsoflogisticPCA
mMDSresults
Two-dimensionprojectionbyt-SNE
UMAPwithdifferentvaluesoftwohyperparameters
Two-dimensionprojectionbyUMAP
Legalfamilytree(dendrogram)
Resultsof k-modes
Totalwithin-clusterdistancesunder k-modes
Decisionboundariesunder kNN
Atypologyoflegaltransplants,orderedbydefactosovereignty
Atypologyoflegaltransplants,orderedbymotivations
Atypologyoflegaltransplants,orderedbyoutcome
Additionallegaltransplanttypologies
Legaltransplantchronicles:long-term,two-playerscenarios
Legaltransplantchronicles:long-term,multi-playerscenarios
Tables
Corporateandcompetitionlawdata
Constitutionallawdata
Propertyandtrustlawdata
Civilprocedurelawdata
Sourcesoflaw-relatedvariables
Legalfamilies
Overviewofmethods
Fourcategoriesofattributecomparison
Confusionmatrixby kNNwith k =
ConfusionmatrixbynaïveBayes
ConfusionmatrixbySVM
Contributors
RehanAbeyratne ,ProfessorofLaw,WesternSydneyUniversity
ShahlaAli,ProfessorandAssociateDean(International)andDeputyDirector,Programin ArbitrationandDisputeResolution,FacultyofLaw,TheUniversityofHongKong
VictorAmadi,PostdoctoralResearcherFellow,CentreforComparativeLawinAfrica, UniversityofCapeTown
NojeemAmodu,ResearchAssociate,CentreforComparativeLawinAfrica,Universityof CapeTown
ŁucjaBiel,AssociateProfessorandHeadofEUMultiLinguaResearchTeam,University ofWarsaw
NgocSonBui,ProfessorofAsianLaws,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofOxford
GerardoCaffera,ProfessorofPrivateLaw,FacultyofLawofUniversidaddela República,Uruguay
Yun-chienChang ,JackG.ClarkeProfessorofEastAsianLaw,CornellLawSchool
ThomasCoendet,ShanghaiDistinguishedProfessor(OrientalChair),ShanghaiJiaoTong University(SJTU)
MargitCohn,HenryJ.andFannieHarkavyChairinComparativeLaw,FacultyofLaw, HebrewUniversityofJerusalem
ArminCuyvers,ProfessorofEUConstitutionalLawandComparativeRegionalIntegration, LeidenLawSchool,andDirectorofCompaRe,theLeidenJeanMonnetCentreofExcellence onComparativeRegionalIntegration
TomGeraldDaly,AssociateProfessorandDeputyDirector,MelbourneSchoolofGovernment andDirector,DemocraticDecay&Renewal(DEM-DEC)
HelgeDedek,ProfessorofLawandWainwrightChairinCivilLaw,McGillUniversity
AnthonyC.Diala,AssociateProfessorofGlobalLawandFoundationDirectoroftheCentre forLegalIntegrationinAfricaattheUniversityoftheWesternCape,SouthAfrica
JoséManuelDíazdeValdés,ProfessorofConstitutionalLaw,UniversidaddelDesarrolloand PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadeChile
RadwaS.Elsaman,ProfessorofCommercialLaw,FacultyofLaw,CairoUniversity,and AdjunctProfessor,CornellLawSchool
CharlesMangaFombad,ProfessorofLaw,Director,InstituteforInternationaland ComparativeLawinAfrica,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofPretoria,SouthAfrica
Jean-LouisHalpérin,Professor,ÉcoleNormaleSupérieure – PSL,Paris
AndrewHarding,VisitingResearchProfessor,NationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)
Han-weiHo,AssistantResearchScientistandChiefExecutiveOffi cerofCenterforEmpirical LegalStudies,InstitutumIurisprudentiae,AcademiaSinica,Taiwan
JohnHowe,Professor,MelbourneSchoolofGovernmentandMelbourneLawSchool, UniversityofMelbourne
PatrickChung-ChiaHuang,AssistantProfessor,CollegeofLaw,NationalTaiwanUniversity
JaakkoHusa,ProfessorinLawandGlobalisation,UniversityofHelsinki
HaticeKübraKandemir,AssistantProfessor, IzmirKatipÇelebiUniversity,Turkey
AlanKoh,AssistantProfessor,NanyangTechnologicalUniversityCollegeofBusiness
IngridLandau,SeniorLecturer,DepartmentofBusinessLawandTaxation,MonashUniversity
Yong-ShikLee,Director,andProfessorialFellowLawandDevelopmentInstitute(LDI)and AdjunctProfessorofLaw,CornellUniversity
PetraMahy,AdjunctSeniorLecturer,DepartmentofBusinessLawandTaxation, MonashUniversity
ConradoHubnerMendes,AssistantProfessor,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofSãoPaulo
RogerMerino,AssociateProfessor,UniversidaddelPacífico,Lima,Peru
RichardMitchell ,AdjunctProfessor,DepartmentofBusinessLawandTaxation, MonashUniversity
M.BashirMobasher,Postdoctoralfellow,DepartmentofSociology,AmericanUniversity, Washington,D.C.
RodrigoMomberg,ProfessorofPrivateLaw,FacultyofLaw,Ponti ficiaUniversidadCatólicade Valparaíso,Chile
MaríaElisaMorales,AssociateProfessorofPrivateLaw,FacultyofLawandSocialSciences, UniversidadAustraldeChile
YukoNishitani,ProfessorofInternationalPrivateandBusinessLaw,KyotoUniversity
AdaOrdor,ProfessorandDirector,CentreforComparativeLawinAfrica,Universityof CapeTown
AndreaOrtolani,AssociateProfessor,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan
QianXiangyang,AssociateProfessor,SichuanUniversity
DanielleHannaRached,AssistantProfessor,InstituteofInternationalRelations,Universityof SãoPaulo
HarounRahimi,AssociateProfessorofLaw,AmericanUniversityofAfghanistan
VictorV.Ramraj,ProfessorofLaw,ChairinAsia-Paci ficLegalRelations,andDirector,Centre forAsia-PacificInitiatives,UniversityofVictoria,Canada
OliveSabiiti,Professor,CavendishUniversityUganda
AndreyShirvindt,SeniorResearchFellow,MaxPlanckInstituteforComparativeand InternationalPrivateLaw,Hamburg
TopoSantoso,Professor,UniversityofIndonesia
MathiasSiems,ProfessorofPrivateLawandMarketRegulation,EuropeanUniversity Institute,Florence
CarolynSutherland,Professor,DepartmentofBusinessLawandTaxation,MonashUniversity
ShivprasadSwaminathan,ProfessorandDean,ShivNadarLawSchool,ShivNadarUniversity, Chennai,India
TanCheng-Han,Professor,NationalUniversityofSingapore
ReneUrueña,AssociateProfessor,UniversidaddeLosAndesSchoolofLaw,Colombia,and VisitingProfessor,UniversityofLaplandLawSchool,Finland
UmakanthVarottil,AssociateProfessor,NationalUniversityofSingapore
JiangyuWang,Professor,CityUniversityofHongKong
PoJenYap,ProfessorofLaw,TheUniversityofHongKong
IsabelZuloaga,AssistantProfessorofCivilLaw,FacultyofLaw,Universidaddelos Andes,Chile
Preface
Comparativelawisacommonsubject-matterofresearchandteachinginmanyuniversities aroundtheworld,andthetwenty-firstcenturyhasaptlybeentermed ‘theeraofcomparative law’.Itisthustopicaltopublishthis Handbook whichseekstopresentatrulyglobalperspective ofcomparativelawtoday.Thecontributorsaredrawnfromallpartsoftheworldtoreflect differentwaysweunderstandthe ‘law’ andhowitoperatesinpractice.Insubstance,the Handbook contains chapterscoveringabroadrangeoftopics.Theyaredividedunderthe followingheadings: ‘MethodsofComparativeLaw’ (PartI); ‘LegalFamiliesandGeographical Comparisons’ (PartII); ‘CentralThemesinComparativeLaw’ (PartIII);and ‘ComparativeLaw BeyondtheState’ (PartIV).
Givenitsbroadgeographicalandsubstantivecoverage,this Handbook aimstoappealtoa wideinternationalreadership.Itsprimaryaudienceislikelytobeacademicsandstudents interestedinthemethods,ideasandconceptsofcomparativelaw.Asecondaryaudiencewould belegalandotherscholarswhoarenotcomparativelawyersinanarrowsense.Afterall, nowadays,evenlawyerswhosecoreinterestpertainstoaparticulardomesticlegalsystemoften comeacrossforeignsourcesoflawintheirprofessionallives.Moreover,scholarsindisciplines otherthanlawalsoengageincomparativelegalresearch.Therefore,the Handbook mayalso appealtoresearchersin fieldssuchasanthropology,politicalscience,economicsandsociology.
Weoweanimmensedebtofgratitudetoallofthecontributorstothis Handbook.Wealso extendabigthankyoutothePhDresearchersattheEuropeanUniversityInstitute(EUI)in FlorenceandthestudentsattheUniversityofHongKong(HKU)whohavehelpeduswiththe proofreadingandeditingofthemanuscript:SylvieTaylorArmstrongandDanielRozenbergat theEUIandBuChong,DanielChan,PatrickLiandLiuJuatHKU.Lastbutnotleast,weare verygratefultoCambridgeUniversityPressforsupportingourproject.
MathiasSiems,Florence PoJenYap,HongKong
February
Abbreviations
AAAAmericanArbitrationAssociation
ABAAmericanBarAssociation
ABGBAustrianGeneralCivilCode
ACHPRAfricanCommissiononHumanandPeoples’ Rights
ACHRAmericanConventiononHumanRights
ACJAndeanCourtofJustice
ACSAssociationofCaribbeanStates
ADAppellateDivision(SupremeCourtofBangladesh)
ADIActionofUnconstitutionality(Brazil)
ADRAlternativeDisputeResolution
AECAfricanEconomicCommunity
AfCFTAAfricanContinentalFreeTradeAgreement
AGNESAgglomerativenesting
AJDAfricanJudicialDialogue
AJNAfricanJudicialNetwork
ALADIAsociaciónLatinoamericanadeIntegración
ALBAAlternativaBolivarianaparaLatinoaméricayelCaribe
AMUArabMaghrebUnion
ARIAdjustedRandindex
ARoLSAfghanistanRuleofLawStabilization
ASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations
AUAfricanUnion
BCBSBaselCommitteeonBankingSupervision
BCIBarCouncilofIndia
BEEBusinessEnablingEnvironment
BERIBusinessEnvironmentRiskIntelligence
BGBGermanCivilCode
BJPBharatiyaJanataParty
BNBarisanNational(Malaysia)
BSDBasicStructureDoctrine
CACJCentralAmericanCourtofJustice
CANAndeanCommunity
CARICOMCaribbeanCommunity
CBRCentreforBusinessResearch(Cambridge)
CCJAConferenceofConstitutionalJurisdictionsofAfrica
CCJACommonCourtofJusticeandArbitration(OHADA)
CCPChineseCommunistParty
CDACommunitydevelopmentagreement
CEDAWConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsof DiscriminationAgainstWomen
CEN-SADCommunityofSahel-SaharanStates
CEPIICentred’EtudesProspectiveset
d’InformationsInternationales
CESCRInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCultural Rights
CETCommonexternaltariff
CETAComprehensiveEconomicandTradeAgreement
CIDIPSpecializedConferencesonPrivateInternationalLaw
CIETACChinaInternationalEconomicandTrade ArbitrationCommission
CIRICingranelli-Richards(dataset)
CISGUnitedNationsConventionofContractsfortheInternational SaleofGoods
CJEUCourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion
cMDSclassicalMDS
CMPConstitution-makingprocess
COMESACommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica
CRCConventionontheRightsoftheChild
CRPDConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities
DACCLDecolonisingApproachesinComparativeConstitutionalLaw
DBIDoingBusinessindicator
DIANADivisiveanalysisclustering
EACEastAfricanCommunity
EACJEastAfricanCourtofJustice
EACJFEastAfricanCommunityChiefJusticesForum
ECCASEconomicCommunityofCentralAfricanStates
ECCJECOWASCommunityCourtofJustice
ECHREuropeanConventiononHumanRights
ECOWASEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates
ECtHREuropeanCourtofHumanRights
EEAEuropeanEconomicArea
EFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
EBGBGermanIntroductoryActtotheCivilCode
EITIExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative
ERSUMRegionalTrainingCentreforLegalOfficers(OHADA)
ETLSECOWASTradeLiberalisationScheme
EUEuropeanUnion
FATFFinancialActionTaskForce
FCPAForeignCorruptPracticesActof (US)
FDIForeignDirectInvestment
FHIPKFakultasHukumdanIlmuPengetahuanKemasyarakatan
FOCACForumonChina–AfricaCo-operation
FPICFree,Prior,andInformedConsent
FSCForestStewardshipCouncil
FTAFreeTradeArea
G GroupofSeven
GADALGrupoparalaArmonizacióndelDerechoenLatinoamérica
GCCGulfCooperationCouncil
GDPGrossDomesticProduct
GDPRGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(EU)
GINIGinicoefficient
GMMGeneralmethodofmoment
GRCGroupRepresentativeConstituencies(Singapore)
GSTPGlobalSystemofTradePreferences
HCCHHagueConferenceonPrivateInternationalLaw
HCJHighCourtofJustice(Israel)
HKCFAHongKongCourtofFinalAppeal
HKUHongKongUniversity
IACACInter-AmericanCommercialArbitrationCommission
IARACInternationalArbitrationRulesoftheAsia/PacificCentre
IASBInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard
IBAInternationalBarAssociation
ICANNInternetCooperationforAssignedNamesandNumbers
ICBTInformalcrossbordertrade
ICCInternationalCourtofArbitration
ICCSInternationalCommissiononCivilStatus
ICDRInternationalCentreforDisputeResolution
ICRGInternationalCountryRiskGuide
ICSIDInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes
IEAIslamicEmirateofAfghanistan
IFCInternationalFinanceCorporation
IFRSInternationalFinancialReportingStandards
IGADIntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment
ILOInternationalLabourOrganization
INCIndianNationalCongress
IOMInternationalOrganizationforMigration
IRAIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan
ISEALAllianceInternationalSocialandEnvironmentalAccreditationand LabellingAlliance
ISIS-KIslamicState – KhorasanProvince
ISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardization
ISSBInternationalSustainabilityStandardsBoard
IVFInvitrofertilisation
JAMSJudicialArbitrationandMediationServices
JCAAJapanCommercialArbitrationAssociation
JDJurisDoctor
JSCJapaneseSupremeCourt
