AircraftSystemsClassifications
AHandbookofCharacteristicsandDesignGuidelines
AllanSeabridgeandMohammadRadaei
Thiseditionfirstpublished2022
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Contents
AbouttheAuthors ix
Acknowledgements xi
SourcesofBackgroundInformation xiii
Glossary xv
1Introduction 1 FurtherReading 4
2TheAirframeandSystemsOverview 5
2.1Introduction 5
2.2TheAirframe 6
2.3TheAircraftSystems 10
2.4ClassificationofAircraftRoles 14
2.5ClassificationofSystems 25
2.6Stakeholders 26
2.7ExampleArchitectures 27
2.8DataBus 29
2.9SummaryandConclusions 34 References 34 Exercises 35
3VehicleSystems 37
3.1PropulsionSystem 38
3.2FuelSystem 44
3.3ElectricalPowerGenerationandDistribution 49
3.4HydraulicPowerGenerationandDistribution 53
3.5BleedAirSystem 56
3.6SecondaryPowerSystems 59
3.7EmergencyPowerSystems 61
3.8FlightControlSystem 65
3.9LandingGear 68
3.10BrakesandAnti-skid 71
3.11SteeringSystem 73
3.12EnvironmentalControlSystem 76
3.13FireProtectionSystem 79
3.14IceDetection 82
3.15IceProtection 84
3.16ExternalLighting 86
3.17ProbeHeating 89
3.18VehicleManagementSystem(VMS) 91
3.19CrewEscape 93
3.20CanopyJettison 97
3.21Oxygen 99
3.22BiologicalandChemicalProtection 102
3.23ArrestorHook 104
3.24BrakeParachute 107
3.25Anti-spinParachute 110
3.26Galley 112
3.27PassengerEvacuation 115
3.28In-FlightEntertainment 117
3.29ToiletandWaterWaste 119
3.30CabinandEmergencyLighting 122 References 123 Exercise 126
4AvionicSystems 127
4.1DisplaysandControls 127
4.2Communications 131
4.3Navigation 134
4.4ExampleNavigationSystemArchitecture 135
4.5FlightManagementSystem(FMS) 138
4.6WeatherRadar 140
4.7AirTrafficControl(ATC)Transponder 143
4.8TrafficCollisionandAvoidanceSystem(TCAS) 146
4.9TerrainAvoidanceandWarningSystem(TAWS) 149
4.10DistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)/TACAN 152
4.11VHFOmni-Ranging(VOR) 154
4.12AutomaticFlightControlSystem 156
4.13RadarAltimeter(RadAlt) 160
4.14AutomatedLandingAids 163
4.15AirDataSystem(ADS) 168
4.16AccidentDataRecordingSystem(ADRS) 172
4.17ElectronicFlightBag(EFB) 174
4.18PrognosticsandHealthManagementSystem(PHM) 178
4.19InternalLighting 181
4.20IntegratedModularArchitecture(IMA) 183
4.21Antennas 185 References 189
5MissionSystems 191
5.1RadarSystem 192
5.2Electro-opticalSystem 197
5.3ElectronicSupportMeasures(ESM) 200
5.4MagneticAnomalyDetection(MAD) 202
5.5AcousticSystem 205
5.6MissionComputingSystem 207
5.7DefensiveAids 209
5.8StationKeepingSystem 212
5.9ElectronicWarfareSystem 214
5.10CameraSystem 217
5.11HeadUpDisplay(HUD) 220
5.12HelmetMountedSystems 222
5.13DataLink 224
5.14WeaponSystem 227
5.15MissionSystemDisplaysandControls 230
5.16MissionSystemAntennas 234 References 237 FurtherReading 239 Exercises 239
6SupportingGroundSystems 241
6.1FlightTestDataAnalysis 243
6.2MaintenanceManagementSystem 246
6.3AccidentDataRecording 248
6.4MissionDataManagement(MissionSupportSystem) 250
6.5UAVControl 252 References 254 Exercises 255
7ModellingofSystemsArchitectures 257
7.1Introduction 257
7.2LiteratureSurveyofMethods 259
7.3AvionicsIntegrationArchitectureMethodology 277
7.4AvionicsIntegrationModellingofOptimisation 292
7.5SimulationsandResultsforaSampleArchitecture 297
7.6Conclusion 300
References 300
8SummaryandFutureDevelopments 305
8.1Introduction 305
8.2SystemsofSystems 305
8.3Architectures 314
8.4OtherConsiderations 315
8.5Conclusion 323
8.6What’sNext? 323
Exercise 327
Index 329
AbouttheAuthors
AllanSeabridge wasuntil2006theChiefFlightSystemsEngineeratBAE SYSTEMSatWartoninLancashireintheUnitedKingdom.Inover50years intheaerospaceindustry,hisworkhasincludedtheopportunitytoworkona widerangeofBAESystemsprojectsincludingCanberra,Jaguar,Tornado,EAP, Typhoon,Nimrod,andanopportunityforactasreviewerforHawk,Typhoon, andJointStrikeFighter,aswellbeinginvolvedinprojectmanagement,R&D,and businessdevelopment.Inaddition,Allanhasbeeninvolvedinthedevelopment ofarangeofflightandavionicssystemsonawiderangeoffastjets,training aircraft,andgroundandmaritimesurveillanceprojects.FromexperienceinBAE SystemswithaSystemsEngineeringeducation,heiskeentoencourageafurther understandingofintegratedengineeringsystems.Aninterestinengineering educationcontinuessinceretirementwiththedesignanddeliveryofsystems andengineeringcoursesatanumberofUKuniversitiesatundergraduateand postgraduatelevelincluding:theUniversitiesofBristol,Cranfield,Lancaster, Loughborough,Manchester,andtheUniversityoftheWestofEngland.Allan hasbeeninvolvedatCranfieldUniversityformanyyearsandhasservedas anexternalexaminerfortheM.SccourseinAerospaceVehicleDesign,andas externalexaminerforMScandPhDstudents.
Allanhasco-authoredanumberofbooksintheAerospaceSerieswithIan Moir,allpublishedbyJohnWiley.HeiscurrentlyamemberoftheBAESystems HeritageDepartmentatWartonandisfullyinvolvedintheiractivities,working closelywithacolleaguetoproduceaprojecthistorybookpublishedbytheHeritageGroup:EAP:TheExperimentalAircraftProgrammebyAllanSeabridgeand LeonSkorzcewski,whichwaspublishedin2016.
MohammadRadaei hasgotaPhDinaerospaceengineeringspecializedin avionicssystemsintegrationfromCranfieldUniversity,UnitedKingdom.He obtainedhisBScinaeronauticalengineeringfromAirUniversity,andMScin aerospaceengineering,flightdynamics,andcontrolfromNationalUniversity ofIran,Tehran.Healsoholdsacommercialpilotlicense.Mohammadhasbeen
x AbouttheAuthors
involvedintwoEU-fundedprojectsincludingFUCAMandGAUSSduringhis PhDatCranfield.Hisresearchinterestsareaircraftsystemsdesign,avionics systemsintegrationandsystemsarchitecting,aircraftandavionicssystems flighttesting,appliedmathematics,flightdynamicsandcontrolofmanned andunmannedaircraftaswellasHuman-machineinteraction.Heiscurrently lecturinginavionicssystemsatanumberofuniversities.
Acknowledgements
Thisworkistheculminationofmanyyearsofworkinthefieldofmilitaryandcivil aircraftsystemsengineering.Myworkexperiencehasbeenenrichedbytheopportunitytoworkwithanumberofuniversitiesatundergraduateandpostgraduate leveltodevelopandaddtodegreecourses,wherethedelegatesunwittinglybecame criticsandguineapigsformysubjectmatter.Discussionsduringthecourseswith theacademicsandthestudentshavebroadenedmyknowledgeconsiderably.In particularIwouldliketomentiontheUniversitiesofManchester,Loughborough, Cranfield,Bristol,UniversityoftheWestofEnglandandLancasterfortheirMSc, andshortcoursesattendedbystudentsandengineersfromindustry.
MyexperienceatCranfieldhasplayedabigpartinencouragingmetoacquire informationaboutaircraftsystemsthatwillbeofusetoengineersstudyingat undergraduateandpostgraduatelevelaswellasthoseenteringtheworkplace. SpecialthanksmustgotoDrCraigLawson,DrHuaminJia,andProfessorShijun GuoforinvitingmetoparticipateintheirMScmodulesinAirVehicleDesignand shortcoursesinAircraftSystemsDesignatCranfieldUniversity.Theirinternationalstudentshavebeenmostattentiveandhavemadesignificantcontributions tomyknowledge.
MythanksasalwaystoIanMoir,heandIworkedonmanybooksandcourses. Ihaveraidedourpastcollaborationsforinformationinordertoproduceabook thatbringstogetherinformationforallaircraftsystemsthatisnotbasedonimplementation,butgenericinformationabouttheinteractionsbetweensystemsthat typifiesmoderncomplexaircraft.
WehavereceivedconsiderablehelpfromthestaffatWileyespeciallyLaura PoplawskiandSarahLemore,aswellastheirproofreaders,copyeditors,andpublishingandproductionstaff.
Dent,Cumbria UK,November2021
xii Acknowledgements
IhavebeendreamingtowriteabooksinceIstartedmyprofessionaleducation inaerospaceengineeringandIshouldconfessthatwritingatechnicalbookis harderthanIthought.Honestly,thiswouldnotbepossiblewithoutAllan’sendless support.IwouldliketothankAllanSeabridgewhoprovidedthisopportunity formeandfromwhomIlearnedalotinavionicsdatanetworking,hardware integration,andtestingcourseatCranfieldUniversity.Healsosupportedme duringmyPhDaswellaswritingthisbook.Moreover,Iwouldliketothankmy PhDsupervisors,DrHuaminJiaandDrCraigLawson,foralltheirgreatadvice andrecommendations.Ihavebenefitedfromtheirsupervisionsinmanyaspects includingthemethodandattitudeofscientificresearchaswellashard-working. Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketothankmyfamilyandfriendsfortheirendless loveandsupport.
November2021
MohammadRadaei
SourcesofBackgroundInformation
Inadditiontothereferencesincludedattheendofeachchapter,thefollowing sourcesofinformationareprovidedtoallowreaderstoobtainabroadergraspof thetopicsaddressedinthisbook.
AtmosphereandClimate:Acollectionofpapersontheatmosphereandthe effectsofaviationontheenvironment.Part9ofEncyclopediaofAircraftEngineering,GreenAviation,EdRameshAgarwal,FayetteCollier,AndreasSchäfer andAllanSeabridge.JohnWiley&Sons.
Chapra,S.C.(2017). AppliedNumericalMethodswithMATLABforEngineersand Scientists,4the.McgrawHill.
Farouki,S.(2020). FuturePropulsionSystemsandEnergySourcesinSustainable Aviation.Wiley.
Kluever,C.A.(2018). SpaceFlightDynamics.Wiley. TheMathworksInc.(2005).MATLAB,Simulink.www.mathworks.com. Padfield,G.D.(2018). HelicopterFlightDynamics,3rde.Wiley. Sadrey,M.H.(2020). DesignofUnmannedAerialSystems.Wiley. Seabridge,A.andIan,M.(2020). DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems,3e. Wiley.
Torenbeek,E.(2020). EssentialsofSupersoniccommercialaircraftconceptualdesign. Wiley.
Yedavali,R.K.(2020). FlightDynamicsandControlofAeroandSpaceVehicles.Wiley.
Glossary
Thisglossaryisintendedtobeofassistancetoreadersofotherdocumentsprovided inthereferencesandsourcesofmaterialinthisHandbook.TheGlossarycontains, therefore,manymoreentriesthantheabbreviations,units,andtermsusedinthis book.Itwillnotbecomplete,termschangeandnewtermsemerge.TheInternet isagoodplacetofindmanyterms,abbreviations,andacronymsingeneraluse.
3Dthreedimensional
4Dfourdimensional
AAAanti-aircraftartillery(tripleA)
A&AEAircraft&ArmamentEvaluation(Squadron,Boscombe Down)seeA&AEE
A&AEEAircraft&ArmamentExperimentalEstablishment
A4AAirlinesforAmerica
AADLarchitectureanalysisanddesignlanguage
ABLairbornelaser
ABSautomaticbrakingsystem
ACairworthinesscircular–documentofferingadviceon specificaircraftoperations
ACalternatingcurrent
ACAAgileCombatAircraft
ACARSaircraftcommunicationsandreportingsystem
ACARSARINCcommunicationsandreportingsystem
ACEactuatorcontrolelectronics
ACFDadvancedcivilflightdeck
ACKreceiveracknowledge
ACMaircyclemachine
xvi Glossary
ACMairdrivenmotorpump
ACOantcolonyoptimisation
ACPaudiocontrolpanel
ACSactivecontrolsystem
ACTactivecontroltechnology
A-Danaloguetodigital
Adaahighordersoftwarelanguage
ADCairdatacomputer
ADCanaloguetodigitalconversion/converter
ADCNAircraftDataCommunicationNetwork
ADDairstreamdirectiondetector
ADFautomaticdirectionfinding
ADIattitudedirectionindicator
ADIRSairdataandinertialreferencesystem
ADIRUairdataandinertialreferenceunit(B777)
ADMairdatamodule
ADMCactuatordriveandmonitoringcomputer
ADNAvionicsDataNetwork
ADPairdrivenpump
ADRaccidentdatarecorder
ADS-Aautomaticdependentsurveillance-address
ADS-Bautomaticdependentsurveillance-broadcast
ADUactuatordriveunit
ADVAirDefenceVariant(ofPanaviaTornado)
AEacousticemission
AESAactiveelectronicallyscannedarray
AEUantennaelectronicunit
AEWairborneearlywarning
AEW&Cairborneearlywarningandcontrol
AFCSautomaticflightcontrolsystem
AFDCautopilotflightdirectorcomputer
AFDSautopilotflightdirectorsystem
AFDXavionicsfull-duplexswitchedEthernet
AGARDadvisorygroupforaerospaceanddevelopment
AGCautomaticgaincontrol
AHamperehour
AHartificialhorizon
AHARSattitudeandheadingreferencesystem
AIairborneinterception
AIartificialintelligence
AICSairintakecontrolsystem
AIFFadvancedIFF
AIMSaircraftinformationmanagementsystem(B777)
AITAeritalia
Alaluminium
ALARMairlaunchedanti-radarmissile
ALARPaslowasreasonablypractical
ALFambientlightingfacility
AlGaAsaluminiumgalliumarsenide
ALTbarometricaltitude
ALUarithmeticlogicunit
AMamplitudemodulation
AMADairframemountedaccessorygearbox
AMCCAppliedMicroCircuitsCorporation
AMECSadvancedmilitaryenginecontrolsystem
AMLCDactivematrixliquidcrystaldisplays
AMPairdrivenmotorpump,avionicsmodificationprogramme
AMRAAMadvancedmediumrangeairtoairmissile
AMSUaircraftmotionsensorunit
ANOairnavigationorder
ANPactualnavigationperformance
AoAangleofattack
AOCAirlineOperationalCentre
AOR-EAzoresOceanicRegion-East
AOR-WAzoresOceanicRegion-West
APautopilot
APEXapplicationexecutive
APGSauxiliarypowergenerationsystem
APIapplicationprogramminginterface
APSCUairsupplyandpressurecontrolunit
APUauxiliarypowerunit
ARIAirRadioInstallation
ARINC400seriesARINCspecificationsprovidingadesignfoundationfor avionicequipment
ARINC404earlyARINCstandardrelatingtothepackagingofavionic equipment
ARINC429widelyusedcivilaviationdatabusstandard
ARINC500SeriesARINCspecificationsrelatingtothedesignofanalogue avionicequipment
ARINC578ARINCstandardrelatingtothedesignofVHFomni-range (VOR)
ARINC579ARINCstandardrelatingtothedesignofinstrumentlanding system(ILS)
ARINC600laterARINCstandardrelatingtothepackagingofavionic equipment
ARINC600SeriesARINCspecificationsrelatingtoenablingtechnologiesfor avionicequipment
ARINC629ARINCstandardrelatingtoa2Mbit/sdigitaldatabus
ARINC664ARINCstandardrelatingtoaircraftfullmultiplex(AFDX) digitaldatabus
ARINC700SeriesARINCspecificationsrelatingtothedesignofdigitalavionic equipment
ARINC708ARINCStandardrelatingtothedesignofweatherradar
ARINC755ARINCstandardrelatingtothedesignofmulti-mode receivers(MMR)
ARINCAirRadioInc.
ARManti-radarmissile,anti-radiationmissile
ARPaerospacerecommendedpractice(SAE)
ASCBavionicsstandardcommunicationsbus(Honeywell)
ASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange
ASEaircraftsurvivabilityequipment
ASIaircraftstationinterface,airspeedindicator
ASICapplicationspecificintegratedcircuit
ASPCUairsupplyandpressurecontrolunit
ASRairsearescue
ASRanonymoussubscribermessaging
ASRAAMadvancedshortrangeairtoairmissile
ASTairstafftarget
ASTasynchronoustransfermode
ASTORairbornestand-offradar
ASUWanti-surfaceunitwarfare
ASWanti-submarinewarfare
ATAadvancedtacticalaircraft
ATAAirTransportAssociation
ATCairtrafficcontrol
AtoDanaloguetodigital
ATEautomatictestequipment
ATFadvancedtacticalfighter
ATFaltitudetestfacility
ATIairtransportindicator
ATMairtargetingmode
ATMairtransportmanagement,airtrafficmanagement
ATNAeronauticalTelecommunicationsNetwork
ATRAirTransportRadio(LRUformfactororboxsize)
ATSairtrafficservices
ATSUairtrafficserviceunit–AirbusunittosupportFANS
AWACSairbornewarningandcommandsystem
AWGAmericanwiregauge
Azazimuth
BACBritishAircraftCorporation
BAeBritishAerospace(nowBAESystems)
BAGbandwidthallocationgroup
BATbattery
BCbuscontroller
BCARBritishCivilAirworthinessRequirement
BCDbinarycodeddecimal
BFLbalancedfieldlength
BFoVbinocularfieldofview
BGANbroadcastglobalareanetwork
BITbuiltintest
BIUbusinterfaceunit
BLCbatterylinecontactors
BMSbusinessmanagementsystem
BPbinaryprogramming
BPCUbrakepowercontrolunit
bpsbitspersecond
BRNAVbasicareanavigationinRNP
BSCUbrakesystemcontrolunit
BTBbustiebreakers
xx Glossary
BTCbustiecontactor
BTMUbraketemperaturemonitoringunit
BVRbeyondvisualrange
BWBblendedwingbody
CbandCband(3.90–6.20GHz)
C++ aprogramminglanguage
C3,C3 command,control,andcommunications
CAcourseacquisition–GPSoperationalmode
CAACivilAirworthinessAuthority
CADcomputeraideddesign
CAEcomputeraidedengineering
CAIVcostasanindependentvariable
CAMUcommunicationsandaudiomanagementunit
CANbuscontrollerareanetworkbus
CAPcombatairpatrol
CAScloseairsupport
CAScalibratedairspeed
CASTCertificationAuthoritiesSoftwareTeam
CatIautomaticapproachcategoryI,CatIcategoryIauto-land
CatIIautomaticapproachcategoryII,CatIIcategoryIIauto-land
CatIIIautomaticapproachcategoryIII
CatIIIAcategoryIIIAauto-land
CatIIIBcategoryIIIBauto-land
CBcircuitbreaker
CBITcontinuousbuiltintest
CBLScarrierbombslightstore
CCAcommoncauseanalysis
CCDchargecoupleddevice
CCIPcontinuouslycomputedimpactpoint
CCRcommoncomputingresource
CCRPcontinuouslycomputedreleasepoint
CCScommunicationscontrolsystem
CCVcontrolconfiguredvehicle
CDcollisiondetection
Cd/m2 candelapersquaremetre
CDRcriticaldesignreview
CDUcontrolanddisplayunit
CEPcircularerrorprobability
CFconstantfrequency
CFcoursetoafix
CFCcarbonfibrecomposite
CFCchloro-fluoro-carboncompounds
CFDcomputationalfluiddynamics
CFITcontrolledflightintoterrain
CFRCodeofFederalRegulations
CG,cg,CofGcentreofgravity
CHBDLcommonhighbanddatalink
CIFUcockpitinterfaceunit
CLAcreepinglineahead–amaritimepatrolsearchpattern
CLBconfigurablelogicblock
CMACentralisedMaintenanceApplication,commonmode analysis
CMDcountermeasuresdispenser
C-MOScomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductor
CNIcommunications,navigationidentification
CNScommunications,navigation,surveillance
CO2 carbondioxide
ColdSoakprolongedexposuretocoldtemperatures
COMcommandchannel
COMEDcombinedmapandelectronicdisplay
COMINTcommunicationsintelligence
COMMScommunicationsmode
COMPASSChineseequivalentofGPS
CORE/CoREcontrolledrequirementsexpression
COTScommercialofftheshelfsystems
CPIOMcentralprocessorinputoutputmodule
CPMcommonprocessingmodule,coreprocessingmodule
CPUcentralprocessingunit
CRCcyclicredundancycheck
CRDCcommonremotedataconcentrator(A350)
CRIconfigurationreferenceitem
CRMcrewresourcemanagement
CRTcathoderaytube
CScertificationspecification
xxii Glossary
CSAScommandstabilityaugmentationsystem
CSDconstantspeeddrive
CSDBcommercialstandarddatabus
CSGcomputersymbolgenerator
CSMAcarriersensemultipleaccess
CSMA/CDcarriersensemultipleaccess/collisiondetection
CTCcabintemperaturecontroller
Cucopper
CVRcockpitvoicerecorder
CVScombinedvisionsystem
CWcontinuouswave
CW/FMcontinuouswave/frequencymodulated
DtoA,D-Adigitaltoanalogue
DAdecisionaltitude
DACdigitaltoanalogueconversion/converter
DALdesignassurancelevel
DASSdefensiveaidssub-system
dBdecibel
DBSDopplerbeamsharpening
DCdirectcurrent
DCAdataconcentrationapplication
DCDUdatalinkcontrolanddisplayunit(Airbus)
DCMPDCmotordrivenpump
DDVRdisplaysdatavideorecorder
DECUdigitalenginecontrolunit
DefStanDefenceStandard
DefAidsdefensiveaidssub-system
DFdirecttoafix
DFdirectionfinding
DFDMdirectforcemodes
DGdirectionalgyro
DGPSdifferentialGPS
DHdecisionheight
DIMAdistributedintegratedmodularavionics
DIPdualin-linepackage
DIRCMdirectinfraredcountermeasures
DLPdigitallightprojector
DMAdirectmemoryaccess
DMCdisplaymanagementcomputer
DMDdigitalmicro-mirror
DMEdistancemeasuringequipment
DMPdisplaymanagementcomputer
DOdesignoffice
DoA,DOAdirectionofarrival
DoDDepartmentofDefence(US)
DOORSarequirementsmanagementtool
DowneyCycleprocurementmodelonceusedintheUKMoD
DPXastyleofrearrackconnector
D-RAMdynamicrandomaccessmemory
DRLdatarequirementslist
DSMdesignstructurematrix
DTEDdigitalterrainelevationdata
DTIDepartmentofTradeandIndustry
DTSAdynamictimeslotallocation
DUdisplayunit
DVIdirectvoiceinput
DVOdirectvisionoptics
DVORDopplerVOR
Eeast
EADIelectronicADI
EAPExperimentalAircraftProgramme
EASequivalentairspeed
EASAEuropeanAviationSafetyAdministration
ECEuropeanCommunity
ECAEuropeanCombatAircraft
ECAMelectroniccrewalertingandmonitoring(Airbus)
ECCerrorcorrectingcode
ECCMelectroniccounter-countermeasures
ECFEuropeanCombatFighter
ECLelectronicchecklist
ECMelectroniccountermeasures
ECSenvironmentalcontrolsystem
ECUelectroniccontrolunit
EDPenginedrivenpump
EDRengineeringdesignrequirement
EEelectricalequipment
EECelectronicenginecontroller
EEPROMelectricallyerasableandprogrammablereadonlymemory
EEZeconomicexclusionzone
EFAEuropeanFighterAircraft
EFBelectronicflightbag
EFISelectronicflightinstrumentsystem
EGIembeddedGPSinertial
EGNOSEuropeanGeostationaryNavigationOverlaySystem
EGPWSenhancedgroundproximitywarningsystem
EHAelectrohydrostaticactuator
EHFextremelyhighfrequency
EHPelectro-hydraulicpump
EHSIelectronicHSI
EHSVelectro-hydraulicservovalve
EICASengineindicationandcrewalertingsystem(Boeing)
EISentryintoservice,electronicinstrumentationsystem
ELACelevator/aileroncomputer(A320)
ELCUelectricalloadcontrolunit
ELINTelectronicintelligence
ELMSelectricalloadmanagementsystem
EMelectro-magnetic
EMAelectro-mechanicalactuator
EMCelectro-magneticcompatibility
EMCONemissioncontrol
EMHelectro-magnetichealth
EMIelectro-magneticinterference
EMPelectricalmotorpumps,EMPelectromagneticpulse
EMRelectro-magneticradiation
EOelectro-optical
EOBelectronicorderofbattle
EOFendofframe
EOSelectro-opticalsystem
EPBexternalpowerbreaker
EPCelectricalpowercontactor
EPLDelectricallyprogrammablelogicdevice
EPROMelectricallyprogrammablereadonlymemory
EPUemergencypowerunit
ESAelectronicallysteeredarray,ESAEuropeanSpaceAgency
ESMelectronicsupportmeasures
ESSenvironmentalstressscreening
Essessential
ETAestimatedtimeofarrival
ETOPSextendedtwinoperations
ETOXerase-through-oxide
EUEuropeanUnion
EUROCAEEuropeanOrganisationforCivilAviationEquipment
EVSenhancedvisionsystem(EASAnomenclature)
EWelectronicwarfare
FAfixtoaltitude
FAAFederalAviationAuthority
FACflightaugmentationcomputer(Airbus)
FADDfatigueanddefectdamage
FADECfullauthoritydigitalenginecontrol
FAFfinalapproachfix
FANSfutureairnavigationsystem
FANS1futureairnavigationsystemimplementedbyBoeing
FANSAfutureairnavigationsystemimplementedbyAirbus
FARFederalAirworthinessRequirements
FAVfirstarticleverification
FBWfly-by-wire
FCCflightcontrolcomputer
FCDCflightcontroldataconcentrator
FCDUflightcontroldataconcentratorunit
FCPflightcontrolpanel
FCPCflightcontrolprimarycomputer
FCRfirecontrolradar
FCSflightcontrolsystem
FCSCflightcontrolsecondarycomputer(A330/340)
FCUflightcontrolunit
FDflightdirector
FDDSflightdeckdisplaysystem
FDXfastswitchedEthernet
Glossary
FEBAforwardedgeofthebattlearea
FETfieldeffecttransistor
FFDFerrantiFunctionalDocumentation
FFSformationflightsystem
FFTfastFouriertransform
FGMCflightmanagementguidancecomputers–Airbus terminologyforFMS
FHAfunctionalhazardanalysis
FIFOfirstin,firstout
FLflightlevel
fLfoot-lambert
FLIRforwardlookinginfrared
FLOTOXfloatinggatetunneloxide
FMfrequencymodulation
FMEAfailuremodesandeffectsanalysis
FMECAfailuremodeseffectsandcriticalityanalysis
FMESfailuremodeeffectssummary
FMGCflightmanagementguidancecomputer
FMGECflightmanagementandguidanceenvelopecomputer (A330/340)
FMGUflightmanagementguidanceunit
FMQGCfuelmanagementandquantitygaugingcomputer
FMSflightmanagementsystem
FMSforeignmilitarysales
FMSPflightmodeselectorpanel
FOBfuelonboard
FOGfibreopticgyro
FoRfieldofregard
FORTRANformulatranslation,asoftwarelanguage
FoVfieldofview
FPAfocalplanearray
FPGAfieldprogrammablelogicarray
FRACASfailurereportingandcorrectiveactionsystem
FRDfunctionalrequirementsdocument
FRRfinalreadinessreview
fssamplingfrequency
FSCCflap/slatcontrolcomputer
FSEUflapslatselectronicunit
FSFflightsafetyfoundation
FSKfrequencyshiftkey
FTAfaulttreeanalysis
FTEflighttechnicalerror
FTIflighttestinstrumentation
FTPfoiltwistedpair
Fullduplexadatabusthatpassesdatainabi-directionalmanner
FWCflightwarningcomputer
G&Cguidanceandcontrol
GAgeneticalgorithm
GAgeneralaviation
GaAsgalliumarsenide
GalileoEuropeanequivalentofGPS
GAMAGeneralAviationManufacturersAssociation
GATMglobalairtrafficmanagement
GCBgeneratorcontrolbreaker
GCUgeneratorcontrolunit
GEMgroupequipmentmanufacturer
GEOgeostationaryearthorbit
GEOSgeo-stationarysatellite
GFEgovernmentfurnishedequipment
GHzgigahertz(109 Hz)
GINA(bus)Gestioninformationnumeriqueavionique
GLONASSRussianequivalentofGPS
GMRgroundmappingradar
GMTIgroundmovingtargetindicator
GNSSGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem
GPgeneralpurpose
gpmgallonsperminute
GPMglobalprocessingmodule
GPSglobalpositioningsystem
GPWSgroundproximitywarningsystem(seealsoTAWS)
GTSgroundtargetingmode
GUIgraphicaluserinterface
HEarth’smagneticfield
xxviii Glossary
H/Whardware
H2 Owater
Haheightofaircraft
HALEhighaltitudelongendurance(UAV)
HalfDuplexadatabusthatpassesdatainauni-directionalmanner
HALThardwareacceleratedlifetest
HAShardwareaccomplishmentsummary
HDDheaddowndisplay(s)
HDMIhighdefinitionmultimediainterface
HEPAfilterhighefficiencyparticulateairfilter
HFhighfrequency
HFDLhighfrequencydatalink
HFDShead-upflightdisplaysystem(Thales)
Hgmercury
HGShead-upguidancesystem(RockwellCollins)
HIRFhighintensityradiofield
HISLhighintensitystrobelight
HMDhelmetmounteddisplays
HMIhuman–machineinterface
HMShelmetmountedsight
HOLhighorderlanguage
HOODHierarchicalObjectOrientedDesign
Hotsoakprolongedexposuretohightemperatures
HOTAShandsonthrottleandstick
HPhorsepower
HSAHawkerSiddeleyAviation
HSDhorizontalsituationdisplay
HSIhorizontalsituationindicator
Htheight
HUDhead-updisplay
HVGShead-upvisualguidancesystem
HVPhardwareverificationplan
HXholdingtoafix
H X X componentof H
H Y Y componentof H
HzHertz
H Z Z componentof H
I/Oinput/output
IACintegratedavionicscabinets
IAPintegratedactuatorpackage
IASindicatedairspeed
IATAInternationalAirTransportAssociation
IAWGIndustrialAvionicsWorkingGroup
IBITinterruptivebuiltintest
ICintegratedcircuit
ICAOInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation
ICDinterfacecontroldocument
IDidentifier
IDGintegrateddrivegenerator
IEDIndustrialEngineeringDepartment
IEEE1398highspeeddatabus
IEPGIndependentEuropeanProgrammeGroup
IFinitialfix
IFALPAInternationalFederationofAirLinePilotsAssociation
IFEin-flightentertainment
IFFidentificationfriendorfoe(seeADS-B)
IFF/SSRidentificationfriendorfoe/secondarysurveillanceradar (ADS-B)
IFPCSintegratedflightandpropulsioncontrolsystem
IFRinstrumentflightrules
IFSDinflightshutdown
IFSMEinflightstructuralmodeexcitation
IFUinterfaceunit
IFZindependentfaultzone
IGOSinclinedgeo-stationaryorbits
ILPintegerlinearprogramming
ILSinstrumentlandingsystem
IMAintegratedmodulararchitecture
IMINTimageintelligence
InHginchesofmercury
INinertialnavigation
INCOSEInternationalCouncilonSystemsEngineering
INMARSATInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganisation
INSinertialnavigationsystem
INUinertialnavigationunit
INVinverter
IOCinterimoperationalclearance
IORIndianOceanRegion
IPintegerprogramming,internetprotocol
IPCinitialprovisioncost
IPFDIntegratedprimaryflightdisplay(HoneywellSVS)
IPRintellectualpropertyrights
IPTIntegratedProductTeam
IRinfrared,infrared
IRSinertialreferencesystem
ISARinversesyntheticapertureradar
ISDODinformationsystemdesignandoptimisationsystem
ISISintegratedstandbyinstrumentsystem
ISOInternationalOrganisationforStandardisation
ITinformationtechnology
ITARInternationaltrafficinArmsRegulations
ITCZInter-tropicalConvergenceZone
JAAJointAirworthinessAuthority
JARJointAirworthinessRequirement
JARTSJointAircraftRecoveryandTransportationSquadron
JASCJointAircraftSystem/Component(FAA)
JASTJointAdvancedStrikeTechnology
JDAMJointDirectAttackMunition
JOVIALahighordersoftwarelanguage
JSFJointStrikeFighter
JTIDSJointTacticalInformationDistributionSystem
JTRSJointTacticalRadioSystem
KKelvintemperaturescaleunit
K1 K1 band(10.90–17.25GHz)
KaKAband(36.00–46.00GHz)
kbit103 bit(kilobit)
kbpskilobitspersecond
kmkilometres
KuKuband(33.00–36.00GHz)
kVAkilovoltamps
kWkiloWatt
LLband(0.39–1.55GHz)
LAASlocalareaaugmentationsystem
LANlocalareanetwork
LBASlocallybasedaugmentationsystem
LCCleadlesschipcarrier,lifecyclecost
LCDliquidcrystaldisplay
LCoSliquidcrystalonsilicon
LEleadingedge
LEDlightemittingdiode
LFlowfrequency
LGBlaserguidedbomb
Link11navaltacticaldatalink
Link16tacticaldatalink(basisofJTIDS)
Link22seeNILE
LLTIlongleadtimeitems
LLTVlowlightTV
LNAVlateralnavigation
LoClinesofcode
LORANhyperbolicnavigationbeaconsystem
LoSlineofsight
LOXliquidoxygen
LPlinearprogramming,lowpressure(enginepressure)
LPIlowprobabilityofintercept
LPVlocaliserperformancewithverticalguidance
LRGlaserrategyro
LRIlinereplaceableitem
LRMlinereplaceablemodule
LROPSlongrangeoperations
LRUlinereplaceableunit
LsLsband(0.90–0.95GHz)
LSBleastsignificantbit,lowersideband
LSIlargescaleintegration
LTPBlineartokenpassingbus
LVDTlinearvariabledifferentialtransformer
LVNloadclassificationnumber(runway)
LWFlightweightfighter(F-16)
LWIRlongwaveinfrared
