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Activity and Participation Restrictions
Foreground Information
Physical Therapy Intervention
Orthopedic Surgery and the Role of the Physical Therapist
Summary
8. Spinal Conditions
Background Information
Scoliosis
Foreground Information
Background Information
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Summary
9. Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Background Information
Foreground Information
Summary
10. Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Background Information
Progress in Primary Prevention
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Management
Foreground Information
Physical Therapy in Infancy
Physical Therapy in the Preschool Period
Physical Therapy During the School-Age and Adolescent Periods
Transition to Adulthood
Summary
11. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Background Information
Pathophysiology
Medical Management
Impairment
Foreground Information
12. Muscular Dystrophies and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Role of the Physical Therapist
Physical Therapy Examination and Evaluation
Diseases of the Muscle
Background Information
Summary
13. Limb Deficiencies and Amputations
Background information
Acquired Amputations
Surgical Options in the Management of Acquired and Congenital Limb Deficiencies
Overview of Prosthetics
Foreground information
14. Orthopedic Conditions
Torsional Conditions (In-Toeing and Out-Toeing)
Angular Conditions
Flat foot
Clubfoot
Blount’s Disease/Tibia Vara
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Causes of Limping in Children
Hemangioma/Vascular Malformation
Miscellaneous Conditions
Leg Length Inequality
Summary
Recommended Measures for Children receiving Orthopedic Evaluation
15. Sports Injuries in Children
Background Information
Prevention of Injuries
Risk Factors for Injury
Types of Injuries
Sites of Injury
Foreground Information
The Young Athlete with A Physical Disability
Summary
16. Pediatric Oncology
Introduction
Background Information
Medical Management of Pediatric Cancers
Foreground Information
Physical Therapy Intervention
Summary
Section 3. Management of Neurologic
Conditions
17. Developmental Coordination Disorder
Background Information
Background Information
Diagnosis
Co-Occurring Conditions
Long-Term Prognosis
Describing Children with DCD
Foreground Information
Facilitating a Diagnosis of Dcd
Referral to other Disciplines
Intervention
Transition to Adulthood and Lifelong Management of Dcd
Summary
18. Children with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities
Background Information
Incidence and Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Intellectual Disabilities
Primary Impairment
Foreground Information
Intervention
Transition to Adulthood
Summary
19. Cerebral Palsy
Background Information
Etiology
Progress in Prevention
Diagnosis
Classification of Functional Abilities
Characteristics of the Movement Disorders in Cerebral Palsy
Research Evidence for Interventions
Foreground Information
Prognosis for Gross Motor Function
Intervention
Infancy
Preschool Period
School-Age and Adolescent Period
Transition to Adulthood
Global Issues
Professional Issues
Summary
20. Brachial Plexus Injury
Background Information
Pathophysiology
Natural History and Prognosis
Changes in Body Structure and Function
Activity and Participation Limitations
Foreground Information
Surgical Management
Rehabilitation Goals
Therapeutic Procedural Interventions and Family Education
Outcomes
Prevention
Summary
21. Spinal Cord Injury
Background Information
Prevention
Advances in Recovery
Pathophysiology
Medical Diagnosis, Acute Management, and Stabilization
Medical Complications, Long-Term Medical Management, and Prevention of Secondary Impairments
Foreground Information
Physical Therapy Intervention
Psychosocial Aspects
Quality of Life
Follow-Up and Transition to Adulthood
Summary
22. Acquired Brain Injuries: Trauma, Near-Drowning, and Tumors
q j g
Background Information
Near-Drowning
Brain Tumors
Acquired Brain Injury: Diagnostic Techniques
Foreground Information
Back at Home
Assistive Devices
23. Myelodysplasia
Background Information
Pathoembryology
Etiology
Incidence and Prevalence
Perinatal Management
Impairments
Foreground Information
Outcomes and Their Determinants
Examination, Evaluation, and Direct Interventions for Musculoskeletal Issues, Mobility, and Functional Skills
Summary
24. Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Introduction
Background Information
Diagnostic Criteria Across Autism Spectrum Disorder
General/Medical Diagnostic Process
Foreground Information
Physical Therapy Intervention
Summary
Section 4. Management of Cardiopulmonary
Conditions
25. Children Requiring Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation
Incidence
Chronic Respiratory Failure
Mechanical Ventilation
Continuum of Care
Physical Therapist Management
Summary
26. Cystic Fibrosis
Background Information
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Medical Management
Lung Transplantation
Foreground Information
Summary
27. Asthma: Multisystem Implications
Background Information
Pathophysiology
Primary Impairment
Secondary Impairments
Foreground Information
Summary
28. Congenital Heart Conditions
Background Information
Acyanotic Defects
Cyanotic Defects
Heart Failure
Foreground Information
Management of Children with Chronic Activity Limitations
Summary
Section 5. Special Se ings and Special Considerations
29. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Background Information
Role of the Physical Therapist in the Nicu
Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Practice in the Nicu
Medical Complications of Infants Admitted to the Nicu
Foreground Information
Tests and Measures
Physical Therapist Intervention
Resources and Professional Development
30. Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families: Early Intervention Services Under IDEA
Background Information
Idea Part C: Infants and Toddlers
Family-centered Care
Effectiveness of Early Intervention
Foreground Information
Program Evaluation
Professional Development
Summary
31. The Educational Environment
Background Information
Federal Legislation and Litigation
PL 94-142: Education for all Handicapped Children Act
PL 99-457: Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986; PL 102-119: Individuals with Disabilities Education act Amendments of 1991; PL 105-17: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997; PL 108-446: Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
PL 101-336: Americans with Disabilities Act
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Case Law
Educational Milieu
Program Development
Intervention
Transition Planning
Management of Physical Therapy Services
Issues in School-Based Practice
Summary
32. Transition to Adulthood for Youth With Disabilities
Background Information
Transition Models and Approaches
Transition Planning in the Education System
Community- and Hospital-Based Transition Programs
Foreground Information
Adults with Childhood-Onset Disabilities
Professional Resources for Physical Therapists
Summary
33. Assistive Technology
Assistive Technology Team
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework for Decision Making
Life Span Technology
Selection Process
Seating Systems
Wheeled Mobility
Examination and Evaluation for other Assistive Technology
Switches, Controls, and Access Sites
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Computer Technology
Electronic Aids to Daily Living
Effects of Managed Care on Acquisition of Assistive Technology
Summary
34. Development and Analysis of Gait
Development of Gait
Components of Gait and Gait Analysis
Kinematics, Kinetics, and Electromyography in Normal Gait
Use of Gait Analysis in Assessing Impairments
Summary
Index
3251 Riverport Lane
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CAMPBELL’S PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR CHILDREN, FIFTH
EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-39018-7
Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmi ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a ma er of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-39018-7
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Design Direction: Patrick Ferguson
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print
Dedication
To Suzann K. Campbell and the 126 contributors who have been instrumental to the success of the five editions of Physical Therapy for Children
Preface
What makes an outstanding textbook on pediatric physical therapy?
First and foremost is the emphasis on clinical reasoning, decision making, family-centered services, and application of knowledge and research to practice. Pediatric physical therapists make numerous clinical decisions, including eligibility and need for services, goals and outcomes, prognosis, intensity of services, and intervention plans. The reasoning and evidence for clinical decisions are emphasized throughout Campbell’s Physical Therapy for Children. Chapter 1 presents frameworks to guide clinical reasoning and decision making, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, strategies for finding evidence, and criteria for appraisal of evidence. Terms used throughout the book such as Background and Foreground information are defined.
The editors believe that the priorities, concerns, and aspirations of children and families are integral to pediatric physical therapy practice. Accordingly, the chapters not only address direct interventions, but also child and family goals and information needs; communication and coordination of services as members of healthcare and education teams; and consultation to community agencies, instructors, and coaches. Families of children with disabilities have expressed the importance of planning for the future. To address this priority, key considerations for physical therapy management are presented for infants, children, and adolescents, including the transition to adulthood.
The ability to effectively apply knowledge and research to practice is a characteristic of expert practitioners. Since the publication of the first edition, research pertinent to pediatric physical therapy has dramatically increased. The authors of each chapter have effectively appraised this aspect of pediatric physical therapy, including emerging technologies. Chapters in Sections 2 to 4 feature case
g g g p scenarios and videos that illustrate application of knowledge and research to practice. Additionally, the cases demonstrate how child and family strengths and preferences, environmental context, and therapist practice knowledge all inform clinical reasoning and the decision making process. These cases and videos are found on the Expert Consult site that accompanies this text (discussed below).
Several new and extensively revised chapters are included in this edition. Chapters have been added on children with autism (Chapter 24), children with cancer (Chapter 16), and measurement (Chapter 2). Content on concussion has been expanded and includes a new case scenario on post-concussion rehabilitation (Chapter 15).
Chapter 3, Motor Development and Control, integrates content from two previously separate chapters and expands application to practice.
The 45 case scenarios and 80 videos on Elsevier’s Expert Consult platform are distinctive features of this fifth edition. The cases actively engage readers in clinical reasoning and decision making. The phrase Pause and Reflect followed by a question is inserted several times within a case to encourage readers to stop and reflect on what they would do before continuing to read the case. The phrase Evidence to Practice is followed by the rationale and evidence for a decision.
We are pleased to provide readers access to videos that illustrate children in their daily lives, examination procedures, and physical therapy interventions. Many of the case scenarios include an accompanying video. Additionally, there are videos on motor development, development of gait, tests and measures, practice in special se ings, and transition to adulthood. An introduction to the case scenarios and videos is provided at the end of each chapter. A table of contents for the case scenarios and videos for each chapter is provided for easy reference. We strongly encourage readers to take advantage of these outstanding resources on the Expert Consult website, a user-friendly platform for easy access.
Edition 5 retains the five sections included in previous editions. Section 1, Understanding Motor Performance in Children, provides
foundation knowledge for pediatric physical therapy practice, including evidence-based decision making, measurement, motor development and control, motor learning, musculoskeletal development and adaptation, and physical fitness. Sections 2 to 4 contain 22 chapters on the management of children with musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and cardiopulmonary conditions. Chapters are organized by two main headings: Background Information (knowledge of the health condition, medical, and pharmacologic management) and Foreground Information (evidencebased recommendations for physical therapy management). Text boxes and tables are used to summarize recommendations for tests and measures and evidence for interventions. Section 5, Special Se ings and Special Considerations, includes chapters on the neonatal intensive care unit, early intervention, the educational environment, transition to adulthood, and assistive technology. Throughout the book, chapters are cross-referenced to integrate content.
Robert J. Palisano, Senior Editor, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
