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Landscape Architecture, Fifth Edition: A Manual of Environmental Planning and Design 5th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
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Arabic Science Fiction 1st ed. Edition Ian Campbell
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(eBook PDF) Employment Relations, 2nd Edition
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Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, and Polymer Science and Technology George Wypych
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ISE Principles of Statistics for Engineers and Scientists (ISE HED IRWIN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING) 2nd Edition William Navidi Prof.
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PeoplePlaces
UrbanGreen,UrbanBlue
TheNewUrbanity
11SITEPLANNING
ProgramDevelopment
SiteSelection
SiteAnalysis
ComprehensiveLandPlanning
TheConceptualPlan
ComputerApplication
SiteDevelopment
Site-StructurePlanDevelopment
Site-StructureUnity
SiteSystems
12SITESPACES
Spaces
TheBasePlane
TheOverheadPlane
TheVerticals
13CIRCULATION
Motion Sequence
PedestrianMovement
TheAutomobile
CompleteStreets
TravelbyRail,Water,andAir
PeopleMovers
14.STRUCTURES
CommonDenominators
Composition
StructuresintheLandscape
TheDefinedOpenSpace
Habitations
Dwelling-NatureRelationships
HumanNeedsandHabitat
ResidentialComponents
15LANDSCAPEPLANTING
Purpose Process Guidelines
Advances
LandscapePlantingsinLow-ImpactDesign
PERSPECTIVE
DisavowalandQuest
Findings
Insights
EvolutionandRevolution
ThePlannedExperience
Retrospective
ProjectCredits
QuotationSources
Bibliography
Index
In1961,over50yearsago,thefirsteditionofLandscapeArchitecturewaspublishedandinstantlyfilledthevoidthatexistedforacomprehensive presentationoftheprofessionandhowtoplanforthehumanuseoflandharmoniouslywiththeenvironment.Theseweretheearlydaysofwhat becameknownastheenvironmentalmovement,sparkedbyaseriesofwake-upcalls,suchasRachelCarson’sbookSilentSpring,sending asignalthroughoutthecountry—and,indeed,theworld—thatpeoplehadtofundamentallychangethewaytheyviewedandinteractedwiththeir surroundings.NolongercouldwecontinuetothinkwehaddominionovertheEarthandignorethefactthatweareaninseparablepartofnature andnatureispartofusNolongercouldwedestroyourforests,abuseoursoil,polluteourairandwater,squanderournaturalresources,and overpopulatetheEarthwithoutdirefutureconsequences
Thefledglingprofessionoflandscapearchitecture,whichhadcomeintobeinglessthanahundredyearsearlier,wasintherightplaceattheright time,sotospeak,withtherightskillsandknowledgetotakeontheleadershiproleamongthedesignprofessionsinthisnewmovement Educatedandtrainedinarchitecture,civilengineering,botany,geology,horticulture,thenaturalsciences,andsocialissues,landscapearchitects wereuniquelyqualifiedtoassumethisroleAtthetime,however,theprofessionwasrelativelyunknownandmisunderstood,anditsliteraturethen wasforthemostpartoutdatedandfocusedonapreviouseraJohnSimondswouldchangethat
JohnhadstudiedlandscapearchitectureatMichiganStateUniversity,traveledtheworld,studiedEasternphilosophy,livedamongthenative peopleofBorneo,workedinconservation,becameastudentoftheenvironment,andembracedtheprinciplesoftheemergingscienceof ecologyIn1939,John—amemberoftheinfamous“classofrebelsâ€thatincludedGarrettEckbo,DanKiley,andCharles Rose—graduatedfromHarvardwithamaster’sdegreeinlandscapearchitecture
Thisplacedhiminauniquepositionthatenabledhimtobecometheprofession’smajoradvocatefortheenvironmentalmovementandtotell thestoryoftheroleoflandscapearchitectureinitJohnwrotethefirsteditionofLandscapeArchitecture“because,â€hesaid,“Ifelt compelledtogetthewordoutaboutthecomprehensiveprofessionoflandscapearchitectureâ€Overthenext30years,tworevisededitions werepublishedwithJohnasthesoleauthorThestoryofmyroleascoauthorbegansometenyearslater
OntheafternoonofDecember12,2004,myphonerang,thecallerIDread“JohnSimonds,â€andadreadfulthoughtflashedthroughmy mindIthadbeenseveralyearssinceJohnandIhadtalked,followingtwoyearsofintensecommunicationpreparingfortheAmericanSocietyof LandscapeArchitect’sCentennialCelebrationJohnwasnotwellatthattimeandIfeareditwashisfamilycallingtosaythathewasgravelyill orhadpassedawayFollowingmyhello,thesoundofJohn’svoiceengenderedasighofrelief,andwhathewasabouttosaywouldshiftmy emotionsfromfeartototalelation
“Barry,wouldyouconsiderworkingwithmeasthecoauthorofthefourtheditionofLandscapeArchitecture?â€Icouldn’tbelievewhatI washearingThenanotherflash—aflashbacktoNovember22,1963Mostpeoplewhowereoldenoughatthetimerememberthisastheday PresidentJohnFKennedywasassassinatedand,toaperson,rememberwheretheywereandwhattheyweredoingatthattimeOnthatdayI wasinthelibraryattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,completelyabsorbedinJohnSimonds’sfirsteditionofLandscapeArchitectureOf course,theassassinationofJohnFKennedywasaneventthattouchedeveryone,butformepersonallytheimpactthateventwouldhaveonmy lifeandcareerwasclearlysecondarytotheonethatJohnSimonds’sbookwouldhaveonmyfutureandfuturegenerationsoflandscape architects
WhenJohnfirstpublishedLandscapeArchitecturein1961,itwasbeforethedigitalrevolutionandmodernmethodsfacilitatingthepracticeofthe profession,includingcomputer-aideddesignandGeographicInformationSystemsHowever,whatJohnpresentedinthefirstandsubsequent editionsofLandscapeArchitectureisasapplicabletodayasitwaswhenfirstpublishedJohn’sgeniusincommunicatingtheprinciplesof landscapearchitecturalplanninganddesign,throughhiswriting,sketches,andsharedwordsofthewisdomofothers,isindeedtimelessandwill nodoubthelpshapethiscenturyasitdidthelast
Duringthefollowingmonths,weexchangedideasandworkedonthefourtheditionJohn’srolewastocompletetherevisedmanuscript,and minewastoreviewthemanuscriptandgatherphotographs—asJohndescribed,“BestinShowâ€â€”ofworksoflandscapearchitectureand relatedsubjectstoillustratethebookHeconsideredthewritingofLandscapeArchitecturehismostsignificantprofessionalaccomplishment, and,ofcourse,workingwithJohnascoauthorhasbeenoneofthegreathonorsofmycareer
Then,onMay26,IreceivedthephonecallthatIhadfearedthatDecember12calltobeAfterafallandabriefstayinthehospital,Johnreturned home,wherehepassedawaynearfamilyandfriendsWhenJohndied,hehadalreadyfinishedthemanuscriptforthefourthedition,leavinghis wife,Marj,inchargeoffinaleditingWithrenewedvigorandcommitmenttoJohn’slegacy—thelegacyofoneofthemostinfluential landscapearchitectsofthetwentiethcentury—myworkshiftedintohighgear,and,asMarjlikedtosay,“therestishistoryâ€(MarjSimonds diedinApril2012)
ThefourtheditionofLandscapeArchitecturehasbeenpublishedinthreelanguages—English,Chinese,andJapanese—anddistributed worldwide.Forthefirsttime,itisalsoavailableindigitalformat.ThisfiftheditionisthefirsttobepublishedwithoutJohn’sdirectinput. However,muchcarehasbeentakentopreservetheessentialcharacterandtimelessnessofwhathefirstcreatedintheearly1960s,while updatingothermaterialandprovidingrefreshingnewimagesandillustrations.Itismyhopethatfurthereditionsofthisbookwillcontinuetobe publishedintotheindefinitefuture,thusextendingthelegacyofJohnOrmsbeeSimondsandhiscontributionstowardmakingtheworldabetter place.
BarryWStarke
LandscapeArchitecturehasbeenwritteninresponsetotheneedforabookoutliningtheland-planningprocessinclear,simple,andpractical terms.InalargersenseitisaguidebookonhowtolivemorecompatiblyonplanetEarth.
Itintroducesustoanunderstandingofnatureasthebackgroundandbaseforallhumanactivities;itdescribestheplanningconstraintsimposed bytheforms,forces,andfeaturesofnatureandourbuiltenvironment;itinstillsafeelingforclimateanditsdesignimplications;itdiscussessite selectionandanalysis;itinstructsintheplanningofworkableandwell-relateduseareas;itconsidersthevolumetricshapingofexteriorspaces;it exploresthepossibilitiesofsite-structureorganization;itappliescontemporarythinkingintheplanningofexpressivehumanhabitationsand communities;anditprovidesguidanceinthecreationofmoreefficientandpleasantplacesandwayswithinthecontextofthecityandtheregion
ThisbookisnotintendedtoexplainallformsofthepracticeoftheprofessionortoexplicatethelatesttechnologyNorisitproposedthatthe readerwillbecome,perse,anexpertlandplannerAswithtraininginotherfields,proficiencycomeswithlongyearsofstudy,travel,observation, andprofessionalexperienceThereadershould,however,gainthroughthisbookakeenerandmoretellingawarenessofourphysical surroundingsThereadershouldalsogainmuchusefulknowledgetobeappliedinthedesignofhomes,schools,recreationareas,shopping malls,trafficwaysÂ…Âoranyotherprojecttobefittedinto,andplannedinharmonywith,theall-embracinglandscape
This,atleast,hasbeentheexpressintent
Theworkofthelandscapearchitect (architectofthelandscape) istohelpbringpeople, theirstructures,activities,andcommunities intoharmoniousrelationship withthelivingearth— withthe“want-to-beâ€oftheland
OncetherewasahunterwhospenthisdaystrackingthewideprairiesofNorthDakotawithhisgunanddogandsometimeswithasmallboywho wouldbegtotrotalong.
Onthisparticularmorning,hunterandboy,faroutontheprairie,satwatchingintentlyariseofgroundaheadofthemItwaspockedwithgopher holesFromtimetotimeasmallstripedgopherwouldwhisknervouslyfromthemouthofhisdentothecoverofmattedprairiegrass,soonto reappearwithcheekfoodpouchesbulging
“Smartlittleoutfits,thegophers,â€thehunterobserved“ImeanthewaytheyhavethingsfiguredoutWheneveryoucomeuponagopher village,youcanbesureitwillbenearapatchofgrainwheretheycangettheirfoodandclosebyacreekorsloughforwaterThey’llnotbuild theirtownsnearwillowclumps,forthere’swheretheowlsorhawkswillberoostingAndyou’llnotbefindingthemnearstonyledgesora pileofrockswheretheirenemiesthesnakeswillbehidingreadytosnatchthemWhenthesewiselittlecrittersbuildtheirtowns,theysearchout thesoutheastslopeofaknollthatwillcatchthefullsweepofthesuneachdaytokeeptheirdenswarmandcozyThewinterblizzardsthatpound outofthenorthandwesttoleavethewindwardslopesoftherisesfrozensolidwillonlydriftloosepowdersnowontopoftheirhomes
“Whentheydigtheirdens,â€continuedthehunter,“doyouknowthattheydo?Theyslanttherunwaysteeplydownfor2or3feetandthen doublebackupnearthesurfaceagainwheretheyleveloffanicedryshelfThat’swheretheylie—closeunderthesodroots,outofthewind, warmedbythesun,neartotheirfoodandwater,asfarastheycangetfromtheirenemies,andsurroundedbyalltheirgopherfriendsYes,sir, theysurehaveitallplannedout!â€
“Isourtownbuiltonasoutheastslope?â€thesmallboyaskedthoughtfully
“No,â€saidthehunter,“ourtownslopesdowntothenorth,intheteethofthebitterwinterwindsandcoldasafrostygunbarrelâ€He frowned“EveninsummerthebreezesworkagainstusWhenwebuiltthenewflaxmill,theonlymillfor40miles,wheredoyouthinkweputit? Webuiltitrightsmackontheonlyspotwhereeverybreezeinthesummertimecancatchthesmokefromitsstackandpouritacrossourhouses andintoouropenwindows!?â€
“Atleastourtownisneartheriverandwater,â€saidtheboydefensively
“Yes,â€repliedthehunter“Butwhereneartheriverdidwebuildourhomes?Onthelow,flatlandinsidetheriverbend,that’swhere Andeachspringwhenthesnowsmeltontheprairieandtheriverswells,itfloodsouteverycellarinourtownâ€
“Gopherswouldplanthingsbetterthanthat,â€thesmallboydecided
“Yes,â€saidthehunter,“agopherwouldbesmarterâ€
“Whengophersplantheirhomesandtowns,â€theboyphilosophized,“theyseemtodoitbetterthanpeopledoâ€
“Yes,â€musedthehunter,“andsodomostoftheanimalsIknowSometimesIwonderwhyâ€
NASA
Peopleareanimals,tooWestillretain,andarelargelymotivatedby,ournaturalanimalinstinctsIfwearetoplanintelligently,wemust acknowledgeandaccommodatetheseinstincts;theshortcomingsofmanyaprojectcanbetracedtothefailureoftheplannertorecognizethis simplefact
TheHumanAnimal
Homosapiens(thewiseone)isananimal(asuperiortype,wecommonlyassume,althoughneitherhistorynorcloseobservationaltogether supportthisassumption)
Ahumanstandingintheforest,withbareskin,weakteeth,thinarms,andknobbyknees,wouldnotlookveryimpressiveamongtheother creaturesAsananimal,thebearwithpowerfuljawsandrakingclawswouldclearlyseemsuperiorEventheturtleseemsmorecunningly contrivedforbothprotectionandattack,asdothedog,theskunk,andthelowlyporcupineAllcreaturesofnature,uponreflection,seemsuperbly equippedforlivingtheirlivesintheirnaturalhabitatandformeetingnormalsituationsAllexceptthehumans
Lackingspeed,strength,andotherapparentnaturalattributes,wehumanshavelongsincelearnedthatwecanbestattackasituationwithour mindsTruthtotell,wehavelittleotherchoice
WealoneofalltheanimalshavetheabilitytoweighthefactorsofaproblemandreasonoutasolutionWeareabletolearnnotonlyfromourown experiencesbutalsofromthedisasters,thetriumphs,andthelesserexperiencesofuntoldthousandsofourfellowsWecanborrowfromand applytothesolutionofanyproblemtheaccumulatedwisdomofourspecies
Intelligence,byonedefinition,mustbetheabilitytorespondadaptivelytotheenvironment—thatis,theabilitytoplanacourseofactionbased uponinformationgainedthroughthesenses
JohnToddSimonds
Ouressentialstrength—theveryreasonforoursurvivalandthekeytoallfutureachievement—isouruniquepowerofperceptionanddeduction Perception(makingoneselfawareofallconditionsandapplicablefactors)anddeduction(deriving,throughreason,anappropriatemeansof procedure)aretheveryessenceofplanning
Downthroughthedim,chaoticages,theforceofthehumanmindhasmetandmasteredsituationaftersituationandhasraisedus(throughthis planningprocess)toapositionofsupremacyoveralltheothercreaturesoftheearth
01 02 Starke.tif
Thethoughtprocessesofperception-deductionareinturnimplementedbythephysicalprocessesofaction,reaction,andinteractionThesefive dynamicdrivesformever-repeatingcyclesandspintheintricatewebbingofallhumanlife
Wehave,infact,inheritedtheEarthThisvastglobeonwhichwedwellisours,ourstodevelopfurther,asanagreeablelivingenvironmentSurely, we,withourtwinklingminds,shouldbynowhavecreatedforourselvesaparadiseuponthisearth
Havewe?Whathavewedonewithoursuperlativenaturalheritage?
Wehaveplunderedourforests
Wehaverippedatourhillsandlaidthemopentoerosionandever-deepeninggullies.
Wehavebefouledourriversuntileventhefishandwildlifehaveoftenbeenkilledordrivenoffbythestenchandfumes
Ourtrafficwaysarelinedwithbrashcommercialhodgepodgeandcrisscrossedwithsenselessfrictionpoints
Wehavebuiltourhomestightrowondrearyrow,withlittlethoughtforrefreshingfoliage,cleanair,orsunlight
Lookingaboutuswithacriticaleye,wefindmuchtodisturbandshockusOurclutteredhighways,sprawlingsuburbs,andstrainingcitiesoffend moreoftenthantheyplease
Andwhatisman?Amongstotherthingsheisanorganismendowedwithamultipleorgan,thebrain,supportedbythesensesandtheglands,in whichtheformativepropertyoforganicprocessesisappliedtothememoryrecordsofexperienceThebrainordersitsownrecords,andall mentalprocessesexpressthisbasicactivityArtandscience,philosophyandreligion,engineeringandmedicine,indeedallculturalactivitiesare basedontheorderingofexperienceandtheexploitationoftheresultingdesign
LancelotLawWhyte
WearethevictimsofourownbuildingWearetrapped,bodyandsoul,inthemechanisticsurroundingswehaveconstructedaboutourselves Somewhereinthecomplexprocessofevolvingourlivingspaces,cities,androadways,wehavebecomesoabsorbedinthepowerofmachines, soabsorbedinthepursuitofnewtechniquesofbuilding,soabsorbedwithnewmaterialsthatwehaveneglectedourhumanneedsOurown deepestinstinctsareviolatedOurbasichumandesiresremainunsatisfiedDivorcedfromournaturalhabitat,wehavealmostforgottentheglow andexuberanceofbeinghealthyanimalsandfeelingfullyalive
Manycontemporaryailments—ourhypertensionsandneuroses—arenomorethanthephysicalevidenceofrebellionagainstourphysical surroundingsandfrustrationatthewideninggapbetweentheenvironmentweyearnforandthestifling,artificialoneweplannershavesofar contrived
Lifeitselfisdictatedbyourmoment-by-momentadjustmenttoourenvironmentJustasthebacterialcultureinthepetridishmusthaveits scientificallycompoundedmediumforoptimumdevelopmentandthepottedgeraniumcuttingitsproperandcontrolledconditionsofgrowthto produceathrivingplant,sowe—ascomplicated,hypersensitivehumanorganisms—musthaveforouroptimumdevelopmentahighly specializedmilieuItisbafflingthatthenatureofthisecologicalframeworkhasbeensolittleexploredVolumeshavebeenwrittenonthe conditionsunderwhichraretypesoforchidsmaybestbegrown;numerousmanualscanbefoundontheproperraisingandcareofguineapigs, whiterats,goldfish,andparakeets,butlittlehasbeenwrittenaboutthenatureofthephysicalenvironmentbestsuitedtohumanculture
Thenaturalisttellsusthatifafoxorarabbitissnaredinafieldandthenkeptinacage,theanimal’scleareyeswillsoonbecomedull,itscoat willloseitsluster,anditsspiritwillflagSoitiswithhumanstoolongortoofarremovedfromnatureForweare,firstofall,animals
Everythingwehavetodotolive,naturemakesusdowithlustandpleasure
WehavelearnedtounleashtheawesomepowercontainedwithintheatomNowwemustlearnthemeansbywhichtocontrolitUSDOE Humanreasonisrootedtotheearth
KennethClark
Wearecreaturesofthemeadow,theforest,thesea,andtheplainWearebornwithaloveoffreshairinourlungs,drypathsunderourfeet,and thepenetratingheatofthesunonourskinWearebornwithaloveforthefeelandsmellofrich,warmearth,thetasteandsparkleofclearwater, therefreshingcoolnessoffoliageoverhead,andthespaciousbluedomeoftheskyDeepdowninsidewehaveforthesethingsalonging,a desiresometimescompelling,sometimesquiescent—butalwaysitisthere
Ithasbeenproposedbymanysagesthat,otherthingsbeingequal,thehappiestpersonisonewholivesinclosest,fullestharmonywithnatureIt mightthenbereasoned:Whynotrestorehumanstothewoods?Letthemhavetheirwaterandearthandsky,andplentyofitButistheprimeval forest—preserved,untouched,orsimulated—ouridealenvironment?HardlyForthestoryofthehumanraceisthestoryofanunendingstruggle toamelioratetheforcesofnatureGradually,laboriously,wehaveimprovedourshelters,securedamoresustainedandvariedsupplyoffood, andextendedcontrolovertheelementstoimproveourwayofliving …Âandwhenhelooked
Atskyorsea,itwaswith thetestingeyes
Ofthemanwhoknowsthe weatherunderhisskin,
Themanwhosmellstheweather
inthechangedbreeze
Andhastriedhimselfagainstit andlivedbyit
StephenVincentBenét
WearetrappedintheroadsideworkingsofourownmachineryTomLamb,LambStudio
ThesearetheFourthatare nevercontent,thathavenever beenfilledsincetheDews beganÂ…
Jacola’s*mouth,andthe glutoftheKite,and thehandsoftheApe,andtheEyes ofMan
RudyardKipling
*Jacolaisthehyena
Whatalternatives,then,areleft?Isitpossiblethatwecandeviseawhollyartificialenvironmentinwhichtobetterfulfillourpotentialandmore happilyworkoutourdestiny?ThisprospectseemsextremelydoubtfulAperceptiveanalysisofourmostsuccessfulventuresinplanningwould revealthatwehaveeffectedthegreatestimprovementsnotbystrivingtosubjugatenaturewholly,notbyignoringthenaturalconditionorbythe thoughtlessreplacementofthenaturalfeatures,contours,andcoverswithourconstructions,butratherbyconsciouslyseekingaharmonious integrationThiscanbeachievedbymodulatinggroundandstructuralformswiththoseofnature,bybringinghills,ravines,sunlight,water,plants, andairintoourareasofplanningconcentration,andbythoughtfullyandsympatheticallyspacingourstructuresamongthehills,alongtherivers andvalleys,andoutintothelandscape
Ecologicaldesignissimplytheeffectiveadaptationtoandintegrationwithnature’sprocesses SimVanderRynStuartCowan
ThevisualclutterofstriproadsidedevelopmentBarryWStarke,EDA
Thereisthatstupendouswholeofaconstructedenvironment,which,likefate,envelopscivilizedlifeItmustnotbeallowedtoconflictseriously withÂ…Ânaturallaws
TheancientideaofaworldwiselyorderedtofunctionaffordsanemotionalgratificationthathasshowneminentandlongtestedsurvivalvalueItis theinspirationforallplanninganddesigning
RichardJNeutra
WeareperhapsuniqueamongtheanimalsinouryearningfororderandbeautyItisdoubtfulwhetheranyotheranimalenjoysa“view,†contemplatesthemagnificenceofavenerableoak,ordelightsintracingtheundulationsofashorelineWeinstinctivelyseekharmony;weare repelledbydisorder,friction,ugliness,andtheillogicalCanwebecontentwhileourtownsandcitiesarestillorientedtocrowdedstreetsrather thantoopenparks?Whilehighwaysslicethroughourcommunities?Whilefreighttrucksrumblepastourchurchesandourhomes?Canwebe satisfiedwhileourchildrenontheirwaytoschoolmustcrossandrecrossmurderoustrafficways?Whiletrafficitselfmustjaminandoutofthecity, morningandevening,throughcloggedandnoisyvalleyfloors,althoughthesevalleyroutesshould,byallrights,begreen,free-flowingparkways leadingintospacioussettlementsandtheopencountrysidebeyond
Thebasicpremiseofscienceisthatthephysicalworldisgovernedbycertainpredictablerules
Weofcontemporarytimesmustfacethisdisturbingfact:oururban,suburban,andruraldiagramsareforthemostpartill-conceived.Our communityandhighwaypatternsbearlittlelogicalrelationshiptooneanotherandtoourtopographical,climatological,physiological,and ecologicalbase.Wehavegrown,andoftencontinuetogrow,piecemeal,haphazardly,withoutreason.Wearedissatisfiedandpuzzled.Weare frustrated.Somewhereintheplanningprocesswehavefailed.
Geniusofplacesymbolizesthelivingecologicalrelationshipbetweenaparticularlocationandthepersonswhohavederivedfromitandaddedto itthevariousaspectsoftheirhumannessNolandscape,howevergrandioseorfertile,canexpressitsfullpotentialrichnessuntilithasbeengiven itsmythbythelove,works,andartsofhumanbeings
RenéDubos
Soundplanning,wecanlearnfromobservation,isnotachievedproblembyproblemorsitebysiteMasterfulplanningexamineseachprojectin thelightofaninspiredandinspiringvision,solveseachproblemasapartofatotalandcompellingconcept,whichuponconsiderationshouldbe self-evidentStatedsimply,acentralobjectiveofallphysicalplanningistocreateamoresalubriouslivingenvironment—amoresecure, effective,pleasant,rewardingwayoflifeClearly,ifwearetheproductsofenvironmentaswellasofheredity,thenatureofthisenvironmentmust
beavitalconcernIdeallyitwillbeoneinwhichtensionsandfrictionshavebeeninthemaineliminated,wherewecanachieveourfullpotential, andwhere,astheplannersofoldPekingenvisioned,mancanliveandgrowanddevelop“inharmonywithnature,God,andwithhisfellow manâ€*1
Suchanenvironmentcanneverbecreatedwhole;oncecreated,itcouldneverbemaintainedinstaticformByitsverydefinitionitmustbe dynamicandexpanding,changingasourrequirementschangeItwillnever,inallprobability,beachievedButstrivingtowardthecreationofthis idealenvironmentmustbe,inalllandplanninganddesign,atoncethemajorproblem,thescience,andthegoal
Allplanningmust,byreason,meetthemeasureofourhumanityItmustmeetthetestofoursenses:sight,taste,hearing,scent,andtouchItmust alsoconsiderourhabits,responses,andimpulsesYetitisnotenoughtosatisfytheinstinctsofthephysicalanimalaloneOnemustsatisfyalso thebroaderrequirementsofthecompletebeing
Ourplanningprofessionshaveacommongoalintheiraimtodetermine,tocreate,andthenkeepcurrentoptimumrelationshipsbetweenpeople andtheirenvironments…
Likethemodernmedicalpractitioner,weseektobringaboutinhumansapsychosomaticbalance,anall-overhealthinthewholemanThis involvespsychologicalfactorsaswellasphysicalandphysiologicalones…
Thesuccessofaworkofdesignmaybesoundlyevaluatedonlybyitsover-alllong-termeffectonthehealthy,happysurvivalofhumansAnyother evaluationofarchitecture,landscapearchitecture,orcityplanningmakeslittleifanysense
NormanTNewton
Asplanners,wedealnotonlywithareas,spaces,andmaterials,notonlywithinstinctsandfeeling,butalsowithideas,thestuffofthemindOur designsmustappealtotheintellectTheymustfulfillhopesandyearningsByempatheticplanning,onemaybebroughttoone’skneesinan attitudeofprayer,orurgedtomarch,orevenelevatedtoahighplaneofidealismItisnotenoughtoaccommodateGooddesignmustdelight andinspire
Ourfivesensestogethergiveusanorganofacquaintance,withwhichweperceiveandexperiencetheouterworld
HansVetter
Aristotle,inteachingtheartandscienceofpersuasion,heldthattoappealtoanypersonanoratormustfirstunderstandandknowthatpersonHe describedindetailthecharacteristicsofmenandwomenofvariousages,stations,andcircumstancesandproposedthatnotonlyeachperson butalsothecharacteristicsofeachpersonbeconsideredandaddressedAplannermustalsoknowandunderstandPlanninginallageshas beenanattempttoimprovethehumanconditionIthasnotonlymirroredbutactivelyshapedourthinkingandcivilization
Nature
NaturerevealsitselftoeachofusaccordingtoourinterestsTothenaturalist,natureunfoldsawonderlandofspiderweb,eggmass,andfern frondTotheminer,natureisthetenaciousyetprodigioussourceofminerals—coal,copper,tungsten,lead,silverTothehydroelectricengineer, natureisanabundantreservoirofpowerTothestructuralengineer,natureineveryguiseisaneloquentdemonstrationoftheuniversalprinciples offormcreationtobeunderstoodandapplied
SpiralnebulaNASA
Natureismorethanabankofresourcestodrawon:itisthebestmodelwehaveforallthedesignproblemsweface
ofacresofwell-watered,wooded,rollinggroundarebeingblithelyplowedunderandleveledforroads,homesites,shoppingcenters,and factoriesSmallwonderthatsomanyofourcitiesare(climatologicallyspeaking)barrendesertsofasphalt,masonry,glass,andsteel
DustbowlSloan,USDepartmentofAgriculture
Forthemoment,itseems,wehavelosttouchPerhaps,beforewecanprogress,wemustlookbackWemustregaintheoldinstincts,relearnthe oldtruthsWemustreturntothefundamentalwisdomofthegopherbuildingahomeandvillageandthebeaverengineeringadamWemust applytheplanningapproachofthefarmerworkingfromdaytodayinthefields,fullyawareofnature’sforces,forms,andfeatures,respecting andrespondingtothem,adaptingthemtoapurposeWemustdevelopadeeperunderstandingofourphysicalandspiritualtiestotheearthWe mustrediscovernature
TheGreeksandRomanshadneverbotheredaboutthefuturebuthadtriedtoestablishtheirparadiserighthereupontheearth…
ThencametheotherextremeoftheMiddleAgeswhenmanbuilthimselfaparadisebeyondthehighestcloudsandturnedthisworldintoavaleof tearsforhighandlow…
TheRenaissancewasnotapoliticalorareligiousmovementItwasastateofmindIntheRenaissancemennolongerconcentratedalloftheir thoughtsandtheireffortsupontheblessedexistencethatawaitedtheminHeavenTheytriedtoestablishtheirparadiseuponthisplanet,and truthtotell,theysucceededinaremarkabledegree HendrikVanLoon
Tothephysicalplanner,naturerevealsitselfastheeternal,living,formidable,yetbeneficentsettingforeveryprojectandplanItisessentialtothe successofoureffortsthatwecometoknowandunderstandnatureJustasahunterisathomewithnature—drinksofthesprings,usesthe cover,huntsintotheprevailingwinds,knowswhenthegamewillbefeedingonthebeechnutsandacornsoftheridgesandwhenontheberriesin thehollows;justashesensesthecomingofastormandinstinctivelyseeksoutshelter;andjustasasailorisathomeonthesea,readstheshoal, sensesthesandbar,interpretsthesky,andobservesthechangingconformationoftheoceanbottom—justsomustplannersbeconversantwith allfacetsofnature,untilforanymajortractofland,localbuildingsite,orlandscapeareawecaninstinctivelyrecognizethenaturalcharacteristics, limitations,andfullestpossibilitiesOnlybybeingthusawarecanwedevelopasystemofcompatiblerelationships
ThefirstchartoftheGulfStreamwaspreparedabout1769underthedirectionofBenjaminFranklinwhilehewasdeputypostmastergeneralof thecoloniesTheboardofcustomsinBostonhadcomplainedthatthemailpacketscomingfromEnglandtooktwoweekslongertomakethe westwardcrossingthandidtheRhodeIslandmerchantshipsFranklin,perplexed,tooktheproblemtoaNantucketseacaptain,TimothyFolger, whotoldhimthismightverywellbetruebecausetheRhodeIslandcaptainswerewellacquaintedwiththeGulfStreamandavoideditonthe westwardcrossing,whereastheEnglishcaptainswerenotFolgerandotherNantucketwhalerswerepersonallyfamiliarwiththestreambecause, heexplained,“Inourpursuitofwhales,whichkeeptothesidesofitbutarenotmetwithinit,werunalongthesideandfrequentlycrossitto
changeourside,andincrossingithavesometimesmetandspokewiththosepacketswhowereinthemiddleofitandstemmingitWehave informedthemthattheywerestemmingacurrentthatwasagainstthemtothevalueofthreemilesanhourandadvisedthemtocrossit,butthey weretoowisetobecounseledbysimpleAmericanfisherman
RachelCarson
RapebytheexcavatorBureauofLandManagement(BLM)
Tao,theWay—thebasicChinesebeliefinanorderandharmonyinnatureThisgrandconceptoriginatedinremotetimes,fromobservationof theheavensandofnature—therisingandsettingofthesun,moon,andstars,thecycleofdayandnight,andtherotationofthe seasons—suggestingtheexistenceoflawsofnature,asortofdivinelegislationthatregulatedthepatternintheheavensandonearthItisworth notingthattheoriginalpurposeofritualwastoorderthelifeofthecommunityinharmonywiththeforcesofnature(tao)onwhichsubsistenceand well-beingdepended
Mai-maiSze
Historyshowsusinspiringexamplesofhumanizedlandscapeplannedinharmonywithnature.Onesuchexamplewasthebreathtakinglybeautiful cityofKyotoasitexistedattheturnofthetwentiethcentury.Untilonlyrecentlyitcouldbesaid:
Setamidstanationalforestofpineandmapletrees,Kyotooverlooksabroadrivervalleyinwhichclearmountainwaterslidesandsplashes betweengreatmossybouldersHereinorderedarrangementareterracedthestone,timber,andpaperbuildingsofthecity,eachstructure plannedtothetotalsiteandfittedwithgreatartistrytothegroundonwhichitstandsInthisremarkablelandscape,eachownerconsidershisland atrustEachtree,rockandspringisconsideredaspecialblessingfromhisgods,tobepreservedanddevelopedtothebestofhisability,forthe benefitofcity,neighbors,andfriendsHere,asoneoverlooksthewoodedcityormovesthroughitspleasantstreets,onerealizesthefullest meaningofthephrase“thestewardshipoflandâ€
Kyoto,asanillustriousexampleoforientallandplanning,waslaidoutinaccordancewiththepreceptsofgeomancyThesedealwiththelocation anddesignoflandusepatternsandstructuralformsinresponseto,andinharmonywith,thepathsofenergyflowthroughtheearthandthe atmosphere
Kyoto,
MountainGreen,
SanyÅRai
TotheWesternmind,thispracticemayseemdubiousInthemorematurecultures,itsefficacyisunquestionedUnfortunatelyitsprincipleshave beenveiledinreligiousmysticismandneverclearlydefinedintechnologicaltermsLetitbesaidonlythathistoricallyarchitects,planners,and engineershaveexpressedintheirconstructionsanintuitivefeelingforthosegeologicalconditionsandnaturalforceswhichhaveshapedand continuetogovernthephysicallandscapeandwhichhaveapowerfulinfluenceonallelementsintroducedSuchpervasiveconditionsinclude surfaceandsubsurfacerockformations,strata,cleavages,fissures,drainageways,aquifers,mineralseamsanddeposits,andlinesand upwellingsofelectricalflowTheyincludealsotheaircurrents,tides,variationsintemperature,solarradiation,andtheearth’smagneticfield Improbableasitmaysound,itisafactthatthecontemporaryarchitectorengineerfacesfewproblemsinstructuraldesignwhichnaturehasnot alreadymetandsolvedByourownstandards,herdesignsarestructurallymoreefficientandestheticallymoresatisfactorythanours Weshould—toparaphrasethatforthrightpre-CivilWarcritic,HoratioGreenough—learnfromnaturelikemenandnotcopyherlikeapesBut thetruthofthematteristhatwehaveonlyrecentlyperfectedthemeanswherebyherstructurescanreallybeunderstood
FredMSeverud
TheNaturalSciences
Thelandscapearchitect’suniquestrengthandcontributiontothecomprehensiveplanningprocessisageneralknowledgeofthenatural sciencesEspeciallyapplicablearegeology,hydrology,biology,botany,andecologyTheseareinadditiontosuchsciencesaschemistry, physics,electronics,thehumanities,andgraphiccommunicationAllareessentialtosoundlandscapedesign
Geology
Tounderstandthetopographicalbaseforanybuildingprojectitisessentialtoknowthestructureandsoiltypeoftheearth’ssurfacelayers Thegeologistlearnsearlyonthatthetopsofhillsandridgesaregenerallyunderlaidwiththedensersubsoilorrock—whichmakeforsolid footingTheymakeexcavationmoredifficultandexpensive,howeverThissuggeststhedesignofbuildingswithoutbasementsorlowerlevels Suchcostlyexcavatedspaceisreplacedwherefeasiblewithon-gradebuildingunitsaroundcourts,whichalsoservetoblockhilltopwindsand holdthewarmingwintersun
Slopingtopographysuggeststerracedstructures,opentotheoutwardviewandwithlowretainingwallsExceptinregionsofdrought,lower groundandespeciallyvalleybottomsbelowvegetateduplandscanbeexpectedtohavedeeper,moister,richersoilsforcropsandgardensHere basementsordeeperfoundationsmayberequiredtoreachbearing,butthediggingiseasy
WilliamSmith’sStrataofEngland&Wales,oneofthefirstgeologicmapsWilliamSmith
Thelevelsite,asontheplain,suggestsanexpandedbuildingplanform,withwingstocatchandcheckthebreezeandcourtstoprotectfromthe windanddrift.Thestudyofgeologyalsomakesoneextremelyconsciousofthedeep-lyingandshiftingtectonicplates,thefaultlines,volcanic cores,andthepotentialhazardsoftornadosandflooding.Onamoremodestscaleitteachesofthevarioussoiltypesandtheirqualitiessuchas erosionresistance,fertility,andstructuralbearing.Inlanduseplanning,thesearetobeavoidedformajortransportation/transitwaysor settlementswherelivesareendangered.Theyarebetterreservedforwelcomeopenspace—leftnaturalorwithlimiteduse,asforgamelandsor recreation.Instorm-proneareas,earlydetectionandmonitoringtechniquesprovideforearlyevacuation,savingthousandsoflivesanduntold destruction.
AllorganismsturnenergyandfoodintolivingmatterwhileproducingwastematerialsofvariouskindsThiswastematterbecomesfoodfor legionsofsaprophytes,literally“decayeatersâ€Thesedecomposers,whichoutnumberspeciesofallotherkinds,includebeetles,fungi, nematodes,andbacteriaThroughtheircomplementarymetabolicpathways,theyreturnbothessentialnutrientsandtracemineralstoactive circulation
SimVanderRynStuartCowan
ThewatercycleJohnMEvans,USGSColoradoWaterScienceCenter Hydrology
HydrologyrelatestolandandresourceplanningintheformofwatermanagementThosewithanunderstandingoftopographyhavelearnedto developlandusepatternsinwhichextensivedrainageinletsanddeepsewermainsarenotneededInstead,surfacedrainageisconductedby swalestoretentionpondsornaturalstreamsWastewateralsoflowsbygravityinshallowlateralstooutfallmainswhichfollowtheslopeofthe landWatermanagementhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinregionalplanningsincepotablewatershortagehasbecomecommonIrrigation andthetransmissiontourbancentershavedrainedonce-abundantriversandwatershedsPopulationgrowthalongbothcoastshasdrawndown wellfieldstothepointwheresaltwaterintrusionisseriousThisproblemcannolongerbeoverlookedNorcanthelargesweepsoflawnirrigated withfreshwaterbeallowedIrrigationoflawnsandcroplandswillsoonbetreatedbywastewaterWithdualpotableandtreatedwastewater systems,ourfreshwaterreservescanbereplenished
Biology
Withbiologybeingthestudyofallformsoflifeandtheirinteraction,onewouldbelieveittobecentralinallplanningconsiderationsItisnot Usually,moreattentionispaidtoappearancesthantopeopleItisthebiology-consciousdesignerorteammemberwhotestseachproposal againsttheexperienceoftheusers—whobringstheprojecttolife Botany
Afirst-yearbotanisthaslearnedthevalueofvegetationIntheimmensecloudofcarbondioxideorexhaustfumesthatsurroundplanetEarthitis onlybythetranspirationofvegetationthattheessentialoxygenofthefreshairwebreatheisproducedMoreover,itistheearth’svegetation thatcatches,transpires,andtransmitstotheaquifersthewateronwhichalllifedependsIfthatweren’tenough,itisfromtheworldwidestore ofvegetationthatwegatheranastoundingvarietyoffoods,fibers,andtimberThisknowledgeshouldmakeconservationistsofusallItmayin timeMeanwhile,inmostunmindfulconstructionafirstthoughtistocleartheland
BotanicalspecimenBeltCollins
IncomprehensivelandplanningthebotanistwillbequicktopointouttheareasofnaturalcoverthatshouldbepreservedCostlyclearingand groundcoverreplacementwillthusbeprecludedInthelandscapeplanningprocessabotanydoctorateisnotneeded,exceptinspecialcasesIt isenoughtoknowthelocalplants,theircharacteristics,andtheconditionsofgrowthunderwhichtheythriveWhenexistingplantsareleft undisturbedtheyneedlittlecareExoticornamentals,needingmoreattention,aretobeusedsparingly Ecology
EcologyisthescientificstudyoftherelationshipoflivingthingsandtheirenvironmentAssuchitshouldbetheprimarysciencethatinforms humansabouttheirenvironmentandhowtoplantheiractivitiesandtheuseoflandinacompatible,thussustainable,way
Other
Ageneralizedknowledgeofthenaturalsciencesisthemarkofawell-schooledlandscapearchitectNootherprofessionistrainedinthisvital aspectofcomprehensivelanduseplanning
FromthetimeofEarth’sbeginningstherehasevolvedaninteracting,counterbalancingframeworkforalllife Biosphere
Thislifematrix,orbiosphere,bornofearth,air,fire,andwater,constitutesthewholeofourlivingenvironmentItisasvastasthespacebetween thebasaltfloorofthedeepestoceanbedandthehighestrarefiedreachesoftheouterionosphereItisasawesomeasthetowering thunderheads,theroaringhurricane,andthecrashingsurfItisastoughasthegranitehulkofamountainItis“asfragileasfrostatdawnâ€*2 Thebiosphere,sofearfullyandwonderfullycontrived,ishometocountlessplantandanimalcommunitiesthatrangeintypeandsizefromthe invisiblevirusclustertotheroamingelephantherdorthepodofsoundingwhalesThebiosphereishomeaswelltoallmembersofthehuman raceAsyet,wehavenoother
InSpengler’smostmovingpassage,whereheidentifiesthe“landscapeâ€asthebaseofthe“culture,â€hesays thatÂ…ÂmanÂ…Âissoheldtoitbymyriadfibres,thatwithoutitlife,soul,andthoughtareinconceivable
StanleyWhite
ThebiosphereoftheplanetEarthisdividedintoseveralmajorhabitats:theaquatic,theterrestrial,thesubterranean,andtheaerial Interdependence
Wearejustbeginningtolearntheextenttowhichallorganismsareinterrelatedandinterdependentandthesometimescriticaleffectsofalmost imperceptiblechangesinthetemperature,chemistry,moisturecontent,soilstructure,airmovements,andwatercurrentsonourhabitatThe slightestchangeinthedelicateweboflifemayhaverepercussionsthroughoutthewholeofanaturalsystemsuchasthatofamarsh,pond, watershed,orreceivingoceanbasin
Naturalsystemssupply,transport,treat,andstorewater;modifytheclimate,oxygenateandpurifytheair;producefood;treatorassimilatewaste; buildland;maintainbeaches;andprovideprotectionfromhurricanes…
Ifessentialcomponentsaredestroyed,orifthesystemasawholeisoverstressed,theprocesswillbreakdownandthesystemwillfail AlbertRVerietal
Asliving,breathinghumanbeings,inextricablyrelatedtoallotherorganismsandcreatures,weareutterlydependentuponthelife-giving productivityoftheremainingun-built-uponlandscapeareasoftheEarth.Shouldtheirlife-supportfunctionsbediminishedordisruptedtothepoint thattheyfail,wewouldthenceasetoexist.Onlyveryrecently,inthefaceofburgeoningpopulationgrowth,risingindicesofpollution,andtherapid depletionofourlandandwaterreserves,hassuchacatastropheseemedaremotepossibility.Today,however,thosescientistsbestableto assesstrendsandconditionshavethisverymuchontheirminds.
ThereisacreaturenativetoKenyacalledtheflattidbug,andIwasintroducedtoitinNairobi,someyearsago,bythegreatDr.L.S.B.Leakey. WhatDrLeakeyintroducedmetowasacoral-colouredflowerofaracemesort,madeupofmanysmallblossomslikethealoeorhyacinthEach blossomwasofoblongshape,perhapsacentimetrelong,whichoncloseinspectionturnedouttobethewingofaninsectThecolonyclingingto adeadtwigcomprisedthewholeofaflowersorealinitsseemingthatonecouldonlyexpectfromitthescentofspring…
ThecoralflowerthattheflattidbugimitatesdoesnotexistinnatureTheflattidbughascreatedtheformÂ…Âfromeachbatchofeggsthatthe femalelaystherewillalwaysbeatleastoneproducingacreaturewithgreenwings,notcoral,andseveralwithwingsofin-betweenshades IlookedcloselyAtthetipoftheinsectflowerwasasinglegreenbudBehinditwereahalfdozenpartiallymaturedblossomsshowingonlystrains ofcoralBehindtheseonthetwigcrouchedthefullstrengthofflattidbugsociety,allwithwingsofpurestcoraltocompletethecolony’s creationanddeceivetheeyesofthehungriestofbirds
LeakeyshooktheslickThestartledcolonyrosefromitstwigandfilledtheairwithflutteringflattidbugsTheyseemednodifferentinflightthanany otherswarmofmothsthatoneencountersintheAfricanbushThentheyreturnedtotheirtwigTheyalightedinnoparticularorderandforan instantthetwigwasalivewiththelittlecreaturesclimbingovereachother’sshouldersinwhatseemedtoberandommovementButthe movementwasnotrandomShortlythetwigwasstillandonebeheldagaintheflowerThegreenleaderhadresumedhisbud-likepositionwith hisvaricolouredcompanionsjustbehindThefullblownrank-and-filehadresumeditsaccustomedplacesAlovelycoralflowerthatdoesnotexist innaturehadbeencreatedbeforemyeyes
RobertArdrey
AllformsoflifeareinterdependentwiththeenvironmentEDA
Whatdoesallthismeantotheplanner,thedesignerofcommunities,thehighwayengineer,orthebuilderofhomeandgarden?Simplythatthe integrityofthenaturalorcultivatedlandscapeandthequalityofthewaterwithinitandtheairaboveitaretobeinallwaysprotectedLandareas cannolongerbetreatedaslittlemorethanpictorialstagesetsofforest,billowinggrass,limpidwater,orlavenderhillsamidwhichconstructions canbeblithelyalignedorindiscriminatelyplunkedItisnolongeracceptablethatanylandareabeconsideredanisolatedprivatedomain,tobe shapedatwilltotheheart’sdesireorcarvedupunfeelinglyintocoldgeometricpatternsNosmallestparcelcananylongerbeconsidered apartfromallothercontiguouslandandwaterareasForitisnowwellrecognizedthateachdrawsupontheotherandinturnaffectsthem Ecologically,alllandandwaterareasareinterconnectedandinterrelated
Nature’singeniousprocessofpollination.Asthehoneybeelandsandpressesintotheblossomafternectar,ittriggerstheflowerstamen, forcingitdowninanarctomakecontactwithanddepositonthebee’sbody.Bee,flower,mechanism—whathavewehumansmadeto compare?HermannEisenbeiss,courtesyLIVINGLEICA
NaturalSystems
Itisfundamentaltointelligentlandandresourceplanningthatthenaturalsystemswhichprotectourhealthandwell-beingbeunderstoodand sustainedThatthosemostsensitiveandproductive,togetherwithnature’ssuperlatives,maybepreservedintheirnaturalcondition;that protectivesupportandbufferareasbeconservedanddevotedtolimitedandcompatibleuses;thatthelesscriticalareasselectedfor developmentbesoplannedastodonosignificantharmtotheirenvirons;andthatalllanduseplansbesoconceivedastobringpeopleintothe bestpossiblerelationshipswitheachotherandwiththelivinglandscape
EveryprocessinnaturehasitsnecessaryformTheseprocessesalwaysresultinfunctionalformsTheyfollowthelawoftheshortestdistance betweenpoints:coolingonlyoccursonsurfacesexposedtocooling,pressureonlyonpointsofpressure,tensiononlinesoftension;motion createsforitselfformsofmovement—foreachenergythereisaformofenergy
AlltechnicalformscanbededucedfromformsinnatureThelawsofleastresistanceandofeconomyofeffortmakeitinevitablethatsimilar activitiesshallalwaysleadtosimilarformsSomancanmusterthepowersofnatureinanotherandquitedifferentwayfromwhathehasdone hitherto
Ifhebutappliedalltheprinciplesthattheorganismhasadoptedinitsstrivingtowardusefulends,hewillfindthereenoughemploymentforallhis capital,strengthandtalentforcenturiestocomeEverybush,everytreecaninstructhim,advisehim,andshowhiminventions,apparatuses, technicalapplianceswithoutnumber
RaoulFrance
Earthscape
Wehavecometolearnthroughthecenturiesthatthespinningorbonwhichweliveisaminorplanetsuspendedinlimitlessspace—an infinitesimalspeckofmatterintheuniversalschemeofthingsYetitisourworld—vast,imponderable,andwonderfultous,aworldofmarvelous orderandboundlessenergyItisilluminedandwarmedinrhythmiccyclesbytheheatofoursun,bathedinaswirlingatmosphereofairand moistureItswhite-hotcoreisaseethingmassofmoltenrock;itsthin,coolcrust,pockedandcreasedwithhollowsandridgedwithhills,mountain ranges,andtoweringpeaksThegreaterpartofitsareaisimmersedinsaltwaterseas,whichebbandflowwithheavingtidesandaresweptto theirdepthsbyimmenseandintricatepatternsofcurrent
TheoccupiedlandscapemaybericherbyfarinallthesubtleamenitiesoftheoriginallandifonlythedesignsweapplyareÂ…Âbecomingto theformaswellastothecomplexionofthemeadows,woodsandslopeswepresumetocompliment…ÂLandscapecharactershouldbe intensified,notobliterated;andtheultimateharmonyshouldemergeasablendinwhichthenativequalityoftheregionandthespotstill prevails…ÂThese“humanizedâ€landscapesaretousthemostinvitingandbeloved,andwearepleasedandinspiredlargelyinsofaras thewholestructureandsentimentofthelandscapecanbepreserved…
TherecanbenodeviationfromtherulethatthenewlypreparedlandscapemustbeÂ…Âadistillateorsublimationoftheoriginalmyriadformsif itistobeaworkofartinthesenseofahighartform,timelessandhistorical StanleyWhite
Fromtheice-sheathedpolestotheblazingequator,theearthscapevariesendlesslyWanderingoveritforsomethingclosetoamillionyears,the humanEarthdwellershavelearnedfirsttosurviveandlatertothrivethroughaprocessofadaptationThisprocess,ifwiselycontinued,should gainforusanever-improvingwayoflifeThestudyofthehuman-naturerelationshipisasoldashumansthemselvesInlong-rangeperspectiveit isprobablystillaveryyoungscience,but,everythingconsidered,itisthemostbasicscienceofall
Inourlifetime,wehaveforthefirsttimescaledearth’shighestpeak,plumbeditsdeepestoceantrench,andpenetratedouterspaceWeare temptedtobelievethatwehaveconquerednatureTherearethosewhoholdthatintheyearsaheadwewillfinallysubjectnaturetoourcontrol LetusnotdeludeourselvesNatureisnotsoontobeconqueredbypunymanConquernature!Howcanweconquernature?Weare—blood, bone,fiber,andsoul—averypartofnatureWearespawnedofnature,rootedinnature,nourishedbynatureOureveryheartbeat,everyneural
impulse,andeverythoughtwave,oureveryactandeffortaregovernedbynature’sall-pervadinglawConquernature!Wearebutfleeting tracesoflifeinnature’seternalprocessofevolvinglifeandgrowthConquernature!Itisfarbetterthatweturnagaintonature’swayto searchoutanddevelopanorderconsonantwiththeuniversalsystems,thatourlivingmaytapthevitalnatureforces,thatourculturaldevelopment mayhaveorientation,thatourformbuilding,formorganizing,andformorderingmayhavemeaning,thatwemayknowagaintherich,pulsing harmoniesoflifeatonewithnature
IgnoringnaturalprocessesresultsindisasterJocelynAugustino/FEMA
Thehistoryofourprogressonthisearthisthehistoryofanincreasingunderstandingofnature’svitalitiesandpowersThewisdomofthe wisestamongusisnomorethanacomprehensionofthesimplestnaturalprinciplesTheknowledgeofourmostperceptivescientistsisgained throughafaintinsightintothewonderofnaturalphenomena
ForcenturiesEuropeanarthasturneditsbackonthefundamentalconceptionofnatureinart,andWesternmanhasimaginedhimselfandnature asbeinginantithesisInreality,hismuch-vauntedindividualityisanillusion,andthetruthwhichtheOrientnowrevealstohimisthathisidentityis notseparatefromnatureandhisfellow-beings,butisatonewithherandthem
ChristopherTunnard
Ourlaboreddevelopmentisthedevelopmentofthosesciencesthatrevealtousawayoflifemorecloselyattunedtonature’simmutableway Thoseoftheforests,jungles,andseaarekeenlysensitivetotheirnaturalsurroundingsandinstinctivelyshapetheirlivingpatternstocomplywith nature’srhythmsandcyclesTheyhavelearnedthattodootherwiseistocourtinevitabledisaster
InteractionbetweenmanandenvironmentintheWestisabstract,anI-itrelationship;intheEastitisconcrete,immediate,andbasedonanI-Thou relationshipWesternmanfightsnature;EasternmanadaptshimselftoNatureandnaturetohimselfThesearebroadgeneralizationsand,likeall generalizations,shouldbetakenwithagrainofsaltButIbelievethattheymayhelptoexplainsomeoftheessentialdifferencesoutofwhichthe differentattitudesofEastandWesttolifeandenvironmentdevelopandwhichareeachinitsownrightdestinedtoplayitspartinthe transformationofthepresentandthefuture EAGutkind
Yearsagotheurgetowandertostrangenewlandsledthecoauthortoliveforsomemonthsinlonely,exoticBritishNorthBorneo(Sabah)There hecametobeprofoundlyimpressedbythetremendousjoyofthepeopleinsimplybeingalive—exultantlyhealthyandhappysonsanddaughters ofnatureOntheislands,alllivenotonlyclosetonaturebutbynatureTheirwholelifeisguideddaybydayandhourbyhourbythesun,the storms,thesurf,thestars,thetides,theseasonsAfullmoonandanebbingtidegivepromiseofsuccessfulmilkfishspearingontheshoalThe wheelingandscreechingofthebirdsgivewarningofanapproachingstormInthequietfreshnessofearlymorning,ahuntermaydrawhislittle daughtertohissideand,crouching,pointalongbrownfingertothepeakofMountKinabaluloominghighabovethepalmfringe“Tiba,little Tiba,â€hemaycaution“LooknowatthecloudsonthemountaintopSoonitwillbeblowingandrainingthere,andthestreamswillberushing fullSostayawayfromthebankstodayandplayathomewithyourmamaâ€Ontheislands,clearly,thecloserone’slifeisadaptedtonature, thehappierone’slifewillbeButnotonlyontheislandsThisobservationisfullyastrueofourlifeonourfarmsandinoursuburbsandcities SometimeswetendtoforgetthissalientfactaswegoaboutourlivingandplanningforlivingAndoftenthisforgettingistherootofmuchdistress Sustainability
Websterdefinessustainas“providewithnourishment;keepgoing;suffer;supportorprovideâ€ThepopularonlineencyclopediaWikipedia