Issuu

Jamile Maeda

shutterstock.com / sergey causelove

FRENTE

INGLÊS Por falar nisso Você já parou para pensar quão importante é dominar uma nova língua? Dos bilhões de pessoas no mundo, 350 milhões delas falam inglês como língua nata. Sem dizer de outros milhões que falam inglês por alguma forma de necessidade: negócio, turismo, pesquisa etc. O uso da língua inglesa é tão abrangente que diversas palavras desse idioma já foram incorporadas ao nosso cotidiano e já não causam estranhamento para nós. Ao ouvir, por exemplo, que alguém comprou um ticket por meio dos aplicativos de um smartphone para ir a um show, ou que o touch screen do celular estragou é bastante comum no nosso dia a dia. Nesse sentido, os estrangeirismos foram incorporados à nossa língua e estão sendo praticados de maneira natural. Nas próximas aulas, estudaremos os seguintes temas

A01 A02 A03 A04

Inglês instrumental........................................................................ 664 Formação de classes gramaticais.................................................. 671 Artigos............................................................................................ 681 Preposições.................................................................................... 688

FRENTE

INGLÊS

MÓDULO A01

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS nn Inglês instrumental nn Antes de começar nn Introdução ao curso

INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL Antes de começar Quase sempre, no seu cotidiano, em conversas à sua volta, você encontrará palavras em inglês no meio de palavras em português. Isso não significa que você está sendo informal demais, porque nem todas as palavras em inglês que usamos têm traduções em português. Outras são usadas sim, mesmo tendo tradução – é o que acontece com o verbo deletar –, mas isso ocorre tão naturalmente que já foram até dicionarizadas. Leia o texto a seguir para observar quantas palavras inglesas podem ser naturalmente utilizadas em um pequeno texto em português. Pela manhã, Maria Antonieta lava suas madeixas com shampoo e condicionador de nome importado. Veste-se com uma roupa made in China comprada na sale 50% off da loja do shopping e sai para trabalhar, a assistente em marketing. Durante o trabalho, entre uma reunião e outra, vasculha sua caixa de e-mails em seu smartphone. Ela sonha em ser top model, mas almoça um cheeseburger com Coca diet. À tarde, coloca seu pen-drive no computador e deixa tocar uma playlist new age baixada na noite anterior, enquanto redige seus relatórios. Depois de receber o feedback do seu trabalho, guarda seus pertences em uma bolsa com design moderno para ir embora.

Fonte: shutterstock.com / MRProduction

Figura 01 - As palavras em inglês são comuns no cotidiano de Maria Antonieta.

664

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Agora, observe a ilustração a seguir, criada pela artista Marija Tiurina para sua série de palavras tão específicas em diferentes línguas que não possuem tradução.

Figura 02 - Marija Tiurina. Unstranslatable words.

Tendo como inspiração o texto do cotidiano de Maria Antonieta e a arte de Marija Tiurina, discusta com seus colegas as seguintes questões:

DISCUSSÃO 01. Quais outras palavras usadas em português foram diretamente importadas do inglês? 02. Você conhece palavras em português que foram traduzidas do inglês que são escritas de maneira muito semelhante? 03. A maior parte das palavras em inglês que usamos faz referência às áreas de tecnologia e/ou de alimentação? Pense em exemplos e explique por que isso acontece. 04. Você acha que importar palavras de outras línguas enriquece ou empobrece sua língua? Por quê?

Nesta aula, você estudará algumas técnicas para leitura, compreensão e interpretação de textos, uma vez que essas habilidades serão cobradas em toda a sua vida daqui para frente: na escola, na faculdade e no trabalho.

Exemplo 02. bangalô (bungalow); basquetebol (basket-ball); bife (beef); blecaute (blackout); blefe (bluff); caubói (cowboy); clipe (clip); clube (club); coquetel (cock-tail); drinque (drink); estoque (stock); estresse (stress); flerte (flirt); gangue (gang); iogurte (yogurt); jipe (jeep); nocaute (knock-out); picles (pickles); piquenique (picnic); pôquer (poker); pulôver (pull-over); quitinete (kitchenette); recorde (record); ringue (ring); sanduíche (sandwich); suéter (sweater); tanque (tank); tênis (tennis); teste (test); time (team); uísque (whisky); vagão (wagon); voleibol (volley-ball). Exemplo 03. É possível especular que, na área de tecnologia, a maioria das palavras, assim como as palavras que integram várias linguagens de programação, estão em inglês pelo alto nível de desenvolvimento e pesquisa dos Estados Unidos da América, conhecidos por exportar tecnologias. O inglês também se estendeu para uma posição de língua global, em que se pode vê-lo empregar em diversos sites de empresas, corporações e afins. Na área de alimentação, pode-se observar a importação não apenas das palavras, como também dos próprios alimentos e da própria cultura americana de se alimentar: hamburguer, delivery, drive-thru são ótimos exemplos dessa vertente de pensamento.

A01  Inglês instrumental

Fonte: wikimedia.commons

Exemplo 01. byte; milkshake; light; fashion; top less; fitness; outdoor; notebook; download; internet; plug; site; show room; drive thru; fast food; pit stop; miss; show; rock; freestyle; hip hop; pop; look; desktop; brother; ok; funk; pay per view; play; slow motion; zoom; drive; login; delivery; laser.

Exemplo 04. Resposta pessoal.

665

Inglês

Introdução ao curso Seu curso de inglês na escola é bastante diferente daquele que se vê durante anos em cursinhos particulares. Inclusive, vários alunos criticam a escola por não ensinar propriamente a língua. Isso ocorre, porque o ensino regular se propõe a levar até você o Inglês Instrumental ou Inglês com objetivos específicos (no original, English for Specific Purposes). Essa disciplina se presta a, como o próprio nome sugere, focar no seu objetivo como estudante, buscando técnicas para que você seja bem-sucedido em vestibulares sem precisar de incansáveis horas de ensino. Por isso, você não verá aqui práticas orais ou auditivas, mas diferentes assuntos gramaticais para ter confiança de que estará preparado para interpretar e resolver diversas provas de vestibulares. Técnicas para interpretação de textos Entenda: para a disciplina de inglês, a parte mais importante na hora de realizar uma prova de vestibular é a interpretação de textos, sejam eles motivadores sejam enunciados de questões. Tendo esse objetivo em mente, você poderá seguir os seguintes passos: I. Reconhecimento de partes: título, texto, elementos gráficos (imagens, símbolos e afins) e fonte (sim, ela é importante, pois indicará o estilo de texto com que você estará lidando: jornal; revista científica, de fofoca, de informações gerais etc.); II. Skimming: leitura rápida do texto para conhecer seu caminho: o que ele abordará, por onde começa, aonde quer chegar; III. Leitura atenta: leia cada linha, procurando absorver seu significado. Ainda, você deverá buscar as palavras que você já conhece e tentar inferir, do assunto e do contexto gramatical, as palavras que você desconhece; IV. Leitura de questão: veja o que será pedido de você; V. Scanning: volte novamente ao texto, passando os olhos sobre as palavras para identificar qual trecho apresenta a resposta que você precisa. Lembre-se: a resposta será de acordo com o que está no texto; por isso, volte sempre a ele. Não deixe toda essa aposta somente com a sua memória.

A01  Inglês instrumental

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Juan Ci

Figura 03 - Técnicas de leitura e interpretação de textos facilitam sua aprendizagem em inglês.

666

Agora você pode testar a técnica que aprendeu nos exercícios abaixo, utilizando também seu conhecimento de inglês.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios de Fixação 03. (Uerj RJ)

DONAR. Disponível em: http://politicalgraffiti.wordpress.com.

cartum, a linguagem utilizada pelos personagens em uma

Besides being funny, comics often expresses criticism. The comic strip criticizes men’s incapacity to take the following action: a) fight what baffles them b) confront what fools them c) resist what alienates them d) avoid what confuses them

conversa em inglês evidencia a

Texto comum às questões 04 e 05

Acesso em: 17 ago. 2011.

Cartuns são produzidos com o intuito de satirizar comportamentos humanos e assim oportunizam a reflexão sobre nossos próprios comportamentos e atitudes. Nesse

a) facilidade de compreensão entre falantes com sotaques distintos. b) necessidade de estudo da língua inglesa por parte dos personagens. c) predominância do uso da linguagem informal sobre a língua padrão. d) dificuldade de reconhecer a existência de diferentes usos da linguagem. e) aceitação dos regionalismos utilizados por pessoas de diferentes lugares. 02. (Unicamp SP) “If you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views you don’t like. Goebbels was in favor of freedom of speech for views he liked. So was Stalin. If you’re in favor of freedom of speech, that means you’re in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise.” (Noam Chomsky. Fonte: http://noam-chomsky.tumblr.com/ post/7223808896/if-youbelieve-in-freedom-of-speech-you-believe.)

O autor do texto a) despreza os que restringem a liberdade de expressão. b) critica os excessos da liberdade de expressão. c) critica a falta de liberdade de expressão. d) defende a liberdade de expressão sem restrições.

Students Cannot Multi-Task with Mobile Phones and Studying There is bad news for students who like to use their mobile phones while they study. New research shows that students do not learn very well when they are texting and checking their social media accounts. The study, called “Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student Learning,” looked at 145 American university students in the classroom and tracked the responses and results of students watching a lecture on a video, and then taking notes and answering questions, while facing a series of interruptions on their internet-connected mobile phones. Some of the students were asked “irrelevant” questions about their social life while others were sent links and questions relevant to the lecture content. Still some other students watched the lecture without interruptions. Afterwards, they were tested via multiple choice questions to see how much information they had retained and, out of that, how the presence of online distractions had affected their ability to retain and process information. Although the study concluded that the use of mobile phones definitely produced lower results, students who were sent relevant material were affected less negatively than those whose messages had a more social focus.

667

A01  Inglês instrumental

01. (Enem MEC)

Inglês

Jeffrey Kuznekoff, the head researcher, said that one of the biggest challenges teachers have in the classroom is the non-stop battle of keeping students working. He said many students felt they needed to be online and checking messages even when they had important work to do in class. The researchers said it is very common for students to be physically present in class, but mentally absent because they are using their mobiles. Kuznekoff said teachers were fighting a “losing battle” because students were more interested in social media than learning. A study of a similar nature, conducted by the London School of Economics in four English cities, found that banning mobile phones produced a 6% increase in marks in schools. As the debate in the UK continues over the role of mobile devices in class, these results could be influential. “It is a common occurrence to observe students who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related material on their mobile devices,” said the US researchers, who eventually concluded that it was the lowest- achieving students who were most at risk of succumbing to the distraction of mobile phones. (www.breakingnewsenglish.com / www.huffingtonpost.co.uk. Adaptado.)

04. O terceiro parágrafo aponta para o fato de que um grande número dos alunos a) estão “perdendo uma batalha” para seus celulares. b) não têm, de fato, muito interesse em aprender. c) não têm presença frequente nas aulas. d) não prestam muita atenção porque trabalham e estudam. e) fazem muitas pesquisas online para responder às perguntas. 05. De acordo com o estudo realizado com universitários nos Estados Unidos, os alunos a) que tomaram notas enquanto assistiam à palestra acertaram maior número de questões de múltipla escolha do que os que apenas ouviram sem anotar. b) interrompidos por meio de celulares durante o estudo eram assíduos usuários de diversas mídias sociais. c) que receberam informações relacionadas à palestra tiveram resultados melhores do que aqueles cujas informações recebidas tinham cunho mais social. d) cujos celulares ficaram desligados tiveram uma média de acertos em torno de seis por cento maior do que os alunos que consultavam celulares com frequência. e) que se limitaram a mensagens de texto apenas tiveram desempenho superior nos testes do que aqueles que utilizaram mídias sociais, como o Twitter, por exemplo.

Exercícios Complementares Texto comum às questões de 01 a 04

A01  Inglês instrumental

Your Facial Bone Structure Has a Big Influence on How People See You (…) Selfies, headshots, mug shots — photos of oneself convey more these days than snapshots ever did back in the Kodak era. Most digitally minded people continually post and update pictures of themselves at professional, social media and dating sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Match.com and Tinder. For better or worse, viewers then tend to make snap judgments about someone’s personality or character from a single shot. As such, it can be a stressful task to select the photo that conveys the best impression of ourselves. For those of us seeking to appear friendly and trustworthy to others, a new study underscores an old, chipper piece of advice: Put on a happy face. A newly published series of experiments by cognitive neuroscientists at New YorkUniversity is reinforcing the relevance of facial expressions to perceptions of characteristics such as trustworthiness and friendliness. More importantly, the research also revealed the unexpected finding that perceptions of abilities such as physical strength are not dependent on facial expressions but rather on facial bone structure. The team’s first experiment featured photographs of 10 different people presenting five different facial expressions each. Study subjects rated how friendly, trustworthy or strong the person in each photo appeared. A separate

668

group of subjects scored each face on an emotional scale from “very angry” to “very happy.” And three experts not involved in either of the previous two ratings to avoid confounding results calculated the facial width-to-height ratio for each face. An analysis revealed that participants generally ranked people with a happy expression as friendly and trustworthy but not those with angry expressions. Surprisingly, participants did not rank faces as indicative of physical strength based on facial expression but graded faces that were very broad as that of a strong individual. In a second survey facial expression and facial structure were manipulated in computer-generated faces. Participants rated each face for the same traits as in the first survey, with the addition of a rating for warmth. Again, people thought a happy expression, but not an angry one, indicated friendliness, trustworthiness — and in this case, warmth. The researchers then showed two additional sets of participants the same faces, this time either with areas relevant to facial expressions obscured or the width cropped. In the first variation, for faces lacking emotional cues, people could no longer perceive personality traits but could still perceive strength based on width. Similarly, for those faces lacking structural cues, people could no longer perceive strength but could still perceive personality traits based on facial expressions. In a third iteration of the survey participants had to pick four faces out of a lineup of eight faces varied for expression and width that they might select either as their financial advisor

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

or as the winner of a power-lifting competition. As might be expected, participants picked faces with happier expressions as financial advisors and selected broader faces as belonging to power-lifting champs. In a final survey the researchers generated more than 100 variations of one individual “base face” by varying facial features. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as either trustworthy or high in ability or as a good financial advisor or power-lifting winner. Using these results, a computer then created an average face for each of these four categories, which were shown to a separate set of participants who had to pick which face appeared either more trustworthy or stronger. Most of the participants found the computer-generated averages to be good representations of trustworthiness or strength — and generally saw the average “financial advisor” face as more trustworthy and the “powerlifter” face as stronger. The findings from all four surveys were published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin on June 18.

04. (ITA SP) Considere as sentenças a seguir: I. O primeiro estudo foi realizado com um grupo de 10 participantes e 3 avaliadores. II. O segundo estudo ampliou o primeiro, incluindo a avaliação sobre afetuosidade. III. O terceiro estudo calculou a força física pela razão entre altura e largura da face. IV. O quarto estudo utilizou as mesmas imagens do primeiro estudo. Está(ão) correta(as) a) apenas I e IV. b) apenas a II. c) apenas II e III. d) apenas II e IV. e) apenas a IV. 05. (Enem MEC)

Adaptado de www.scientific.american.com/article/your-facial-bone-strecture-has-a-big-influence-on-how-people-see-you. (Acesso em 20/8/2015)

01. (ITA SP) De acordo com o texto, a) fotos postadas em redes sociais determinam as habilidades e competências de um candidato a emprego. b) fotos digitais postadas nas redes sociais causam as mesmas impressões sobre um indivíduo que fotos analógicas. c) a Universidade de Nova York pretende publicar as pesquisas relatadas na reportagem para divulgar características de competência e confiabilidade. d) além de credibilidade e competência profissional, a análise das faces revelou dados sobre força física e condição socioeconômica. e) a percepção da força física de um indivíduo está relacionada à estrutura óssea da face e não à expressão facial do indivíduo.

03. (ITA SP) De acordo com o terceiro estudo, a) rostos mais largos sinalizam pessoas mais felizes. b) rostos mais finos indicam pessoas mais competentes. c) rostos mais compridos indicam pessoas mais afetuosas. d) rostos mais finos sinalizam pessoas mais confiáveis. e) rostos mais largos indicam pessoas mais fortes fisicamente.

Disponível em: www. gocomics.com. Acesso em: 26 fev. 2012.

A partir da leitura dessa tirinha, infere-se que o discurso de Calvin teve um efeito diferente do pretendido, uma vez que ele a) conclui que os acontecimentos ruins não fazem falta para a sociedade. b) reclama que é vítima de valores que o levam a atitudes inadequadas. c) decide tirar a neve do quintal para convencer seu pai sobre seu discurso. d) culpa o pai por exercer influência negativa na formação de sua personalidade. e) comenta que suas discussões com o pai não correspondem às suas expectativas. 669

A01  Inglês instrumental

02. (ITA SP) De acordo com o texto, a) são relatados os resultados de quatro pesquisas realizadas por neurocientistas ligados a empresas de recursos humanos. b) todos os estudos utilizaram o mesmo método para analisar as fotos, mas os resultados são distintos. c) as pesquisas foram encomendadas por gerenciadores de redes sociais como o Facebook e o LinkedIn. d) as pesquisas mostram que as pessoas avaliam a confiabilidade observando as expressões faciais do indivíduo. e) os quatro estudos apresentam resultados totalmente distintos no que se refere à afetuosidade.

Inglês

Texto comum às questões de 06 a 08 A Housing Meltdown Looms in Brazil as Builders Seek Debt Relief by Julia Leite and Paula Sambo August 26, 2015

A01  Inglês instrumental

Not long ago, Brazil’s real-estate market was one of the biggest symbols of the country’s burgeoning economic might. Now, it’s fallen victim to an ever-deepening recession. PDG Realty SA, once the largest homebuilder by revenue, hired Rothschild last week to help restructure 5.8 billion reais ($1.6 billion) of debt after second-quarter net sales sank 88 percent. Earlier this month, Rossi Residencial SA, which has 2.5 billion reais in debt, also brought in advisers to “restructure operations and review strategies.” Since 2010, the builder has lost 99 percent of its stock-market value. The real-estate industry, which is equal to about 10 percent of Brazil’s economy, is emerging as one of the latest casualties of a recession that analysts forecast will be its longest since the 1930s. To make matters worse, interest rates are the highest in almost a decade while inflation is soaring. “There is no real estate company that survives without sales,” Bruno Mendonça Lima de Carvalho, the head of fixed income at Guide Investimentos SA, said from Sao Paulo. “You can’t import or export apartments. You’re relying solely on domestic activity.” PDG tried to boost revenue by lowering prices, financing up to 20 percent of some home purchases and even offering to buy back apartments if banks deny financing. Still, it sold just 217 units in the second quarter on a net basis, compared with 1,749 in 2014. Negative Outlook On Friday, Moody’s Investors Service cut PDG’s rating three levels to Caa3, citing the possibility of significant losses for bondholders and other lenders. Secured creditors may recover less than 80 percent in a default, according to Moody’s, which kept a negative outlook on the rating. “The company is facing additional liquidity pressures from a prolonged deterioration in industry dynamics, including weak sales speed, tight financing availability and declining real estate prices,” Moody’s said. Sao Paulobased Rossi said in an e-mail response to questions that second quarter sales improved and that the company’s main focus is to reduce debt. Gross debt fell about 30 percent in the 12 months ended in June, Rossi said. Home sales in Latin America’s biggest economy tumbled 14 percent in the first half of 2015, according to data from the national real estate institute. Builders cut new projects by 20 percent during that span, while available financing shrank by about a quarter. Real’s Collapse That’s a reversal from just two years ago, when realestate prices in places like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo had surged as much as 230 percent as rising incomes, a soaring real and record-low borrowing costs ignited a wave of home buying. 670

Brazilians find themselves in drastically different circumstances today. The currency fell 0.4 percent Wednesday as of 3:25 p.m. in New York, extending its loss this year to 26 percent. The jobless rate climbed to a five-year high of 7.5 percent last month. The central bank boosted its key rate to 14.25 percent in July, making it ever more expensive to finance the purchase of a home. “It’s a matter of demand, and demand is really weak,” Will Landers, who manages Latin American stocks at Black Rock, said from Princeton, New Jersey. “We may have reached a peak in interest rates, but they should continue to be at these levels for a while. Consumers will stay on the sidelines because debt levels are still high, and employment will get worse.” (Business Week at www.bloomberg.com/news. Adapted)

06. (FGV SP) According to the block comprising the first four paragraphs, a) despite the recent recession in Brazil, the real-estate industry still represents one of the main economic powerhouses in the country. b) real estate businesses in Brazil are currently in their lowest position in relation to the economy of the country as a whole since the 1930s. c) there is a marked contrast in the economic situation of the Brazilian real-estate industry today if compared to just a few years ago. d) banks and real estate businesses are working together to try to offset the present crisis in the industry which Brazil is going through. e) the real-estate industry as a whole in Brazil has sold less than 300 properties in the first half of the current year of 2015. 07. (FGV SP) The third paragraph implies that a) with the high interest rates prevailing in the country, most people can’t buy real estate. b) the present inflation rate has not been experienced in Brazil since the first half of the twenty century. c) the real-estate industry is not dealing in the exporting market due to the high inflation rates Brazil is currently going through. d) when the domestic market is not operating properly, the realestate industry should aim at the foreign markets. e) high inflation rates are a casualty of the weak business market in the real-estate industry in Brazil. 08. (FGV SP) The evaluation of the real-estate company by Moody’s, as explained in the fifth paragraph, a) points out that its creditors will only receive 80% of what they invested this year. b) cut the company from stock exchange dealings causing losses for bondholders. c) reflects the fact that manufacturing activity in Brazil is harming other businesses. d) predicts that the company it is evaluating will close down within this calendar year. e) implies that the situation the company is in at this moment is not its own fault.

FRENTE

INGLÊS

MÓDULO A02

FORMAÇÃO DE CLASSES GRAMATICAIS

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS

Antes de começar

nn Formação de classes gramaticais

No Brasil, o número de jovens que assistem diariamente a séries americanas, como The Walking Dead, produzido pela AMC, ou Game of Thrones, da HBO, cresce diariamente. O orgulho nacional, as novelas, se vê decaindo no gosto do público pelo fato de ser mais fácil consumir outros programas by demand – no momento em que se quiser – em plataformas de streaming – transmissão – e pelo fato de outros tipos de produção serem mais atrativos para a juventude. Isso significa que a indústria de entretenimento brasileira precisa mudar seu modo de produzir conteúdo se quiser continuar na competição por audiência. Muitos exemplos de séries brasileiras já estão na mentalidade dos jovens adultos, mas são elas ideias originais ou apenas adaptações de nosso irmão influente, os Estados Unidos da América?

nn Antes de começar nn Alguns indicadores de classe

DISCUSSÃO

Fonte: wikimedia.commons

01. Quais outros programas de TV brasileiros foram importados de outros países? Dê, pelo menos, três exemplos.

Leia o texto a seguir para inspirar as discussões propostas nas perguntas que o seguem. Brazilian sitcoms are not originals, they are imported from the US. It is what happened, for example, with Sai de Baixo, one of the 32 national sitcoms which made a lot success in Brazil. It was a show in which the script was adapted to the country’s reality, but its format was just the same as the American comedies. […] A Grande Família was also inspired by an American TV show. In 1971, was running in the USA All in family, a show that subverted the father’s standard way of conduct by showing and old, cheap, conservative and prejudicial dad that lived with his naive wife, indecisive daughter and lazy son-in-law. The show was never exhibited in Brazil, but was used to produce the original project of A Grande Família. Today Brazilian series are being produced by some private TV channels, such as HBO Brasil, GNT and Multishow, but still their formats are, in general, American reproductions. Sometimes they are even adaptations of foreign TV shows as it is GNT’s SessãoTerapia, directed by Selton Mello, which is the Brazilian version of the Israeli one Be Tipul, which was also adapted by the US. Paola C. L. Lima. De olho na tela: O consumo de séries de TV norte-americanas através da internet. Disponível em: <www.ufjf.br/facom/files/2013/05/Monografia-De-Olho-na-tela-O-consumo-des%C3%A9ries-de-TV-norte.pdf>. Acesso em 2 mar. 2017. Tradução livre.

02. Às vezes, é comum ouvir que assistir a séries ou a filmes em inglês para aqueles que não falam a língua é um problema, pois tais pessoas não conseguem prestar atenção à imagem e às legendas ao mesmo tempo. Hoje, a maioria dos adolescentes e dos adultos fala ou, pelo menos, entende um pouco de inglês. Poderia essa ser uma das razões pela qual os seriados americanos – que nem sempre têm dublagens brasileiras – são mais populares entre esse público jovem e menos entre o público mais velho? Que outras razões poderiam haver para explicar tal fato? Resposta pessoal.

03. Existe hoje uma clara preferência de adolescentes e jovens adultos em consumir séries e/ou programas estrangeiros em vez de programas brasileiros? Por quê? Exemplifique seu ponto de vista. Resposta pessoal.

04. Você acha que é perigoso se deixar ser influenciado pelos princípios americanos, transmitidos por esses programas? Por quê?

Resposta pessoal. Discussão 01. Os realities shows são ótimos exemplos de importação de programas: Big Brother (Globo), The Voice (Globo), MasterChef (Band); ainda podem ser citados Supermax (Globo) e 3% (Netflix), que, apesar de não serem diretamente importados, são inspirados em programas estrangeiros.

671

Inglês

Nesta aula, você verá o processo de construção de palavras de diferentes classes gramaticais por meio dos prefixos e sufixos mais utilizados em inglês. Esse conhecimento é importante para suas habilidades em leitura e compreensão de textos, pois um prefixo ou sufixo pode mudar todo o sentido de um período. Você já reparou que toda língua tem uma lógica estrutural interna? Pois bem, você pode utilizar o que já aprendeu na disciplina de Português para auxiliá-lo em inglês. Em português, existem as seguintes classes gramaticais: substantivo, numeral, artigo, adjetivo, pronome, verbo, advérbio, preposição, conjunção, interjeição. Em inglês, não é diferente: há noun, numeral, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction e interjection, respectivamente. Vamos nos ater aos substantivos, verbos, adjetivos e advérbios nesta aula. Repare que, em português, é possível formar diferentes classes gramaticais com a mesma raiz: definir

definitivo

definido(a)

definitivamente

verbo

substantivo

adjetivo

advérbio

A parte em negrito é a raiz da palavra. Note que ela se repete em todas as classes gramaticais e o que muda é exatamente o que a caracteriza (não vamos entrar aqui nas especificidades, vogais temáticas, desinências e afins, do português).

Alguns indicadores de classe Em inglês, temos um processo parecido; há também a raiz da palavra, que se repetirá nas quatro classes gramaticais, e há os sufixos, que indicarão sua classe. Veja o mesmo exemplo acima, agora em inglês: to define

definition

definitive

definitively

verbo

substantivo

adjetivo

advérbio

Novamente, o negrito indica o radical (que, neste caso especificamente, é o mesmo do português) e cada sufixo, uma classe. Saiba que os substantivos, adjetivos e advérbios são provenientes do verbo e, por isso, não se pode chamar o final deste de sufixo. Isso significa que você pode aprender sufixos e recorrer a eles sempre que estiver lendo um texto, pois eles lhe darão pistas para compreendê-los. O processo pode ser mais ou menos o seguinte: nn deparar nn olhar

seu radical

nn buscar nn olhar

com uma palavra desconhecida

radical similar em português

seu sufixo

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

nn descobrir nn juntar

sua classe gramatical

ambas as informações ou buscar outras pistas.

Tenha esse esquema em mente, que recorreremos a ele sempre que aprendermos novas pistas para descobrir palavras desconhecidas. Quais são alguns desses sufixos? Para substantivos Os sufixos relatados abaixo são todos formadores de substantivos e saber o que eles significam pode ajudá-lo a compreender o contexto do texto que você estiver lendo. 672

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Sufixo

Significado

Exemplos

-age

indicador de grupo; quantidade; local

baggage, village, anchorage

-al

processo ou estado de algo

arrival, burial, deferral

-ance/-ence

ação ou estado de algo

reliance, defence, insistence

-dom

condição ou estado; área reinada por; grupo de algo

boredom, freedom, kingdom

-ee

pessoa afetada ou descrita por algo

employee, payee, refugee

-er/-or

indicador de profissão

driver, writer, director

-hood

estado ou qualidade de algo

brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood

-ism

grupo de ideias ou sistema de crenças

capitalism, Marxism, socialism

-ist

pessoa que acredita em algo; indicador de profissão

violinist, atheist, socialist

-ity/-ty

qualidade ou estado de algo

brutality, equality, cruelty

-ment

ação ou resultado de algo

amazement, disappointment, parliament

-ness

qualidade, estado ou característica de algo

happiness, kindness, usefulness

-ry

grupo ou classe de algo; estado ou característica de algo; a arte de fazer algo

entry, ministry, robbery, bakery

-ship

estado ou característica de algo; habilidade de algo; grupo de algo

friendship, membership, workmanship

-sion/-tion/-xion

ação ou estado de algo

expression, population, complexion

Disponível em: <http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/suffixes>. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2016. Adaptado.

Lindsey Stirling is an American violinist, dancer, and composer. Her performances include pop, electronic, and geek culture music, and contemporary ballet choreographies. Through her music, she shares happiness as a way to have overcome an eating disorder. Her music can be heard in her YouTube channel, which takes her name.

673

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Fonte: wikimedia.commons / Karla4828

Figura 01 - A artista Lindsey Stirling inova ao utilizar o violino em composições de músicas pop eletrônicas

Inglês

Para adjetivos Da mesma forma que os sufixos formadores de substantivos, os sufixos abaixo, cujos significados são importantes norteadores de leitura, indicam adjetivos. Sufixo

Significado

Exemplos

-able/-ible

possível ou passível de algo

drinkable, portable, flexible

-al

tem ligação a algo; processo ou estado de algo

brutal, formal, postal

-ed

que descreve como alguém se sente ou o estado de algo

amused, confused, frightened

-en

ser feito de algo

broken, golden, wooden

-ese

indicador de procedência

Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese

-ful

cheio de algo

forgetful, helpful, useful

-i

indicador de procedência

Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni

-ic

tem ligação a algo; que pratica a ação mencionada

classic, Islamic, poetic

-ing

que descreve algo que causa emoção

tiring, boring, exciting

-ish

indicador de procedência (língua); que age como algo; que se aproxima a algo

British, childish, Spanish

-ive

que tende a algo; que tem a natureza de algo

active, passive, productive

-ian

indicador de procedência

Canadian, Malaysian, Peruvian

-less

indicador de falta

homeless, hopeless, useless

-ly

indicador de frequência

daily, monthly, yearly

-ous

que tem a natureza ou a característica de algo

cautious, famous, nervous

-y

estar cheio de algo; que tende a algo

dusty, cloudy, rainy, windy

Disponível em: < http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/suffixes>. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2016. Adaptado.

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Filipe Frazao

According to CONARE- Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados, until April of 2016, Brazil had granted refuge to 8,863 people of 79 different nationalities (28.2% of them women). The most expressive groups are Syrians (2,298), Angolans (1,420), Colombians (1,100), Congoleses (968) and Palestinians (376), who come daily cautious, nervous, but, most of all, hopeful for a better future. All across the country, there are Brazilians helping these people with documentation, housing, language, employment, social engagement called ‘acolhimento’. Dados retirados de: <www.acnur.org/portugues/recursos/estatisticas/dados-sobre-refugio-no-brasil>. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2017.

Figura 02 - Acolher refugiados não é apenas permitir a eles morar no Brasil, é principalmente integrá-los à sociedade.

674

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias Fonte: shutterstock.com / Diego Cervo

Tome cuidado, porque os sufixos -ed e –ing são escritos da mesma forma que os indicadores de verbos no particípio e no presente contínuo, respectivamente. Ainda, o sufixo -ing pode indicar um substantivo. Veja os exemplos abaixo. tired

He was

adjetivo He had finally

moved

moving

from all that

around.

substantivo to his new house and now he was

verbo He was

moving

bored. adjetivo

to his new house and the whole process was

verbo

tiring. adjetivo

Figura 03 - Os nuances da língua inglesa estão presentes até em uma situação cotidiana.

Para verbos A quantidade de terminações formadores de verbos é significativamente menor do que de substantivos e adjetivos, porém não menos importante. Os verbos exemplificados abaixo estão no infinitivo, a não ser quando explicitamente apresentado em outro tempo. Terminação

Significado

Exemplos

-ate

dar qualidade a algo

to complicate, to dominate, to irritate

-en

fazer ou tornar-se algo

to harden, to soften, to shorten

-ed

partícipio

cooked, moved, cried

-ify

fazer ou tornar-se algo

to beautify, to clarify, to identify

-ing

presente contínuo

swimming, speaking, trying

-ise/-ize

fazer ou tornar-se algo; agir como algo; colocar em algum lugar

to economize, to realize, to industrialize

Disponível em: < http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/suffixes>. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2016. Adaptado.

And I just realized I don't want to do this anymore

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Just to clarify, I'm saying that it's complicated, so, please, harden your li le heart or else you arte going to irritate me.

Fonte: Husband and wife quarrel in the car, pop art retro vector illustration. family conflict

Observação: A variação do sufixo -ise ou –ize depende de o inglês ser britânico ou americano, respectivamente.

Figura 04 - Apesar de menos comuns, os verbos com terminações –ify e –en são bastante utilizados na língua inglesa

675

Inglês

Para advérbios

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Peter Bernik

Os sufixos formadores de advérbios também se apresentam em menor quantidade, e o mais utilizado na língua inglesa é o -ly, que pode ser acoplado a quase todos os adjetivos. É importante lembrar que, na língua inglesa, existem também as locuções adverbiais, que são formadas por frases.

Figura 05 - Barry ran in such quick way no one believed their eyes.(locução adverbial). Barry ran so quickly no one believed their eyes.(advérbio)

Veja os seguintes sufixos: Significado

Exemplos

-ly

do jeito de algo; em intervalos de tempo

calmly, easily, quickly, daily

-ward(s)

na direção de algo

downwards, homeward(s), upwards

-wise

no jeito ou na direção de algo

anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise

Disponível em: < http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/suffixes>. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2016. Adaptado.

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Elena Elisseeva

Figura 06 - To perform this finishing blow, move the analogic stick upwards, then downwards, and finally, while pressing X frenetically, turn it clockwise.

Sufixo

676

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Prefixos

Prefixo

Significado

Exemplos

anti-

o oposto

anti-government, anti-racist, anti-war

auto-

relacionado a si próprio

autobiography, automobile

de-

reverso ou mudança

de-classify, decontaminate, demotivate

dis-

reverso ou remoção

disagree, displeasure, disqualify

down-

reduzir ou menor

downgrade, downhearted

en-, em-

colocar em, causar ou prover

endanger, embed

extra-

além

extraordinary, extraterrestrial

hyper-

extremo

hyperactive, hypertension

il-, im-, in-, ir-

negação ou dentro de algo

illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular, infiltrate

inter-

entre

interactive, international

mega-

muito grande, importante

megabyte, mega-deal, megaton

mid-

meio(a)

midday, midnight, mid-October

mis-

de modo incorreto ou ruim

misaligned, mislead, misspelt

non-

negação

non-payment, non-smoking

over-

demais

overcook, overcharge, overrate

out-

ir além

outdo, out-perform, outrun

post-

depois

post-election, post-war

pre-

antes

prehistoric, pre-war

pro-

a favor

pro-communist, pro-democracy

re-

novamente

reconsider, redo, rewrite

semi-

metade

semicircle, semi-retired

sub-

embaixo, abaixo

submarine, sub-Saharan

super-

em cima, acima

super-hero, supermodel

tele-

a certa distância

television, telepathic

trans-

através de

transatlantic, transfer

ultra-

extremamente

ultra-compact, ultrasound

un-

remoção, reverso, negação

undo, unpack, unhappy

under-

menos que

undercook, underestimate

up-

fazer ou levantar

upgrade, uphill

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Os prefixos, diferentemente dos sufixos, não são indicadores de classe gramatical e são colocados antes da raiz. Eles indicam, porém, mudanças de significado na palavra, e conhecer seus significados pode ajudá-lo a entender o sentido de palavras desconhecidas em textos.

Disponível em: <http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/prefixes>. Acesso em: 16 nov. 2016. Adaptado.

677

Inglês Fonte: shutterstock.com / selinofoto

Download speed is the rate at which data is transferred from the Internet to the user’s computer. The upload speed is the rate that data is transferred from the user’s computer to the Internet. Cable companies set the default setting to download faster than upload. The reasoning behind this is that most people have more of a need to download information. It gives the user the ability to download movies, songs, and a large number of documents quickly.

Figura 07 - Às vezes, a velocidade da internet é tão lenta que é possível buscar um café entre um clique e outro

Although there may be some larger businesses that do require a fast upload speed, there are not many people who need fast uploads. Typically, data uploaded is going to a specific site, not to the general Internet or to multiple sites. Even in these cases, it is usually a rare task to perform.

Disponível em: <www.bandwidthplace.com/ download-speed-vs-upload-speed-whats-the-difference-article>.Acesso em: 3 mar. 2017.

Exercícios de Fixação 01. Complete as lacunas a seguir com, pelo menos, dois substantivos que se acoplem aos prefixos dados e que, juntos, formem uma palavra existente dicionarizada da língua inglesa. Procure responder o exercício com palavras a) disapprove - dismantle diferentes das apresentadas neste capítulo. b) enthrone - empower

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

d) misbehave - misgrave

c) irresponsible - indivisible

a) ________communic________ (noun) (mis)communication b) ________gener________ (verb) (de)generate c) ________cultur________ (adjective) (multi)cultural d) ________respect________ (adverb) (dis)respectfully e) ________vis________ (adjective) (in)visible

e) reaffirm - reappear a) dis- ______________________ and _______________. b) en-, em- _________________ and _________________. c) il-, im-, in-, ir- ________________ and _______________. d) mis- _____________________ and ________________. e) re- ____________________ and __________________.

04. (Unifacs BA) Read the text below and judge if the affirmatiC ve that follows it is correct (C) or incorrect (E). Bossa Nova

02. Preencha a tabela a seguir com as formas corretas de cada palavra, de acordo com sua classe gramatical.

this country, but also on the jazz and pop music of the United

take place that was to leave its mark not only on the music of States and Europe as well: the arrival of Bossa Nova. Critics and composers may disagree on whether Bossa Nova is

Noun

Verb

Adjetive

Adverb

activity

act

active

actively

of Samba or Jazz. The controversy hardly matters to lovers of

mass

amass

massive

massively

“The Girl from Ipanema”, “Corcovado” and “Maria Ninguém”.

continuity

continue

continous

continuously

power

empower

powerful

powerfully

hatred

hate

hateful

hatefully

03. Complete as raízes de palavras a seguir com um prefixo possível de acordo com a língua inglesa e o sufixo correspondente à classe gramatical pedida.

678

Over twenty-five years ago, the Brazilian music saw a revolution

purely Brazilian musical expression or whether it is a mixture

Vinícius de Moraes was one of the leaders of the Bossa Nova movement, alongside Antonio Carlos Jobim, Carlos Lyra, João Gilberto and Ronaldo Boscoli, among others. MUJAES, Linda et al. Compreensão inteligente de textos. Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico, v. 1, 1988. p. 70.

Based on the language knowledge one may say that “purely” is an adverb formed by the use of a suffix “ly” and “expression” is a noun formed by adding the suffix “ion”.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios Complementares

The Shire is described as a small but beautiful and fruitful land, beloved by its inhabitants. The Hobbits had an extensive agricultural system in the Shire, but did not proceed with industrialization. Various supplies could be found in the Shire, including cereals, fruit, wood and pipe-weed (a favourite treat of Hobbits). The Shire was quite densely populated in parts with many villages and a few towns, but it still was open enough to allow for wide forested areas and marshes. There were green, rolling hills and freshly tilled earth, along with gardens and flower boxes on window sills. Disponível em: <http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/The_Shire>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2015.

Glossário marshes: pântano pipe-weed: erva de fumo tilled: lavrado window sill: peitoril da janela 01. Embora adquira novo significado, “The Shire is described as a small but beautiful and fruitful land” é uma sentença gramaticalmente válida se a palavra “fruitful” for substituída por fruitless. C 02. Permanecem inalterados correção grammatical e significado original do período “The Hobbits had an extensive agricultural system in the Shire, but did not proceed with industrialization” se “industrialization” for substituída por industrial activities. C 03. Permanecem inalterados correção gramatical e significado original do período “The Hobbits had an extensive agricultural system in the Shire, but did not proceed with industrialization” se “did not proceed with industrialization” for substituído por was not industrially developed. C 04. Em “There were green, rolling hills and freshly tilled earth, along with gardens and flower boxes on window sills”, permanecem inalterados correção gramatical e significado original do período se “freshly tilled earth” for substituída por fresh tilled earth. E 05. A palavra inhabitants contém um prefix de negação –in e um sufixo indicador de substantivo -ant. E

06. Julgue o item tendo como base o texto a seguir. C A short story is a piece of prose fiction, which can be read in a single setting. Emerging mainly from early oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. Disponível em: <https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Short_story>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2015. Adaptado.

As palavras “mainly” e “early”, retiradas no texto, são exemplos de advérbios em inglês. 07. (Uem PR) Male body image Maybe it’s a shift in society; maybe it’s entirely thanks to David Beckham, but one way or another men have started to care about the way they look. What a great figure New figures show that the market amongst young men for plastic surgery is bigger than ever; it has doubled in the last five years. In America sales of men’s hair dyes have risen from 18 million to over 100 million in the same period. And the picture looks pretty similar in Britain. Last year the UK grooming market, according to a Mintel report, was estimated to be worth around £585 million in the UK. Clinique reported that their company’s sales to men increased by 25% in 1999, suggesting that up until recently men have been buying women’s skin care products for themselves. Now the same products are being repackaged1 to attract the male buyer, so there’s nothing stopping you acting as vain as Big Brother contestant, Paul Clarke. Men and their worst bits When men are dissatisfied2, the main focuses of concern are height, stomachs, chests and hair loss. Guys often surreptitiously draw in their stomachs and walk ‘taller’ as they pass mirrors (check it out if you don’t believe us). Dr Stephen Edwards, a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Wales, Swansea, is currently researching the structure of male body image and body image concerns in men. He believes that young men today feel more pressure to look good than they did just five years ago, but it is still doubtful3 that they feel the same pressures from media influences as women do. However, he is quick to point out the main body image issues that affect men more than women. “Muscularity4 is not an issue for women whereas it is for men,” he says. “Being ‘too’ thin is not a problem for women, Whereas for men this would be equated with being weedy.” Distorted body image and health problems “As a general rule, and at the extremes, body image concern in women would be associated with eating disorders5, whereas with men exercise addiction6 is a concern, as is the use of anabolic steroids,” says Dr Edwards.

679

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

Leia o texto a seguir, que faz uma breve descrição da região do Condado (Shire), do livro O Senhor dos Anéis, de J.R.R. Tolkien, e julgue os itens que o seguem.

Inglês

Recent research backs this up, with evidence of an increase in body-dissatisfaction among males. It has been known that boys go through a phase of relative dissatisfaction with appearance7 in early adolescence, but physical changes through puberty bring them closer to ideal. There is also some evidence that men undergoing a mid-life crisis (i.e. men between the ages of about 45 and 55) are most likely to be dissatisfied with their appearance. How many men suffer from eating disorders? No accurate figures exist. Roughly 0.5 - 1% of women between the ages of 18 and 25 experience anorexia nervosa. The figures for bulimia nervosa are probably a little higher. The rate among men is estimated to be only 5% of that in women. “Historically8, body image research has been driven by interest in the eating disorders,” explains Dr Edwards. “Given the low figures for males it wasn’t really a research priority. Now, this is changing.” Gay men and body image Gay men are more likely than straight men to be unhappy9 with their reflection in the mirror. This seems to be mainly due to the higher emphasis on appearance in gay male culture, although it is possible that stability of relationships may also be a factor as it is often found that people in stable, long-term relationships have a more positive body image than singles. Texto disponível em <http://www.thesite.org/healthandwellbeing/ wellbeing/bo dyimageandselfesteem>. Acessoem 23/08/2007.

Choose the alternative in which the information about the affix is not correct. a) The prefix “re”, in “repackaged” (ref.1), conveys the idea of “again in a new and better way”. b) The prefix “dis”, in “dissatisfied” (ref.2) and in “disorders” (ref.5), shows an opposite or negative. c) The suffix “ful”, in “doubtful” (ref.3), means “having the quality of something or causing something”. d) The suffixes “ity”, in “muscularity” (ref.4), “ion”, in “addiction” (ref.6), and “ance”, in “appearance” (ref.7), are used to form nouns in English. e) The suffix “ly”, in “historically” (ref.8), and the prefix “un”, in “unhappy” (ref.9), indicate “lack of something”. 08. (UEG GO Adaptada) Julgue o item a seguir.

Disponível em: <http://www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/2013/04/17>. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2013

Considerando os aspectos linguísticos do texto, os termos “completely” e “really” são advérbios formados pelo acréscimo do sufixo “ly” aos respectivos adjetivos. ‘C 09. (Unioeste PR) Brazil police occupy Rio favela in World Cup operation Brazilian security forces have occupied one of Rio de Janeiro’s biggest slums as part of a major crackdown ahead of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics. Some 800 police and special forces moved into the Mangueira shantytown, without needing to fire a shot, having announced the raid in advance. The slum – or favela – is close to Rio’s famous Maracana stadium, where the World Cup final will be played. The pre-dawn operation involved armoured vehicles and helicopters. According to the newspaper, O Globo, leaflets were thrown out of the helicopters, some with photos of wanted criminals. Others were printed with the police special forces’ telephone number so that residents could pass on information about drugs traffickers or weapons. BBC Brazil correspondent Paulo Cabral says most of Mangueira’s residents co-operated with the operation, as they want to rid the area of drug dealers. He says that Rio’s authorities are making an effort to gain the trust of those living in the slums, who – after decades of abuse – have got used to seeing the police as their enemy.Mangueira– home to one of Rio’s most famous samba schools – is the 18th favela that the authorities have occupied recently. Adapted from : http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-latin-america-13833037T

A02  Formação de classes gramaticais

In the word traffickers, the sufix er- has the same meaning as in: I. worker. II. danger. III. writer. IV. prettier. Mark the correct alternative. a) I and IV. b) II and III. c) I and III. d) I and II. e) II and IV. 680

FRENTE

INGLÊS

MÓDULO A03

ARTIGOS

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS nn Artigos

Antes de começar De maneira simples, a Internet das Coisas – Internet of Things-IoT – é a situação de conectar todo e qualquer dispositivo com um botão de liga-desliga à internet e, consequentemente, entre eles mesmos. Isso inclui cafeteiras, celulares, janelas, persianas, máquinas de lavar, lâmpadas, roupas e muitos outros. A Internet das Coisas engloba também componentes de máquina, como o motor de um carro ou a hélice de um avião. Essa situação já começou e hoje só cresce: essa rede gigante de coisas conectadas.

nn Acompanhantes de substantivos

Essa rede pode já ser observada no Echo, produzido pela Amazon.

Fonte: wikipedia commons

Leia o texto a seguir sobre esse produto para depois discutir as questões apresentadas com a sua turma.

Crédito: Divulgação/Amazon

The Amazon Echo defies easy categorization. Amazon has placed the $180 gadget in its Home Automation Controllers category alongside remotes, security components, and hubs. On the Echo’s product page, however, it’s marketed first and foremost as a music player. But its most unique feature is that it’s primarily controlled by Amazon’s Alexa voice command platform. Alexa, the voice service that powers Echo, provides capabilities, or skills, that enable customers to interact with devices in a more intuitive way using voice. Alexa is built in the cloud, so it is always getting smarter. The more customers use Alexa, the more she adapts to speech patterns, vocabulary, and personal preferences. Alexa is what makes the Echo go. Speak, “Alexa, read me the news,” or, “Alexa, what are the baseball scores?” and she’ll tell you. She knows the weather, traffic and your stock prices. She tells bad jokes. (“Why was the ocean wet? It seaweed.”) She compiles lists: “Alexa, add ice cream to my shopping list.” And so on. But what makes the Echo so powerful is its ability to link to and control other devices. For example, Echo can control both the BelkinWeMo Switch and Philips’s Hue light bulbs (among other smart home devices). Link either of them to your Echo, and you can turn your lights on and off with your voice. Think a couple years into the future, as more devices get added to the Internet of Things and are able to connect to Alexa’s voice-powered brain. Suddenly, the possibilities of using 681

Inglês

Exemplo 01. Os sistemas operacionais da Apple, da Microsoft e do Google possuem um assistente inteligente. São, respectivamente, a Siri, a Cortana e o Google Now.

Exemplo 02. Exemplos consistem no carro autônomo da Google e da Tesla; o dispositivo Home, também da Google; os smartwatches, como Apple Watch e Samsung Gear; o FitBark, um aparelho para monitorar a saúde e o comportamento de animais de estimação; entre muitos outros. Exemplo 03. É possível receber notícias em áudio de mídias jornalísticas, consultar a previsão do tempo; buscar receitas, informações sobre pessoas, caminhos, trânsito; receber avisos de reuniões; acender e apagar luzes; abrir ou fechar portões; fazer café.

Exemplo 04. Resposta pessoal.

an Echo for a smart home controller get much bigger. It’s easy to imagine, for example, that “Alexa, play Goodfellas on the TV” or “Alexa, lock the doors behind me” would make precisely that happen. Disponível em: <www.wired.com/2016/01/iot-cookbook-amazon-echo>. Acesso em: 2 mar. 2017. Adaptado.

DISCUSSÃO 01. Que outras inteligências artificiais como a Alexa fazem parte do seu dia a dia? 02. De que outros dispositivos você já ouviu falar que se encaixam no conceito de Internet das Coisas? 03. Dê, pelo menos, três exemplos de como conectar dispositivos à internet fará a vida do ser humano mais fácil. 04. Apesar dos prós, conectar sua casa inteira à internet também significa estar aberto para invasões digitais. Para você, os bons resultados de se ter a casa conectada à internet são superiores aos riscos? Por quê? Dê exemplos para ilustrar seu ponto de vista.

Nesta aula, você aprenderá sobre os artigos indefinidos e definidos, cujo uso é similar em português. Artigos são parte importante de textos, pois eles podem indicar características dos substantivos que acompanham. Dependendo da língua que você aprende, muitas vezes, o uso correto de artigos é a parte mais difícil. Eles são os reflexos dessas características inerentes aos substantivos e nós não nos focamos o suficiente nelas.

A03  Artigos

Reprodução

Por isso, é bastante comum que um chinês, ao falar português, troque o masculino pelo feminino. Assim como um americano tem dificuldade em entender por que nossos substantivos têm gêneros intrínsecos a ele. Tal situação, porém, também vai acontecer com você quando aprender outra língua, como o alemão. Nela, há três gêneros e diferentes formas escritas para cada situação de uso! Possivelmente, você se confundiria também.

Ainda que o alemão seja um caso especial e que o inglês não tenha artigos femininos e masculinos, é importante que você preste bastante atenção nesta aula. Há algumas regras para o uso dos artigos definidos e indefinidos que podem ajudá-lo bastante na compreensão de textos. 682

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Acompanhantes de substantivos

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Vadim Sadovski

Os artigos indefinidos são aqueles que correspondem a um ou uma e que representam algo qualquer. Em inglês, esses artigos são a e an e não expressam gênero feminino ou masculino. Sua regra básica é que usamos a antes de sons consonantais e an antes de sons vocálicos.

apple pie, astronaut, egg, Indian, oyster, umbrella

book, cat, dog, fight, giant, hotel, jetpack, knight, lumberjack, month, night, pirate, queue, rebel, spoon, tiger, vice, yellow shirt

Veja que a palavra sons está em negrito. Isso significa que nem sempre palavras que comecem com vogais ou consoantes serão precedidas por an e a, respectivamente. Veja exemplos:

hour, honest, honour, heir

euro, European, unicorn, union, X-ray machine

Figura 01 - Could a cat be an astronaut?

A03  Artigos

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Yuriy Sosnitskiy

Figura 02 - An heir is the rightfully successor to one’s fortune, such as a king

683

Inglês

Isso ocorre por causa da pronúncia. O “h” de hour, honest, honour e heir é mudo, então, é como se a palavra começasse com vogal. Nas palavras euro, European, unicorn e union, seu som inicial é de “y” e, por sua vez, a palavra x-ray começa com som de “e”. Já o artigo definido the representa o e a e serve para todas as palavras que representam algo conhecido ao falante e ao interlocutor, independente da letra por que começa. the

apple pie, astronaut, egg, Indian, oyster, umbrella, book, cat, dog, fight, giant, hotel, jetpack, knight, lumberjack, month, night, pirate, queue, rebel, spoon, tiger, vice, yellow shirt

São situações que admitem artigo: Fonte: Wikimedia Commons / Unknown

I. Antes de profissões: the designer, a physicist, an architect; II. Antes de palavras contáveis e singulares: an umbrella, a movie, the man; III. Antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, cadeias montanhosas e rios: The Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Himalaya, the Amazon river. São situações que não admitem artigo: I. Para falar de coisas em geral, não específicas, no plural: water is good for you, dogs are a man’s best friend, books help you write; II. Para mencionar lugares especiais precedidos de preposição, como school, universtity, prison, home, bed, work, church, hospital: I’m at home, my daughter goes to school every day, he’s just got out of prison;

Figura 03 - Albert Einstein the german-born theoretical phycisist that developed the Theory of Relativity

III. Para mencionar meios de transporte precedidos de preposição: by bus, by car, by bike, on foot;

IV. Para indicar lugar geográfico, como continentes, países, cidades, lago, universidades específicas: Asia, Finland, France, Lake Paranoa, Harvard University; Fonte: shutterstock.com / symbiot

Há exceções a essa regra, porém: The United States of America, The United Kingdom. Lembra-se do esquema que vimos na aula passada? As regras que aprendemos sobre artigos também se encaixam nele: nn nn nn nn nn

A03  Artigos

nn nn

Figura 04 - In Amsterdam, people take their kids to school every day by bicycle, but, in cities of the United States, it’s more common to do that by public transportation, such as bus or subway.

684

deparar com uma palavra desconhecida olhar seu arredor buscar artigo identificar se é definido ou indefinido lembrar de seus usos buscar outras pistas ter noção da palavra.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios de Fixação

a)____ Panem is b) ____ nation that was established during c) ____ unknown time period in d) ___ post-apocalyptic world. It is situated primarily in e) ____ North America, and f)___ Capitol is located in g)____ area formerly known as h)___ Rocky Mountains, as it states in i) ____ first book of j)____ Hunger Games trilogy. k)____ Panem was run by l)____ authoritarian-totalitarian dictatorship that was led by m)____ President Snow before n)____ second rebellion. It is portrayed in o)____ trilogy to be p)____ dominant society in q)____ North America, and no other nations or civilized societies beyond Panem have been mentioned, so it is unknown if any exist at all. r)____ Panem was later led by s)____ Commander Paylor after t)____ war. Disponível em: <http://thehungergames.wikia.com/wiki/Panem>. Acesso em: 7 nov. 2015. Adaptado.

02. Preencha corretamente os espaços do texto a seguir com o artigo definido, the, ou com um dos indefinidos, a ou an. Se o caso não demandar artigo algum, coloque ø.

a) an b) a c) the d) a e) a f) a g) a h) a i) ø j) the k) a l) the m) a n) a o) ø p) the q) a r) ø s) an t) a u) a v) ø w) the y) ø x) the z) Buildings

Sinopse de Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, de R. L. Stevenson On their weekly walk, a)__ eminently sensible, trustworthy lawyer named Mr. Utterson listens as his friend Enfield tells b)_____ gruesome tale of assault. c)_____ tale describes d)_____ sinister figure named Mr. Hyde who tramples e)_____ young girl, disappears into f)_____ door on the street, and reemerges to pay off her relatives with g)_____ check signed by h)_____ respectable gentleman. Since both Utterson and Enfield disapprove of i)_____ gossip, they agree to speak no further of j)_____ matter. It happens, however, that one of Utterson’s clients and close friends, Dr. Jekyll, has written k)_____ will transferring all of his property to l)_____ same Mr. Hyde. Soon, Utterson begins having dreams in which m)_____ faceless figure stalks through n)_____ nightmarish version of o)____ London. Puzzled, p)_____ lawyer visits Jekyll and their mutual friend Dr. Lanyon to try to learn more. Lanyon reports that he no longer sees much ofJekyll, since they had q)_____ dispute over the course of r)_____ Jekyll’s research, which Lanyon calls s)____ “unscientific balderdash.” Curious, Utterson stakes out t)____ building that Hyde visits—which, it turns out, is u)____ laboratory attached to the back of v)_____ Jekyll’s home. Encountering Hyde, Utterson is amazed by how undefinably ugly w)____ man seems, as if deformed,

Disponível em: <www.sparknotes.com/lit/jekyll/summary.html>. Acesso em: 7 nov. 2015.

Glossário assault: ataque físico gruesome: repulsivo trample: ferir gravemente alguém com os pés balderdash: conversa ou texto sem sentido 03. Quais dos grupos de palavras abaixo levam ou não o artigo definido? Escreva cada grupo na coluna correspondente. nn Buildings nn Capital cities nn Continents nn Family names nn Musical instruments nn Newspapers nn People’s names nn Plural countries nn Seas/rivers/canals nn Singular countries

Definite article

No article

Family names Musical instruments Newspapers Plural countries Seas/rivers/canals

Capital cities Continents People’s names Singular countries

04. Preencha corretamente os espaços do texto a seguir com o artigo definido, the, ou com um dos indefinidos, a ou an. Se o caso não demandar artigo algum, coloque ø.

Foto por Harold Edgerton/ 1957 / TIME Magazine/ Reprodução

685

A03  Artigos

a) Ø b) a c) an d) a e) ø f) the g) an h) the i) the j) the k) ø l) an m) ø n) the o) the p) the q) ø r) ø s) ø t) the

though Utterson cannot say exactly how. Much to y)_____ Utterson’s surprise, Hyde willingly offers Utterson his address. Jekyll tells Utterson not to concern himself with x)_____ matter of Hyde.

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

01. Preencha corretamente os espaços do texto a seguir com o artigo definido, the, ou com um dos indefinidos, a ou an. Se o caso não demandar artigo algum, coloque ø.

Inglês

Milk Drop Coronet Before a) _____ Harold Edgerton rigged b) _____ milk dropper next to c) _____ timer and d) _____ camera of his own invention, it was virtually impossible to take e) _____ good photo in f) _____ dark without bulky equipment. It was similarly futile to try to photograph g) _____ fleeting moment. But in h) _____ 1950s at his lab at i) _____ MIT, Edgerton started tinkering with j) _____ process that would change k) _____ future of l) _____ photography. There m) _____ electrical-engineering professor combined n) _____ high-tech strobe lights with camera shutter motors to capture moments imperceptible to o) _____ naked eye. Milk Drop Coronet, his revolutionary stop-motion photograph, freezes p) _____ impact of q) _____ drop of milk on r) _____ table, s) _____ crown of liquid discernible to t) _____ camera for only u) _____ millisecond. v) _____ picture proved that photography could advance human understanding of w) _____ physical world, and x) _____ technology Edgerton used to take it laid y) _____ foundation for z) _____ modern electronic flash.

a) Ø b) a c) a d) a e) a f) the g) a h) the i) ø j) a k) the l) ø m) the n) ø o) the p) the q) a r) a s) a t) the u) a v) kthe w) the x) the y) the z) the

05. Complete as lacunas a seguir com os artigos an ou a quando necessário. Caso não seja, escreva ø.

a) a b) an c) ø d) ø e) ø f) ø g) a h) ø i) ø / a j) a k) ø l) a / ø m) ø n) ø o) a

a) Have you got ________________ camera? b) Would you like to be ________________ actor? c) Bill’s got ________________ big feet. d) Do you collect ________________ stamps? e) Tom always gives Ann ___________ flowers on her birthday. f) Those are ________________ really nice trousers. Where did you get them? g) What ________________ beautiful garden! h) What ________________ lovely children! i) Jack has got __________ very long legs, so he’s ______________ fast runner. j) You need ________________ visa to visit some foreign countries, but not all of them. k) I’m going shopping. I’m going to get _________ new clothes. l) Jane is ________________ teacher. Her parents were ________________ teachers too. m)When we reached the city center, ________________ shops were still open but most of them were already closed. n) Do you enjoy going to ________________ concerts? o) When I was ________________ child, I used to be very shy.

Exercícios Complementares 01. Preencha corretamente os espaços do texto a seguir com o artigo definido, the, ou com um dos indefinidos, a ou an. Se o caso não demandar artigo algum, coloque ø. a) I wrote my name at ____________ top of the page. b) ____________ Moon goes round ____________ Earth every 27 days. c) The Soviet Union’s Space Program was ____________ first program to send a man into ____________ space. d) Did you see the film on ____________ television or at ____________ cinema? e) After ____________ lunch, we went for a walk by ____________ sea. f) I’m not very hungry. I had ____________ big breakfast. g) John was ____________ only person I talked to the party. h) Tim lives in ________ small village in ________ country. i) Peru is ____________ country in South America. ____________ capital is Lima. j) I never listen to ____________ radio. In fact, I haven’t got ____________ radio. k) It was ____________ beautiful day. ____________ sun shone brightly in ____________ sky. l) I’ve invited Tom to __________ dinner next Wednesday. m)What is ____________ highest mountain in ____________ world? n) We don’t go to ____________ theatre very much these days. In fact, in ____________ town where we live, there isn’t ____________ theatre. o) It was a long voyage. We were at _______ sea for four weeks. p) I prefer swimming in ________ sea to swimming in pools. q) Can you turn ______ television down, please? It’s a bit loud.

A03  Artigos

a) the b) the / the c) the / ø d) the / the e) ø / the f) a g) the h) a / the i) a / the j) the / a k) a / the / the l) ø m) the / the n) the / the / a o) the p) the q) the

686

02. (Ufac AC) Assinale a alternativa na qual o uso do artigo está incorreto: a) They have a dog called Rover and a cat. b) I need an advice. c) I’d like a glass of milk and a cheese sandwich. d) Do you know the answer? e) Have you seen the screwdriver? 03. (UFRGS Adaptada) “Fan” is 01) _____ abbreviated form of “fanatic”, which hasits roots in 02) _____ Latin word “fanaticus”, which simply meant “belonging to the temple, a devotee”. But these words quickly assumed negative connotations, to the point of becoming references to excessive religious belief and to any mistaken enthusiasm. Adapted from: JENKINS, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York / London: Routledge, 1992. p. 12-16.

Select the alternative which correctly fills in the gaps in references 01 and 02, in the order they appear. a) the –a c) the –the e) an – the b) the –an d) an – an 04. (UECE) Indique a opção onde o artigo definido (THE) está empregado corretamente: a) the Gulf of Mexico, the Canada, the Cumberland Mountains, the Guatemala b) the Gulf of Mexico, the North America, the Philippines, the Alasca, c) the Amazon River, the Hague, the Hymalayas, the Seine d) the Mississippi River, the South America, the Andes, the Seine

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

06. (Unifor CE Adaptada) Complete o texto abaixo com os artigos corretos. an - the - the - the - the - a “Gordon Sumner is ___ exceptionally good-looking man, idolized by millions and so rich he can afford all he could ever wish for. Better known as Sting, he was ___ lead singer of The Police. His naturally fair hair replaced ___ dyed blond hair of his stage act. But still the face magnetizes − ___ voice is low and husky, ___ eyes are bright and intelligent. “It is hard to be a pop-star”, he says, “I can’t walk ___ street any more without feeling people are watching me, I can’t be anonymous any longer, and that is a drag.” 07. (Unifor CE) Leia as sentenças abaixo e marque a opção correta de acordo com o uso dos artigos definido e indefinido: I. Can you play a guitar? II. I once played the guitar which had only five strings. III. She started learning the piano at the age of five. IV. I’ve always had a flute, ever since I was a child. V. I’m afraid the violin is an instrument I never mastered. a) Todas estão corretas. b) Todas estão incorretas. c) Apenas os itens I e II estão errados. d) Apenas os itens III, IV, e V estão errados. e) Apenas os itens I, III e V estão corretos. 08. (Urca CE) Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence: Carol is _________ economist. She used to work in _________ investment department of Loyds bank. Now she works for ______ American bank in ________ United States. a) an – a – an – Ø b) a – an – the – the c) a – an – an – Ø d) an – the – an – the e) an – the – Ø – the 09. (Unifor CE) Coughing Kitties Maryann Mott

Feline asthma [TO BE] a new disease. It was first described in scientific literature more than 90 years ago, says veterinarian Philip Padrid of the Family Pet Animal Hospital in Chicago. Nicki Reed, a veterinarian at the University of Edinburgh’s Hospital

for Small Animals, says that when a coughing cat is brought to the clinic, she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection, asthma, or something more sinister, like a lung mass. To do this, Reed usually performs an x-ray, takes a lung fluid sample, and conducts a bronchcoscopy _ an examination that uses a flexible microscope inserted into the cat’s airway. Most of the time, asthma is a mild disease, Reed says. But in some cases cat’s lungs collapse or their ribs fracture due to difficulty in breathing. “I think if we can identify asthmatic cats quite early and get treatments on board to suppress their cough, then hopefully we can avoid them coming to such extremes,” she said. (Adapted from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ news/2005/10/1025_051025_cat_asthma.html)

In “she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection...”, the correct forms of the articles are, respectively, a) the – the d) a – an b) a – the e) a – a c) the – an 10. (UFMA) Discovering New York

This month TRAVEL magazine will take you to _____ unforgettable journey through _____ most charming and posh places of_____ city claimed to be _____ capital of _____world, New York City. The Island of Manhattan, one of the five districts of New York, is the richest, most urban and most filled with attractions. The largest green area of the Manhattan Island, with 340 hectares of woods, grass and lakes, Central Park is one of the great surprises in the city. Fifth Avenue, one of the most famous addresses in the world, marks the middle of the city, like Greenwich Meridian, in London, marks the middle of the Earth. Some of the most expensive and luxurious stores are located there, just like some of the best museums. A present from the French government to the United States in 1866, The Statue of Liberty is one of the most visited spots in New York. It is not located in Manhattan, but rather in Liberty Island, a small island between Wall Street and Staten Island The missing articles in the first paragraph are respectively: a) a – the – a – the – a d) a – an – the – a – the b) an – the – a – the – the e) an – the – a – the – a c) the – a – a – the – the 687

A03  Artigos

05. (Ufes ES Adaptada) Decide which gap(s) below need(s) to be completed with a word and which one(s) must be left blank. For those requiring a word, write it in the gap. For those requiring nothing, mark a cross (X). 1. the / the; 2. X / X; 3. X / an; 4. the / X; 5. X / X 1. Researchers failed to understand ____ nature of ____ problem, he argued. 2. As my friend from ____ school said, ____ life is what happens to you while you’re busy making other plans. 3. ____ Brazilians are often regarded as friendly and freespirited, with ____ incredible zest for life. 4. What has been ____ longest war-free period in ____ History? 5. It is now well-known that ____ exercising and ____ sleep are supposed to be very good for your health.

FRENTE

INGLÊS

MÓDULO A04

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS nn Preposições nn Antes de começar nn Casos de tempo e data nn Casos de lugar

PREPOSIÇÕES Antes de começar Você já ouviu falar de Bitcoin? Esse termo é usado para designar uma moeda bastante diferente do real ou do dólar. Leia os textos a seguir para iniciar uma discussão com sua turma sobre o tema. Bitcoin is different than any currency you’ve used before, so it’s very important to understand some key points. Unlike government issued money, that can be inflated at will, the supply of bitcoin is mathematically limited to twenty one million bitcoins, and that can never be changed. Bitcoins are impossible to counterfeit or inflate. You can use them to send or receive any amount of money, with anyone, anywhere in the world, at very low cost. Bitcoin payments are impossible to block, and bitcoin wallets can’t be frozen. Short of turning off the entire world’s internet, and keeping it turned off, the Bitcoin network is unstoppable and uncensorable. While Bitcoin brings unparalleled freedom, it also requires increased user responsibility, but the rewards are well worth your time. Disponível em: <www.bitcoin.com/getting-started>. Acesso em: 2 mar. 2017.

Why use bitcoin? What are its benefits? Why is it better than cash or credit cards? We get asked these questions all the time so we thought we’d put together a quick list of reasons why you, or anyone, will find bitcoin to be beneficial to have and use.

Fonte: shutterstock.com / 3Dsculptor

Figura 01 - Concepção artística de Bitcoin

688

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

It’s made for our generation What we mean by that is bitcoin is made for the Internet-generation. We are quickly moving past the days of carrying around paper cash or pulling out your credit card. Bitcoin goes several steps further than the convenience of credit cards by equipping users with a payment option that is significantly lower in fees, provides virtually instantaneous transaction time, and is accessible through the dozens of bitcoin wallets. On top of convenience, bitcoin offers credit card users freedom from the concerns of fraud, identity theft, and crippling interest rates. It’s no surprise that a recent report from Goldman Sachs discovered that 33% of millennials do not think they will need a bank account in 5 years. It’s fast, secure and global Bitcoin doesn’t discriminate. You can use it anywhere in the world, to send value almost instantly, nearly for free. Transferring bitcoins costs just a few pennies and you can send as much value as you want. It’s important to remember that bitcoins can’t be counterfeited or duplicated. The cherry on top is that transactions are conducted in a peer-to-peer method, without the need for a bank or third party to oversee it. Bitcoin was designed with your privacy in mind Bitcoin transaction history can be searched by anyone with online access. At first glance, you might consider this level of transparency the opposite of private. In reality, it means that users can choose whether they want to be completely transparent with their finances or keep them very private. The bitcoin protocol does not require people to identify themselves in order to transact though some businesses may need to for compliances reasons. Unlike a bank where people often have one or two accounts, you can create as many bitcoin wallets as you like. Bitcoin is not subject to inflation The total number of bitcoins are capped at 21 million, which is different than other currencies. As the total number of dollars in circulation rises, this creates inflation. Inflation is where the value of your dollar for example, decreases over time due to an increasing supply. Bitcoin on the other hand is scarce and fungible, which gives it interesting properties. […] If you don’t have access to a bank account, you are part of the “unbanked.” Bitcoin can allow you to be your own bank. Bitcoin is simultaneously an open financial protocol and a currency required in order to transact freely on the protocol. Disponível em: <https://blog.blockchain.com/2015/04/06/the-top-5-reasons-to-use-bitcoin/>. Acesso em: 2 mar. 2017. Adaptado.

Exemplo 01. Alguns exemplos incluem Netflix, Nubank, Amazon, Uber, Steam. Exemplo 02. Algumas razões podem ser o preço, a qualidade do serviço, a rebeldia contra serviços burocráticos tradicionais – empresas de TV por assinatura, por exemplo, cobram preços altíssimos por pacotes com vários canais e ainda atendem mal o cliente. Exemplo 03. Resposta pessoal. Exemplo 04. Algumas razões podem ser a falta de conhecimento de utilizar a ferramenta, o medo de fazer alguma coisa errada e não ter com quem falar para consertar ou até mesmo um costume cego de confiar apenas no que se vê fisicamente.

DISCUSSÃO

02. Tais tipos inovadores de serviços estão crescendo cada vez mais no Brasil e no mundo. Apresente uma possível razão para este fato e dê exemplos. 03. Esses tipos de serviços alternativos são normalmente mais baratos e mais amigáveis ao usuário, porque eles são menos taxados do que companhias tradicionais e porque possuem uma visão de negócio muito mais moderna. Apesar de ser melhor para o cidadão comum, existe muita polêmica em torno do assunto pelo fato de ser prejudicial a seus competidores tradicionais. Você acredita que, por exemplo,

a Uber – empresa privada de transporte – deveria ser taxada tanto quanto as companhias de taxis são taxadas ou você acredita que deve existir a livre opção de criar um serviço menos burocrático para a população? Você pode basear sua argumentação em satisfação do cliente, salários, desemprego, taxas altas, burocracia ou outros. 04. Muitas pessoas atualmente ainda não confiam em transações on-line e acabam não se utilizando de facilidade como aplicativos bancários em smartphones, mesmo se isso significasse uma economia enorme de tempo por não ter de se deslocar até o banco. Apresente uma razão para este fato e dê exemplos.

689

A04  Preposições

01. De que outros serviços que desafiam corporações ou governos tradicionais você já ouviu falar?

Inglês

Nesta aula, você estudará o usos das preposições in, on e at, que podem tanto indicar lugar quando tempo ou data. Preposições: talvez um dos assuntos a que os estudantes de inglês tenham mais dificuldade. Isso ocorre devido ao fato de que preposições estão relacionadas à regência de verbos e substantivos e vieram com o uso da língua, igual em português. São muitos casos, mas seu uso correto provém mais de leitura e de prática do que de memorização.

Usos da preposição in: I. Antes de estações do ano: in (the) spring/summer/ autumm (fall)/winter; II. Antes de meses, anos e séculos sozinhos: in February, in June, in 2015, in 1968, in the twenty first century; III. Antes dos seguintes momentos do dia: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the night.

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Syda Productions

Agora veremos três casos específicos do uso dessas preposições: tempo, data e lugar.

Casos de tempo e data Usos da preposição at: I. Antes de horas: at three o’clock, at 9:30, at five-thirty; II. Antes de horários de refeição: at breakfast, at lunchtime, at teatime; III. Especificamente com essas expressões: at night, at the weekend, at Christmas, at Easter, at noon.

Figura 03 - In winter, which in Brazil is in June, we like to jog in the morning, because it’s not so hot.

Usos da preposição on: I. Antes de dias especiais e da semana: on Christmas day, on my birthday, on Friday, on Saturday;

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Goskova Tatiana

II. Datas com mês e dia: on the first of April, on February 18th.

Figura 02 - I like eating healthy snacks between meals: at 9 o’clock and at teatime, but not at night.

Note que a palavra night está exposta tanto no uso de at quanto de in. Isso acontece, pois cada uma dessas expressões tem um significado diferente. At night significa que se está falando da noite toda. In the night, por sua vez, faz referência a um pedaço da noite: He woke up three times in the night. As expressões que vimos nessa aula podem ser combinadas: He and I met at noon on a Monday. I heard a funny noise at about eleven o’clock last night.

A04  Preposições

Fonte: shutterstock.com / nito

Figura 04 - She sleeps during the day, because she works at night.

690

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Monkey Business Images

Casos de lugar Usamos a preposição at: I. Antes de lugares ou instituições comuns: at home, at school, at the airport, at a meeting, at Andrew’s; II. Antes de lugares específicos: at Massachussets Institute of Technology, at JK Airport, at the Palace of Versailles; III. Antes de endereços: at 1578 Paulista Avenue, at 15 Visconde de Maranguape Street; IV. Antes de certas posições ou coisas: at the top of a mountain, at the bottom of the ocean, at the front of the café, at the end of the road, at the door, at the reception of the wedding.

Figura 05 - Andrew and Mark often work at the coffee shop at 25 Ipiranga Street.

Usamos a preposição in: I. Antes de cidades e países: in Moscow, in Montréal, in Belgium, in Switzerland, in Ireland; II. Antes de cômodos: in the bathroom, in the kitchen, in the living room; III. Antes de corpos de água: in the water, in the river, in the sea, in the ocean; IV. Antes de tempo climático: in the rain, in the snow, in the fog; V. Antes de certos lugares ou certas expressões: in prison, in bed, in line, in the sky, in a magazine, in a taxi, in a mirror, in a car, in a queue. Usamos a preposição on: I. Antes de superfícies: on the floor, on the ceiling, on the list, on the map, on the beach; II. Antes de meios de transporte: on a ship, on a train, on a plane, on a bicycle, on a horse; III. Antes de partes do corpo: on my nose, on your leg, on his shoulder; IV. Antes de direções: on the left, on the right, on the way;

Figura 06 - I was on a train and there was a leak on the ceiling, which was dropping water on my leg.

691

A04  Preposições

Fonte: shutterstock.com / Harri Aho

V. Antes de certas coisas ou lugares: on the radio, on television, on a farm.

Inglês

Exercícios de Fixação 01. Complete corretamente as lacunas abaixo com as preposições in, on, ou at. in – in – in – in – in – on Of Eldamar and the princes of the Eldalië ___ time the hosts of the Vanyar and the Noldor came to the last western shores of the Hither Lands. ___ the north these shores, ___ the ancient days after the Battle of the Powers, bent ever westward, until ___ the northernmost parts of Arda only a narrow sea divided Aman, upon which Valinor was built, from the Hither Lands; [...] and from those shores whence first the Eldar looked ___ fear and wonder ___ the Sea there stretched an ocean. J.R.R. Tolkien. The Silmarillion. Londres: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999. p. 56.

Glossário whence: (formal ou arcaico) de onde, de que 02. Complete corretamente as lacunas abaixo com as preposições in, on, ou at. on – in – in – in – at – at – at –on – in Down the Rabbit-Hole Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister ___ the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations ___ it, ‘and what is the use of a book,’ thought Alice `without pictures or conversation?’ So she was considering ___ her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. There was nothing so very remarkable ___ that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, `Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!’ (when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered ___ this, but ___ the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked ___ it, and then hurried ___, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoatpocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just ___ time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.

A04  Preposições

Lewis Carroll. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.Disponível em: <https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rgs/alice-I.html>. Acesso: 28 nov. 2015.

03. (British Council) Complete corretamente as lacunas abaixo com as preposições in, on, ou at. a) Good night! I’ll see you ___ the morning. b) I don’t usually eat much ___ lunchtime - just a sandwich. c) The shops are all closed ___ June 10th; it’s a public holiday. d) He needed to get up ___ the night to let the cat out. e) Owls come out ___ night, but you can also see them a) In d) In g) in during the day. b) At c) On

692

e) At f) On

f) She didn’t come to work ___ Tuesday; she was ill. g) The castle was built ___ the 14th century. 04. Complete corretamente as lacunas abaixo com as preposições in, on, ou at ou escreva Ø se nenhuma delas for necessária. a) on b) at c) in d) in e) on f) at g) on h) at i) ø j) on k) at l) at m) in n) in o) at p) ø q) in r) in s)at

a) Where were you ______________ Wednesday? b) What do you do ______________ weekends? c) In Brazil, the school year usually starts _______ February. d) They bought their house _____________1965. e) I was born ________________ January 14th, 1987. f) Our family always meets ________________ Christmas. g) Last year, my father gave me a watch ________________ Christmas day. h) People usually eat a lot of chocolate ___________ Easter. i) I didn’t see him ______________ yesterday. j) _____________ New Year ’s Eve lots of people get drunk. k) She came here _____________ four o’clock. l) She was still sleeping ______________ noon. m)He always reads the newspaper ________________ the morning. n) We never go out _______________ night. o) He died ______________ the afternoon of April 19th. p) They may arrive _______________ any moment. q) We always have a lot of tourists here _____________ the summer. r) What are you going to do _______________ tomorrow? s) I once saw a ghost ________________ a very cold night. t) The meeting began ________________ a quarter to five.

05. Complete corretamente as lacunas abaixo com as preposições in, on, ou at ou escreva Ø se nenhuma delas for necessária. a) I met my husband ______________ Italy. He was ____________ a shop, buying pasta. I was ___________ a queue, waiting to buy some bread. in – at – in b) Last night I was ______________ the kitchen when I lost my glasses. I looked _______________ all the shelves and ____________ all the cupboards. I thought I’d put them ______________ one of the drawers, but they weren’t there. They certainly weren’t ______________ the table or ________________ the floor. Had I left them ______________ work? Were they _____________ the car? Then I realized where they were. They were ______________ my nose. in – on – in – in – on – on –at – in – on c) ‘Where were you at 2.00?’, he asked in a gasp. ’___________ the beach. ____________ work. __________ Manchester. _________ Sally’s house. __________ the bath.__________ home. ____________ a boat, it doesn’t matter. Wherever I was, I was thinking of you’, she answered lovingly. At – at – in – at – in – at - on

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios Complementares 01. (Puc RS Adaptada) Answer questions with information from the advertisement below. IAIC, a multilateral financial institution specialized in small and medium size private companies ____ Latin America and the Caribbean, currently has a job opening ____ the position of Accounting Officer. For information ____ the position, application instruction and deadlines, please refer to http://www.iaic.int . The Economist. Sept. 20-26, 2008. p.113.

The words that correctly complete the blanks in the ad are, respectively, a) in- of - at b) on - at - for c) of - on - at d) in- for - on e) for- in- of 02. (UEMG – adaptada) Read the passage below.

___ São Paulo as well as speed humps often lead to ground clearance issues and can cause significant damage to a vehicle’s lower bodywork. Animals or fallen trees (due to heavy rain or lightning strikes), broken-down vehicles and accidents on the road can be additional worries. Petrol/gas stations are generally not difficult to find in cities or on main connecting roads but may be much less common in remote and sparsely populated areas. Poor quality fuel can be an issue, and it is suggested that drivers purchase fuel from a reliable source. Which is the correct sequence of the missing words in the text? a) in - in - and - for - at b) at - in - and - for - in c) at - of - for - to - off d) in - in - and - to – in 04. (UPE PE Adaptada) Read the paragraph and fill in the blanks using a preposition.

Jackie Torrence became a storyteller ____ chance. When she was working as a librarian, she was asked ____ tell a story ____ a community event. Eventually, she continued telling tales ____ 47 states in the U.S.

Freddie Mercury was born ______ September 5th , 1946. He

The correct sequence to complete the gaps with the

travelled all _____ the world. Freddie Mercury died ____ 1991.

prepositions is

was the vocalist _____ the band rock “Queen” and composed many hits _____ the band. As the lead _____ “Queen”, he a) for; of; of; of; under; in

a) by, to, at, in.

b) on; of; for; of; around; in

b) to, at, in, by.

c) in; of; of; all; over; on

c) by, in, at, to.

d) at; at; in; in; of; at

d) in, to, at, by.

e) to; at; on; at; around; at Roads in Brazil

From Angloinfo.com (the text below has been slightly modified to better suit the exam). Many intercity roads in Brazil are toll roads. Drivers queue and pay at booths before proceeding along these routes. Statistically, Brazil has some of the worst accident rates in the world. The São Paulo to Santos road along with many stretches of the coastal BR101 highway are especially dangerous routes. There are approximately 40,000 fatalities per year on Brazilian roads. While some roads are of very high standard, particularly state roads and toll roads, others, for example some inter-city federal roads, are in poor condition with uneven surfaces, potholes and inadequate signage. Roads ___ cities can be ___ extremely bad condition. Steep hills ___ the troughs designed ___ carry the heavy rains

05. (IME RJ) Escolha a alternativa que complete a sentença corretamente. The kids were sitting ______ the grass at the park. a) on b) under c) in d) at e) inside 06. (UPE PE) Complete as lacunas. I was _____ a trip when my mom called and asked: “Are you _____ the bus or ____ the car?” a) on; at; in A04  Preposições

03. (Acafe SC)

b) in; in; on c) on; on; on d) in; on; on e) on; on; in

693

Inglês

07. (Urca CE) Choose the alternative that correctly complete the sentences: I. The Declaration of Independence was signed _______ July 14, 1796. II. _____ first, I thought he was a thief. III. _____ present, I am living in Brazil. a) at / At / At b) on / By / By c) in / In / In d) on / At / At e) in / By / On 08. ((Unifor CE) English As It’s Really Spoken

Teresa Méndez

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. _ Slipping into class [PREPOSITION] a mild Thursday evening, Wadensky Bastien, when moved to Boston from Haiti 3-1/2 years ago, removes a rumpled piece of paper from his shoulder bag. It’s cluttered with a week’s worth of English phrases that he can’t quite decipher. Glancing at the list, A.C. Kemp, who teaches the weekly class on American slang here at the Cambridge Center for Adult Education, asks Mr. Bastien if he has any questions. “I have plenty,” he replies brightly.

09. Mackenzie SP) LONDON IN YOUR POCKET Smartphone applications are transforming the tourism experience. The latest development is called Streetmuseum, or “the museum in your pocket.” It can be downloaded __( I )__ any Iphone or Android tablet and it enables you to explore the streets of London, both past and present. Streetmuseum unites 200 images __( II )__ the Museum of London collection with actual locations __( III )__ the capital. It uses the smartphone’s geo-tagging facility: as you walk the streets of London, satellite technology will give the phone’s “geoposition.” The phone will produce an image of that place in the past and you can compare this with what you see there today. So far the app has been downloaded by __( IV )__ 150,000 people around the world. SKYLINE The collection shows how much the London skyline has changed __(V)__ recent decades. Until 1962 St Paul’s Cathedral (which was completed in 1710 and is 110 metres high) was London’s tallest building. Today that honour goes to “One Canada Square,” the Canary Wharf Tower in the Docklands. It is 230 metres high, but it will soon be overtaken __( VI )__ the 87-storey tower “Shard London Bridge,” which will be 310 metres high. Designed by architect Renzo Piano, it should be completed in May.

What does it mean to call someone a scrub? What does it mean to tell somebody off? A scrub, explains Ms. Kemp, is a person who is inferior. To tell somebody off is to scold or criticize. By the end of 10 weeks, Kemp’s course will have delved into everything from words with double meanings to Boston colloquialisms. The term concludes with a frank exploration of profanity. Every imaginable combination of bad words is parsed, and then carefully arranged by degree of offensiveness. Slang and idioms are considered an informal part of the language _ not necessarily the stuff of traditional courses in English as a Second Language (ESL). Yet many foreign students _ even those who sat through years of English lessons _ arrive here only to find themselves baffled by the funny phrases that pepper casual conversation, fill the pages of popular novels, and are bandied about on sitcoms and in movies. (Adapted from The Scoul Times. October/27/2005)

A04  Preposições

Em Slipping into class [PREPOSITION] a mild Thursday evening, a preposição correta é a) on porque é a preposição usada para os dias da semana. b) of porque é usada tanto para os dias da semana quanto para as partes de um dia. c) at porque é a preposição usada para os dias da semana. d) in porque é a preposição usada para as partes do dia. e) in porque é usada tanto para os dias da semana quanto para as partes de um dia. 694

By Linda Ligios. www.speakup.com.br

The prepositions that properly fill in blanks I, II, III, IV, V and VI, in the text, are a) in / of / around / more / on / in b) for / from / in / than / on / by c) for / all around / through / about / about / for d) on / from / across / over / in / by e) out of / of / in / around / over / from

FRENTE

INGLÊS

Exercícios de Aprofundamento The Red Planet Mars is a small rocky body once thought to be very Earthlike. Like the other terrestrial planets - Mercury, Venus, and Earth - its surface has been changed by volcanism, impacts from other bodies, movements of its crust, and atmospheric effects such as dust storms. It has polar ice caps that grow and recede with the change of seasons; areas of layered soils near the Martian poles suggest that the planet’s climate has changed more than once, perhaps caused by a regular change in the planet’s orbit. Martian tectonism, the formation and change of a planet’s crust, differs from Earth’s. Where Earth tectonics involve sliding plates that grind against each other or spread apart in the seafloors, Martian tectonics seem to be vertical, with hot lava

Mars has some remarkable geological characteristics, including the largest volcanic mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons; volcanoes in the northern Tharsis region that are so huge they deform the planet’s roundness; and a gigantic equatorial rift valley, the VallesMarineris. This canyon system stretches a distance equivalent to the distance from New York to Los Angeles; Arizona’s Grand Canyon could easily fit into one of the side canyons of this great chasm. Mars also has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. Although no one knows how they formed, they may be asteroids snared by Mars’s gravity. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solarsystem/mars-article/Text courtesy NASA/JPL-2015.

01. (UEMG) According to the text, what is the CORRECT statement?

pushing upwards through the crust to the surface.

a) Mars and Earth have the same tectonic plates.

Periodically, great dust storms engulf the entire planet. The

b) Mars and Earth are red planets.

effects of these storms are dramatic, including giant dunes,

c) Mars and Earth support the human race.

wind streaks, and wind-carved features.

d) Mars and Earth have water.

Scientists believe that 3.5 billion years ago, Mars experienced the largest known floods in the solar system. This water may even have pooled into lakes or shallow oceans. But where did the ancient flood water come from, how long did it last, and where did it go? At present, Mars is too cold and its atmosphere is too thin to allow liquid water to exist at the surface for long. There’s water ice close to the surface and more water frozen in the

02. (UEMG) Choose and mark the CORRECT statement: a) Mars is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest longest valley in the solar system. b) Mars experienced the least known floods in the solar system. c) Mars does not belong to the solar system. d) Mars has two big moons that could not fit into Arizona’s Grand Canyon.

polar ice caps, but the quantity of water required to carve

03. Leia os dois primeiros parágrafos do livro O Guia do Mochileiro

Mars’s great channels and flood plains is not evident on - or

das Galáxias, de Douglas Adams, e complete as palavras com o

near - the surface today. Images from NASA’s Mars Global

prefixo un- e/ou com os sufixos -ed ou -ly. Quando não forem

Surveyor spacecraft suggest that underground reserves of

necessários, escreva Ø. un - ed - un - ed - un - ed - Ø - Ø - ly - Ø - ly - Ø - Ø – ly

water may break through the surface as springs. The answers may lie deep beneath Mars’s red soil. Unraveling the story of water on Mars is important to unlocking its past climate history, which will help us understand the evolution of all planets, including our own. Water is also believed to be a central ingredient for the initiation of life; the evidence of past or present water on Mars is expected to hold clues about past or present life on Mars, as well as the potential for life elsewhere in the universe. And, before humans can safely go to Mars, we need to know much more about the planet’s environment, including the availability of resources such as water.

Far out in the ___chart___ backwaters of the ___fashion___ end of the western spiral arm of the Galaxy lies a small ___ regard___ yellow___ sun. Orbiting this at a distance of ___rough___ ninety-two million miles is an ___utter___ insignificant little blue green planet whose ape ___descended life forms are so ___amazing___ primitive that they still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea. ADAMS, Douglas. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. Hanomag, 2001.Adaptado.

04. (Ufac AC) Complete the paragraph below with an appropriate article. 695

Inglês

Poverty’s prevalence

The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When

According to ______ most recent United States census (1995), 36.4 million people live below ______ federal poverty line. For ______ family of four, ______ poverty level is ______ income of $15,562, for ______ family of three, $12,158. Of all demographic groups, poverty is highest among female-headed families with children. Children make up 40 percent of ______ poor, though they are 27 percent of ______ total population. About 15 million children live in poverty, and the poverty rate for children is higher than any other group. (From Teen, Dec. 1997.)

a) the, a, the, the, a, a, the, the

McDonald’s decided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery. “You see a tiny crack in the door, and you have to run through it,” she says. “I really believed I could do this.” Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives’ radar. “If you have a dream, you can’t wait for people to call you,” she says. “So I’d visit a mill and send them photos of myself in abaker’s hat and jacket, holding a sign that said ‘I want to be your baker.’” After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off. Harrington sealed the deal with a handshake, sold her franchises,

b) the, a, a, the, an, a, an, the

invested everything she owned, and borrowed $13.5 million.

c) the, the, the, the, the, the, the, a

She was ready to build the fastest, most automated bakery in

d) the, the, a, the, an, a, the, the

the world.

e) a, a, a, a, an, a, a, the 05. (Mackenzie SP) Breadwinner As a single mom, Cordia Harrington just needed to bring home the bacon. She ended up rolling in dough. By Margaret Heffernan

Reader’s Digest

The prepositions that appropriately fill in blanks I, II, III, IV, V and VI, in the text, are a) off, at, of, for, with and on. b) of, at, of, for, for and with. c) in, at, of, at, with and on. d) at, in, for, at, for and with. e) of, in, with, for, with and on. 06. (Unifor CE) Seu amigo precisa que você reserve um hotel para ele. Leia seu e-mail completando-o com as preposições corretas. From: John.Conrad@perfectworld.com To: rthomas@nbl.co.uk Subject: Dublin.conference Hi Could you book me a flight _____1 Dublin _____2 April 14 please? I need to stay _____3 two nights, so I’ll need a hotel as well, _____4 a double bed – it’s just me going, but I can’t sleep

Cordia Harrington was tired __( I )__ standing up all day and smelling like french fries __( II )__night. A property developer, FRENTE A  Exercícios de Aprofundamento

she also owned and operated three McDonald’s franchises in Illinois, but as a divorced mother __( III )__ three boys, she yearned __( IV )__ a business that would provide __( V )__ her children and let her spend more time __(VI) __ them. Her aha moment struck, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonald’s bun committee. “The other franchisees, all men, thought that was hilarious because of the word bun,” she recalls. “But the joke was on them: They didn’t know the company would be picking me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world. Every time I went to a meeting, I loved it. This was global!” 696

_____5 small beds. And remember I’ve given _____6 smoking! I’m _____7 home _____8 Manchester, so could you send me the tickets _____9 156 Buzan Road, M3 2PB, please? If there are any problems, you can reach me _____10 0161-962-5494. Thanks, and see you next week. John Marque APENAS a alternativa correta. a) to1; in2; on3; on4; on5; of6; at7; in8; to9, on10 b) in1; in2; for3; in4; on5; in6; at7; in8; to9, at10 c) in1; in2; in3; of4; on5; up6; at7; in8; to9, in10 d) to1; on2; for3; with4; in5; up6; at7; in8; to9, on10. e) to1; on2; for3; with4; in5; of6; in7; in8; to9, on10