Internal DL, SL, Overshadowing Assessment EC05&06 Rev 01

PROJECT DATA:

Client Earls Court Partnership Limited

Architect Maccreanor Lavington

Project Title RBKC Detailed Component

Project Number 15447

REPORT DATA:

Report Title Amenity within the Site: Internal Daylight, Sunlight and Overshadowing Assessment

EC05 & EC06

GIA Department Daylight Department

Dated 09 July 2025

Prepared by CN

Checked by MLI

Type Planning

Revisions

DISCLAIMER:

N.B This report has been prepared for Earls Court Partnership Limited by GIA as their appointed Daylight & Sunlight consultants. This report is intended solely for Earls Court Partnership Limited and may contain confidential information. No part or whole of its contents may be disclosed to or relied upon by any Third Parties without the express written consent of GIA. It is accurate as at the time of publication and based upon the information we have been provided with as set out in the report. It does not take into account changes that have taken place since the report was written nor does it take into account private information on internal layouts and room uses of adjoining properties unless this information is publicly available.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

Information Received IR315,316,323-15447

Release Number 72_15447_DSD

Issue Number 42

Site Photos GIA

3D models VERTEX

OS Data FIND Maps

Scope of the report

This report has been prepared by GIA to replace the Amenity within the Site: Internal Daylight, Sunlight & Overshadowing Assessment - EC05 & EC06, dated June 2024. This report replaces the submitted report due to the extent of change brought about as a result of the submitted scheme being amended to respond to comments during the consultation period as well as to respond to the introduction of new building regulations specifically BS9991:24. In order to meet the requirements of BS9991:24, whilst the design principles have been retained i.e. form, height and mass, the detailed layouts and amenity spaces have been amended. As a result a reassessment of both EC05 and EC06 has been required.

In July 2024, two hybrid Planning Applications were submitted, one to RBKC (Reference: PP/24/05187) and one to the London Borough of hammersmith and Fulham (LBhF) (Reference: 2024/01942/ COMB) in relation to the redevelopment of land bounded by west Cromwell Road, warwick Road, Philbeach Gardens, Eardley Crescent, Lillie Road, Old Brompton Road, the west London Railway Line (“wLL”), and 1 Cluny Mews in RBKC (the “RBKC Site”) and North End Road, Beaumont Avenue, west Cromwell Road, the wLL, land comprising the Empress State Building (“ESB”), Aisgill Avenue, the former Gibbs Green School properties fronting Gibbs Green Close, and properties fronting Dieppe Close (the ‘LBhF Site) which straddle the boundary between the two boroughs (together forming “the Site”). The Proposed Development will form the new Earls Court Development. The hybrid Planning Applications are submitted on behalf of Earls Court Partnership Limited (“ECPL”) (“The Applicant”).

This document is re-submitted to form part of the RBKC hybrid Planning Application (Reference: PP/24/05187) in relation to detailed development proposals for Development Plots EC05 and EC06 for which no matters are reserved (“RBKC Detailed Component”), and outline development proposals for the remainder of the RBKC Site, with all matters reserved (“RBKC Outline Component”). The RBKC Detailed Component and RBKC Outline Component together are referred to as the “RBKC Proposed Development”.

The Site

The Site occupies an area of approximately 18 hectares (179,956 sqm) and is located in both LBhF and RBKC, in west London.

The Site area associated with the RBKC hybrid Planning Application is approximately 8 hectares (78,575 sqm) and the Site area associated with the LBhF hybrid Planning Application is approximately 10 hectares (101,421 sqm).

The LBhF and RBKC administrative boundary bisects the Site along a northwest - southeast axis from Lillie Road to west Cromwell Road.

The RBKC Site is bound to the north by west Cromwell Road, to the east by warwick Road, Philbeach Gardens (including 1 Cluny Mews) and Eardley Crescent, to the south by Lillie Road and Old Brompton Road and to the east by the west London Railway Line (wLL), and 1 Cluny Mews.

The LBhF Site is bound to the west by North End Road, Beaumont Avenue, the former Gibbs Green School, properties fronting Gibbs Green Close, and properties fronting Dieppe Close, to the north by west Cromwell Road, to the east by the west London Railway Line (wLL), to the south by Lillie Road and to the south east by land comprising the Empress State Building and Aisgill Avenue.

The Site is a large brownfield site with railway infrastructure and comprises the following:

• Cluny Mews – The far northeastern part of the Site comprises an office building at approximately 4 storeys, an annex building which comprises 3 storeys of residential flats and associated paved roads with parking. This is currently activated as a temporary meanwhile use.

• Land formerly home to the Earls Court Exhibition Centres – The eastern and southeastern parts of the Site (roughly triangular shaped and to the east of the wLL) and the southwestern part of the Site (to the west of the wLL) comprise extensive areas of open hardstanding. These areas of hardstanding were previously occupied by the Earls Court Exhibition Centres which were demolished between 2015 and 2017. The Table spans the wLL between the hardstanding areas. Beneath is an extensive network of railway infrastructure including the District Line and Piccadilly Line. Parts of this element of the Site are

currently activated with temporary meanwhile uses.

• Empress Place – The southern and southwestern parts of the Site comprise 3-4 storey terrace buildings fronting Empress Place and Lillie Road. These are currently activated with temporary meanwhile uses.

• Bus Facility – To the west of Empress Place is a bus turning and waiting facility accessed from Lillie Road. This area comprises a bus layover area with capacity for up to four buses and a small standalone structure that includes welfare facilities for bus drivers.

• Lillie Bridge Depot (LBD) – The western, northern and northwestern part of the Site comprise the LBD. The LBD is currently used as a maintenance facility by London Underground Ltd (LUL) and as a TfL training facility. The LBD uses and on-Site structures comprise office buildings, rail tracks, road to rail vehicle (RRV) delivery and access point, articulated lorry access and delivery area, carpenter/rail workshops, storage buildings, train stabling box, associated infrastructure and parking.

• 9 Beaumont Avenue – A 2 storey building located in the far northwestern part of the Site. This is currently activated as a temporary meanwhile use.

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of this report is to ascertain whether the RBKC Detailed Component (buildings EC05 and EC06) of the Earls Court Masterplan will provide adequate levels of daylight and sunlight for the enjoyment of future occupants.

All habitable rooms within EC05 and EC06 have been technically assessed for Median Daylight Illuminance (MDI) and sunlight exposure. In addition, all outdoor areas of public or communal amenity provided within these buildings have been tested for overshadowing through the Sun hours on Ground metric.

As typical of any scheme of this size and density, the design responds to a number of constraints and planning policy requirements to optimise the potential of the Site to deliver benefits such as new homes. In particular, a balance has been sought between the daylight performance, the provision of private external amenity in the form of balconies, overheating considerations (particularly since the challenging adoption of Part O) and optimising the energy performance of the building through passive design measures.

The design has sought to respond to these constraints in a number of ways and those relevant for daylight and sunlight are discussed in detail in the following Sections.

Following the testing and reviewing of numerous design options to help ensure occupants have the greatest access to natural light as possible, the results presented here represent a scheme that has been optimised for daylight and sunlight balancing the considerations set out above and within the context of the wider masterplan strategies that have been developed. The design of EC05 and EC06 also demonstrates high-quality residential accommodation through:

• 100% of all homes being dual aspect within EC06 and 88% being dual-aspect within EC05 (in accordance with the definition outlined in the DAS, see volume 2 for details);

• 80% of all M4(2) homes being ≥4% oversized in excess of NDSS minimums. M4(3) wheelchair homes are ≥19% than NDSS minimum areas;

• All homes benefitting from external amenity space with the exception of 12 homes in EC05 which have internalised amenity and are larger than NDSS minimum for M4(2) homes;

• having access to generous landscape/external amenity directly addressing the new Table Park.

• Achieving the highest standards in fire safety through incorporating the requirements of BS9991:24.

In relation to daylight, the overall performance within EC05 and EC06 is good. when adopting the 150 lux target suggested for living rooms also for multi-use rooms including a kitchen (i.e. LKDs and studios), as typically done in dense urban environments, 683 (76%) of the 898 rooms assessed would achieve or exceed the minimum levels. when considering the higher 200 lux target, then 630 (70%) would achieve the minimum levels of Median Daylight Illuminance (MDI) recommended within the UK National Annex for residential buildings.

The above results represent an increase from the design submitted in July 2024, where the percentages of rooms achieving the recommended daylight levels were 72% and 67% against the 150 lux and 200 lux targets respectively.

In the areas with lower levels of daylight, the scheme has responded by amending the layouts to ensure the daylight is focussed on the most valuable areas (such as living areas over kitchen areas or bedrooms), increasing window sizes where possible and carefully controlling the balcony placement. The designs of EC05 and EC06 do differ so a detailed discussion of each building’s performance is provided over the following pages.

Sunlight access is acceptable considering the context, with 48% (150 out of 310) of the residential homes seeing the recommended solar exposure.

Finally, a variety of outdoor amenity spaces are provided as part of EC05 and EC06 where future occupants will be able to enjoy either a sunlit or more shaded space depending on their requirements. The sunlight performance of the open spaces is in line with expectations for high-density locations such as this and is also considered acceptable considering the context of the wider Earls Court Masterplan.

Overall, therefore, the RBKC Detailed Component has been optimised for daylight, sunlight, and overshadowing. The levels of daylight and sunlight within the proposed homes are generally good considering building typologies, density, and setting. The scheme will also provide future occupants and

users of the Site with access to good levels of sunlight in the outdoor amenity areas proposed.

The above is in accordance with paragraph 129c of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) relating to the effective use of land, paragraphs 1.3.45 and 1.3.46 of the housing Supplementary Planning Guidance.

3 BRE GUIDELINES

The Building Research Establishment (BRE) have set out in their handbook ‘Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight a Guide to Good Practice (BR 209 2022)’, guidelines and methodology for the measurement and assessment of daylight and sunlight within proposed buildings.

3.1

INTRODUCTION

The BRE published the new edition of ‘Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: a guide to good practice’ in June 2022 (BR 209), This is to be read in conjunction with BS EN 17037:2018 “Daylight in buildings”, the UK National Annex of the British Standard and the CIBSE publication LG 10 ‘Daylighting – a guide for designers’.

The BR 209 new edition contains amended methodologies for appraising the daylight and sunlight quality within new developments. Nonetheless, the main aim of the guidance is maintained: “to help rather than constrain the designer” as stated in Paragraph 1.5 of the new guidance.

The report provides advice, but also clearly states that it “is not mandatory and the guide should not be seen as an instrument of planning policy.” The guidance also acknowledges in its introduction that “Althoughitgivesnumericalguidelines,theseshould beinterpretedflexiblysincenaturallightingisonly oneofmanyfactorsinsitelayoutdesign(seeSection 5).Inspecialcircumstancesthedeveloperorplanning authoritymaywishtousedifferenttargetvalues. Forexample,inahistoriccitycentre,orinanarea withmodernhigh-risebuildings,ahigherdegreeof obstructionmaybeunavoidableifnewdevelopments aretomatchtheheightandproportionsofexisting buildings.” (Paragraph 1.6)

3.2 BS EN 17037:2018 AND THE UK ANNEX

The British Standard BS8206-2:2008 was superseded by the new European Standard on daylight BS EN 17037:2018 “Daylight in buildings”.

Following on from the review of the European Standard by a dedicated commission of UK experts, the British Standard Institution appended to BS EN 17037:2018 a UK National Annex which brings the recommended light levels in line with those of the former BS8206-2:2008.

The BS EN 17037 includes four criteria: daylighting, views, sunlight access and glare. Daylighting and sunlight access are considered relevant for residential buildings and therefore discussed within this report.

View out and Glare are not solely but mostly relevant in offices and schools, where occupants are more fixed to a certain location within a room. In residential habitable rooms, occupants tend to move more freely and therefore view out and glare are not assessed within residential buildings.

In relation to sunlight access, the assessment considers the hours of sunlight reaching a window on the 21st March.

DAYLIGHT

The BRE set out the methods for assessing daylight within a proposed building within section 2.1 and Appendix C of the handbook. This is based on the methods detailed in the BS EN 17037.

BS EN 17037 suggests two possible methodologies for appraising daylight:

• Illuminance Method

• Daylight Factor Method

These methodologies are discussed in more detail below.

whilst Vertical Sky Component (VSC) is no longer directly used to calculate the levels of daylight indoors, this is still referenced within the BRE guidance as a metric to appraise the level of obstruction faced by a building and the potential for good daylight indoors.

This method of assessment may also be used to appraise the daylight quality in the early stages of the design, when room layouts or window locations are undecided.

Vertical Sky Component (VSC)

This method of assessment can be undertaken using a skylight indicator or a waldram diagram manually or most commonly through the use of specialist daylighting software. It measures from a single point, at the centre of the window (if known at the early design stage), the quantum of sky visible taking into account all external obstructions. whilst these obstructions can be either other buildings or the general landscape, trees are usually ignored unless they form a continuous or dense belt of obstruction.

The VSC method is a useful ‘rule of thumb’ but has some significant limitations in determining the true quality of daylight within a proposed building. It does not take into account the size of the window, any reflected light off external obstructions, any reflected light within the room, or the use to which that room is put.

Illuminance method

Climate Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) is used to predict daylight illuminance using sun and sky conditions derived from standard meteorological data (often referred to as climate or weather data). This analytical method allows the prediction of absolute daylight illuminance based on the location and building orientation, in addition to the building’s daylight systems (shading systems, for example). Annex A within the BS EN 17037 proposes values of target illuminances and minimum target illuminances to exceed 50 % of daylight hours over 50% or more of the assessment area.

BS EN 17037 sets out minimum illuminance levels (300 lux) that should be exceeded over 50% of the space for more than half of the daylight hours in the year. It also includes recommendations for medium and high daylighting levels within a space (500 lux and 700 lux respectively). It should be noted here, however, that these targets are specified irrespective of a space’s use or design.

The National Annex suggests that these targets can be challenging to achieve within residential settings, particularly in areas of higher density and so suggests lower targets can be considered in this situation. It should be noted here that the reduced targets suggested within the BS EN 17037:2018 National Annex are provided so as to be comparable with the previous BR209’s recommendations for ADF. These targets are:

• 100 lux for bedrooms

• 150 lux for living rooms

• 200 lux for living/kitchen/diners, kitchens, and studios.

It is however stated in paragraph C17 of the BRE that: “wherearoomhasashareduse,thehighest targetshouldapply.Forexampleinabedsitting room in student accommodation, the value for a livingroomshouldbeusedifstudentswouldoften spendtime intheirrooms duringthe day. Local authoritiescouldusediscretionhere.Forexample, thetargetfora living room could be usedfora combinedliving/dining/kitchenareaifthekitchens arenottreatedashabitablespaces,asitmayavoid smallseparatekitchensinadesign”

Daylight Factor method

This method involves calculating the median daylight factor on a reference plane (assessment grid).

“The daylightfactoristhe illuminance at a point onthe reference plane in a space, divided bythe illuminance on an unobstructed horizontal surface outdoors.The CIE standard overcast skyis used, andtheratioisusuallyexpressedasapercentage.”

This method of assessments considers an overcast sky, and therefore the orientation and location of buildings is not relevant. In order to account for different climatic conditions, Annex A within the BS EN 17037 sets equivalent daylight factor targets (D) for various locations in Europe.

The median daylight factor (MDF) should meet or exceed the target daylight factor relative to a given illuminance for more than half of daylight hours, over 50% of the reference plane.

3.4 SUNLIGHT

The BRE provide guidance in respect of sunlight quality for new developments within section 3.1 of the handbook. It is generally acknowledged that the presence of sunlight is more significant in residential accommodation than it is in commercial properties, and this is reflected in the BRE document.

It states, “in housing, the main requirement for sunlightisinlivingrooms,whereitisvaluedatany time ofthe day, but especially in the afternoon. Sunlight is also required in conservatories. It is viewedaslessimportantinbedroomsandinkitchens wherepeoplepreferitinthemorningratherthan the afternoon.”

The BRE guide considers the critical aspects of orientation and overshadowing in determining the availability of sunlight at a Proposed Development Site.

The guide proposes minimising the number of dwellings whose living room face solely north unless there is some compensating factor such as an appealing view to the north, and it suggests a number of techniques to do so. Furthermore, it discusses massing solutions with a sensitive approach to overshadowing, so as to maximize access to sunlight.

At the same time, it acknowledges that the Site’s existing urban environment may impose orientation or overshadowing constraints which may not be possible to overcome.

To quantify sunlight access for interiors where sunlight is expected, it refers to the BS EN 17037 criterion that the minimum duration of sunlight exposure in at least one habitable room of a dwelling should be 1.5 h on March 21st. Table A.5 also establishes medium and high sunlight targets (3 and 4 hours).

This is to be checked at a reference point located centrally to the window’s width and at the inner surface of the aperture (façade and/or roof). For multiple apertures in different façades it is possible to cumulate the time of sunlight availability if not occurring at the same time. The reference point is minimum 1.2 m above the floor and 0.3 m above the

window sill if present.

The summary of section 3.1 of the guide states as follows:

“Ingeneral,adwellingornon-domesticbuildingwhich hasaparticularrequirementforsunlight,willappear reasonablysunlitprovidedthat:

• Atleastonemainwindowfaceswithin90degrees of due south, and

• a habitable room, preferably a main living room, canreceiveatotalofatleast1.5hoursofsunlight on 21 March. This is assessed at the inside centre of the window(s); sunlight received by different windows can be added provided they occur at different times and sunlight hours are not double counted. “

OVERSHADOWING

The BRE guidance in respect of overshadowing of amenity spaces is set out in section 3.3 of the handbook. here it states as follows:

“Sunlightinthespacesbetweenandaroundbuildings hasanimportantimpactontheoverallappearance andambienceofadevelopment.Itisvaluablefora numberofreasons,to:

• provideattractivesunlitviews(allyear)

• make outdoor activities like sitting out and children’s play more pleasant (mainly warmer months)

• encourage plant growth (mainly spring and summer)

• dry out the ground, reducing moss and slime (mainlyincoldermonths)

• meltfrost, ice and snow(inwinter)

• dryclothes(allyear).

Again, it must be acknowledged that in urban areas the availability of sunlight on the ground is a factor which is significantly controlled by the existing urban fabric around the Site in question and so may have very little to do with the form of the development itself. Likewise, there may be many other urban design, planning and Site constraints which determine and run contrary to the best form, siting and location of a Proposed Development in terms of availability of sun on the ground.

The summary of section 3.3 of the guide states as follows:

“3. 3 .17 It is recommended that forit to appear adequatelysunlitthroughouttheyear,atleasthalf ofagardenoramenityareashouldreceiveatleast twohoursofsunlighton21March.Ifasaresultof newdevelopmentanexistinggardenoramenity area does not meet the above, and the area that can receivetwo hours ofsun on 21 March is lessthan 0.80timesitsformervalue,thenthelossofsunlight is likelyto be noticeable. Ifa detailed calculation cannot be carried out, it is recommended that the centre ofthe area should receive at leasttwo hours ofsunlighton21March.”

3.5 FURTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION

CIBSE LG 10 ‘Daylighting – a guide for designers’.

This guide details the process of designing for daylighting. It outlines considerations of form, orientation, and other aspects involved in designing the building envelope to optimise natural light.

The guidance in this document is written primarily for buildings located within the UK, and will be most applicable to projects in northern hemisphere. however, the principles are universal, and can be applied to other locations if the appropriate weather data is used and local standards and regulations are respected.

4 SIMULATION ASSUMPTIONS

In order to undertake the daylight and sunlight assessments set out in the previous pages, we have prepared a three dimensional computer model and used specialist lighting simulation software.

Calculation model

The three-dimensional representation of the Proposed Development has been modelled using the drawings prepared by the architects. This has been placed in the context of the surrounding buildings which have been modelled from survey information, photogrammetry, OS and Site photographs. This allows for a precise model, which in turn ensures that analysis accurately represents the amount of daylight and sunlight available to the building façades, internal and external spaces, considering all of the surrounding obstructions and orientation.

The weather file recorded at Gatwick Airport was considered the most relevant for this assessment.

Surfaces reflectance

In general, the reflectance value to be applied to surfaces in the computational modelling follows the BR 209 Annex C, unless specified by the Design Team. Assumptions applied are:

• Interior walls - 0.7

• Ceilings - 0.8

• Floors - 0.4

• Exterior ground and external obstructions - 0.2

Assessment Grids

For the daylight assessments, an analysis ‘grid’ is located within each room at working plane height (850 mm from FFL) and offset by 0.3m from the walls as recommended by BR 209.

Grid points are spaced by 0.2m .

Assessment Resolution

The climate-based daylight assessments have been undertaken on an hourly basis whilst the sunlight exposure assessment has been undertaken for every minute on the relevant days.

Glazing transmittance

In agreement with the wider Design Team, a glazing visible light transmittance (VLT) of 68% for Block EC05 and Townhouses and 71% for EC06 has been used. Framing factors have been applied to the windows according to the elevations.

Maintenance factors have been applied as per BR209 with 0.92 for windows not beneath an overhang and 0.76 for windows beneath an overhang.

5 CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this report is to ascertain whether the proposed buildings EC05 and EC06 of the Earls Court Masterplan will provide adequate levels of daylight and sunlight for the enjoyment of future occupants.

As typical of any scheme of this size and density, the design responds to a number of constraints. In particular, a balance has been sought between the daylight performance, the provision of private external amenity in the form of balconies, and overheating considerations (particularly since the challenging adoption of Part O) and maximising the energy performance of the building through incorporating Passiv haus design principles.

The design has sought to respond to these constraints in a number of ways and those relevant for daylight and sunlight are discussed in detail on a per-building basis below.

Following the testing and reviewing of numerous design options to help ensure occupants have the greatest access to natural light as possible, the results presented here represent a scheme optimised for daylight and sunlight.

In relation to daylight, the overall performance within EC05 and EC06 is good. when adopting the commonly used approach to apply the 150 lux living room target also to combined living/kitchen/ dining rooms (LKDs) and studios, 683 (76%) of the 898 rooms assessed would achieve or exceed the minimum levels Median Daylight Illuminance (MDI) recommended within the UK National Annex for residential buildings. when considering the higher 200 lux recommendation, then 630 rooms (70%) would meet the targets.

The above results represent an increase from the design submitted in July 2024, where the percentages of rooms achieving the recommended daylight levels were 72% and 67% against the 150 lux and 200 lux targets respectively.

In the areas with lower levels of daylight, the scheme has responded by amending the layouts to ensure the daylight is focussed on the most valuable areas (such as living areas over kitchen areas or bedrooms), increasing window sizes where possible and carefully

controlling the balcony placement. The designs of each building do differ so detailed discussions of each building’s performance are provided over the following pages. It is worth noting that 92% of homes in the scheme are dual aspect with no single-aspect north-facing homes.

Sunlight access is acceptable considering the context, with 48% (150 out of 310) of the residential homes seeing the recommended solar exposure.

Finally, a variety of outdoor amenity spaces are provided as part of EC05 and EC06 where future occupants will be able to enjoy either a sunlit or more shaded space depending on their requirements. The sunlight performance of the open spaces is in line with expectations for high-density locations such as this and is also considered acceptable considering the context of the wider Earls Court Masterplan.

Overall, therefore, the RBKC Detailed Component has been optimised for daylight, sunlight and overshadowing. The levels of daylight and sunlight within the proposed homes are generally good considering the buildings’ typology, density and setting. The scheme will also provide future occupants and users of the Site with access to good levels of sunlight in the amenity areas proposed. The above is in accordance with paragraph 129c of the NPPF relating to the effective use of land, paragraphs 1.3.45 and 1.3.46 of the housing SPG.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS ON DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT

EC05

The daylight and sunlight potential on EC05’s elevations is mainly driven by the relationship with EC04 to the east and EC06 to the west. The proximity of these two buildings results in areas of reduced light potential at the base of the tower as is typical of dense urban environments.

As part of the design process, several features have been incorporated that are beneficial for daylight and sunlight, in particular:

• the articulation of the building footprint, which facilitates the provision of dual-aspect dwellings (with 88% of dwellings being dual-aspect - See section 6A of the DAS Addendum);

• living areas have been placed preferentially in corner locations so as to maximise the daylight ingress where this is typically most enjoyed;

• where possible, balconies have been located so as to overhang secondary windows or bedroom windows in order to prioritise the daylight ingress within the main living space; and

• windows sizes have been designed to optimise daylight ingress, while controlling overheating. In particular these are slightly larger at the base, where daylight was found to be more constrained.

In dense urban environments, it is common practice to hold LKDs to a target of 150 lux, suggested for living areas. On this basis, of the 525 rooms tested within EC05, 404 (77%) would achieve the recommended levels of MDI. when considering the higher 200 lux target suggested for kitchens or multi-use rooms including one, then 384 (73%) would achieve the MDI recommended within the National Annex for residential buildings.

The remaining 123 rooms falling short of guidance are 59 LKDs, eight studios, one living room and 75 bedrooms.

while all rooms have been provided with generous windows (compatibly with other competing requirements), shortfalls are mainly seen behind the east and west elevations of the building, predominantly as a result of the interaction with EC04 and EC06.

Shortfalls occur as a consequence of the following factors:

• the more obstructed outlook caused by the surrounding buildings;

• the effect of balconies, which inherently reduce the daylight ingress to the windows set below them; and

• generous room sizes.

when considering the daylight levels seen within combined LKDs or studios located on the lowest storeys, all the factors above apply. These are predominantly dual-aspect rooms with at least one window not obstructed by balconies (albeit some single-aspect rooms are also part of this group). As is typically the case in buildings of this nature, kitchens have been positioned at the rear of the room (where access to daylight is more limited) so as to maximise the levels of light to the living areas which will be better daylit. however, as the MDI metric

considers the room as a whole this means that, when tested in open-plan form, large rooms sometimes cannot achieve the recommended levels of light at the mid-point no matter the amount of light reaching the front area (the living area). Should only the living areas be considered, then the test would report that much greater levels of light can be enjoyed by occupants and so, with it being common and good practice to locate kitchens in the rear parts of the floorplan, this is a common occurrence in open-plan LKDs and studios.

where bedrooms have been found to fall short of guidance, this is a result of them having been located in the more obstructed areas of the building and/ or below balconies, in order to prioritise the daylight ingress within the main living spaces. These shortfalls occur mainly at the base of the building where the obstruction from the neighbouring plots is greater.

In relation to sunlight, 202 dwellings have been assessed and 57% of them (114) would meet or exceed BRE’s recommendation for solar exposure. The vast majority of these homes (105) achieve the recommended sunlight exposure within the main living space, which is considered preferable by the BRE. The 88 homes falling short mainly do so owing to their orientation and are located at the base of the building or within the tower (facing north-east or north-west), thus having an inherently lower expectation for direct sunlight.

In any high-density development, there will be a number of homes with levels of sunlight below those recommended by BRE and in this case, this is a function of their orientation. The design has however sought to maximise the number of dualaspect homes and so maximise the chances for direct sunlight access.

The daylight and sunlight performance is only part of what constitutes high-quality residential design and it should be noted that in EC05:

• All M4(2) homes exceed the minimum apartment areas required by the NDSS, with 85% exceeding this by 4% or more and 29% by 10% or more. M4(3) wheelchair homes are ≥19% than NDSS minimum areas;

• 88% of homes in the building are dual-aspect providing light, views and ventilation from alternate aspects (see section 6A of the DAS Addendum for details);

• The design of the homes has been developed to balance and optimise considerations around: daylight, overheating, passive energy performance and maximising amenity.

• Every home benefits from generous floor to ceiling heights of 2.7m to habitable rooms.

Overall, EC05 has been optimised for daylight ingress, whilst balancing the overheating requirements, and performs well in terms of daylight and sunlight when considering its context and typology.

EC06

This building has a three-sided footprint, with excellent levels of light reaching the windows located behind the north elevation, while the proximity to EC05 to the east and to wB06 to the south results in areas of reduced light potential behind these elevations.

As part of the design process, several features have been incorporated that are beneficial for daylight and sunlight, in particular:

• living areas have been placed in corner locations so as to maximise the daylight ingress where this is typically most enjoyed;

• balconies have been located so as to overhang secondary windows or bedroom windows in order to prioritise the daylight ingress within the main living space; and

• window sizes have been designed to optimise daylight ingress, while controlling overheating.

Overall, therefore, the building performs well. Of the 365 rooms tested, 273 (75%) would achieve the suggested MDI levels when holding the L/K/Ds and kitchen/dining rooms to a target of 150 lux. when considering the higher 200 lux target suggested for kitchens, 240 (66%) would meet the recommended targets.

The remaining 92 rooms are 20 LKDs, 46 bedrooms, three living rooms and 23 kitchen/dining rooms.

The kitchen/dining rooms are located on stacks at the prow of the building. These belong to homes where the living rooms meet or exceed the recommended daylight levels with the exception of three that fall short only marginally.

These three living rooms are located on the lowest residential floors and achieve 114-143 lux (where the

target is 150 lux) due to the provision of a balcony.

In relation to bedrooms, with the exception of a few isolated instances which are predominantly minor in nature, the shortfalls are seen as a consequence of them being located below balconies and in the more obstructed areas of the building, in order to prioritise the daylight ingress within the main living spaces.

As already discussed for EC05, where LKDs have been found to fall short of guidance, this is a function of the generous room size and depth, combined with the surrounding obstruction and provision of a balcony. Shortfalls are however only seen on the lowest storeys (up to level 10), where the obstruction caused by EC05 is greatest. These are always dual-aspect rooms with at least two windows not obstructed by balconies and even if this was not always sufficient to light the whole room to the recommended median, much greater levels of light than those recorded for the room as a whole will be available to the front part of the room, closer to the fenestration.

The 108 proposed dwellings have also been assessed for sunlight and 33% of them (36) would meet or exceed BRE’s recommendation of one room or more seeing at least one and a half hours of sunlight on the equinox. Most of these homes achieve the recommended sunlight exposure within the main living space, which is considered preferable by the BRE. Given the central London location and urban nature of this development within an opportunity area, this should be considered an acceptable outcome.

The 72 homes falling short of guidance are all dualaspect and mainly located behind the northern elevation of the building, where the expectation for sunlight is inherently lower. The remaining homes are either facing EC05 or located on the lowest storeys of the southern elevation.

Daylight, sunlight considerations are only part of the consideration of high-quality residential design and it should be noted that in EC06:

• Every home is dual aspect providing light, views and ventilation from alternate aspects;

• The design of the homes has been developed to balance and optimise considerations around: daylight, overheating, passive energy performance and maximising amenity;

• The number of homes per floor is six, meaning that residents have greater opportunity to build neighbourly bonds.

Overall, EC06 has been optimised for daylight ingress, whilst balancing the overheating requirements and performs well in terms of daylight and sunlight when considering its context and typology.

5.3 CONCLUSIONS ON OVERSHADOWING

The BRE recommends that for an open amenity space to be well sunlit throughout the year, at least 50% of its area should see two or more hours of sunlight on the equinox. An overshadowing assessment has therefore been undertaken for the areas of communal and public amenity provided within the scheme. The results of this assessment are shown in Section 8 of this report.

In addition, sun exposure assessments have also been undertaken for the equinox and summer solstice in order to provide a better understanding of the sunlight availability throughout the year.

The Proposed Development provides a variety of outdoor amenity spaces, namely:

• a Residents’ Courtyard on the ground floor of EC05;

• two communal terraces on levels three and seven of EC05;

• an open space connecting the Table Park (to the South of EC05 and EC06) with warwick Crescent (to the North), which also provides a play space area to serve residents of EC06.

The overshadowing assessments undertaken for the communal terrace on L03 have shown it to well exceed the levels of sunlight recommended by the BRE, with 93% seeing at least two hours of sunlight on the equinox (against a target of 50%). The sunlight exposure assessments highlight further the excellent levels of sunlight on the equinox but also help show the summer position when the majority of space will see over five hours of sunlight. This terrace, therefore can be considered excellently sunlit.

The other terrace is predominantly north-facing and so, with EC05 being directly to the south, this terrace sees lower levels of sunlight than those recommended on the equinox but a large proportion of the area

sees over three hours of sunlight in June.

Similarly, the Residents’ Courtyard also receives lower levels of sunlight in mid-season, as can be expected owing to its aspect, location and being bordered by built form on all sides.

The levels of sunlight seen within these two spaces are very much in line with expectations of a terrace and courtyard of this nature and again, should direct sunlight be wished for outside of the summer months, this can be attained elsewhere in the Site such as the terrace on level three or within the Table Park, located to the immediate south and directly accessed from these buildings.

Finally, the open space linking the Table Park with warwick Crescent (known as warwick walk) has also been assessed and it sees lower levels of sunlight than recommended owing to its location in between EC05 and EC06. while connected to Table Park, this area has been assessed separately as it is part of the detailed component of the application, while the Park has been assessed with the outline component of the masterplan. The Park, however, sees excellent levels of sunlight and so when considering these two areas combined, the 50% recommendation would be well exceeded.

Given the variety of spaces on offer, future occupants will be able to enjoy either a sunlit or more shaded space depending on their requirements.

Overall, the performance is in line with expectations for high-density locations such as this and is considered acceptable, in our view, considering the context of the wider Earls Court Masterplan.

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 02

- LEVEL 04

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 04

EC05 Level 05

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 06

EC05 Level 07

Table 01: Assessment Data

- LEVEL 09

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 09

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 10

EC05 Level 11

- LEVEL 11

Table 01: Assessment Data

- LEVEL 12

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 Level 12

EC05 Level 13

- LEVEL 13

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC05 Level 14

- LEVEL 14

Table 01: Assessment Data

15

- LEVEL 15

EC05 Level 16

- LEVEL 16

EC05 Level 17

- LEVEL 17

18

- LEVEL 18

EC05 Level 19

- LEVEL 19

EC05 Level 21

EC05 Level 22

- LEVEL 23

EC05 Level 24

EC05 - LEVEL 24

Table 01: Assessment Data

- LEVEL 25

EC06 Level 02

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 03

- LEVEL 03

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 04

- LEVEL 04

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 05

- LEVEL 05

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 06

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 07

EC06 Level 08

EC06 Level 09

- LEVEL 09

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 10

- LEVEL 10

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 11

- LEVEL 11

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 12

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 13

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 14

- LEVEL 14

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 15

- LEVEL 15

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 16

- LEVEL 16

EC06 Level 17

- LEVEL 17

Table 01: Assessment Data

EC06 Level 18

EC06 Level 19

- LEVEL 19

Table 01: Assessment Data

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 - Townhouses L00

TOWN HOUSE - LEVEL 01

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 - Townhouses L01

Table 01: Assessment Data EC05 - Townhouses L02

8 OVERSHADOWING ASSESSMENTS

OVERS h ADOw ING ASSESSMENT

(BRE RECOMMENDS 2+ hOURS OF SUNLIGhT ON 21ST MARCh FOR AT LEAST 50% OF ThE OPEN SPACE)

SUN HOURS ON GROUND

BRE TEST - 21ST MARCh

<2 2+

OVERS h ADOw ING ASSESSMENT

SUN EXPOSURE ON GROUND - 21ST MARCH (SPRING EQUINOX)

SUN EXPOSURE TOTAL hOURS

21st March (SPRING EQUINOX)

LONDON

Latitude: 51.4

Longitude: 0.0

Sunrise: 06:02 GMT

Sunset: 18:14 GMT

Total Available Sunlight: 12hrs 12mins

OVERS h ADOw ING ASSESSMENTSUN EXPOSURE ON GROUND - 21ST JUNE (SUMMER SOLSTICE)

21st June (SUMMER SOLSTICE)

LONDON

Latitude: 51.4

Longitude: 0.0

Sunrise: 04:43 GMT

Sunset: 21:21 GMT

Total Available Sunlight: 16hrs 38mins

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