Ubertechnological Environmenta Wireless Transmission Network

Ubertechnological Environmenta Wireless Transmission Networksa Gene Uber technological environment a. Wireless transmission networks. A "generation" generally refers to a change in the standards governing the fundamental nature of the transmission technology, peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers. New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years.1 For example, the 1981 analog (1G) to 1992 digital (2G) transmission shift provided significantly more efficiency, enabling far greater mobile phone penetration levels. It also introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS (Short Message Service) plain text-based messages, picture messages and MMS (Multimedia Message Service).1,2 In 2001, 3G provided multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gave rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users such as Global Positioning System (GPS), location-based services, Mobile TV, Telemedicine, Video Conferencing, and Video on demand. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G (2008 release) and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones. This ensured it could be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.2 4G in 2011/2012, an all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched network, gave rise to mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access3, whereas 5G, currently under development, should provide performance as high as 20 Gigabits per second, and should be deployed beginning in 2018.4 b. Devices. Following the introduction of 2G, IBM demonstrated the first prototype phone enabling functions other than phone calls in 1992. By 1994, BellSouth (a network operator) had demonstrated the touch screen-equipped cell phone “Simon” which could send and receive faxes and emails and included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news. In 1995 ATT dubbed Simon a “smart phone.”5 The devices were also prohibitively expensive and primarily targeted enterprise end users, not consumers.6 In 1996, HP and Nokia devices appeared which merged personal digital assistant OS with cell phone hardware. The phones were bulkier than either stand-alone device but allowed a modicum of internet access. Drawbacks included high cost, expensive data plans, expansion limitations, decreased battery life, and