This Paper Has 3 Parts To It Answer The Following Questions In Detail This paper has 3 parts to it. Answer the following questions in detail, the combination length should be no less than 2 full pages with 1-inch margins. MLA format, 1.5 line spacing, size 11 Times New Roman, a works cited page. 1. Cesare Beccaria and the Classical School (Identify the contribution of Cesare Beccaria and the classical school) 2. Jeremy Bentham and the "Hedonic Calculus" (Explain the contribution of Jeremy Bentham and the utilitarians). 3. John Howard and the birth of the Penitentiary (Discuss the work of John Howard and its influence on correctional reform).
Paper For Above instruction The contributions of Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and John Howard represent foundational pillars in the development of modern criminal justice and penal reform. This essay explores the significance of each figure's ideas and efforts, illustrating their influence on contemporary concepts of law, punishment, and correctional systems. Cesare Beccaria, an Italian philosopher and jurist of the 18th century, is widely regarded as one of the central figures of the Classical School of criminology. His seminal work, *On Crimes and Punishments* (Crimes and Punishments, 1764), challenged prevailing notions of unjust and arbitrary punishment. Beccaria argued for the reform of criminal law based on principles of rationality, consistency, and fairness. His ideas emphasized that laws should be clear, proportionate, and aimed at deterring crime rather than seeking revenge. Beccaria posited that certainty and swiftness of punishment are more effective deterrents than severity alone and advocated for the abolition of torture and the death penalty in most circumstances. His advocacy for a rational approach to justice influenced contemporary legal systems worldwide, promoting the idea that punishment should serve the purpose of preventing future crimes rather than exacting retribution. Beccaria’s emphasis on the social contract, free will, and deterrence established the moral and philosophical foundation of the Classical School, shaping later reform efforts and criminal justice policies. Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher and legal theorist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, further