There9 Questions Each Ten Questions Require A 250 Word Minimum Coun There 9 questions. Each ten questions require a 250 word minimum count. Word, 12 pt Times Roman APA Format The reference below should be used and PLUS A SCHOLARLY SOURCE is needed cited also per question. Please keep them numbered as shown. There 5 questions then 4 more beginning with 1 again. Please show in the correct order. Reference: Nigro, L. & Kellough, J. (2014) The New Public Personnel Administration, 7th Edition, Cengage Learning. Please use the reference above plus a scholarly source for each question.
Paper For Above instruction Performance Appraisal 1. Describe the three major types of criteria used in performance assessment and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Performance appraisal is a vital process in public personnel management, serving to evaluate employee effectiveness and inform administrative decisions. The three major types of criteria used in performance assessment are trait-based, behavior-based, and result-based criteria. Trait-based criteria focus on inherent qualities such as attitude, dependability, and cleanliness. The advantage of trait-based measures is their simplicity and ease of observation; however, they are often criticized for subjectivity and lack of job relevance (Nigro & Kellough, 2014). Behavior-based criteria evaluate specific actions relevant to job performance, providing clearer standards and reducing ambiguity, but they may overlook broader results or outcomes of work. Result-based criteria assess the outcomes or achievements resulting from employee efforts, aligning performance with organizational goals and often offering the most objective standards. Nevertheless, result-based criteria can be affected by external factors outside the employee’s control, potentially misrepresenting individual contribution (Levy, 2018). Each type offers unique insights, but combining these criteria can provide a comprehensive assessment. Understanding their respective advantages and disadvantages allows public managers to design fair and effective evaluation systems tailored to diverse public sector roles. 2. What are the sources of error in performance appraisal? Sources of error in performance appraisal can significantly diminish the accuracy and fairness of