Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2017: 5.068, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL, AUG-SEPT 2018, VOL- 6/29
EFFECT OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ENDURANCE TRAINING AND COMBINED TRAINING ON LEG STRENGTH BACK STRENGTH AND TIDAL VOLUME Mr. Shashibushan Sharma1 & S. Chidambara Raja2, Ph. D. 1
Ph. D., Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Mewar University
2
Associate Professor & Research Supervisor, Department of Physical Education and Sports
Sciences, Annamalai University. Abstract The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of resistance training, endurance training and combined training on leg strength, back strength and tidal volume. Sixty male students aged between 17 and 22 years were selected for the study. They were divided into four equal groups, each group consisting of fifteen subjects in which Group I underwent resistance training, group II underwent endurance training, group III underwent combined training three days per week for twelve weeks and group IV acted as control, which did not participate in any training. The subjects were tested on selected criterion variables such as leg strength, back strength and tidal volume at prior to and immediately after the training period. For testing the leg strength and back strength, the dynamometer was used and tidal volume was tested by using expirograph. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant difference if any, between the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variables separately. Since there were four groups involved in the present study, the ScheffĂŠ S test was used as post-hoc test. The selected criterion variables such as leg strength, back strength and tidal volume were improved significantly for all the training groups when compared with the control group and the leg and back strength were improved significantly for resistance training group and in tidal volume, the endurance training group was significantly improved. Keywords: Resistance training, endurance training, physical fitness, leg strength, back strength and tidal volume.
Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com INTRODUCTION Sports includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. (Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport on 12-05-2017.) "Sports training is a planned and controlled process in which, for achieving a goal, changes in complex sports motor performance, ability to act and behavior are made
Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002)
through measures of content, methods and organisation".( Martin, “What is Sports Training and Types of Training?”, Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_sports_training_and_types_of_training on 2102-2013.) Sports training is a process of athletic improvement, which is conducted on the basis of scientific principles and which, through systematic development of mental and physical efficiency, capacity and motivation, enables the athletes to produce outstanding and record breaking athletic performances. (Dietrich Harre, 1982) While planning the dynamics of training, consider these aspects, referred to as the variables of training according to the functional and psychological characteristics of a competition. Throughout the training phases preceding a competition, define which component to emphasize and achieve the planned performance objective (Vladimir M.Zatsiorsky, 1995). Resistance training has two different meanings. A broader meaning that refers to any training that uses a resistance to the force of muscular contraction (better termed strength training), and elastic or hydraulic resistance, which refers to a specific type of resistance training that uses elastic or hydraulic tension to provide this resistance (www.wikipedia.org). Resistance training - sometimes called weight training or strength training - is a “specialized method of conditioning designed to increase muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle power,” according to the American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI) (Edward G. Mcfarland, www.google.com). Endurance is a term widely used in sport and can mean many different things to many different people. In sports it refers to an athlete‟s ability to sustain prolonged exercise for minutes, hours, or even days. Endurance requires the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply energy to the working muscles in order to support sustained physical activity (www.busywomenfitness.com). Leg strength plays a vital role in the daily activities of man. It is an essential factor for including in almost all games and sports. There is an old saying that an athlete will go only as long as his legs will carry him. At rest, only about half a litre of air is drawn into the lungs with each breath; this is known as the tidal volume. It increases with exercise until it reaches the vital capacity. The total amount of air inhaled each minute (ventilation rate) depends on both the depth and Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
7997
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002)
frequency of breathing. At rest, about 12 breaths per minute are taken so that the total volume of air inhaled is about 6 litres. During very strenuous exercise, this can increase to more than 100 litres a minute. (Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes on 28-12-2015) Methods In this study it was aimed to find out the effect of resistance training, endurance training and combined training on leg strength, back strength and tidal volume.
To
achieve the purpose sixty male students from various colleges around Faridabad Town, Faridabad were selected as subjects at random from the total population of 160 students. They were divided into four equal groups of fifteen each and further divided as two experimental groups and one control group, in which the group I (n=15) underwent resistance training, group II (n = 15) underwent endurance trainingm group III underwent combined training (n = 15) and group IV (n = 15) acted as control which did not participate in any special training apart from the regular curricula. For every training programme there would be a change in various structure and systems in human body. So, the researchers consulted with the experts and then selected the following variables as criterion variables: 1. Leg strength, 2. Back strength and 3. Tidal volume. Analysis of the Data Analysis of covariance was used to determine the differences, if any, among the adjusted post test means on selected criterion variables separately. Whenever the „F‟ ratio for adjusted post test mean was found to be significant, the Scheffé S test was applied as post-hoc test. The level of significance was fixed at .05 level of confidence to test the „F‟ ratio obtained by analysis of covariance. Table – I Analysis of Covariance and ‘F’ ratio for Leg Strength, Back Strength and Tidal Volume of Resistance Training Group, Endurance Training Group and Control Group Variable Name
Group Name
Resistance Training Group 71.20 ± 2.88
Endurance Training Group 71.73 ± 2.22
Combined Training Group 71.80 ± 3.08
Control Group
‘F’ Ratio
Pre-test 71.60 ± 3.29 0.13 Mean±S.D . Post-test 76.27 ± 1.94 73.87 ± 2.50 74.47 ± 2.99 71.40 ± 8.17* Mean±S.D 3.278 . Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Leg Strength (in Kg)
7998
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002)
Back Strength (in Kg)
Tidal Volume (in Liters)
Adj. Posttest Mean Pre-test Mean±S.D . Post-test Mean±S.D . Adj. Posttest Mean Pre-test Mean±S.D . Post-test Mean±S.D . Adj. Posttest Mean
7999
76.583
73.743
74.288
74.288
38.97*
62.13 ± 1.80
61.47 ± 1.81
62.07 ± 1.58
61.87 ± 2.36
0.39
69.67 ± 1.80
65.07 ± 2.02
65.60 ± 1.84
61.87 ± 2.03
41.47*
69.453
65.423
65.443
61.881
117.45*
0.462 ± 0.018
0.459 ± 0.017
0.455 ± 0.024 0.450 ± 0.031 0.724
0.503 ± 0.02
0.542 ± 0.017
0.515 ± 0.026 0.451 ± 0.032 34.49*
0.498
0.540
0.5196
0.458
130.63*
* Significant at .05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 3 and 56 and 3 and 55were 2.77 and 2.78 respectively). Results - I Table – I shows that there was a significant difference among resistance training group, endurance training group and control group on leg strength, back strength and tidal volume. Further to know which of the paired mean has significant improvement on selected criterion variables; the Scheffé S test was applied. Table – II Scheffĕ S Test for the Difference between the Adjusted Post-Test Mean of Leg Strength Back Strength and Tidal volume Adjusted Post-test Mean Leg Strength Resistance Endurance Combined Control Training Training Training Group Group Group Group 76.583 73.743 76.583 74.288 76.583 71.386 73.743 74.288 73.743 71.386 74.288 71.386 Adjusted Post-test Mean Back Strength Resistance Endurance Combined Control Training Training Training Group Group Group Group 69.453 65.423 69.453 65.443 69.453 61.881 65.423 65.443 65.423 61.881 65.443 61.881
Mean Difference 2.84* 2.295* 5.197* 0.545 2.357* 2.902* Mean Difference 4.03* 4.01* 7.572* 0.02 3.542* 3.562*
Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Confidence Interval at 0.05 level 1.395 1.395 1.395 1.395 1.395 1.395 Confidence Interval at 0.05 level 1.164 1.164 1.164 1.164 1.164 1.164
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002) Adjusted Post-test Mean Tidal Volume Resistance Endurance Combined Training Training Training Group Group Group 0.498 0.540 0.498 0.516 0.498 0.540 0.516 0.540 0.516
Control Group
0.458 0.458 0.458
Mean Difference 0.042* 0.018* 0.041* 0.024* 0.082* 0.058*
Confidence Interval at 0.05 level 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Result - II Table – II shows that the Scheffĕ S Test for the difference between adjusted posttest mean of resistance training group and endurance training groups (2.84), resistance training group and combined training group (2.295), resistance training group and control group (5.197), endurance training group and control group (2.357) and combined training group and control group (2.902) which were significant at .05 level of confidence on leg strength after the training programme. But the adjusted post-test mean difference between endurance training group and combined training group on leg strength was 0.545, which was not significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table – II also shows that the Scheffĕ S Test for the difference between adjusted post-test mean difference in back strength of resistance training group and endurance training groups (4.03), resistance training group and combined training group (4.01), resistance training group and control group (7.572), endurance training group and control group (3.542) and combined training group and control group (3.562) which were significant at .05 level of confidence on back strength after the training programme. But the adjusted post-test mean difference between endurance training group and combined training group on leg strength was 0.02, which was not significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table – II shows that the Scheffĕ S Test for the difference between adjusted posttest mean difference in tidal volume of resistance training group and endurance training groups (0.042), resistance training group and combined training group (0.018), resistance training group and control group (0.041), endurance training group and combined training group (0.024), endurance training group and control group (0.082) and combined training group and control group (0.058) which were significant at .05 level of confidence on back
Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
8000
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002)
strength after the training programme.
But the adjusted post-test mean difference
between, which was not significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Conclusions 1. The resistance training, endurance training and combined training groups have better improvement in leg strength after their respective training period. But resistance training group have better improvement in leg strength than the endurance training group and combined training group.
There was no significant difference have
occurred between endurance training group and combined training group on leg strength. This result is in line with findings of
K. Spanos et al, (2007) and W.J.
Kraemer et al (2001) who were found that there was a significant improvement in leg strength (1RM squat) after the resistance training. Hennesay and Watson (1994) have found that combined training (resistance and endurance training) have improved the strength significantly.. 2. The present study shows that there was a significant improvement in back strength after the resistance training, endurance training and combined resistance and endurance training when compared with the control group. The resistance training group have significantly improved the leg strength than the endurance training group and combined training group. Moreover, the endurance training group and combined training group didnâ€&#x;t show any significant difference on back strength. 3. Tidal volume was significantly improved for all the training groups, such as, resistance training group, endurance training group and combined training group when compared with the control group. But, there was a significant difference was occurred among all the training groups on tidal volume. Sajwan (1986) has found that there was a significant improvement in vital capacity after the endurance training. D.C. McKenzie, S.L. McLuckie and D.R. Stirling (1994) have also found that there was a significant improvement in forced vital capacity after the continuous warming up. Reference: Tudor O. Bompa, Periodization : Theory and Methodology of Training, (4th ed.,), (Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1999), p.54. Dietrich Harre, Principles of Sports Training, (Sportverlag, Berlin 1982), p.10. Vladimir M.Zatsiorsky, Science and Practical of Strength Training, (Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1995), p.79. Edward G. Mcfarland, Getting Strong Through Resistance Training, Internet Resource, Rex Hazeldine, Fitness for Sport, (Marlborough: The Crawford Press, 1985), p.52. Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
8001
Mr. Shashibushan Sharma & Dr. S. Chidambara Raja (Pg. 7996-8002) F. Updyke and Parry B. Johnson, Principle of Modern Physical Education, Health and Recreation, (New York: Rinchart and Winsten Inc., 1970), p.118. D. Anderson, The Discipline and the Profession, (Dubuque, IOWA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1989), p. 12. Jack Daniels, Robert Fitts and George Sheehan, Conditioning for Distance Running, (New York: John Willey and Sons Inc., 1978), p. 60. K. Spanos, L. Karaiskos, E. Zetou and C. Portokalis, “The Effects of Two Resistance Training Programs in Maximum Strength and Muscular Endurance of Male Adults”, Physical Training, (August 2007), 1 – 3. W.J. Kraemer, S. A. Mazzetti, B. C. Nindl, L. A. Gotshalk, J. S. Volek, J. A. Bush, J. O. Marx, K. Dohi, A. L. Gómez, M. Miles, S. J. Fleck, R. U. Newton, and K. Häkkinen, “Effect of Resistance Training on Women's Strength/Power and Occupational Performances”, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 33:6, (2001), 1011 – 1025. Hennessay and Watson, “The Interference Effect of Training for Strength and Endurance Simultaneously”, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 8:1, (February 1994), 12-19. S. Chidambara Raja, “Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Continuous and Interval Running on Tidal volume”, Unpublished M.Phil., Dissertation, Annamalai University, (1992). Arrivind Singh Sajwan, “Comparative Effects of Two Systems of Aerobic Training on Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Related Physiological Variables”, Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation, Jiwaji University, (1986). D.C. McKenzie, S.L. McLuckie and D.R. Stirling, “The Protective Effects of Continuous and Interval Exercise in Athletes with Exercise-Induced Asthma”, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26:8, (August 1994), 951 – 6.
Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
8002