Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFERRED JOURNAL, APR-MAY, 2020, VOL- 8/39
A STUDY OF SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG CHILDREN OF WORKING AND NON-WORKING MOTHERS OF KASHMIR Misbah Hassan1 & Tabasum Akhter2 1
Research Scholar, Mewar University Chittorgarh Rajasthan
2
Associate Professor, Govt. College for Women M.A. Road Srinagar Abstract
Social intelligence is abroad term that encompasses a vast range of skills and unique Characteristics and generally makes mention ofreciprocal and cerebral expertise that transcends Specified areas of the prior knowledge such as intellect and specialized or administrative skills. The present study aims to study the social intelligence among children of working and non-working mothers of Kashmir. The sample for the present study comprised of 700 (350 children of working and 350 children of non-working mothers) selected by using simple random technique. Social intelligence scale (SIS) developed by N.K Chadda and Ganesen (1986) were used to collect the data from the sample subject. The finding of the study confirms that no significant mean difference was found between the children of working and non-working mothers on social intelligence that clarifies that both the children of working and non-working mothers have almost equal social intelligence. Keywords: Social intelligence, Children of working mothers, children of non-working mothers.
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Introduction Ancient text like Vedas, epics and religious scriptures provided the details of upbringing children and prescribed the roles and responsibilities of parents, families and societies towards children. The early learning experiences are in the different environments, children come in contact with outside the home (Hawkins et.al; 2007). Relationship between parent and child has always been meaningful. Today in American societies role of parents mainly involves control and nurturance. In a narrow sense nurturance includes physical part of child care such as bathing, dressing and feeding children. Children learn progressivepursuits from their parents such as girls going out for work and boys doing households jobs (Gupta, 2006; Olivetti et al., 2016). According to Froebel, “mothers are the ideal teachers, and the informal education given by home is most effective and natural”. “Studies have shown a strong connection between the professional status of the mother and the occupation selected by her daughters”- (Boyd, 1985, Di Pietro and Urwin, 2003, Emran and Shilpi, 2011, Hayes 1987, Stevens and Boyd, 1980).
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Social intelligence is abroad term that encompasses a vast range of skills and unique Characteristics and generally makes mention ofreciprocal and cerebral expertise that transcends Specified areas of the prior knowledge such as intellect and specialized or administrative skills (Rezayee, and Khalilzadeh, 2009:25).Social intelligence is the alteration capacityof an individual to his community environment, issues and obstacles of life. Thorndike (1920) from the beginning described social intelligence as the facet of generalized intelligence and defined it “as the ability to understand humans and act wisely in human interactions”. Snow (2010) further extended over Thorndike’s definition by enumerating that “social intelligence is the accumulation of knowledge, cognitive abilities and affective sensitivities that allow individuals to navigate their social globe”. Ross Honeywellis of the opinion that social intelligence is, “an aggregated measure of self- and social-awareness, evolved social beliefs and attitudes, and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change”. People who are socially intelligent behave reasonably and strong associations with other in the society. Nicholas Flumphrey is of the opinionthat it is social intelligence and not the quantitative intelligence that actually makes humans what they are. Significance of the study There is a dearth of research investigating the effect of maternal employment on the children. Now when the role of women is changing both within the family and outside the family Questions has been raised concerning the impact of maternal employment on children and various dimensions of their life like mental health, social intelligence and self-concept. It is supposed that the maternal employment has abstruse implications for our changing social patterns. It is therefore very much pertinent to study mental health, social intelligence and self-concept of children of working and non-working mothers.The findings of the study are important for the parents to understand the child and consequently provide healthy family conditions for their mental, social and self-growth. It will enable to locate those factors of personality of the children in which parents can be more careful. The study may also help the working and non-working women to realize the importance of quality of time they spend with their children. It will also help the guidance workers, teachers to give effective guidance to the students and parents. The results of this study will be of great practical worth for the psychologists who are committed in guiding and counseling and also to the educators who are involved with curriculum planning, instructional evaluation.
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Objectives The objectives for the present investigation are as under: 1. To study Social Intelligence of children of working and non-working mothers. 2. To compare the children of working and non-working mothers on Social Intelligence. Hypothesis of the study The following hypothesis have been formulated for the study 1. There is significant difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on Social Intelligence. Methodology and Procedure The present study has been completed through descriptive method of research. Sample The sample for the study was selected randomly from different schools of Kashmir division. The total sample for the present study consists of 700 children of working and non-working mothers in which 350 children are of working mothers and 350 children are of non- working mothers. The sample was chosen from different Secondary and Higher Secondary schools of four districts of Kashmir division viz., Anantnag, Budgam, Ganderbal, and Srinagar. The age group of the sample was 12 to 19 years. Inclusion criterion:
Children studying in 6 – 12 standards in selected secondary and higher secondary schools of Kashmir province.
The age range of respondent should be 12-19 years.
Respondent should willingly participate in the study.
Exclusion criterion:
Children who were not available at the time of collection of data.
Children whose age is below 12 years or above 19 years.
Children who are not willing to participate. The breakup of the sample is as under: GROUP Children of working mothers Children of non-working mothers Total
N 350 350 700
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Research Instruments Social intelligence scale developed by N.K Chadda and Ganesen (1986) was used to assess the social intelligence of the sample subjects. Analysis and interpretation Table 1: Showing the Levels of Social Intelligence among Children of Working and non Working Mothers Children of NonChildren of Working Mothers working Mothers N %age N %age
Levels of Social Intelligence 98 & above
High
70-97
Average
69 & below
Low Total
171
48.9
181
51.70
173
49.4
164
46.90
6
1.7
5
1.40
350
100.0
350
100.0
Table 1 shows that out of350 children of working mothers, 51.70% shows high level of social intelligence, 46.90% shows average and only 1.40% of children show low social intelligence. The table also reveals that 49.40% children of non-working mothers showed average social intelligence, 48.90% showed high and 60% of children showed low social intelligence. 60 48.9
51.7
50
49.4
46.9
40 30
Children of Non-working Mothers
20
Children of Working Mothers
10
1.7 1.4
0 High
Average
Low
Fig-1 Showing the Levels of Social Intelligence among Children of Working and nonWorking Mothers (N=700)
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Table 2: Showing the mean Comparison between children of Working and nonWorking mothers on dimension of Social Intelligence Factors Patience Cooperativeness Level Confidence
of
Sensitivity Recognition of social environment Tactfulness Sense of Humor Memory Overall Social Intelligence
Group CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW CNWW CWW
N 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350
Mean 19.35 19.25 24.33 23.52 19.18 19.11 20.01 19.60 1.67 1.52 3.44 3.33 3.35 3.37 5.95 6.30 96.79 96.09
S.D. 3.397 2.815 3.946 4.012 2.807 3.147 3.510 3.685 1.598 .814 1.601 1.573 1.491 1.527 3.637 4.106 12.552 13.098
t-value
Level of Significance
0.424
Not Significant
2.679
Significant at 0.01 level
0.317
Not Significant
1.666
Not Significant
1.639
Not Significant
0.881
Not Significant
0.200
Not Significant
1.346
Not Significant
0.722
Not Significant
CNWM= Children of Non-working Mothers CWM= Children of Working Mothers The perusal of the above table shows the mean difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on patience dimensions of Social Intelligence. The calculated tvalue (0.424) isless than the tabulated t-value at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on patience dimension of social intelligence .The data depicts that both the children of working and non-working mothers are equally patient. Though the mean difference favors the children of non-working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence.On cooperativeness dimension of Social intelligence. The calculated t-value (2.679) exceeds the tabulated t-value (2.59) at 0.01 level of significance, which depicts that there is significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on cooperativeness dimension of social intelligence.
The results depicts that the children of non-working
mothers are more cooperative than the children of working mothers. The calculated t-value (0.317)isless than the tabulated t-value (1.98) at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on level of confidence dimension ofsocial intelligence. The statistical data reveals that both children of working and non-working mothers are equally confident. Though the mean Copyright Š 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language
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difference favors the children of non-working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence. On sensitivity dimension of social intelligence. The calculated tvalue (1.666) is less than the tabulated t-value (1.98) at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on sensitivity dimension of social intelligence. From the statistical data, it can be inferred that children ofworking and non -working mothers are almost equally sensitive. On recognition of social environment dimension of social intelligence. The calculated t-value (1.639)isless than the tabulated t-value (1.98) at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on social environment dimension ofsocial intelligence. The statistical data reveals that both children of working and non-working mothers are almost equally active in the society. Though the mean difference favours the children of non-working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence. On tactfulness dimension of Social intelligence. The calculated t-value (1.601)isless than the tabulated t-value (1.98) at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on tactfulness dimension ofsocial intelligence. The statistical data reveals that there is no significant difference between the two groups which confirms that both children of working and non-working mothers are equally tactful. Though the mean difference favors children of non-working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence.On sense of humor dimension of Social Intelligence. The results revealed that calculated t-value (0.200)isless than the tabulated t-value at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and nonworking mothers on sense of humor dimension ofsocial intelligence. The data reveals that there is no significant difference between the two groups which confirms that both the groups have almost equal sense of humor. Though the meandifference favors the children of working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence.On memory dimension of Social intelligence. The calculated t-value (1.346) is less than the tabulated t-value (1.98) at 0.05 level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on memory dimension of social intelligence. The above result clarifies that children of both working and non-working mothers are almost equal on memory dimension of social intelligence.On overall dimensions of Social intelligence the results revealed that calculated t-value (0.722) isless than the tabulated tCopyright Š 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language
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value at any level of significance, which depicts that there is no significant difference between children of working and non-working mothers on overall dimensions ofsocial intelligence. The results depicts that there is no significant difference between the two groups which confirms that both children of working and non-working mothers have almost equal social intelligence. Though the mean difference favors children of non-working mothers but the difference failed to arrive at any level of confidence. Conclusion It has been found that there is no significant mean difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on patience dimension of social intelligence which shows that both the children of working and non-working mothers are equally patient. Significant mean difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on cooperativeness dimension of social intelligence which clarifies that the children of non-working mothers are more cooperative than the children of working mothers. No significant difference was found between the children of working and non-working mothers on level of confidence dimension of social intelligence which depicts that both the children of working and non-working mothers are equally confident. No significant difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on sensitivity dimension of social intelligence which clarifies that both children of working and non-working mothers are equally sensitive.No significant difference was found between the children of working and non-working mothers on recognition of social environment dimension of social intelligence which showed that both the children of working and non-working mothers are almost equally active in the society. No significant difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on tactfulness dimension of social intelligence which clarifies that both children of working and nonworking mothers are equally tactful. No significant difference was found between the children of working and non-working mothers on sense of humor dimension of social intelligence which depicts that both the groups possess equal sense of humor. No significant difference between the children of working and non-working mothers on memory dimension of social intelligence which clarifies that both the children of working and non-working mothers have almost equal power of memorization. On overall scores of social intelligence, no significant mean difference was found between the children of working and non-working mothers that clarifies that both the children of working and non-working mothers have almost equal social intelligence. Copyright Š 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language
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