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Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2017: 5.068, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL, DEC-JAN 2019, VOL- 7/31

KNOWLEDGE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURESOF CONTRACEPTIVES USE AMONG WOMEN IN NIGERIA M. A. Abdulkadir1, Jacinta A. Opara2, Rasheedat Abdullahi Jimoh3, Abdulsalam Abdullah4, Ukah Anyalewachi Andy5 & Ekundayo Babatunde6 1-4

University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

5-6

Varitas University, Abuja, Nigeria Abstract

This paper assessed the knowledge of preventive measures of contraceptives use among women in Kwara State, Nigeria. A Proportional sampling procedure was used for 378 respondents between the ages of 20-44 in the selected Local Government Areas in Kwara State. Questionnaire was used to collect the data in this study and the demographic variables were analyzed using frequency and percentage distribution, statistics of mean and standard deviation.The hypotheses one were tested with chi-squarestatistics. Hypotheses twoand three sought for differences among the age groups and marital status in their knowledge ofpreventive measuresof contraceptives risks respectively; hence analysis of variance was used to know whether significant differences existed between knowledge and prevention. The result of the findings revealed that knowledge ofpreventive measuresof contraceptives among women in kwara state are high. On the basis of the findings, it was therefore recommended that health talks about preventive measures of contraceptives risks should be discussed during antenatal and post natal clinics, women shouldalso consider their health status and understand the risk involve in each method to take preventive measures. Keywords: Women, Contraceptives, sex, knowledge, health, family planning

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction Planned Parenthood Federation of America, (2012) reported that not all contraceptive methods are appropriate for all situations, and the most appropriate method of birth control depends on a woman's overall health, age, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, desire to have children in the future, and family history of certain diseases. Individuals should consult their health care providers to determine which method of birth control is best for them. Contraceptives risks in Nigeria in the contemporary time have become an issue that casts a gloomy shadow to the entire society especially among women in Kwara State. The researcher witness cases of high blood pressure, urinary tract infection, blood clotting, migrains, gall bladder disease, delay in pregnancy and infertility in women, especially among friends and Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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relativesand all were as a result of contraceptives uses. Today, Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world and this has largely been attributed to lack of knowledge of contraceptives use to prevent the potential risks (Stover& Rose 2009). Gbolahan, (2008) however, reported that married women in Ilorin, Nigeria, who are in their prime childbearing ages, have contraceptive knowledge and more than 95 percent of all the women believe that too frequent birth could endanger the health of the mother and her children. However, only the women with risks of contraceptive knowledge will be able to take preventive measures. Acquiring knowledge about contraceptives is the best way to prevent potential risk since women are not fully protected from an unplanned pregnancy and which makes contraceptives necessary until they have reached menopause. Women therefore need knowledge to prevent the risks of contraceptive uses and be able to consider their health status in order to choose appropriate and suitable contraceptives (Bruce &Rymer, 2009). While Deborah, Ikhena, & Julia (2012), observed that the necessity for contraceptives options for women start as early as 18.Regrettably, the prevalence of potential risk of some contraceptives is related to lack of knowledge to prevent potential risks of contraceptives. Research Question 1. Will women have knowledge of preventive measures of the risks of contraceptives use in Kwara State? Hypotheses Based on the research question, the following hypotheses were formulated for the purpose of this study. 1. Women will not significantly take preventive measure of contraceptives risks in Kwara State. 2. Women of different age groupwill not significantly take preventive measure on the risks of contraceptive use in Kwara State. 3. Women of different marital status will not significantly take preventive measure on the risks of contraceptive use in Kwara State. METHODOLOGY In this study, the researcher adopted Expost-Facto Research design, the information required to assess the knowledge and prevention of contraceptive use among women in Kwara State was already available with the respondents, and there will be no manipulation of Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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information by the respondents.According to Kerlinger (2000), the Expost-Facto Research design does not in any way control an independent variables. The population of women inKwara State consists of onemillion, one hundred and seventy one thousand, fivehundred and seventy (1,171,570). (National Population Commission, 2006).The sampling technique used was proportional sampling techniques. The 16 Local Governments Area in Kwara State has been stratified into three senatorial districts namely, Kwara South, Kwara North and Kwara Central. In this technique, 2 local governments from each of the senatorial zones in Kwara State was selected and used for this study. In all a total of six hospitals were selected from the Local Governments used for the study. To select hospitals from each stratum, a proportional sampling technique was adopted to select University Of Ilorin Teaching hospital, Ola-olu hospital ilorin, General hospital Lafiagi, General hospital Patigi,General hospital Share and General hospital Offa. This selection was done on the basis of population of women in each local government. The six selected local government in Kwara State have population of 180,926Women who were between the ages of 20-44according to (NPC), (2006). Richard (2005) reported that the larger the population size, the smaller the percentage of the population required to get a representative sample and generally,when population is beyond 5000 the population size is almost irrelevant and a sample size of 120 may be adequate. Therefore, 378 samples were used for this study. (78 in Ilorin east), (86 in ilorin south), (74 respondents was sampled in edu), (35 in pategi), (73 in Ifelodun), and (32 in offa). This gives a total of three hundred and seventy eight samples. Reason for disparity was based on 10% of the population of women between ages of 20-44 years from the selected LGA.

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Table 1 Distribution of LGA in each Senatorial Zone based on the population of women from each Local Government as well as the number of questionnaire that was distributed. S/N Senatorial Zones

Kwara Central

Local Government Area in Kwara State.

Selected LGA in Kwara State

Women between ages of 20-44

Sampled Questionnaire

Asa,Ilorin east, Ilorin,south, Ilorin west,

Ilorin east Ilorin south

37,392

40,985

Kwara North

Baruten, Edu, Kaiyaman, Moro, Patigi

Edu Patigi

35,388 16,730

74 35

Kwara South

Ekiti, Ifelodun, Irepodun, Isin, Offa, Oke-ero, Oyun,

Ifelodun Offa

34,913 15,518

73 32

Total

180,926

378

Instrument for the Data Collection The purpose of the study was to investigate the knowledge and prevention of the risk of contraceptive use among women in Kwara State; A questionnaire titled “knowledge and prevention of the risk of contraceptive use among women in Kwara State” was used for this study. The questionnaire was structured in to three sections; section A contained four statements on demographic information of the respondents. Section B contains eight statements on knowledge of the risk of contraceptives, while section C contained eight statements on prevention of the risk of contraceptives use among women in Kwara State. The questionnaire response model was structured into five point likert rating scale:Strongly Agree SA- (5 points); Agree A- (4 points); Undecided UN- (3 points); Disagree D- (2 points) and Strongly Disagree - SD- (1point) To guarantee the face content validity of the instrument, jurors from the Department of Physical and Health Education and Nursing sciences vetted the questionnaire. Their corrections and contributions were incorporated into the final copy of the questionnaire. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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The following statistical analyses were used to achieve the purpose of the study.The demographic variables were analyzed using frequency and percentage distribution statistics of means and standard deviation. Research Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance statistics for differences among the grouping variable in each case. Hypotheses one were tested with the chi square while hypotheses two and three were tested with the One way analysis of variance for differences among age groups and marital status respectively. All hypotheses tested at 0.05 alpha. Results Table 2: Personal Data of Respondents in frequencies and percentages Age group 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 Total Marital status

Frequency 81 134 112 44 07 378

Frequency Single 71 Married 273 Separated 23 Divorced 11 Total 378 Level of Education Frequency Primary school 62 Secondary school 36 Tertiary institution 256 no formal education 24 Total 378 Occupation Frequency civil servant 192 Private worker 125 Business 36 house wife 25 Total 378

Percentage 21.4 35.4 29.6 11.6 1.9 100.0 Percentage 18.8 72.2 6.1 2.9 100.0 Percentage 16.4 9.5 67.7 6.3 100.0 Percentage 50.8 33.1 9.5 6.6 100.0

The table 2 shows the distribution of respondents on their different age groups. Age groups of 20-24 years, 25-29 years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years and 40-44 years had 81 or 21.4%, 134 or 35.4%, 112 or 29.6%, 44 or 11.6% and 7 or 1.9% respectively. This shows that women between age 25-29, 30-34 representing 35.4% and 29.6% in Kwara State had knowledge of contraceptives use and its risk prevention. Majority of the respondents representing 72.2% are Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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married, 18.8 % are single, and 6.1% are separated while 2.9% are divorced. The table above further shows that married women in Kwarastate had the highest representation with 273 frequency representing 72%. This revealed that married women in Kwara State are more aware and had knowledge of contraceptives use and its risk prevention compare to single, separated and divorced. On respondentsâ€™ level of education, 62 representing 16.4% possess primary education, 36 representing 9.5% possess secondary education,256 representing 67.7% possess tertiary education while 24 representing 6.3% possess no formal education. This revealed that women in Kwara State who had Tertiary Education are more knowledgeable about contraceptive use and its risk prevention. The occupation of the respondents shows that 192 representing 50.8% are civil servants, 125 representing 33.1% are private workers,36 representing 9.5% are business women while 25 representing 6.6% are house wives. Therefore majority of the respondents are either civil servants or business women. This revealed that majority of the civil servants in Kwara State are more knowledgeable about contraceptive use and its risk prevention. Research Question: Will women have preventive measure of the risks of contraceptive use in Kwara State? Table 3: Mean scores of respondents on the preventive measure of the risks of contraceptives S/No Items

Response Categories SA A UD D

Mean

STD.DEV

Awareness of various 76 risks of contraceptives is the backbone of preventing risks of cervical cancer.

185

3.60

1.15

Getting tested for 130 211 human papillomavirus infection before using oral contraceptives is a way of preventing risks of cervical cancer.

4.23

0.66

M. A. Abdulkadir, Jacinta A. Opara, Rasheedat Abdullahi Jimoh, Abdulsalam Abdullah, Ukah Anyalewachi Andy & Ekundayo Babatunde (Pg. 8552-8564) 3

Combination of high 142 125 blood pressure and combine pill should be avoided to prevent risks of high blood pressure

3.84

1.21

Women older than 35 110 206 years who smokes should rather choose natural contraceptive and avoid oral contraceptive pills for prevention of risks

3.98

0.97

Health talks about risks 185 143 of barrier method of contraceptives will prevent women from risk of acquiring urinary tract infection.

4.27

0.93

Contributions of the 192 143 media on risks of diaphragm spermicide will guide women with latex allergy from getting infections or reactions.

4.35

0.82

To prevent risk of 79 181 infertility, I understand that Depo-Provera contraceptives is not intended for a woman who want to be pregnant any time soon Women should avoid 151 148 intrauterine devices which caused pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), in other to prevent risks of infertility Cumulative mean

12 3.71

1.03

0.98

4.08

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4.00

Decision mean = 3.000 The prevention of the risks of contraceptive use among women in Kwara State as stated in the table 3 shows that Contributions of the media can help women towards preventing contraceptives risks has the highest mean of 4.35 as details showed that 192 were Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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in strong agreement, 143 were in agreement, 31 were undecided, 6 disagreed while 6 were in strong disagreement. In the same vein they believe that health talks given during antenatal helped them to acquire information on how to prevent risks of urinary tract infections as 185 were in strong agreement, 143 were in agreement, 30 were undecided, 7 disagreed while 13 were in strong disagreement. In summary, on prevention of the risks of contraceptives use among women in Kwara State, their main sources of information includes Contributions by the media (including television, movies, magazines) and the internet can help women towards preventing contraceptives risks and Health talks given during antenatal helped them to acquire information on how to prevent risks of contraceptives Hypotheses Testing Hypothesis one: Women will not significantly take Preventive measure of contraceptives risks in Kwara State. Table 4 Chi square statistics on prevention of contraceptives risks on the knowledge possessed by women on contraceptives use in kwara state. Variable

Total SA prevention of 133 contraceptives risks on the knowledge possessed by women

Total A 168

Total UD 34

Total D 32

Total SD 11

X2 X2 Df calculated critical 341.155 41.337 28

P 0.00

X2 calculated > X2 critical, p calculated < 0.05, at df 28 Results of the chi square statistics above revealed the existence of significant preventive measures of contraceptive risks on the knowledge possessed by women on contraceptives use in kwara state, this was because the calculated chi square value of 341.155 was found to be higher than the 41.337 chi square critical value at df 28, just as the calculated p value of 0.000 was found to be lower than the 0.05 alpha level of significance. The table also showed that the computed total sum of strongly agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and strongly disagree on knowledge of the use of contraceptives were 133, 168, 34, 32 and 11 respectively. Consequently the null hypothesis which statedthat women will not significantly take Preventive measure of contraceptives risks in Kwara Statewas hereby rejectedbecause Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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the calculated chi square value of 341.155 was found to be higher than the 41.337 chi square critical value at df 28. Hypothesis two: This null hypothesis state that women of different age group will not significantly take preventive measures on the risks of contraceptives use in Kwara State. Table 5: Analysis of variance statistics on difference between women of different age group in their preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum Squares 569.665 4784.380 5354.045

of Df 4 373 377

Mean Square F

Sig.

142.416 12.827

.000

11.103

Result of the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that significant differences exist between women of different age group in the preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state Reason being that the ANOVA calculated p value of 0.000 is lower than the 0.05 alpha levels and the computed F ratio value of 11.103 is above the F critical value of 2.60. The null hypothesis was hereby rejected. Table 5: Descriptive statistics on difference between women of different age group in the preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state Women of N different Age group 20-24 81 25-29 134 30-34 112 35-39 44 40-44 7 Total 378

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

31.0123 31.4627 32.9732 32.2955 39.0000 32.0503

4.11854 4.00123 2.72942 3.31016 .00000 3.76852

.45762 .34565 .25791 .49903 .00000 .19383

The descriptive statistics showed that the computed mean preventive measures

contraceptives among the women from different age groups are31.0123, 31.4627, 32.9732, 32.2955 and 39.000 by age groups of 20-24 years, 25-29 years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years and 40-41 years respectively.

Therefore ages 40-44

years had the highest knowledge

followed by ages 30-34 years.

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Table 6: Schffe post hoc multiple comparison test on difference between women of different age group in their preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state Age

20-24 25-29 35-39 30-34 40-44 Sig.

81 134 44 112 7

Subset for alpha = 0.05 1 2 31.0123 31.4627 32.2955 32.9732 39.0000 .427 1.000

The Post Hoc comparison using the scheffe homogenous subset showed the preventive, measures highest preventive measure placed in the higher subset 2 while the rest ages mean preventive measures were placed in lower subset 1 Hypothesis Six: This null hypothesis state that women of different marital status will not significantly take preventive measures on the risks of contraceptives use in Kwara State. Table 7: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics on difference between women of different marital status in their knowledge of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum Squares 95.233 5258.812 5354.045

of Df 3 374 377

Mean Square F

Sig.

31.744 14.061

.081

2.258

The result above showed that there is no significant difference between women of different marital status in their knowledge of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state. This is because the calculated p value of 0.081 is above the 0.05 alpha level of significance as the computed F ratio value of 2.258 is below the 2.60 F critical value. Hence the null hypothesis is thus accepted and retained, Table 8: Descriptive statistics on: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics on difference between women of different marital status in their prevention of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state Women of different n Marital Status

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

Single Married Separated Divorced Total

33.0704 31.7729 32.1304 32.1818 32.0503

3.31802 3.83095 4.01479 3.76346 3.76852

.39378 .23186 .83714 1.13473 .19383

71 273 23 11 378

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The descriptive statistics above showed the between women of different marital status in their Preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women in kwara state. Their mean preventive measures on the basis of marital status are 33.0704, 31.7729, 32.1304 and 32.1818 by single, married, separated and divorced women respectively. Their means are very close irrespective of their marital status as far as their preventive measures of contraceptive use among women in kwara state Table 6: Schffe post hoc means comparison test on: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics on difference between women of different marital status in their preventive measures of contraceptive use among women in kwara state. Discussion The outcome of hypothesis two reveal that preventive measures of contraceptives risks on the knowledge possessed by women on contraceptives use is significant. The respondents believe that awareness of risks of cervical cancer, high blood pressure, infections and infertility is the backbone of getting rid of any contraceptive risks. However, contribution of the media such as television, movies, magazines and the internet can help women towards preventing contraceptive risks. This finding agree with Gina (2012), that women need complete informed consent on all of the possible risks of contraceptives; complete personal and family histories need to be ascertained by health care providers to ensure that adverse events do not occur. Women should not be misled or confused into believing that what they are taking is good for themand has similar beneficial effects to other evidence-based preventive measures Findings from the 2003, Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey stated that understanding the sources of contraceptive commodities is an important aspect of preventing contraceptives risks.There was no significant difference between women of different marital status in their knowledge preventive measure of the risk of contraceptives which implies a uniformity of level of opinion concerning their knowledge and preventive measure of the risks of contraceptive uses.(Daniels, Mosher &Jones, 2013) agree that Four of every five sexually experienced women have used contraceptives, while (National Health Statistics, 2012) reported that some 62% of all women of reproductive age, married or not are currently using a contraceptive method.

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Conclusions Based on the results of the findings in this study, the following conclusions were made: 1. There is existence of preventive measure of contraceptives risks on the knowledge possessed by women on contraceptives use in Kwara State. 2. There is general uniformity in the mean regarding the preventive measures of the risks of contraceptive use among women of different age groups in Kwara State. 3. There is uniformity of level in theopinion concerning the preventive measure on the risks of contraceptive use among women of different marital status in Kwara State, Recommendations 1. Regular health talks about preventive measureon contraceptives risks should also be discussed by health care providers with women attending antenatal and post natal clinics in Kwara State. 2. Preventive measures of contraceptives use among women of different age group are very low;it is therefore recommended that health care providers and nongovernmental organizations be used to address these issues. 3. There should be legislation on the use of contraceptives to prevent the potential risks among women of different marital statusso that the use is not shrouded in secrecy and the natural method of avoidance on contraceptive is still very popular among women and should be encouraged as this has the singular effort at preventing all the health hazards associated with other artificial contraceptives. References Daniels K, Mosher WD & Jones J. (2013 A).Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, National Health Statistics Reports, No. 62, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdf Daniels K, Mosher WD, & Jones J. (2013 B)National Health Statistics Reports, No. 62 Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, 1982–2010, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr062.pdf Glei, D. (1999)Measuring contraceptive use patterns among teenage and adult women.FamPlann Persp.;31:73–80 Goldin C, Katz L. (2002). "The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women’s career and marriage decisions."Journal of Political Economy.;110(4):730–70. Accessed via private subscription. Kerlinger, F. (2000).Introduction to research method in Education. London. University press.33-39. National Health Statistics, (2012).IUD (intrauterine device)".Contraception guide.the intrauterine device, or IUD (sometimes called a coil), 423

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National Population Commission (NPC), (2006).KwaraState, Population by five years age groups and sex. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc.(2012). Birth control. Retrieved June 4, from http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control-4211.htm Rachel A, (2010). university of nebraska medical center, omaha, nebraskamegan c. mcnamara, md, msc, case western reserve university, cleveland, ohioabby l. spencer, md, ms, allegheny general hospital, pittsburgh, pennsylvaniaam famphysician.vol, 26 no 4 423-446 Stover j,& Ross j. (2009). How increased contraceptives use has reduced maternal Mortality Child Health.14:687-95.