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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2018 = 6.371, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL, MAY-JUNE, 2018, VOL- 5/45 SCHEDULED TRIBES EDUCATION IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Azad Ahmad Andrabi1, Ph. D. & Nayyar Jabeen2, Ph. D. 1

School of Education, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Email: azadandrabi@gmail.com 2

School of Education, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Email: drnayyarjabeen2016@gmail.com

Education system is the backbone of a nation and it should cater the needs of all the citizens without any discrimination. India is pluralistic country which accommodates persons from different cultures, backgrounds and sections. Scheduled tribe is one of the most marginalised groups in India that is backward in all aspects. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the educational level of scheduled tribe population and to highlight the issues and challenges regarding the same. Keywords: scheduled tribe, marginalised, educational level.

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction The relationship between education and human being this is very close man has achieved success in almost every field and made his life comfortable. But this development or achievement has been gained at the cost of his knowledge and skills which has been acquired through education, As it is regarded as the most powerful instrument for emancipation and empowerment of human beings (Mishra â€“ 2001). Indeed, education is a process of human enlightenment and empowerment for the betterment and quality of life. It not only enhances mans knowledge, skills, competencies, potential, values and attitudes but also transform his belief and thoughts. At the same time, it is assumed as the training of the human soul in the pursuit of truth and the practice of virtue, (Dongaonkar 2004). The present millennium is witnessing phenomenal global changes and no nation can isolate itself from the process. In the process of global changes and development India has achieved success in various fields i.e., agriculture, industrialisation, modernisation, urbanisation, trade and commerce, transport, communication, science and technology, production and so on. With the result of these phenomenal changes education are expanding at every corner in India, as it is assumed as the human resource development (HRD) in the country. However, after independence, the country has become more conscious to educate Copyright ÂŠ 2018, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10739 (Pg. 10738-10747)

her people. Therefore, it has introduced various educational schemes and programmes to attain higher level of education and also to achieve socio-economic as well as overall development. But this educational expansion or change has not taken place for everyone and all sections of society. The scheduled Tribes and unprivileged people are still lagging behind in all stages of education. Despite constant efforts both by Central and State governments to spread the education of scheduled tribes and other weaker sections, the level of education among scheduled Tribes is very low in comparison to general population. Review of Related Literature Ample amount of literature is available on the condition of tribal education in India. Some of the studies relevant to the paper Sujatha (1994) in a study on tribes of Andhra Pradesh contends that the perspective adopted for educational development of tribal communities fails to adequately address the specific disadvantages characterizing the tribal population and reported that one of the major constraints of tribal education at the planning level is the adoption of a dual system of administration. Rani (2000) observed that due to the language barrier the tribal children are unable to establish communication link with the teacher and thus leading to the termination of their education in some point or the other. Sujatha (2008) revealed that government policy focused on education as the main avenue by which to integrate them into mainstream society. Jha & Jhingran (2002) have strongly advocated the use of the mother tongue or home language as medium of instruction in early stages of education. This assumes larger importance in the context of education of scheduled tribe children because their mother tongue is often quite distinct from the major languages in the state or regional languages and it is needed to have a local tutor from the same tribal area. The Praitichi Committee Report (2002) identifies cost of schooling, lack of motivation of teachers, lack of inspection, and the increasing dependence on private tutoring to be the main hurdles in the path of education for tribal children. Gautam, (2004) in his article found that due to wrong medium of instruction, the appointment of non-tribal teachers in tribal areas and communication gap between the teachers and tribal children are the causes of high dropout rates in tribal schools. Maharatna (2009) stressed on how a more voluntary and mutual interaction between tribes and mainstream society can be developed. Lal (2005) found that among all school dropouts, Adivasis and Dalits form the biggest group. Further, the largest group amongst them is girls. Education, thus for the marginalized sections of the society needs to become the solution and an inclusive development policy for their economic and social up-liftment. Nair (2007) has given stress on distance education in tribal areas Copyright ÂŠ 2018, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10740 (Pg. 10738-10747)

specifically to provide access to the group of children in remote areas. Sedwal and Kamat (2008) focused on issues related to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes â€“ groups which are recognised for affirmative action within the Constitution of India. Abdulraheem (2011) explained that education as an important parameter for any inclusive growth in an economy and the policies have to focus on inclusive rather than divisive growth strategies. Ramiâ€™s (2012) paper discusses the status of primary education in the tribal district of Dang in Gujarat. In the district, there are about 412 primary schools; out of which 378 primary schools are run by the district panchayat. The paper concludes that most of the schools have buildings, but they fail to attract the girl students owing to lack of other essential amenities like drinking water as well as separate toilets for boys and girls. Another problem that makes tribal students leave schools is the medium of instruction which is quite different from their own vernacular dialect. Brahmanandam and Babu (2016) in their evaluative study revealed that despite sincere efforts the performance of the tribes in education is much lower than the Scheduled Castes. Further they reported that the policy makers paid little attention to culturally linked education that led to drop outs and directly impacted overall educational status of scheduled tribes. Dar and Najar (2017) studied the special features of the educational system in the tribal areas of khanshaib, Jammu & Kashmir, India having main tribes of the areas are sedentarized and nomadic Gujjar and Bakkarwal. The study revealed that under the flagship Programme of Sarva Shiksha Abiyan (SSA) government has been partially able to uplift the educational infrastructure however the teacher student communication has been improved in the last few years by recruiting local tribal and nontribal teachers Recently Punnaiah (2018) in his paper attempted to examine government policies for tribal education, tribal populations and literacy rates. He also highlighted the major issues and challenges of tribal education in the state of Telangana Assessment of Enrolment: The educational development of scheduled Tribes has been encouraged date back to the prior period to independence, yet it has not yielded satisfactory result. Literature and many reports available reveal that in spite of all the constitutional provisions and efforts put in the successive five-year planning period; their education level is very low. It seems that people belonging to scheduled tribes still have to go a long way to come up to the general level in the field of education. These can be compared through number of enrolments at various stages of education.

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10741 (Pg. 10738-10747)

According to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) Annual Report, 20014 â€“ 15, total number of scheduled Tribes students enrolled from class I to XII is 25,454 thousand which is far behind the number of enrolled students from general category i.e. 259468 thousand. India has total tribal population of 10.43 crores (Table-1) which is 8.6 per cent (Table-2) of total population of India as per 2011 census. Table-1 Scheduled Tribe population and decadal change by residence in 2011 Scheduled Tribe population2011 Total Rural Urban 104,281,034 93,819,162 10,461,872

Decadal change2001-2011 Total Rural Urban 23.7 21.3 49.7

Source - Census of India, 2011 Table-2 Percentage of Scheduled Tribes to total population in India: 2001-2011 Percentage of Scheduled Tribe 2001 Total Rural Urban 8.2 10.4 2.4

Percentage of Scheduled Tribe 2011 Total Rural Urban 8.6 11.3 2.8

Source - Census of India, 2011 Enrolment in primary and middle levels of education is the foundation that determines the future educational development. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the number of scheduled tribes students enrolled at various levels of education and can be compared with non-scheduled tribe population. The enrolment of scheduled tribe and general population students in various courses from primary to senior secondary stages are given in table 3. Table 3: Level-wise Enrolment in School 2014-15 (In thousands) Stages

General

Scheduled Tribes

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

girls

Total

Primary (I-V)

67609

62892

130501

7309

6824

14133

Upper Primary(VI-VIII)

34501

32664

67165

3371

3181

6552

20121

18180

38301

1678

1574

3252

12440

11061

23501

802

715

1517

Secondary (IX-X) Senior Secondary (X-XII)

Source:Annual Report, MHRD, 2016. The above table reveals that there is a variation in the enrolment of general and scheduled tribe students at different stages. Up to primary and upper primary stages, enrolment ratio is very high but after that, it declines rapidly in both categories. This is precisely because of high dropout rate at this level. Similarly, there is a wide disparity in the Copyright ÂŠ 2018, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10742 (Pg. 10738-10747)

level of education between boys and girls in general and scheduled tribe students. The enrolment of girl students is much lower than that of boys in both cases that is scheduled tribe as well as general students. This is because of gender biasness and social discrimination against girl child. Further, it also illustrates that there has been substantial increase in the number of students belonging to scheduled tribe at all stages of education, particularly in the primary level. Further, in order to understand the progress of education level of scheduled tribe population, an evaluation can be made in the percentage differences in literacy trends in different decades (table 4). Table- 4 Literacy Trends of Scheduled Tribes in India from 1961 to 2011( In Percent) Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Male 13.83 17.63 24.52 40.65 59.17 71.70

Female 3.16 4.85 8.05 18.19 34.76 54.40

Total 8.54 11.39 16.35 29.60 47.10 63.10

Source: National Commission for SCs & STs, Fifth Report & Census, 2011 The literacy rates of scheduled tribes in India from 1961 to 2011 are shown in table â€“ 4. The percentage of literacy among tribes was only 8.54 per cent in 1961 which has increased to 63.1 per cent in 2011. Gender analysis also reveals a substantial increase in the literacy rates of tribal population through the six decades. The female literacy increases from mere 3.16 per cent in 1961 to 54.4 in 2011. However male literacy is much better than the females it increases from 13.83 in 1961 to 71.70 per cent in 2011. The data urges that there is a need to make more efforts for improving the literacy rate of female tribal population. The literacy trend over the six decades is presented graphically in figure 1.

Percentage of Literacy

Fig.1: Literacy trend of ST population from 1961to 2011 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Male female Total

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10743 (Pg. 10738-10747)

State wise distribution patterns Many literatures and several studies reveal that education distribution of scheduled tribes in India is not uniform in all states. There is unequal distribution and it varies from state to state as well as region to region. The imbalances exist not only amongst states but also between gender and communities. Indeed, the State wise spatial distribution of scheduled tribe education presents original disparity and variation. There is a wide gap between developed and backward states as well as smaller and larger states/UTs. The State wise spatial distribution of total enrolment of scheduled Tribes students at various levels of education is presented in table 5. Table 5: State-wise Enrolment by Stages of School Education of ST Students â€“ PrePrimary, Primary, Upper-Primary-2010-11.

S. N o 1

Pre-Primary

15 16 17

Manipur Meghalaya

18 19 20 21 22 23

Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Basic

Upper Primary / Middle /Sr. Basic (Classes VI-VIII)

State/UT Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

Primary / Jr. (Classes 1-V)

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

Boys

Girls

Total

13039

9009

22048

396410

373650

770060

152900

131787

284687

22554

20227

42781

88778

84121

172899

30383

29362

59745

79777 0 11824 0 0 0

77174 0 10489 0 0 0

156951 0 22313 0 0 0

208254 107790 515217 4876 634761 0

208186 73483 480322 4442 590277 0

416440 181273 995539 9318 1225038 0

106867 25907 209672 3659 187876 0

103504 18463 185570 3233 167521 0

210371 44370 395242 6892 355397 0

17946

17016

34962

12776

11749

24525

3867

3250

7117

69940

59897

129837

29361

23593

52954

14450 0 0

10913 0 0

25363 0 0

1517535 438205 42855

243861 119299 13335

234147 108162 12381

478008 227461 25716

776465 226014 22408 141467 3

2794779

467462

479138

946600

13097 1 26212 13487 8 19530 57032 0 0 28834 0

26941 2 24952 27207 9 18579 51783 0 0 18768 0

307643

260591

568234

136901

21821

19885

699875

635160

51164

74778

741070 212191 20447 138010 6 133503 5 62123

223494

223553

447047

64465

73058

137523

38109 108815 0 0 47602 0

77608 107526 684634 0 725213 14915

71228 99190 654098 0 618299 15207

148836 206716 1338732 0 1343512 30122

33341 43593 210031 0 265026 5298

30896 40310 184846 0 189458 6713

41706

64237 83903 394877 0 454484 12011

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10744 (Pg. 10738-10747) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal A&N Islands Chandigarh D&N Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi Lakshadwee p Puducherry INDIA

10781 1030

8822 877

19603 1907

59409 86356

54523 81761

113932 168117

27748 39303

25721 34925

53469 74228

79876

74630

154506

26719

21696

48415

0 0

26183 309164

23128 299240

49311 608404

11203 165412

11129 166229

22332 331641

119

1222

1148

2370

889

756

1645

0 0

0 13516

0 12765

0 26281

0 7019

0 5892

0 12911

954

860

1814

570

464

1034

231

462

3361

2775

6136

1747

1417

3164

476

523

999

3001

2846

5847

1845

2122

3967

0 1485235 9

0 283703 1

0 258471 8

0 542174 9

0 0 0 0 0 56537 52154 108691 767461 717774 1 0 1 7 2 Source: Selected Educational Statistics, MHRD, 2010-11

Table 5 provides a varied picture and scenario with respect to State wise dispersion pattern and depicts the following points: 

There is unequal distribution of education level of scheduled tribe students among the states/UTs in terms of total numbers, sex as well as at stages. However, variations and disparities exist everywhere.



States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Andaman and Nicobar Island, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu have very low or more regional ratio of scheduled tribe enrolment. It is precisely because these states/UTs are predominantly inhabited by tribal population.



Enrolment of scheduled Tribes students are higher in those states/UTs via scheduled tribe population is proportionately higher. For example, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Delhi etc.

Therefore, the observations of the above analysis justify that the level of education of scheduled Tribes is very low and present a vulnerable scene in the country. At the same time, it raises many questions. Even after 57 years of independence, these people are struggling to achieve higher level of education. The Constitution of India promises free and compulsory education to this community and more than 57 years have passed, yet majority of the scheduled tribe population is illiterate. What does it indicate? A constitutional fraud? This has serious implications for a country like India. Why have the promises not been kept? Was there any shortage of resources or management problems? Copyright © 2018, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10745 (Pg. 10738-10747)

This is very alarming and needs immediate intervention. No doubt the literacy trend has improved over the last six decades, but still it is far behind and the low education level of these people is not only hampering the socio-economic development but also raising several issues and challenges. These challenges can be discussed as: 

it is creating manifold socio-economic disorder in the society;



lower education level is deteriorating the condition of all well-beings and other sections seriously;



socio-economic backwardness, unemployment, mass migration and many more problems are attributed due to low education level among these people and in general;



lower education level is accentuating discriminations and deprivation among these peoples;



it is not only generating problems and miseries in the country but effecting society at all levels and scales; and



if these evolving trends continue, it will accelerate the number of illiterates in the country.

Conclusion Education is an important indicator of socio-economic development and also a prominent component of population studies. Equally, it is considered as an essential trait of civilisation and overall development of human beings. Emancipation and empowerment of people can be achieved only through education. Indeed, the country’s advancement and development largely depends upon the level of education as it provides enlightenment, power, privilege, protection and prestige to the people. The evaluation of education level for the scheduled tribes in India reflects pathetic scenes. Their level of education is fairly very low. Despite the constitutional provision and persistent efforts to improve the levels of education since Independence, there exhibit high degree of dispersion and disparities. In fact, is a matter of serious concern and worrisome for the whole nation as it affects each and every individual of the society. It is imperative that measures proposed for the country’s educational level should be in harmony of scheduled tribes and unprivileged people as we all know that ignorance is disastrous and leads to irrationality. Therefore, following measures can be taken effectively: 

There is a need of major shift of attention to make education a priority sector in respect scheduled tribe people.

Dr. Azad Ahmad Andrabi & Dr. Nayyar Jabeen 10746 (Pg. 10738-10747)



Education development among scheduled tribes in India urgently requires a shift in focus to bring out intensive educational programs to achieve higher level of education.



There is in need of quick implementation of strong and effective education policies in the country. For this, a monitoring body should be constituted under the supervision of high cabinet level and action should be taken to the persons and officers who show any negligence.



Higher proportion of the country’s budget needs to be spent to do scheduled tribes related education programs.



As education among scheduled tribes suffers due to acute poverty, unemployment and lack of awareness, however, there is a need of mass campaign and creating awareness, providing full financial support and scholarships, guidance and counselling to parents.



A well thought out and integrated education policy initiative with main thrust on primary and vocational education is the need of the hour, before disparities and inequality of education get further enmeshed in quagmire.



Lastly, it is also essential to provide a congenial atmosphere in the country. For this, government and people’s participation is equally essential. The whole study demonstrates every complex scenario and suggests that there is a need of change of people’s mind and attitude and put collective efforts to improve education level of scheduled tribes in the country. The realisation of dream can come true if the government takes strong and effective steps in the implementation of countries education policies with the assumption that education is the essence of human beings and the best contraceptive to socio-economic development.

References: Abdul Raheem, A. (2011) Education for the Economically and Socially Disadvantaged Groups in India: An Assessment. Economic Affairs, 56(2), 233-242. Brahmanandam, T., & Babu, B. (2016). Educational Status among the Scheduled Tribes: Issues and Challenges. The NEHU Journal, 14 (2), 69-85. Dar, W. A. and Najar, I. A. (2017). Educational system in the tribal areas of Kashmir valley: A case study of zone Khansahib of District Budgam. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research, 2(5), 45-49. Gautam, V. (2003). Education of Tribal Children in India and the Issue of Medium of Instruction: A Janshala Experience’,http://www-01.sil.org/asia/ldc/ parallel_papers/vinoba_gautam.pdf, accessed on 11/09/2016

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