Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2019 = 6.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, SEPT-OCT, 2020, VOL- 8/61
Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk ij lelkekf;d foe’kZ bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;] Ph. D.
vfLlVs.V izksQl s j] foHkkx% lekt’kkL= ,oa jktuhfr ’kkL=] ladk;% lekt foKku n;kyckx+ ,twds’kuy bULVhV;wV~ ¼MhEM fo’ofo|ky;½ vkxjk]282005 Email id: ishwar.sahay@gmail.com Abstract
;|fi ledkyhu Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk] lkekftd] jktuhfrd iVy ij ,d egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk ds :Ik esa izfrLFkkfir gqbZ gS ysfdu lkekftd oSKkfudksa ds e/; bl vko/kkj.kk ds lanHkZ O;kid fofHkUurk,a ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA vr,o blds laxksikax ,oa oLrqfUk"B fo'ys’k.k gsrq ;g vko';d gS fd /keZfujis{krk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk fojkn foospu fd;k tk,A vr% /keZfujsi{krk dk ,d fl)kUr ds :Ik esa rFkk Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es /keZfujis{krk ls tqMs vk;keksa ds ckjs esa izklafxd] lelkekftd n`f"Vdks.k izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA eq[; ladsrd ¼ Abstract ½ % /keZ] jktuhfr] /keZfujis{krk Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
izLrkouk Hkkjrh; lekt ,d cgq/kehZ lekt gS tgka ij fofHkUu /keksZ dk ,d lkFk leku :Ik ls egRo ik;k tkrk gSA ysfdu /keZ O;fDr ds fy, vkLFkk dk ,slk fo’k; cu tkrk gS fd yksx mldksa Lo;a esa ,d lEiznk; ds n`f’Vdks.k ls ns[kus yxrs gSA mldks ns[kus dk tks utfj;k gksrk gS fd og cgqr ladh.kZ gksrk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr vkt ls gh ugh cfYd izkphu dky ls gh ,d /keZ fujis{k ns’k jgk gSA ysfdu foxr dqN n’kdksa ls /keZfuis{krk ls lEcfU/kr ,d ,slh cgl pyh gS fd tuekul dks fQj ls lkspus ij etcwj dj fn;k gSA blh lUnHkZ esa /keZfujis{krk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ls iwoZ ;g Li"V djuk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksxk fd /keZ D;k gS] D;ksfd fofHkUu lkekftd oSKkfudksa ds erks esa /keZ dks ysdj fofHkUurk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA nq[khZe ¼1912½ /keZ dks ,d vuqHko lEcfU/kr dk;Z ekurs gS tks gesa le>us ds rjhds ls voxr djkrk gS rFkk ,d lkekftd rF; gS ogha Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14187
(Pg. 14186-14192)
eSDl oscj¼1963½ /keZ dks vkfFkZd vk;ke ls tksMrs gq, dgrs gS fd ;g vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds fu/kkZj.k ds egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS vkSj /keZ dks le>us dk vk/kkj oLVsgu gksuk pkfg;sA egkRek xk¡/kh¼2009½ us rFkkfi /keZ ,oa jktuhfr ds ijLij lEcU/kksa ij cy fn;k ijUrq og Li"V djrs gSa /keZ dks jktuhfrd LokFkhZ dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dqN fopkjd /keZ dks lkFkZd ckSf)d fØ;kdyki ls lEcfU/kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd /keZ ekuoh; thou ds vFkZ ,oa mn~ns'; ls ifjfpr djokrk gS rFkk lkekftd] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ifjpkyu gsrq vko';d uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA /keZfujis{krk dk vFkZ lkekU; vFkZ esa /keZfujis{krk dk rkRi;Z /keZ ds jktuhfr ls i`FkDdj.k ls gS] ysfdu i`FkDdj.k vius vki esa ,d ,slk tfVy 'kCn gS] ftldk fHkUu&fHkUu lektksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu vFkksZ es abldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vkWDlQksMZ 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj& ^^/keZfujis{k og O;fDr gS tks dsoy ykSfdd ckrksa ls lEcfU/kr gks] /kkfeZd ekeyksa ls ughaA^^ ogha lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr lekt esa /keZfujis{krk dk rkRi;Z xSj /kkfeZd ;k /keZ&fojks/kh izo`fÙk ls fy;k tkrk gSA ik”pkR; lekt ds lkekU;r% ;g ,d ,sls fl}kUr ds :Ik eas izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA ftldk mn~ns'; jkT; ,oa fxjtk?kj ds chp i`FkDdj.k dh Li"V O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk gS vFkkZr~ /keZ ;k fo'okl dks O;fDrxr vUrjkRek dh lhek esa ck¡/krs gq, lkoZtfud dk;ksZ ,oa uhfr fuekZ.k ls vyx dh O;oLFkk dh x;h D;ksfa d bu ekeyksa es ajktuhfr ,oa jkT; ds vuU; {ks=kf/kdkj esa Mky fn;k x;kA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku cuus ds Ik'pkr lanHkZ esa Li"Vrk vk;h] blds vuqlkj jkT; uk rks /kkfeZd laxBuks ds fØ;kdyki ds gLr{ksi djsxk vkSj uk gh fxfjtk?kj jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa esa gLr{ksi ;k n[kyankth djsxk] ijUrq lkFk gh lkFk jkT; dk ;g drZO; Hkh gksxk fd O;fDr dks viuh bPNkuq:Ik /keZ ikyu dk vf/kdkj iznku djs ¼flUgk 2012% 297½A Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14188
(Pg. 14186-14192)
ik'pkR; lekt esa /keZ ,oa jktuhfr dk tks i`FkDdj.k izpfyr gqvk og Hkkjr esa laHko izrhr ugha gksrk D;ksfa d vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lH;rk rRdkyhu ik'pkR; lH;rk ls fHkUu gS tc ogk¡ /keZfujis{krk dk fl)kUr izfrikfnr gqvk FkkA vr% Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk jkT; ds vk/kkj ds :Ik esa i`FkDdj.k ds if'peh fl)kUr dk iqueZ wY;kadu vko';d gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡ dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;k¡ viuh fof'k"V dfBukb;ksa ds lkFk jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k dh ek¡x djrh gSA Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh ek¡x gS fd jktuhfr o /keZ ds e/; ?kfu"B lEcU/k uk gks] D;ksafd ,slk lkekU;r% lkaiznkf;d jktuhfr ds fn[krk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd /keZfujis{krk ds izfr Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k loZ/keZ leHkko dk jgk gS ¼HkkxZo 1997½A Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk Lok/khu Hkkjr ds jk"Vª fuekZrkvksa us vkSifuosf'kd dky ds foHkktu dh j.kuhfr ls izfs jr gksdj mRiUu lkEiznkf;d rkdrksa dh pqukSrh dks ,d /keZfujis{k loSa/kkfud fl)kUr dh vo/kkj.kk ls ijkftr djus dk ,d dfBu iz;kl fd;k gSA bl fl)kUr dks loSa/kkfud cy iznku djus gsrq eq[;r% lafo/kku ds v/;k; rhu rFkk pkj esa of.kZr ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ,oa jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRoksa dk ftl izdkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] mlls Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr us vius cgq/kehZ] cgqtkrh; lekt /keZfujis{krk dks cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa /keZ fujis{krk ls lEcfU/kr izko/kku vuqPNsn 14 dkuwu ds le{k lekurk rFkk dkuwu }kjk laj{k.k esa lekurk dh ckr djrk gSA vuqPNsn 15 (i) o (ii) /keZ] tkfr] fyax] iztkfr rFkk tUe LFkku bR;kfn vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ds HksnHkko dk fu"ks/k djrk gSA vuqPNsn 16 ¼2½ ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa leku volj iznku djrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gS fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks /keZ ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh ljdkjh in esa oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vuqPNsn 19 ds vUrxZr lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds Hkk"k.k ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh LoraU=rk] 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls fcuk gfFk;kj] lHkk&lEesyu djus dh Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14189
(Pg. 14186-14192)
Lora=rk] laLFkk ;k la?k cukus dh Lora=rk] ns'k ds Hkhrj dgha Hkh ?kweus&fQjus dh Lora=rk] ns'k ds fdlh dh Hkkx esa fuokl djus ;k LFkk;h :Ik jgus dh Lora=rk] fdlh Hkh izdkj dk O;olk; viukus bR;kfn dk vf/kdkj lqfuf'pr djrk gSA vuqPNsn 23 (2) fdlh lkoZtfud mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ gsrq fd;s tkus okys vfuok;Z dk;Z esa jkT; fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ;k fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij dksbZ HksnHkko ugha djsxkA vuqPNsn 25 ds vUrxZr fdlh Hkh /keZ dks ekuus ;k izpkj djus dh vuqefr gSA vuqPNsn 26 /kkfeZd ekeyksa ds izcU/ku dh Lora=rk iznku djrk gSA vuqPNsn 27 ds vuqlkj fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k dks c<+kus ds fy;s fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ,slk dksbZ dj nsus ds fy;s etcwj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vuqPNsn 28 ds vUrxZr ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 29 rFkk 30 vYila[;dksa dks Hkk"kk] fyfi ,oa laLd`fr dks lajf{kr djus gsrq ,oa f'k{k.k laLFkk, LFkkfir djus gsrq fo'ks"k vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA
vuqPNsn 38 ds vuqlkj jkT; ;g iz;kl djsxk fd lekt ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd U;k; LFkkfir fd;k ldsA vuqPNsn 39 jkT; dks ;g funs'Z k nsrk gS fd jkT; lHkh ukxfjdksa ds fy;s jkstxkj ds lk/ku tqVkus dk iz;kl djsxk rFkk jkT; dh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls ns'k esa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk mfpr forj.k lokZf/kd yksxksa ds fgr esa gksA vuqPNsn 44 ds vuqlkj jkT; lkekftd /keZfujs{krk dh izkfIr gsrq leku ukxfjd lafgrk ykxw djus dk iz;kl djsxkA
Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14190
(Pg. 14186-14192)
vUkqPNsns 325 ds vUrxZr i`Fkd fuokZpu {ks= dks fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh dh /keZ tkfr] Hkk"kk] jax vkfn ds fy;s vyx&vyx fuokZpu {ks= dk izko/kku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi 42 osa loSa/kkfud la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls izLrkouk esa ^/keZfujis{k^ 'kCn dk iz;ksx djds jkT; o /keZ nksuksa laLFkkvksa dks vkSipkfjd foHkktu rks dj fn;k x;k ijUrq lkFk gh lkFk jkT; dks dqN ekeyksa esa /kkfeZd Loar=rk dh dkaV&NkV djus gsrq gLr{ksih; vf/kdkj Hkh fn;s x;s gSa tSls vuqPNsn 25 (i) rFkk vuqPNsn 26 ds vuqlkj lkoZtfud fgr] uSfrdrk rFkk LokLF; ds en~nsutj jkT; Lora=rk dks lhfer dj ldrk gSA iqu% vuqPNsn 25 (2) (9) ds vuqlkj fdlh /kkfeZd] jktuSfrd] foRrh; ;k vU; /keZfujis{k xfrfof/k;ksa es Hkh jkT; dk gLr{ksi gks ldrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa ds vUrxZr fdlh /kkfeZd LFky dks {kfr igq¡pkus fdlh /keZ dk vuknu fd;s tkus ;k lkEiznkf;d naxs dks eMykus tSlh ifjfLFkfr ds jkT; dks gLr{ksi djus dk vf/kdkj gSA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; laln us iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku gsrq lkoZtfud fgr] uSfrdrk ,oa LOkkLF; ds en~nsutj dbZ fu;e ,oa dkuwuks dk fuekZ.k fn;k gS] ftldk mn~ns'; /keZ ds xyr iz;ksx dks jksdus ls gSA¼lbZn 2011½ /keZfujis{krk ij vYila[;d rFkk cgqla[;d n`f’Vdks.k vxj O;ogkfjd :Ik ls ns[kk tk, rks /keZfujis{k ds iz'u ij cgqla[;d ,oa vYila[;d ds fopkj ijLij fojks/kh ifjyf{kr gksrs gS] tgk¡ cgqla[;d bls vYila[;dksa ds izfr rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr ekurs gS] ogh vYila[;d bls Nyokiw.kZ /keZfujis{krk ds :Ik Lohdkj djrs gS] mudk ekuuk gS fd ;g muds vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k djrk gSA oLrqr% /keZfujis{krk ds fl)kUr dh ldkjkRed O;k[;k rFkk fØ;kUo;u ugh gksus ds dkj.k bldh fufgr LokFkZ ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh tkrh jgh gSA ,slk gksus ls ,d rjQ rks lEiznk;okn dks c<+kok feyrk gS ogha nwljh rjQ Hkkjrh; /keZfujis{krk ij Hkh fujarj [krjs esa ckny eaMjkrs utj vkrs gSA bl lUnHkZ es jktho ekxZo dgrs gS fd /keZfujis{krk ds Hkkjrh; Lo:Ik es i`FkDdj.k dk fl)kUr /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ds chp ,d lS)kfUrd nwjh ds :Ik esa le>k tkuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ fl)kUr dh nwjh dks jktuhfr dh Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14191
(Pg. 14186-14192)
/keZ esa Lora=rk ds :Ik esa ns[kus dh vko';drk gS] uk fd blds izfrewy :Ik esa vFkkZr jkT; ds fØ;k dyki] jktuhfrd uhfr rFkk uhfr izkFkfedrk,sa /keZ dh n[kyankth ls LoraU= gS] ijUrq jkT; dks /kkfeZd lq/kkj gsrq gLr{ksi dk vf/kdkj Hkh iz kIr gS ftldk fu/kkZfj.k xEHkhj eqn~nks ds vk/kkj ij rFkk foosd lEer vk/kkj ij gksuk gksxkA bruk gh ugh lHkh fo'okl ¼izFkk,sa½ Hkys gh /keZ }kjk Lohd`fr izkIr gks] tSls fd vLi`';rk] tkfr&Hksn] cgq&fookg] lkoZtfud thou esa efgykvksa dk cfg"dkj rRdky voS| ?kksf"kr djuh gksxhA ,slk blfy;s vko';d gksxk D;ksfa d ;g alafo/kku dh ml fu;ked O;oLFkk ds fy;s vfgrdkjh gS] tks Lora=rk la?k"kZ ds nkSjku izcy turk dh Hkkxsnkjh ds ek/;e ls varxzZLr ewY;ksa ds lkekatLi ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼HkkxZo ,oa vkpk;Z 2011% 285&286½A ikVZ pVthZ¼1997½ ds fopkj es tc jkT; /kEkZ&lq/kkj tSls dkuwu cukrk gS rks jkTkuSfrd usrR` o }kjk jkT; o /keZ ds foHkktu dk vfrØe.k ;k 'kks"k.k tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA ogh vk'kh"k uanh ,oa ,e-,u- Jhfuokl ¼1965½tSls fo'ys"kd Hkkjr ds /keZfujis{krk dks vkSj l'kDr djus gsrq fdlh u;h fopkj/kkjk ds iz;ksx dh ckr djrs gS ftlls ledkyhu lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd ladVksa dk fujkdj.k fd;k tk ldsA /keZfujis{krk dks cuk;s j[kus ds mik; 1. jktuhfrd ,drk rFkk vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks c<+kus ds fy;s vkfFkZd fodkl ds leku voljksa dks miyC/k djokuk pkfg,A 2. Hkkjrh;ksa dh euksfLFkfr] mudh /kkfeZd ,oa lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa dks le>uk vR;Ur vko';d gSA 3. jktuhfrd usrR` o ls visf{kr gS fd og tu&eqn~nks dks egRo o izkFkfedrk ns uk fd /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks HkM+dkdj vius LokFkksZ dh iwfrZ djsA 4. /keZfujis{k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vuqdqy cukus es jktuhfrd ny] lkekftd laxBu rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laxBu egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djsAa 5. vYila[;d rFkk cgqla[;d leqnk;ksa ds e/; lketL; LFkkfir djus rFkk muds }s"k dks lekIr djus dh ,slh rduhd fodflr dh tk, dh og ijLij ,d Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Mk0 bZ’oj Lo:Ik lgk;
14192
(Pg. 14186-14192)
nwljs ds /keZ dks vknj lEeku nsuk lh[ks vFkkZr~ :f<oknh ladh.kZ lksp ds LFkku ij mnkjoknh lksp dks viuk;sA 6. vusdrk ds ,drk tSls fl)kUr dks egRo fn;k tk,A lekiu voyksdu mijksDr o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ ds :Ik es ;g dgk tk ldrk gS /keZfujis{krk vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa dh ,d egRoiw.kZ igpku gS ftlds }kjk og jkT; ds izpfyr lHkh /keksZ ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku /kkfeZd vf/kdkj iznku djrs gS ftlls izR;sd /kkfeZd leqnk; ds yksx viuh&viuh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa ds vuq:Ik viuk /kkfeZd vkpj.k Lora= :Ik ls dj lds rFkk fcuk fdlh vkUrfjd ;k cká gLr{ksi ds viuh /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk mi;ksx dj lds] ysfdu blds lkFk gh lkFk mUgs ;g vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr ugh gS fd og viuh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fdlh nwljs /keZ dh ekU;rkvksa dk vuknj djs] ;fn og ,slk djrs gS rks jkT; dks bl ijfLFkfr esa gLr{ksi djrs lketaL; LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA /keZfujis{krk dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd og /kkfeZd ekeyksa esas gLr{ksi ugh dj ldrk cfYd bldk vkfFkZd vFkZ ;g gS fd jkT; lHkh /keksZ ds izfr leku O;ogkj djsxk rFkk fdlh /keZ ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugh djsxk ysfdu vko';drkuqlkj] lkekftd lejlrk LFkkfir djus ds fy,s leqfpr gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph HkkxZo vkj- ,oa vkpk;Z ,-¼2011½ jktuhfrd fl)kUr ,d ifjp;] ih;jlu ifCyds'ku] fnYyh] ist 285&286 HkkxZo vkj- ¼1997½ lsdqyfjTe ,aM bV~l fØVhd] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflVhZ izsl fnYyhA pVthZ ih-¼1997½ LVsV ,.M ikfyfVDl bu bf.M;k] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflVhZ isl z A nq[khZe bZ- ¼1912½ n ,yhesUVªh QkeZ vkQ fjyhft;l ykbZQ] yUnu % tktZ ,syus ,oa vufou fyfeVsMA xka/kh ,e- ds- ¼2009½ lR; ds lkFk esjs iz;ksx] ike yhQ izslA vkDlQksMZ ,MokaLV yfuZx fMD”kujh vkWQ djsUV bafXyax] vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh ifCyds'ku] 1997lbZn ,e-,e-¼2011½] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] Hkkjr cqd LksUVj ifCyds'ku] y[kuÅ] ist&404&411 flUgk eukst ¼2012½ ledkyhu Hkkjr ,d ifjp;] vksfjaiV CySdLokWu ifCyds'ku] ist&297 Jhfuokl ,e-,u ¼1965½ lks”ky pst a bu ekMZu bf.M;k] ;wfuoflZVh dSyhQksfuZ;k izslA oscj eSDl ¼1963½ n lksf'k;ksykWth vkWQ fjyhtu] csvdku izsl https://www.jstor.org/stable/23003710?seq=1 Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies