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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.49366, JAN-FEB 2018, VOL- 5/43 https://doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v5i43.11197

ROLE OF INDIGENOUS FOOD CROPS IN TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD OF WESTERN SATPURA IN AKKALKUWA TAHSIL NANDURBAR DISTRICT Prof. Padvi A.T. PDEAâ€™s Waghire College Saswad, Department of Geography, Taluka Purandar , District. Pune 412301.

Indigenous food crops refer to crops that have their origin in native place. Added to these crops are those that were introduced into the country or any region and are now recognized as naturalized or traditional crops. These crops are produced and found growing in the native place various weather conditions with many found in the wild. They are grains, vegetables and fruit. Akkalkuwa tahsil in Nandurbar district is mostly scheduled tribe population lives about 85 percent of the total population. The Bhil, Pawara and Dhanka Tadvi etc. tribal communities were dependent primarily on their own agricultural produce and a variety of forest based products for livelihood. In this paper has focused on identify different types and importance of indigenous food crops in study area. In the study area, the available cultivable land is less than the forest cover area to the total geographical area and it is about three percent area was under the irrigated. In fact the study area most of the farmers, their cropping pattern was a kharip type, agriculture is mainly depends on rainwater. It may be observed that most of the tribal people has been cultivated the indigenous crops of more, banti, padi, rala, lal jawar, kodra etc., vegetables and fruits. The varieties of millets traditionally produced were locally consumed and were hardly sold. They were primarily stored for food security. Keywords: Cropping pattern, landuse pattern, indigenous crop, kitchen garden, tribal community. Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Introduction: Indigenous food crops refer to crops that have their origin in native place. Akkalkuwa tahsil in Nandurbar district is mostly scheduled tribe population lives about 85 percent of the total population. The Bhil, Pawara and Dhanka Tadvi etc. tribal communities were dependent primarily on their own agricultural produce and a variety forest based products for livelihood. They had subsistence economy, which means that whatever they produced was locally consumed with hardly any surplus. The agricultural produce included cereals, pulses, and oil seeds, traditional vegetables and a variety of millets as the item in diet. In the study area is under the cultivation was 34.00 percent, and out these cultivation area was 2.83 percent in under irrigation. Tribal communities under the predominantly depends on agriculture, cattle Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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and forest subsistence. The Akkalkuwa in Satpura region is an essentially agricultural dominant region involving centpercent working force in agricultural practice. It is located in the hilly terrain where people had developed agricultural plot on hill slopes. In contrast, the land given in compensation is more flat and fertile. Traditionally Maize (Makka), oil seeds like khursani (black teel), indigenous crops such as More, Banti and Padi, Rala were produced by sample villages. Besides the different cereals and pulses a variety of indigenous crops and leafy vegetables such as Bhendi and Ambadi are cultivated on hill slopes and require little attention. Study Area: The Nandurbar district extends between 210 0’ to 22003’ north latitudes and 73033’east to 74032’east Longitudes. The Nandurbar district lies in the North Western part of Maharashtra. Nandurbar district with geographical area of 5955 Sq.km. has an amorphous shape. The district is bounded to the South and South-east by Dhule district, to the west and north is the state of Gujrat, to the north and north-east is the state of Madhya Pradesh. Akkalkuwa Tahsil extended 21030’45’’ north to 21054’30’’ north latitudes and 74047’15’’ east to 7407’30’’ east longitude. Akkalkuwa tahsil lies in the north western part of Nandurbar district as well as Maharashtra state and geographical area of 868.74 Sq.km. The tahsil bounded to the north and west, south-west and south by the Gujrat state, and east is the Akrani and Taloda tahsil. The most of this region is covered by Satpura mountain ranges, and between Narmada valley in the north and Tapi valley in the south.

Location Map of the Study Region

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Objectives: The objective of the present study is to understand and study the Role of indigenous food crops in tribal livelihood in study area. The main objectives of the study are:  Studying the general and agricultural landuse.  To identify cropping pattern in study area.  To identify the different types of indigenous crops in study area. Data Base and Methodology: The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected through questionnaires, Observations and personal discussions with villagers of dominant NTFPs collectors, the researcher has been conduct the intensive fieldwork. Out 94 villages of Satpura Mountain area in Akkalkuwa tahsil 11 villages are selected as sample villages by random sampling method. Near about 309 households were selected as sample household engaged in agricultural activities. It has helped us to better understand to general and agricultural landuse. And identify cropping pattern and different types of indigenous Table No.1 Nandurbar District: Land use pattern of selected Sample Villages (in hectares). Name of the Total Forest Cultivation Culturable Area not sample Geographical Cover Area Waste available village area in Area for Hectares cultivation Bagda 578 264 279 0 35 Bardi 679 406 275 0 3 Barisurgas 435 317 115 0 3 Dab 3930 2690 1088 0 152 Dahel 1518 1068 438 0 12 Jangthi 1116 869 200 0 47 Kewdi 1250 1089 157 0 4 Kuwa 602 363 235 0 40 Nandwane BK 365 273 82 0 10 Veri 392 68 297 0 27 Wadibar 581 355 203 0 23 Total 11446 7762 3369 0 356 Percentage 100 67.81 29.43 0.00 3.11 Source: Socio-Economic Statistical Abstract of Nandurbar district, March 2016.

crops in study area. The secondary data is collected through the unpublished record of the government and various publications such as toposheets, district census handbook of Nandurbar and Dhule district 1991, 2001, and 2011 etc and socio economic abstract of Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Nandurbar district in 2013. The collected data to process analyze and represent this data with the help of various cartographic techniques and MS Excel. Discussion and methods: a) Landuse Pattern in Selected Sample Villages: Data related to landuse pattern in 2001 has been presented in the table no. 1.1 and has helped in assessing the pattern of landuse in the selected 11 NTFPs related tribal (Adivasi) villages of Western Satpura hilly region in tahsil Akkalkuwa, Akrani in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra. It is clearly shown in table. No.1 that the highest proportion of landuse has been under the forest cover area (67.81%) and followed by cultivation area, area not available for cultivation with 29.43 and 3.11 percent respectively and land not available for Culturable waste to the total geographical area in sample villages. In the sample villagesâ€™ second largest proportion of land is used for cultivation. The proportion of land under cultivation to the total geographical area for the study area was 29.43 percent. b)

Cropping pattern: Table No. 2 Nandurbar District: Cropping pattern. (Area in Acres) Sr. Name of the Cereals Pulses Oil Seeds & Indigenous No. sample village Cash Crops crops 1 Bagda 94.25 36.8 7 72 2 Bardi 65 21.5 9.75 70.5 3 Barisurgas 101.5 22 6.5 46.5 4 Dab 126.5 20 21 122 5 Dahel 208.1 37.8 7.5 67.8 6 Jangthi 87 52.8 15 88.5 7 Kewdi 81 37 1 79.5 8 Kuwa 81.6 12.3 19.8 35.3 9 Nandwane 46 19.5 23 55.5 10 Sari 168 13 15 38.5 11 Veri 55.5 19.3 22.5 46.3 12 Wadibar 159.25 24.5 11.5 68.5 Total 1273.70 316.50 159.55 790.90 Percentage 50.13 12.46 6.28 31.13 Source: Household interview questionnaire.

Table No. 2 and the temporal variations in cropping patterns of the selected sample villages of Akkakuwa tahsil in Nandurbar district. The highest proportion of crops area under the cereals 1273.70 acres (50.13 percent) and followed by indigenous crops, pulses and lowest was in oil seeds with 790.90 (31.13 percent), 316.50 (6.28 percent) and 159.55 acres (6.28 percent) respectively.

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a) Cereals: Cereals are a collective term for all kinds of grass-like plats which have starchy edible seeds. The most common cereals include rice, wheat, maize, jowar, bajara etc. Because of their ease of cultivation and their high nutritional value, they have formed the basic diet of mankind since the dawn of history. Cereals are sometimes called the â€˜staff of lifeâ€™. Traditionally some variety of hybrid jawar and maize corns, wheat and rice has been main cereals produced. Mani jowar, maize and rice (indigenous variety) local variety were commonly produced. Jowar and Maize is staple food crop cultivated in Kharif season and also maize and wheat in Rabi season. In the study area Maize is consumed fresh, boiled and as a food grain. Jowar, Maize and Rice crops are generally cultivated in rotations with More, Banti, Rala, Padi, Tur, Udid etc. in study region. Wheat is cultivated in Rabi season and it requires four months for its maturity and irrigation facilities. Wheat occupies is negligible, due to available irrigated land is negligible. Wheat crop is cultivated in Dab, Wadibar, Bagada, Bardi, Veri, and Barisurgas sample villages. All these crops can be used for the livestock as food. b) Pulses: Udid, tur, chavali, channa and moong are the major pulses in the study area, it is occupies in the 316.50 acres (12.46 percent) under the cereals to the total shown area. These crops are grown a small scale in study region. The highest percent under the pulses cultivation is found in Jangathi village, and lowest having in Kuwa village. Kewadi, Dahel and Bagada sample villages have observed more than 12.00 percent land under the pulses to the total area. About more than 90.00 percent households cultivated tur, udid and chavali in sample villages. Moong and channa are cultivated in rabi season, these crops are occupies negligible area under the crops. Among the pulses, tur, udid, chavali, chana and moong, there production is very little. Out of 85.00 percent pulses were consumed for food grain and remaining was sold in local market. The pulses like Tur, Udid, Chavali cultivated separately and sometimes these are intercrops with Jowar, Maize, Soyabean, Rice, Banti, Groundnut etc. c) Cash Crops and Oil Seeds: Oilseeds have sown on 159.55 acres area accounting 6.28 percent of the total cropped area. Oilseeds consist of soyabean, Khursani (black teel) and groundnut. Oil seed are commonly grown as a rotation with jowar, more, banti, rice, udid, tur and maize etc in study area. It is observed cash crops and oilseeds highest consist of soyabean followed by teel and Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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groundnut. Soyabean oil seed has been commonly grown in all over the sample villages. While groundnut and teel crops grown in very few sample villages such as teel crop found in Dab, Wadibar, and Nandwane Bk, sample villages. Groundnut has been observed in Nandwane Bk, Veri, and Barisurgas, All the sample villages are cash crops and oil seeds cultivated is not large scale due to larger area is under jowar, maize, more, banti and udid. d) Indigenous Food Crops and Vegetables: Bhil, Pawara and Dhanka Tadvi tribe besides the different cereals, pulses and vegetables a variety of indigenous crops such as More, Banti, Rala, Padi, Mani Jowar, Safed Jowar, Chikany Jowar, Kodra, Bhendi, Ambadi, Ghewada, Wal and Cucumber, Ambadi, Bhendi, Nachani were produced by in Akkalkuwa Tahsil in Satpura mountain ranges. All these food crops and vegetable are cultivated in traditional methods, and do not use any chemical fertilizers and pesticides for their growth. Among these food crops i.e. More, Banti, Rala and Padi are most important crops in the tribal livelihood. Table No. 3 Nandurbar District: Major Indigenous Food Crops (Area in Acres). Sr. Name of the Indigenous Food crops No sample village Rala/Padi Total More Banti and other 1 Bagda 34 34 4 72 2 Bardi 34.5 29.5 6.5 70.5 3 Barisurgas 25.5 21 0 46.5 4 Dab 62.5 59.5 0 122 5 Dahel 29 30.8 8 67.8 6 Jangthi 42 30 16.5 88.5 7 Kewdi 38.5 31.5 9.5 79.5 8 Kuwa 23.5 11.8 0 35.3 9 Nandwane 23 26 6.5 55.5 10 Sari 28 7 3.5 38.5 11 Veri 24.3 22 0 46.3 12 Wadibar 33 28.5 7 68.5 Total 397.80 331.60 61.50 790.90 Percentage 50.30 41.93 7.78 100 Source: Based on Field survey, household interview questionnaire.

After the cereals second largest occupies under the cultivation area of indigenous crops (31.13 percent) in the study region. These crops are cultivated on hill-slops and require little attention. The highest proportion of area under cultivation for indigenous food crops is More crop (50.30 percent), followed by Banti crop, Rala and Padi crop and other crops with 41.93, and 7.78 percent respectively. The varieties of millets traditionally produced were locally consumed and were hardly sold. They were primarily stored for food security. A simple meal of Banti, Badi, Rala, Rice or Padi and udid or tur dal was served to villagers Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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during major communal activities such as building or repairing the house, occasion of marriage, socio-cultural & religious events and agricultural activities such as ploughing or sowing as part of reciprocity. e) Kitchen Garden: Traditionally tribal economies have been subsistence economics. What is produced is consumed and there is no surplus. In this context kitchen garden assume importance as a supportive means of subsistence. While their farm products include cereals and pulses, kitchen garden provides a variety of other accompaniments (Yashada Report 2006, pp.68). Kitchen garden cultivated very small scale specific variety of vegetable in the study area. Brinjal, Bhendi (Ladyâ€™s Finger), Chilly, Ghewada, Cucumber, Wal Papdi, Dodka, Pumkin etc produced very small scale in and around the house. Conclusion: The Bhil, Pawara and Dhanka Tadvi etc. tribal communities of Satpura in Akkalkuwa tahsil were dependent primarily on their own agricultural produce and a variety of forest products for livelihood. They had subsistence economy, which means that whatever they produced was locally consumed with hardly any surplus. The agricultural produce included cereals, pulses, and oil seeds, traditional vegetables and a variety of millets as the item in diet. More than one third area under the forest cover, followed by cultivation area, area not available for cultivation and land not available for culturable waste to the total geographical area in sample villages. It may be seen from the field survey of the sample villages are very low area under the irrigation. In fact the study area most of the farmers, their cropping pattern was a kharip type, agriculture is mainly depends on rainwater. Traditionally hybrid variety of Jawar, Maize, Tur, Udid, Rice, Soyabean, Groundnut and some indigenous crops like More, Banti, Rala and Padi is more commonly cultivated in the study area. The distribution of crops is uneven the highest proportion crops is cereals and followed by indigenous crops, pulses and cash crops & oil seeds. The highest proportion of area under cultivation for indigenous food crops is More crop (50.30 percent), followed by Banti crop, Rala and Padi crop and other crops with 41.93, and 7.78 percent respectively. The important role of indigenous food crops in tribal livelihood, because these crops used a simple meal of Banti, Badi, Rala, Rice or Padi and udid or tur dal was served to villagers during major communal activities such as building or

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repairing the house, occasion of marriage, socio-cultural & religious events and agricultural activities such as ploughing or sowing as part of reciprocity. References: Census of India . (1991, 2001 and 2011). District Census Handbook Nandurbar and Dhule District. Dubey R.N. and Negi B.S. (1972). Economic Geography of India (14th Edition ed.). Kitab Mahal Publication Allahabad. Husain Majid. (2011). Geography of India (2 nd Edition ed.). Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi. Ogale Sunil. (2013). A Spetio-Temperal Analysis of Agricultural Landuse and Productivity of Baramati Tahsil, Pune District (Maharashtra). Unpublished PhD Thesis, of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. Socio-Economic Statistical Abstract of Nandurbar District. (2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013). Directorate of Economics and Statistics Planning Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, India. Yashoda Report. (2006). Status of Resettlement and Rehabitation of Project Affected Families of Sardar Sarovar Project, In Maharashtra. Yashoda, Pune.