SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/PARUL PARIHAR & DR. B.T.LAWANI (2706-2724)
THE OCCURRENCES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE CITY OF PUNE – A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Parul Parihar1 & B.T.Lawani2, Ph. D. 1 2
PhD Student, Deptt. Of Sociology, Bharatividyapeeth University, Pune
Professor& Former Dean and Director, Deptt. Of Social Work, Bharatividyapeeth University, Pune Abstract
The public acceptance towards domestic violence against women reveals the underlying traditional beliefs that support gender discrimination in India. Traditional beliefs alone, however, are not the sole cause of female disempowerment in India. On an individual basis, lack of social support (e.g.; access to family), legal authority (e.g.; inheritance laws), and physical intimidation, can all limit a woman’s empowerment- including her autonomy, decision making, health, ability to question her position, and confidence to confront domestic violence. India’s gender inequality ensures that violence against women in the home is generally unchallenged whilst, this domestic violence itself is an impediment to female empowerment. The present study reveals the corresponding causes and other social and cultural factors facilitating this gruesome crime in our country with a statistically tested sample study carried over using the basic tools and sociological methodology. The basic aim is to understand the personality vs. social criteria in evaluating the varied dimensions of domestic violence against women in a post modern society. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Intimidation, Disempowerment, Gender, Inequality.
Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com The questions surrounding women‟s empowerment, the conditions and position of women have now become critical to the human rights based approaches to development. The Cairo Conference in 1994 organised by UN on Population and Development called attention to Women‟s empowerment as a central focus and UNDP developed the Gender Empowerment measure (GEM) which focuses on three variables that reflect women‟s participation in society – Political power or decision making, education and health. 1995 UNDP Report was devoted to women‟s empowerment and it declared that if human development is not engendered it is endangered and a degradation which almost become a leitmotif for further development measuring and policy planning.
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Equality, Sustainability and Empowerment were emphasised and the stress was that women‟s emancipation does not depend on national income but is an engaged political process. Drawing from Amartya Sen‟s work on „Human Capabilities‟ – an idea drawn from Aristotle a new matrix was created to measure human development. The emphasis was that we need to enhance well-being flourishing and not focus on growth of national income as a goal. People‟s choices have to be enlarged and they must have economic opportunities to make use of these capabilities. States and Countries would consider development in terms of whether its people lead a long healthy painless life or are educated and knowledgeable and enjoy a decent standard of living. Attempts to address the issue of violence against women have been lopsided and short-sighted. For-example: the Dowry Prohibition Act, which passed in 1961 and amended in 1984 and 1986 emphasised marital violence in the context of Dowry only. While inadequate dowry may be one of the underlying causes of harassment of women, in rural poor households where dowry is either non-existent or is only a token payment, there are other causes of abusive behaviour. Immediate shortcomings, negligence or failure in performing duties expected of wives or daughter in law also lead to violence. These causes may reflect the deep rooted gender inequalities that prevail and persist in most regions of India. Now the question is whether there can be real empowerment of women given the present situation where violence against women is rampant both for the working and the nonworking. Women are principal providers of care and support to families. Yet every social indicator shows a fundamental social bias and inequality. The latest Census (2001) data showing six point increase in sex ratio (no. of females per 1000 males) between the Census years 1991 and 2001. During this period considerable progress has been made in the domain of literacy. Overall literacy increased by 34.46% points- that of males and females by 30.46 & 40.60% points. Similarly, progress has been made with respect to indicators like health and nutrition, female infant mortality and maternal infant mortality. India is among the poorest countries of the world. According to the Human Development Report 1, India occupies 162nd place in nations list of gross national product (GNP). Poverty estimate about India shows that 44.2 percent population lives below $1 per day and 86.2% below $2 per day. As a result, the quality of life in country is poor. Under 5, mortality rate per 1000 was 83 in 1998 and life expectancy at birth in the same year was 64.The Fourth Conference of Women, 1995 has defined violence against women as a physical act of aggression of one individual or group against another or others. Violence against women is SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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any act of gender based violence which results in physical, sexual or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life and violation of human rights of women in violation of human rights in situations of armed conflicts. (Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995 Country Report). Violence is an act carried out with the intention or perceived intention of physically hurting another person (Gelles and Straws, 1979). Gender Violence is defined as „any intent of perpetuating promoting hierarchical gender relations‟. (APWLD, 1990, Schuler, 1992). Understanding the phenomenon of gender violence requires an analysis of the patterns of violence directed towards women and the underlying mechanisms that permit the emergence and perpetuation of these patterns. Liz Kelly(1998), Surviving Sexual Polity has defined violence as „any physical, visual, verbal or sexual act that is experienced by the women or girl at the time or later as a threat, invasion or assault that has the effect of hurting her or degrading her or takes away her ability to contest an intimate contact. Physical Violence as well as explicit forms of aggression are used by the more powerful in the household as methods to ensure obedience of the less powerful and therefore related to power dynamics in the household. At every stage in the life cycle, the female body is both the object of desire and of control (Thapan,1997). Domestic Violence includes not only Inter-Personal Violencebut also violence perpetrated by other family members. Generally, an important part of the power relationship between spouses and their families relates to dowry and its ramifications 9Karlekar,1995). Disputes over Dowries, a wife‟s sexual infidelities, her neglect of household duties and her disobedience of her husband‟s dictates are all considered legitimate causes for wife beating. It is only when the torture becomes unbearable or death appeared imminent that most women appeared willing to speak out (Karlekar, 1995). Glass defines Domestic Violence as “anything that is experienced as fearful, compelling and threatening when used by those with power (invariably men) against those without power (mainly women and children) (Ravindran, 1991). It is the establishment of control and fear in the relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. “Domestic Violence is not simply an argument. It is a pattern of coercive controls that one person exercises over another. Abusers use physical and sexual violence, threats, emotional insults and economic deprivation as a way to dominate their victims and get their way”. (Susan Scheter, Visionary leader in the movement to end family violence). The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 says that any act, conduct, omission or commission that harms or injures or has the potential to harm or injure will be considered SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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Domestic Violence by the Law. Domestic Violence is perpetrated by and on, both men and women. However, most commonly, the victims are women, especially in our country. Even in the United States, it has been reported that 85% of all violent crimes experienced by women are cases of Intimate Partner Violence, compared to 3% of violent crimes experienced by men. Thus Domestic Violence in Indian context mostly refer to Domestic violence against women. It includes harassment, maltreatment, brutality, or cruelty and even the threats of assaults- intimidation. It includes physical injury as well as “wilfully or knowingly placing and compelling the spouse by force or threat to engage in any conduct or act, sexual or otherwise from which the spouse has a right to abstain”. Public expenditure on health as percentage of GNP was just 0.6 in 1998, infant mortality rate per 1000 live births 70, total fertility rate (births per woman) 3.2 and maternity mortality rate per 100,000 live births 410. All these criteria indicators contribute to the vulnerability of women, leading to all kinds of abuse and exploitation. Clearly these data point to low human development in the area. The Human Development Index identifies three basic parameters, literacy and education, expectation of life at birth and measures of material well being. In this scenario, there is a vulnerability quotient, which is adverse to poverty reduction and sustainable development. Access denied to basic needs – Heath, Food, Education, Information and other basic facilities Violence against Women is different from Interpersonal Violence in general: The nature and patterns of violence against men, for example; typically differ from those against women. Men are more likely than women to be victimized by a stranger or casual acquaintance. Women are more likely than men to be victimised by a family member or intimate partner. The fact that women are often emotionally involved with and financially dependent upon those who abuse them has profound implications for how women experience and how best to intervene. Violence against women is partly a result of gender relations that assumes men to be superior to women. Violence against women has been clearly defined as a form of discrimination in numerous documents. The World Human rights Conference as a Human Rights Violation in 1993, defined violence against women as “ any act of gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result in physical, sexual,orpsychological harm or suffering to a women including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life” (cited by Gomez, 1996). SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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Radhika Coomaraswamy identifies different kinds of violence against women. In the United Nation‟s Special Report, 1995, on Violence Against Women: a) Physical, sexual and psychological occurring in the family including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women. b) Physical ,sexual and psychological abuse/violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions, elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution. c) Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs. This definition added „violence perpetrated or condoned by the State‟ to the definitions by UN in 1993. Coomaraswamy (1992) points out that women are vulnerable to various forms of violent treatment for several reasons, all based on gender. 1. Because of being female, a woman is subject to rape, female circumcision/genital mutilation, female infanticide and sex related crimes. This reason relates to society‟s construction of female sexuality and its role in social hierarchy. 2. Because of her relationship to a man, a woman is vulnerable to domestic Violence, dowry murder, Sati. This reason relates to society‟s concept of a woman as a property and dependent of male protector father, husband, son etc. 3. Because of the social group to which she belongs, in times of war, riots or ethnic, caste or class violence, a woman may be raped and brutalised as a means of humiliating the community to which she belongs. This also relates to male perceptions of female sexuality and women as the property of men. The family socialises its members to accept hierarchical relations expressed in unequal divisions of labour between the sexes and power over the allocation of resources. The community that is social, economic, religious and cultural institutions provides the mechanisms for perpetuating male control over women‟s sexuality, mobility and labour. The State legitimises the property rights of men over women, providing a legal basis to the family and the community to perpetuate these relations. The State does this through the enactment of discriminatory applications of the law. Margaret Schuler has divided Gender Violence into four major categories: Overt Physical abuse (battering, sexual assault at home and in the work place). Psychological abuse (confinement, forced marriage). SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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Deprivation of resources for physical and psychological well being (health, nutrition, education, means of livelihood. Commodification of women (trafficking, prostitution). Adriana Gomez has also talked about two forms of violence: structural and direct. Structural violence arises from the dominant political, economic and social systems, in so far as they block access to the means of survival for large number of people for example: economic models based on the super exploitation of thousands for the benefit of a few, extreme poverty in opposition to ostentatious wealth and repressions and discrimination against those who diverge from given norms. Structural violence according to her is the basis of direct violence, because it influences the socialisation which causes individuals to accept or inflict suffering according to the social function they fulfil. Open or direct violence is exercised through aggression, arms or physical force (Larrain and Rodrigue, 1993). What Leads to Domestic Violence: Domestic Violence against women is an age old phenomenon. Women were always considered weak, vulnerable and in position to be exploited. Violence has long been accepted as something that happens to women. Cultural mores, religious practices, economic and political conditions may set the precedence for initiating and perpetuating domestic violence but ultimately committing an act of violence is a choice that the individual makes our of a range of options. Factors contributing to these unequal power relations include: Socio-economic factors, the family institutions where power relations are enforced fear of control over female sexuality, belief in the inherent superiority of males and legislations and cultural sanctions that have traditionally denied women and children an independent legal and social status. Lack of economic resources underpins women‟s vulnerability to violence and their difficulty in extricating themselves from a violent relationship. The link between violence, lack of economic resources, threat, fear of violence keeps women from seeking employment or at best compels them to accept low paid , home based exploitative labour. And on the other, without economic independence, women have no power to escape from an abusive relationship. Research Methodology: The basic aim of conducting this study is solely to focus on feminist perspectives and methodologies of research which may be unique to contemporary India, given its patriarchal hegemonic structures in society and social organisations.
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The following Methods were taken into cognizance while conducting the study: 1. A Reflexive Methodology 2. A Positive Paradigm 3. Exploratory Study 4. Interviews-Phone Calls 5. Focus Group Study 6. Few Case Studies-8 7. A Subjective Interpretational approach by a female researcher is required to adopt a BiDirectional and Bi-Gendered Oriented Study. 8. Action oriented Study: Towards Social Change 9. The Universe of Study: It will remain confined to the city of Pune (Urban Dwelling) with fifteen cases to be studied as special case studies and may require amongst the middle class socio-economic status groups. Randomly choosing the samples irrespective of caste, religion and race criteria. 10. Remedial Actions to Achieve: Change in the Socialization process, cultural contexts and education Towards minimizing the role conflicts among women as a gendered issue and a sexual identity in crisis. To expedite the role and context of agency responses that is courts, lawyers collectives, forums and services, ngo‟s, role of family courts and counselling centres towards domestic violence issue. Mobilization of the range of legal resources to protect abused and change in perspectives of societal responses. 11. Objectives of the Study:
To determine the prevalence, characteristics and reasons of DV reported against adult and adolescent females.
To determine the socio-demographic correlates of DV, if any.
To find out the perceptions of the females to cope with the act of violence and to overcome the situation
To examine the Governmental and Non-Governmental responses to Domestic Violence so as to identify appropriate remedial measures or “best practices”.
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Research Design: The proposed study on “The Occurrences of Domestic Violence in the city of Pune- A Sociological Analysis”, aims to study the problem in hand that are Domestic Violence with specific reference to study the dimensions of violence happening between intimate partners, associated persons, as well as dating relationships. The pivotal aim of studying this problem also lies in assessing the practical benefits of introducing The Protection of Women under Domestic Violence Act of 2005, especially in areas to gauge whether there has been any progress in mitigating the basic crime on human dignity from the social scene. Moreover, to further investigate what social policies have been added on to look into the sensitive matters of after medical care, social rehabilitation and financial empowerment of the women in terms of provision of adequate jobs and opportunities. The study further bears relevance and significance as it can be considered as a useful guide to understand the possible causes and to test the effectiveness of the intervention schemes and strategies initiated by the legal machineries and state level authorities. Hence, a research design involving a mixed integrated methodology with interview schedules and adequate questionnaires were provided to the respondents/survivors (both wives and husbands). The field chosen as such was delimited to District Courts, N.G.O‟s dealing with this issue, prominent Advocate‟s reference to special cases having taken up and Police Cells were covered. The size of the Pilot Study was limited to 25 cases with random based selection from each unit of sample. The data so collected after an intensive study of three months was processed using the SPSS method and the coding done was utilitarian in assessing and analyzing the mean values of each multivariate testing. A comparative model was considered using Bivariate and Multivariate Sampling methods to induce the correct Co-efficient Correlation. The Research Design basically started with an Exploratory and Descriptive study in mind understanding the nature, form and implications of Domestic Violence and to further progress towards the level of testing a substantially no positive correlation Null Hypothesis that there is significantly no positive correlation between the various dimensions of Education, Gender, Age, Strong Kin Relations, Social Status, Employment, Education, Financial Status, Family Type (Joint-Nuclear), Marriage Type (Love-Arranged), Religion, Per capita income of Family etc to do with the increased occurrence and frequent cases of domestic violence in the city of Pune. SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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The following questions as created by Dr. Klaus Krippendorf under content analysis were further assessed:
Which Data are analyzed?
How are they defined?
What is the Population from which they are drawn?
What is the context relative to which data are analysed?
What are the boundaries of the analysis?
What is the target of the inferences?
The Findings and Modifications Included: A cross sectional observational study was undertaken by interviewing 20 Adult Respondents in the City of Pune, with the help of a pre designed and pre tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions and tests of significance like Standard Deviation, Mean Values, Coefficient Correlation, Regression Analysis, Multivariate Sampling, ChiSquare test, T-Square Test. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection was used (Mixed Methodology) which made it useful to derive probable predictions about the future. Second, as a result of focussing only on formal properties, quantitative content analysis typically applies to manifest contents (Literal content) rather than its latent meanings (Implied content). Third, MCKeone (1995) distinguishes between prescriptive analysis (which has a closely defined set of specified parameters) and open analysis which can be applied to many times of texts and content, and where dominant messages are identified in the analysis. Moreover, because the researcher often requires instruments to measure and count that is a computer, the reliability and validity techniques that is the software should always be reflected upon as part of the research. Data collection and Standard Deviation and Mean Values were taken each against the obtained sample of 25 Respondents and analysed, for instance, For understanding the relationship between the Higher Education, Strong Family Ties and the Trend of Domestic Violence (Frequency, Nature , Intensity).Hence, creating a Null Hypothesis, Ho : There is no Statistically Significant Correlation between Higher Education, Strong Family Ties, Family Status, Financial Status, Employment, Age, Gender, Type of Family, Marriage Type, Monthly Family Income with that of Domestic Violence (Ha : a- 0.05). It is a two tailed Null Hypothesis that is Higher Education – Higher Scale of DV, Lower Education – Lower Scale of DV and that is there is a P- Value that is Probability Value.
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Pearson Correlation Coefficients by default because we are sure that the variations of these two variables are equal Table no.1 How Educated are you? (Primary/ Middle/ Above Senior Secondary)
Correlations Pearson Correlation Significance Tailed)
N
How Educated Findings are you 0.27 1 (2-
23
.211 23
0.271 is a Direction – Positive Positive Correlation as Education Increases – DV Cases on rise and as Education Decreases – DV Cases on Fall, but strength is weak, because its not even 0.3 at the boundary. So a weak correlation. Out of the 141 respondents, 73.4 % were exposed to domestic violence in the past year. Among the demographic characteristics, statistically significant maximum prevalence was observed among (25-35) age group, illiterate/ literate and married and cohabitation couples together. For most of the females who were exposed to DV, their husbands acted as the perpetrators and they were reportedly slapping, punching, kicking, choking , pulling hair, verbally abusive, physically threatening and abandonment issues were cognitively noted. Majority of the respondents reported that opportunity of education (31.9%), being economically productive (31.9 %) and better family income (23.4%) would help them overcome the situation. Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for justified female empowerment and this calls for multidisciplinary approach to develop public health measures, which would most effectively address the problem of DV. World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined violence as “the range of sexually, psychologically and physically coercive acts used against adult women by current or former male intimate partners”. Violence is often not restricted to the current husband, but may extend to boyfriends, former husbands and other family members such as parents, siblings and in-laws too. For eliminating DV against females, it is critical to understand the context of Violence and social constructs which supports its perpetuation. There is little empirical data on prevalence of DV and its determinants in India, which needs urgent attention. Particularly, it is important to understand this serious problem in a rural low socio economic condition with poor educational and economic background of the females.
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The Questions interviewed reflected 75% of Respondents as having felt diverse dimensions as nervousness anxiety threat etc when they are in and around their partners. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n=141) Characteristics
No.(%) of Respondents Total Exposed to Violence
Age Group (Years) 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 ≥50 Religion Hindus Muslims Education Illiterate Just Literate /Below Primary Primary Middle Secondary/Above Marital Status Unmarried Married Widowed/Divorced
21 (100) 57 (100) 18 (100) 21 (100) 24 (100)
9 (42.86) 6 (10.53) 9 (50) 6 (28.57) 3 (12.5)
93(100) 48(100)
18(19.35) 15(31.25)
39(100) 15(100)
18(46.15) 3(20)
45(100) 18(100) 24 (100)
6(13.33) 3(16.67) 3(12.5)
30(100) 90(100) 21(100)
9(30) 24(26.67)
No. Of Children 0 1-2 3-4 ≥5 Type Of Family Nuclear Joint
X2= 18.78, d.f=4 Significant, P<0001
Not Significant P,0.05
X2=15.9, df=4 Significant, P<0.01
X2=7.68, df=2, Significant, P>0.05
Not Significant P<0.05
63(100) 78(100)
12(19.05) 21(26.92)
PCI Of Family (Rs Per Month) >10,000 105 (100) 10,000-20,000 27 (100) ≥20,000 9 (100) SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
Significance
21(20) 9(33.33) 3(33.33)
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Not Significant P<0.05
Not Significant P>0.05
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Overall
141 (100)
33(23.4)
Observations, Inferences and Interpretations: Ques.1. Do you feel anxious or nervous when you are around your partner? 1) Yes 2) No Table No.1 Sr.No. Response N % 1 Y 127 90 2 N 14 9.92 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.1, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt anxiety as well as nervousness when they are in and around their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.2. Do you watch what you are doing in order to avoid making your partner angry or upset? Table No. 2 Sr.No. Response N % 1 Y 127 90 2 N 14 9.92 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.2, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents claimed to be conscious of minding their movements in order to avoid inviting negative treatment from their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.3. Do you feel obligated or coerced into having sex with your partner? Table No.3 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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Observation: From Table No.2, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents asserted of having coerced into sexual relations without their consent with their partners on different occasions. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.4. Are you afraid of voicing a different opinion than your partner? Table.No.4 Sr.No. Response N % 1. Yes 127 90 2. No 14 9.92 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.2, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents voiced their opinion as being apprehensive of their partner‟s reaction if and when different than that of their partner. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.5. Does your partner check up on what you have been doing and not believe your answers? Table No.5 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.2, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt anxiety as well as nervousness when they are in and around their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.6. Does your partner criticise you or embarrass you in front of others? TableNo.6
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Sr.No. Response N % 1. Yes 127 90 2. No 14 9.92 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.2, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt anxiety as feeling embarrassed in front of others having been criticized by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.7. Is your partner jealous, such as accusing you of having an affair? Table No.7 Sr.No. Response N % 1. Yes 92 65 2. No 49 34.75 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 92× 100 ÷ 141 = 65, No N %: 49× 100 ÷ 141=34.75 Observation: From Table No.2, 92 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt miserable when accused of adultery allegedly and of having an affair by their partner as a mark of jealousy (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 60% Respondents have been accused of having an affair and being a victim of jealousy by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Psychological Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.8 Does your partner tell you that he or she will stop beating you when you start behaving yourself? Table No.8 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.8, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as when their partners assured them of stopping to beat then if and only when they will correct their behaviour (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt that they are wrong since their partners assured them of stopping to beat them if they improve and correct their behaviour which is the sole reason of their own misery and battery. Degree of Significance, Coefficient SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.9 Have you stopped seeing your friends or family because of your partner? Table No.9 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.9, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having stopped seeing their friends or family because of their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have accepted of having stopped seeing their friends or family because of their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.10 Does your partner‟s behaviour make you feel as if you are wrong? Table No.10 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.10, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt grimly wrong about their behaviours by their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt grimly wronged by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.11 Does your partner threatens to harm you? Table no. 11 Sr.No. Response N % 1. Yes 127 90 2. No 14 9.92 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.11, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having threatened of great harm by their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt threaten of great harm by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation.
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It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 12 Do you try to please your partner rather than yourself in order to avoid being hurt? Table No.12 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.12, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having pleased their partners rather than themselves in order to avoid hurt feelings by their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have pleased their partners rather than themselves in order to avoid getting hurt. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 13 Does your partner keep you from going out or doing things that you want to do? Table No.13 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.13, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having kept away from going out or doing things that they would like to do by their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt having kept away from going out or doing things that they would have loved doing by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.14 Do you feel that nothing you do is ever good enough for your partner? Table No.14 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 127 14
% 90 9.92
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 127× 100 ÷ 141 = 90, No N %: 1400÷ 141=9.92 Observation: From Table No.14, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt worthless of doing any creditable efforts well enough for their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 90% Respondents have felt worthless of doing any creditable efforts well enough for their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to SEPT-OCT 2016, VOL-4/26
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± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 15 Does your partner says that if you try to leave him or her, you will never see your children again? Table No.15 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 68 73
% 48.22 51.77
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 68× 100 ÷ 141 = 48.22, No N %: 73× 100 ÷ 141=51.77 Observation: From Table No.15, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having told of no contact with their children if they try to leave their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 48.22% Respondents have told of no contact with their children if they try to leave their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 16 Does your partner say that if you try to leave him, he or she will kill himself or herself or you? Table No.16 Sr.No. Response N % 1. Yes 138 97.87 2. No 3 2.127 Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 138× 100 ÷ 141 = 97.87, No N %: 3× 100 ÷ 141=2.127 Observation: From Table No.16, 138 Respondents have given Yes Response as having threatened of being killed by their partners or they themselves (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 97.87% Respondents have been threatened of being killed by their partners or they themselves. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques.17 Is there always an excuse for your partner‟s behaviour? (The Alcohol or Drugs made me to do this! My job is too stressful! If dinner was on time i would not have hit you! I was joking! Table No.17 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 131 10
% 92.90 7.09
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 131× 100 ÷ 141 = 92.90, No N %: 10× 100 ÷ 141=7.09
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Observation: From Table No.17, 131 Respondents have given Yes Response as having felt nervousness and anxiety while being in and around their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 92.90% Respondents have accepted of above stated excuses on account of their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 18 Do you lie to your family, friends and doctor about your bruises, cuts and scratches? Table No.18 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 86 55
% 60.99 39.00
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 86× 100 ÷ 141 = 60.99%, No N %: 5500÷ 141=39% Observation: From Table No.18, 127 Respondents have given Yes Response as having lied of their bruises, scratches, cuts by their partners (Spouses). Inferences and Interpretation: 60.99% Respondents have felt lied to their family, friends and doctor about their scratches, cuts and bruises by their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ± .80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence. Ques. 19 Do you sometimes feel scared of how your partner will act, Constantly make excuses to other people for your partner‟s behaviour, Believe that you can help your partner change if only you changed something about yourself, Try not to do anything that would cause conflict or make your partner angry? Table No.19 Sr.No. 1. 2.
Response Yes No
N 130 11
% 92.19 7.80
Total Number N: 141, Yes Y %: 130× 100 ÷ 141 = 92.19, No N %: 1100÷ 141=7.80 Observation: From Table No.19, 130 Respondents have given Yes Response as having accepted of all the above accusations. Inferences and Interpretation: 92.19% Respondents have accepted of all the above stated statements on account of their partners. Degree of Significance, Coefficient correlation ±.80 to ± 1 = Excellent Correlation. It shows Positive and Statistically Significant Correlation between the Emotional Abuse and Domestic Violence.
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References (2003) “Laws against Domestic Violence and abuse”, Manushi, 137, viewed 19 July 2006 http://www.indiatogether.org/manishu/issue137/laws.htm Anderson, Kristin L; (1997) “Gender, Status and Domestc Violence: An Integration of Feminist and Family Violence Approaches”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, pp- 655-669. Atal, Yogesh and Kosambi, Meera (eds.) (1993); Violence against Women: Reports from India and the Republic of Korea, (Bangkok: UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific). Dobash, R.E; and Dobash, R. (1979); Violence against Wives, (New York), cited in Gelles, Richard J. (1985) “ Family Violence”, Annual Review of Sociology, 11, pp- 360. Gelles, Richard J. (1985); “Family Violence”, Annual Review of Sociology, 11, pp- 347-367. Goode, W (1971); “Force and Violence in the Family”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 33, pp624-636. Government of India (2000) Crime in India, (New Delhi: National Crime Records Bureau). Abraham, Margaret (2002); “Speaking the Unspeakable: Marital Violence against South Asian Women”, NJ, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Raphael, Jody (2000); “Saving Bernice: Battered Women, Welfare and Poverty”, Northeastern University Press.
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