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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2019 = 6.38, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFERRED JOURNAL, NOV-DEC, 2019, VOL- 7/55

VEŚAVĀṭIVARṇANAM – THE BROTHEL DESCRIBED IN VĀMANA BHAṭṭA BĀṇA’S VEMABHŪPĀLACARITAM Kalelkar Navita Prabhakar Department of Sanskrit, University of Mumbai. Abstract The paper throws light on the settlement of the harlots in Triliṅga janapada during 15th century A.D. during the rule of the king Vema of the Reddi dynasty narrated in Vemabhūpālacaritam by Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa. It also depicts the behavioural pattern of harlots, their mothers and the procuresses.

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction Vemabhūpālacaritam also known as Vīranārāyaṇacaritam, is a work from the world of Sanskrit prose literature. It is a composition of a poet from Āndhra, named Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa, who lived in 15th century A.D., under the Reddi king Vema of Konḍavidu1. In this work, he narrates the exploits of Reddi king Vema alias Vīranārāyan ̣a, the son of Pedda Komaṭīndra 2 who ruled over Triliṅgas 3 with its capital Addaṅkī 4 . Vemabhūpālacaritam is consists of four ucchavāsas. First ucchavāsa talks about the origin of Reddi kings of Addanki, king Prolla’s hunting expedition in a forest. The second ucchavāsa deals with the love flourished between king Prolla and princess Anantā, daughter of Tukhkhāraghaṭṭa, the king of Vikramasiṁhanagarī. The third ucchavāsa tell about the marriage of the princess Anantā and king Prolla. She gave birth to five princes. Among these five Māca begot three godlike sons . Among them Pedda Komatīndra ̣

being superior by virtues influenced other

kings and ruled the earth. Pedda worshipped Indra and by his grace, he got a son named Vema, He celebrated his birth with the Indradhvaja Mahotsava. In course of time, Vema was coroneted. And, the fourth ucchavāsa describes Vema’s conquest in all directions. About Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa – The

colophon

describes

Vāmana

Bhaṭṭa

Bāṇa

‘gadyakavisārvabhaumasya

vatsakulatilakasya mahākaverabhinavabhaṭṭabāṇasya śrīvemabhūpāle’. This reveals that Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa designates himself as the supreme prose writer, ornament of Vatsa dynasty and most significant he calls himself modern Bāṇa (supreme sovereign of Sanskrit prose romance in 7th century A.D.) and his ambition is to be reckoned as foremost among the Sanskrit prose writers. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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The contribution of Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa to the world of Sanskrit literature is as follows5 Dramas 

Sṛṅgārabhūṣaṇabhāṇa



Pārvatīpariṇayanāṭakam (the authorship of this drama is disputed)



Kanakalekhākalyāṇam,



Uṣāharaṇam



Bāṇāsuravijayam

Epics and khaṇḍakāvyas 

Nalābhyudayam



Raghunāthacaritam



Haṁsasandeśaḥ



Bṛhatkathāmañjari

Lexicons 

Śabdacandrikā



Śabdaratnākara



Bṛhadratnākara

In the field of prose romance, Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa’s ambition was to emulate Bāṇa of Kādambarī fame.6 His resolve was to remove the deep rooted fame that, after Bān ̣a, there was no poet capable of writing fine prose. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa very proudly designates himself as Abhinava Bān ̣a , vows that his composition will give immense joy to the scholars as there is harmonious blending of the subject of narration i.e. heroic exploitation of great king Vema and poet’s style.7 Vemabhūpālacaritam is welcome addition to a comparatively small number of prose works in Sanskrit. It treats the exploits of Reḍḍi king Vema, who ruled over Triliṅgas. This description is in fourth chapter of the Vemabhūpālacaritam. The king, after successfully completing his digvijaya wanders through Veśavāṭī which is part of Dakṣārāmapurī8. Vemabhūpālacaritam abounds in the picturesque descriptions. We come across plenty of descriptions of morning, night, summer, rivers, mountains, lakes, cities and so on. But the description of the Veśavāṭī is quite unique as we hardly find any description of the settlement of the harlots in such an extensive manner.

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Earlier references of gaṇikās/veśyās – Before looking into the description of Veśavāṭī in Vemabhūpālacaritam, it would be interesting to view the earlier references to veśyā and gaṇikā. Śabdakalpadrumaḥ gives peculiar explanation saying that ‘viśanti kāmukā yatreti ǀ’. 9 Sanskrit literature has no inhibition in mentioning or describing the courtesans attached to the palace, to manor houses of the nobles especially merchants and to the brothels. Though Amarakoṣa, the metrical lexicon gives vārastrī, gaṇikā and veśyā as the synonyms, the vārastrī, Rūpājīvā or rūpadāsi was not accomplished in art like the gaṇikā, her only stock of trade was her beauty and charm.10 The institution of courtesans is taken for granted in epics. Priyavādi priyakathā sphuṭā dakṣā jitaśramā ‫׀‬ ebhirguṇairsā saṁyuktā gaṇikā parikīrtitā ‫׀׀‬11 In the chapter on Gaṇikādhyakṣa in Arthaśāstra in we get detailed information on prostitution organized by the state and the 6th chapter of Kāmasūtra of Vātsāyana deals exclusively with courtesans.12 The Gupta period was noted for its wealth and promotion of arts. Such references are found in Kālidāsa, Bāṇa and Śūdraka. Kālidāsa the great poet of India depicts main visiting courtesans. He writes about the courtesans dancing in the temple of Mahākāla in Ujjain. Sanskrit play Mṛcchakaṭikam deals with the life of noble courtesan Vasantasenā. Vasantasenā stands as a shining luminary among the gaṇikās described in classical Sanskrit literature. Caturbhāṇi (Śṛṅgārahāṭ) a collection of four bhāṇas by different authors, all belonging to the 5th century C. E. describes courtesans and different types of clients visiting them. Bāṇabhaṭṭa, in his Kādambarī referes to veśyālāpa (the manner of speaking of harlots) and bandhakī dhārṣṭya (audacity of a harlot) 13 . Following his ideal Bāṇa, who has described veśyālāpa and bandhakī dhārṣṭya, Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa in Vemabhūpālacaritam has narrated veśavāṭī.

The length and manner of the description of courtesans, their mothers and

procuresses indicate the widespread prevalence of this institution in the society. It seems that the institution of gaṇikā was a distinguished feature of the society. However, the deceitful and cunning nature of harlots is emphasized in the present text. This is because they were surrounded by shrewd persons who knew how to take advantage of the favorable situation. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa describes the Veśavāṭī, a dwelling place of gaṇikās. He not only gives detailed behavioral pattern of gaṇikās but their greed for money, their acting to attract people, Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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their dalliances, etc. He also describes the state of their mothers who have become like old female monkeys and the kuṭṭinis (procuresses) who are equally greedy and control the whole business. Veśavāṭī The narration of Veśavāṭī begins after the king offered his services at the temple of Bhīmeśvara in Dakṣārāmapurī. The king is accompanied by Vidūṣaka, his bosom friend who describes the Veśavāṭī which was present in the vicinity of Bhīmeśvara. It goes as follows Kiñca eṣā tu jagatprasiddhā tṛtīyapuruṣārthajanmabhūmiḥ, nikhilajanayauvanaphalanirveśaśālā, rāgalatālavālamaṇḍalī, dhanikadhanaluṇṭanakāntārapadavī, ratipatirāgarājyapravartanāsthānamaṇḍpikā, gurukulamanangavedādhyayanasya… ǀ14 Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa calls the Veśavāṭī as very famous abode of third objective of the life that is kāma, a school to experience the fruit of youth for all the people, the water basin for creeper of love, the forest where the wealth of wealthy people is stolen, a royal court of kingdom of the God of love. He describes it as the gurukula for the learning the Veda of Anaṅga. Here he refers the learning of love sports as the Veda of Anaṅga. The Veśavāṭī was visited by the king where every courtyard of the home had images of Rati and Madana under the tree of Aśoka; the city resembled eyes of people which show various pictures of karaṇas (love postures) drawn on the walls of front doors. The courtyards were decorated with the rangāvallī. It was resonant with the sweet humming of honeybees which were unsteady on account of the fragrance of the fresh liquor in the pitchers brought in every house, the various sounds during love sports mingled in the jingling sound of bangles in both the hands of harlots which were extended frequently as the sign of hospitality to the paramours. On account of the arguments and quarrels of the mothers and the procuresses for liquor, the whole surrounding was so much full of hue and cry that it had as if deafened the ears of all. The Veśavāṭī was full of fragrances of excellent sandalwood, saffron, musk brought by the wealthy people. Lingering there, out of curiosity, many poor people were satisfying themselves by observing the drawings of fights of goats, cocks and kapiñjala birds drawn in the courtyards. The gregarious lowly villagers with their uncontrolled ego were quarrelling, fighting, telling stories in the courtyards of the prostitutes. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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sakālameghapanktiriva kālāgarudhūmamaṇḍalaiḥ, sadugdhārṇavavīciriva dukūladhvajapaṭaiḥ, sarākārajaniriva ……….. pramathapariṣadiva bhūtidhāriṇī, sudharmeva mahanīyāmbaramaṇivasunikarabhūṣitā, vividhayuvativibhramaprabhavā virājate veṣavāṭī ǀ15 The settlement was having dark circles created by burning of kālāgaru, resembling rows of timely clouds. It was having the silk banners which were like the waves of milky ocean. The city looked beautiful on account of the veil of rays due to pearls which were as bright as full moon night, like the cluster of rays reflecting from various jeweled ornaments from thousands of the bows of Indra. On account of the lewd persons and the fragrance of sandal paste, the Veśavāṭī was imitating the slopes of Malaya abounding in sandal wood and snakes. On account of excellent gaṇikās residing there, it was like a royal way to the pleasure garden for the elephant in the form of Madana. On account of series of fragrances of various blossoms it was like an illusion for madhupas (bees) just like on account of series of liquors of various blossoms it was like an infatuation for the madhupas (drunkards). Just as the cave in the hell exhibits bahubhujañgabhoga (many skins of snakes) the settlement displayed bahubhujañgabhoga (several experiences of lustful people). Just as Alakā city was inhabited by Lord Dhanada (Kubera), this city was inhabited by dhanadas (wealthy people). Just as the army of Sugrīva was full of gavākṣas (monkies), this city was full of gavākṣas (windows). Just as the spring season was nourishing pallavas (foliage), the city was nourishing pallavas (lustful people); possessing bhūti (prosperity) just like troops of pramathas (gaṇas of Lord Śiva) smeared with bhūti (ashes). Just like the assembly of sudharmā (gods) decked with the ambaramaṇivasunikara (sun and eight vasus

), this dwelling was decorated with

ambaramaṇivasunikara (multitude of excellent cloths, jewels, riches); the settlement of harlots looked beautiful with the graceful movements of the several young women. Gaṇikājātiḥ - Description of harlots Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa calls the gaṇikājāti as samastajanasukhaparamparāprasūtiḥ 17 (the origin of all the traditions of pleasures of the entire world). He says that gaṇikājāti was procreated from five fundamental elements to lure world viz, mohanacūrṇa (powder of infatuation representing Pṛthvī), madirārasa (intoxicative liquor representing āpa), luster of yogadīpikā (light and energy of the lamp in the form of copulation representing teja), mahendrapiñcikāpavana (breeze created using feathers of magic – representing vāyu), Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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viṣavallīkuḍmalāntarākāśa (space inside the bud of poisonous creeper – representing ākāśa). The creator is none the else but the Lord Cupid. (p. 196) Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa also gives description of the graceful movements of gaṇikās in order to attract the people and their deceitful nature. They considered that easily gained wealth of śrotriya (brāhmaṇas), wealth received from forefathers, wealth of old people, young people, ugly people, innocent people, proud people, ascetics, villagers, etc as their own. Thus, they left none from their trap. They pretended to accept the wealth against their desire with great difficulty. Having kept purposefully secret relationship with all kinds of people like goldsmith, barber, washer-man, tailor, weaver, trader, drunkard, butcher, garland maker, with the false greatness, saying that she didn’t touch the one who was not high - born. (p. 197) Kasyacitkarāvalambanam ekena saha saṁlāpam, anyasya vilokanam aparasmai dūtikāpreṣaṇam itarasya sandeśaśravaṇam anyam prati mandasmitam cānusandhāya yugapadeva sarvānāvarjayantī, abhijātamapyanālocya taruṇamapyavigaṇyya sundaramapyanavalokya sarasamapyanādṛtya paṭutaramapyacintayitvā śūramapyanavekṣya snigdhamapyaparigṛhya kṛtopakāramapyavicārya dhanāśayā yam kancana nikṛṣṭamapi dhanikameva ārādhayantī…18 Gaṇikā would attract many of their clients variously; e. g. by holding somebody’s hand, talking with another man, sending messages through dūtikā and listening messages of another, with gentle smile towards other, ignoring high born, not even counting youths, not even looking at handsome, neglecting even excellent, not even thinking of experts, not even looking at braves, not even considering lovable, not considering even who has obliged, worshipping only wealthy people even though they are vile in nature. 19 When the robbed wealth was taken away, she would shed crocodile tears with no sorrow at heart. She would pick up some pretext for preventing the arrival of those who were called by her. She would earn fame by offering big gifts to the wealthy people obtained from vile persons. She would serve her own purpose by creating difference of opinions amongst lustful persons. She would collect half munched betel leaf from one, used clothes from the other, flower garlands from somebody else, and ornaments from still other person and offer them to the lewd persons with a gentle smile on her face. This surely reminds us of the Lakṣmīmada in Kādambarī. 20 Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa has made excellent use the names of metres while describing the beauty features of Gaṇikā – Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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‘keśeṣu sragdharā, vilāseṣu lalitā, vīkṣaṇeṣu hariṇī, vacasi mañjubhāṣiṇī, rūpe rucirā, sware mattakokilā, nitambabimbe pṛthvī, caivam sandarśtānekasuvṛttāpi durvṛttāvalambinī…’21 The harlots were like ‘sragdharā’; on account of garlands in hair (srak - dharā); ‘lalitā’ on account of their beautiful dalliances, ‘hariṇī’ on account of being deer eyed; ‘mañjubhāṣiṇī’ on account of their sweet words; ‘rucirā’ on account of their bright beauty, ‘mattakokilā’ on account of their melodious voice, ‘pṛthvī’ on account of their big circular hips. Thus, though displaying all good characteristics (suvṛttā), in reality the harlots possess a very wretched character (durvṛttā). He depicts elaborately the characteristics of gaṇikājāti in a very interesting manner. Gaṇikājāti has been compared with many natural phenomenon as well as many mythological characters – guḍāliptaśileva antaḥkathināpi bāhye rasaleshamavahayantī, ratiriva pradyumnanuraktā, bhūmiriva bhujañgabhogasanginī, ………… kamalinīvānubhūtakarikarakṣobhā, nāvikīva kṛtajanapratāraṇā, vāraṇagaṇḍasthalīva bindumatī, samarodyateva tīkṣṇanakharā…ǀ22 Like guḍāliptaśilā (a kind of stone which is soft outwardly but hard inside) she was soft outwardly but harsh inside, like Rati who loved Pradyumna (Madana), she loved pradyumna (wealthy people), like earth who is always in the company of bhujaṅga (snake) she is always in the company of bhujaṅga (lewd people), like the tides in the huge ocean reveals the maṇitaraṇa (floating of the jewels) she reveals maṇita raṇam (murmuring sound at the co habitation), like the crystal which holds ruci (luster), she holds ruci (love) towards every man, like raktākarṣiṇi (leech) who sucks blood, she attracts the persons inspired by love, like daṇḍaka forest thronged with chitrakūṭa (colourful mountains) she is full of chitra kūṭa (illusions), like a forest endowed with mayūrapadaśaśa (peacocks and rabbits) she has mayūrapadaśaśa (specific scratch marks by the nails), like the ideology of cārvāka not believing in jātibheda (differences in caste) she did not look for jātibheda (differences in caste), like the śarad (autumn) which has khaṇḍābhra (small clouds) she wore khaṇḍābhra (specific scratch marks by the nails), like the seashore decked with pravālamaṇi (corals) she was decked with pravālamaṇi (specific marks), like ascetics wearing koupina (loin cloth) pursued the knowledge of ātman (ātmanurakta - who is interested in atman) she reduced ātmānurakta (involved in her) to koupina (penniless state), like kamalinī (lotus creeper) suffering from karikarakṣobhā (anger of trunk of elephant), kamalinī (beautiful lady) suffers from karikara (specific scratch marks by the nails), like a sailor woman (nāvikī) carrying Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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people to other shore (pratāraṇa), that beautiful lady (nāvikī) did pratāraṇā (cheating), just like the gaṇḍasthala (temple of excellent elephants) contain bindu (pearls), they had bindu (specific marks of teeth) on gaṇḍasthala (their foreheads), she had sharp nails like a warrior holding sharp weapon ready for war. (p. 200) Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa has correctly depicted gaṇikā’s ability to bring the complete transformation in the nature of a person, e.g.‘Vivekino’pi jaḍān, vratino’pi kāmukān, dhanikānapi nirdhanān, lubdhānapi pradatṛn, śāntānapi sāhasikān, mugdhānapi vidagdhān, prakṛtisthānapyunmattān, dhīrānapi cañcalān, cakṣuṣmatopyandhān, śrutimatopi badhirān ācarantī….’ 23 Gaṇikās treated thoughtful persons like the stupid, vowed persons like lustful. They rendered wealthy people to popper, transformed a greedy into the donor, a composed into rash one, an ignorant person into a learned person, converted a genuine person into insane, a patient person into a fickle one, a person with clear sight into a blind one, making even the person with good hearing capacity into deaf. The poet has depicted characteristics of gaṇikājāti as follows – āvāsasthalī corāṇām, viśrāmabhūmirdhūrtānām, āśrayabhūrātatāyinām, rangamaṇḍpikā madhupāyinām, ……… darśitendrāṇīvilāsāpi navāsavasaktā, kṛtrimajanmabhūmi’ khyātigarīyasī gaṇikājāti’ ‫ ׀‬24 Gaṇikājāti was habitat of thieves, refuge of shrewd persons, shelter for the murderers, drinking pavilion for the drunkards, storehouse of frauds, mine of the falsehood, water basin of the improper conduct, and residence of the undesirable tasks. She was cheater of the cheaters, thief of the thieves, tempter for even the temptations, deceiver of the deceivers. Though she was sa-kapaṭa (fraudulent) she had greed for gold coins and valuable clothes (niṣka – paṭa), like śyāmā (night) waiting for vasumat (sun), she (śyāmā – lady with dark complexion) waited for vasumat (wealthy person), she was rucirā (having radiant complexion) but did not possess praiseworthy vṛtta (character). In spite of exhibiting dalliance like Indrāṇī they were not involved towards Indra (Vāsava) and displaying coitus (Indrāṇīvilāsa25 – sexual posture) they were fond of new fresh liquor (nava - āsavasaktā), the land of birth of falsehood this gaṇikājāti possesses great popularity. Description of the mothers of gaṇikas Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa does not stop at the description of gaṇikājāti, but he goes on to describe the mothers of gaṇikas with rather harsh words. According to him, the mother (of ganikā) Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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was kuṭilahṛdayā (crooked at heart) like an enraged old female monkey (who doesn’t allow anybody to come in the vicinity). Like thorn fencing to the sugarcane farm she protected her daughter (by restricting the entry of the undesirable persons). Her loose fallen breast bearing old nail marks imitated the leather bellow. She was expert in giving dry smile. Expecting money from lustful paramours, it was not possible to agitate her by hundreds of salutes and praises by them. Due to marks on the breast it appeared that they had sinful heart on account of grabbing away money from many youths. Her grey hair imitated the full bunch of white flower on dry old creeper which she dyed with hair dye. Her cheeks were marked with the scars of beating by hands of lustful people who were enraged due to her habit of picking up a quarrel for no reason and driven away by the procuress. Her body was weakened due to various physical tricks in order to take away the wealth of the paramours. She had sour throat caused by continuous quarrels with neighbours every moment. Her body figure was full of wrinkles representing lines of snatching away the money of wealthy people. She was skilled in honouring paramours who used to give various types of wealth, cloths, gold and jewels continuously day by day. She would extract plenty of wealth from every passerby, showing him her daughter’s child and telling him repeatedly, ‘this one is born of you, hence give some ornament to him’. She was like the moving whirlwind to ward off the heat generated by the activity of earning money. She was like the teeth of the dog in showing the expertise of her daughter. Like a dog she would exhibit her shining teeth only to narrate her daughter’s virtues. The mother of gaṇikā has been compared by the poet with many unpleasant standards of comparison. Upamā kālarātreḥ, udāharaṇamamangalānām, mātṛkā piśācīsargasya, manorathasiddhirvairupyasya, ……… akālapalitodgatiryuvajanakeśagrahaṇasya, peṭikā kiṇamaṇidhāraṇasya, naṭī vaikṛtanāṭakasya, … 26 She was like the night of destruction at the end of the world, an example of inauspicious things, the birthplace of creation of goblin, an accomplishment of the ugliness, moving tent of bad conduct, a disputatious woman for the law of Cupid, a female monkey showing ficklemindedness, obstruction in the path of prostitution, lightning without the clouds for fulfilling the intentions of lewd people, the instructor of fraudulent techniques, an expounder of the science of deception, a bamboo stick to drive away poppers, a robber of the wealth of the wealthy people, a broom to wipe away good values, a grayness of hair brought untimely in Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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youth, the box to hold the gems of the marks, an actress of the disgustful drama, full of illusions like the nocturnal female demon, exploiting the paramours (pallava) just like the summer wind drying up the foliage (pallava), just as the tongue of Rāhu who swallows the whole moon (sakalacandra) she would seize all the gold (candra), having crooked behavior like the female snake, she was like the tail of the dog which never become straight, she was dreadful for bhujaṅga (lewd person) just like a female mongoose who is terrible for the bhujaṅga (family of snakes), she was terrible for paramours, generating terror among the assemblies of paramours. Description of kuṭṭinī After depiction of gaṇikā and her mother, as if that was not enough, the poet goes ahead to depict the procuress. He describes procuress as expert in the fraudulent behavior. The procuress was expert in the fraudulent behavior, knowing the vulnerable points to bring together and separate paramours and maids. The marks of nail on the sides of her breasts were functioning like script to invite the paramours. She wore artificial flowers in her curly hair, wearing clothes only on her lower limbs, whose body was painted with the beetle nut colour given by lustful men and women, causing to melt the heart as hard as rock by hundreds of imaginary schemes of deceitful words. Her surrounding was eloquent on account of the hundreds of the sweet words uttered by paramours overpowered by Lord Cupid. She was carrying on her body at proper places the marks of teeth namely samūḍha, ucchūnaka, bindu, pravāla, maṇimālā, bindumālā, etc. She was an expert in art of pacifying the angry paramours. She was a scholar in creating dislike between the couple of paramours who were enamoured with each other like Rambhā and King Nalakubera27. She would create fear and discomfort among the connoisseurs of high born ladies, innocent like deers. They were highly honoured by people who knew the laws of Cupid on account of the rift that they would create during love sports with other women, looking graceful on account of dalliances shown by various harlots, fortunate of love sports which was uncommon with other women, expert in various karaṇopacāras (postures of love making), knower the heart of hero. ‘She (gaṇikā) is the very essence of Lord Cupid, owing to her only, the third objective of human life that is kāma becomes successful’ saying thus, she (procuress) would channelize the extremely purse proud people to a particular courtesan. Allowing the scabby paramours only to praise her dalliances (not allowing to come ahead for love making), dealing only with her own work, pleasing with various sexual enjoyments those who have been accepted by her mistress. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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‘Upādhyāyī kapaṭaśāstrāṇām, sandhānakaraṇī mithunānām, adhyāpikā kandarpanigamānām, ācāryā kāmukākarṣaṇavidyānām, upadeṣṭri smarabandhakaraṇānām…’ 28 ‘Klībasyāpi puṁstvamutpādayantī, nīrasasyāpi rasam janayantī, nirvikārasyāpi vikaāramāpādayantī, kathinasyāpi mārdavam kalpayantī…’ 29 She is said to be the preceptor of the science of fraudulence, joiner of the hearts of lovers, teacher of scriptures of Cupid, teacher of art of attracting the lustful people, instructor of bandhakaraṇa (posture of love), the proclamation of sexual enjoyment along with the sound of drums, toll fees in various dealings with men, the lightning flash for the enjoyment of kāmapuruṣārtha, actress of the tāṇḍava dance of incomparable sex act, creating manliness even in an impotent, creating interest about sex in uninterested person, creating fault in faultless person, giving softness to hard person. Even though she was beautiful like a lake with lotuses, good people were not interested in her, constantly moving like a cloud, to and fro like a swing, extracting money from both the sides (from paramours as well as the courtesan) just like words exploit meanings in the pun (śliṣṭaśabda); like a female fox always indulged in cheating; like a bitch desirous of the left over food; she indulged with the men who were used by others; like a snake charmer skilled in subduing snake, she was expert in acquiring lewd persons, like the demon Śambara, she would assume various illusions, like the eye ball of crow (which can be moved as per necessity), she would serve the purpose of both (courtesan and paramours). General Analysis The description of gaṇikā and their associate entities occupies almost eight pages of the prose romance, which is quite unproportionate to the expanse of the present text. Probably, the poet was keen on giving something which is not very commonly found in Sanskrit works. The depiction of the harlots and the hierarchy within the institution in so much detail, shows not only power of observation of the poet but also that how institution of prostitution formed the important strata of the society. However, the supervisory authority like gaṇikādhyakṣa as described in Arthaśāstra is not mentioned in this description. Knowledge of Kāmasūtra The poet has described in detail the various love positions like bandhakaraṇa, udāharaṇa, karaṇa, Indrāṇīvilāsa, etc which shows his study of Kāmasūtra. He has given many names of Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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love bites bindumālā, samūdha, ucchūnaka, pravālamaṇimālā 30 and nail scratches like nakhamayūra, karikara, khaṇḍābhra, vāraṇagaṇḍabindu, etc.31 Figures of speech – These kinds of descriptions offer an opportunity to poets to show their poetic skills and knowledge. Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a has very well utilized this opportunity by using many figures of speech while describing the settlement of the harlots. Anuprāsa32tuṅgaharmyaśṛṅganihitagāṅgeyakumbhapiṅgalimaliptagaganavithibhiranilataraṅgitairanaṅ gadhvajapaṭairnirantarasuratakhinnāḥ… (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 195) Here we can see the repeatition of anunāsikas i. e. ṅa, na, etc. which creates rhythm. Rupaka - Gaṇikājāti is called as ‘āvāsasthalī corāṇām, viśrāmabhūmirdhūrtānām, āśrayabhūrātatāyinām, rangamaṇḍpikā madhupāyinām, ākaraḥ kapaṭānām, khaniranṛtānām, ālavālamanācārāṇām, nivāsasthānamakāryāṇām…’ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 200) Here, the poet imagines the complete identity between the harlots and the dwellings of thieves, the refuge of shrewd persons, the shelter for the murderers, drinking pavilion for the drunkards, the storehouse of frauds, the mine of the falsehood, water basin of the improper conduct, and the residence of the undesirable tasks. Śleṣa 33– The description of veṣavāṭī is full of puns. The use of pun at places has made his description more enjoyable. An example is quoted below prasavaparimalahāriṇīmmālikā madhupakulavyāmohasya, pātālaguheva prakaṭitabahubhujañgabhoga, alakeva dhanadādhiṣṭhitā, sugrīvapṛtaneva sagavākṣā, vasantavanavallīva pallavollāsinī, pramathapariṣadiva bhūtidhāriṇī, sudharmeva mahanīyāmbaramaṇivasunikarabhūṣitā, vividhayuvativibhramaprabhavā virājate veṣavāṭī… (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 196) The pun can be seen of the following words – Madhupas – 1. Bees 2. Drunkards Bahubhujañgabhoga – 1. Skins of snakes 2. Several experiences of lustful people Dhanada - 1. Kubera 2. Wealthy people Gavākṣas – 1. Monkeys 2. Windows Pallavas – 1. Foliage 2. Lewd people Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Bhūti - 1. Prosperity 2. Ashes Ambaramaṇivasunikara – 1. The sun, the moon and eight vasus 2. Multitude of excellent cloths, jewels and riches. Virodha – ‘Vivekino’pi jaḍān, vratino’pi kāmukān, dhanikānapi nirdhanān, lubdhānapi pradatṛn, śāntānapi sāhasikān, mugdhānapi vidagdhān, prakṛtisthānapyunmattān, dhīrānapi cañcalān, cakṣuṣmatopyandhān, śrutimatopi badhirān ācarantī….’ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 200) Here, while noting the treatment given by the harlot to various persons, the poet observes this – ‘For her the thoughtful persons and the stupid, vowed persons and the lustful were same. She rendered wealthy people to popper, a greedy into the donor, a composed into rash one, an ignorant person into a learned person, a genuine person into insane, a courageous person into a fickle one, a person with clear sight into a blind one, deafening even the person with good hearing capacity.’ Utprekṣā34 – Viṣavallīva sevyamānā mohamāpādayantī… (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 199) The word iva is used in utprekṣā. Stylistic Features The whole description runs in five sentences spreading over eleven pages. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa has employed Gauḍī 35 style to suit this description. The Gauḍī style consists of compactness of structure gained through long compounds, harsh syllables, conjunct consonants and alliteration, etc. According to Viśvanātha, author of Sāhityadarpaṇa, there are four varieties of prose style – Muktaka, Vṛttagandhī, Cūrṇaka and. Utkalikāprāyaḥ. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa has made a judicious use of these types to suit the situations and occasions. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa is undoubtedly the master of the language and other poetic skills. The poet has used all the styles of gadya in Vemabhūpālacaritam. In veśavāṭivarṇanam, Muktaka, Cūrṇaka, Utkalikāprāyaḥ are used judiciously at various places. However, the utmost use of Utkalikāprāyaḥ is seen. The poet makes use of various statements carrying same import to convey the things more efficiently and effectively. abhijātamapyanālocya taruṇamapyavigaṇyya sundaramapyanavalokya sarasamapyanādṛtya Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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paṭutaramapyacintayitvā śūramapyanavekṣya snigdhamapyaparigṛhya kṛtopakāramapyavicārya…ǀ (p. 198)36 Here, Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa uses words anālocya, avigaṇayya, anavalokya, anādṛtya, acintayitvā, anavekṣya, aparigṛhya, avicārya which give us clear picture of the selfish nature of prostitutes who would neglect the good and appreciate the bad for her purpose. Citradarśī style The poet Bāṇabhaṭṭa (7TH century A.D.) has painted such long drawn and fine word pictures. Following his ideal, even Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa has also drawn a picture gallery in his prose romance. In this picture gallery, we have well framed pen-portraits, one after another, in which each and every line has been minutely drawn and colours have been properly filled in. This word paintings show the wonderful accuracy of Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a’s power of observation and rare ability of depicting all the details of any view. In most of his long descriptions, he first gives realistic and detailed account of the scene by means of svabhāvokti. Then, upamās and utprekṣās are used to make thing more meaningful. And, at the end, just to satisfy the lovers of the word play, śleṣa, virodhābhāsa or parisankhyā are employed. Just like a painter, who would draw a bare sketch, then fill colours in it and finally use finishing touch for his piece of art. Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a uses this style in his word pictures. This description of veśavāṭī is no exception to it. Demerits Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a could not resist the detailed descriptions. His descriptions are often too lengthy and his imagination knows no end. While describing the gaṇikājāti, he has given too detailed description of their appearance, nature, skills and changing beahaviour. Truly, the descriptions of Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a seldom remain in proper limits. No doubt that they are marvelous in themselves, but sometimes they halt the movement of the story for the undesirable period. The reader curious about the storyline may lose his interest. Conclusion 1. Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa is probably one of the foremost poets who have described the institution of the prostitution and dwelling of harlots in such an extensive manner. 2. He has given the peculiar behaviour of the harlots in the company of wealthy people as well as poor by way of describing the detailed and minute behavioural pattern of the harlots. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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3. The poet has mentioned that persons belonging to every strata of the society visit the dwelling of harlots. 4. The description abounds in various tricks used by courtesans to attract the clients which suggest their vile mind residing in a beautiful body. 5. The supervisory authority like gaṇikādhyakṣa as described in Arthaśāstra is not mentioned in this description. 6. The role of ceṭa and dūtikā is emphasized. They are utilized by gaṇikās as well as kuṭṭinīs. 7. Gaṇikās were skilled in dyūta (gambling), gāna (singing), kathā (story telling). Śukālāpa (training the parrots to imitate human talks) was one of the means of the entertainment used by them. 8. The poet has penned too much detailed description with complex compounds and too lengthy sentences. The reader curious about the storyline may lose his interest. 9. One can say that the claim of Vāmana Bhatṭạ Bān ̣a to be Abhinava Bān ̣a finds ground on the basis of the description of veśavāṭī. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources (The) Amarakoṣa of Shri Amara Sinha, (ed.) Shri Manna Lal Abhimanyu, Master Khelarilal & Sons, Benares, 1937. Caturbhāṇi (Śṛngārahāṭ) edited and translated by V. S. Aggarwal and Motichandra, Bombay 1959. (The) Daśakumāracaritam of Daṇḍin, (ed.) Pandit Krishna Shastri, Published by Gangavishnu Shrikrishnadas, Laxmi Venkatesh Steam Press, Bombay, 1931. (The) Harśacarita of Bāṇabhat ̣t ̣a , (comm.) Śankara, (ed.) Kashinath Pandurang Parab, Tukaram Javaji, Paāndurang Jāwaāji Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay, 1987. (The) Kāmasūtra of vātsyāyana, ed. Srī. Gosvamī Damodar Shastri, Printed. and Published by Jai Krishnadas Haridas Gupta, The Chawkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Vidya Viklas Press, Benares City, 1929. Kauṭilya Arthaśāstra, Motilal Banarasi Das, Punjab Sanskrit Pustakalaya, Lahore, 1823. Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa, Gajendragadkar, A, B., (rev.) Gajendragadkar, S.N., Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1970. Kādambarī of Bāṇabhaṭṭa, (ed.) Kashinath Pandurang Parab and Wasudeva Laxman Shastri Panshikar, 5th edition, Nirnaya Sagara Press, Mumbai, 1916. (The) Mahābhārata, (ed.) Vishnu S. Sukhtankar, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1942. Mṛcchakaṭikam of Śūdraka, (ed.) Kashinath Pandurang Parab and Wasudeva Laxman Shastri Panshikar, 7th edition, Nirnaya Sagara Press, Mumbai Mumbai, 1857. Naiṣadhīyacaritam of Śrīharṣa, (ed) Pandit Shivadatt Sharman Dhadhich, Nirnaya Sagara Press, Mumbai, 1919. Nātyaśāstra of Bharatamuni , (comm.) Abhinavaguptācārya, Vol.I, (ed.) Nagar, R.S., Parimal ̣ Publications, Delhi, 1994. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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The Hymns of Ṛgveda, Max Muller F., Trubner and Company, 1873. Sāhityadarpaṇa of Viśwanātha Kavirāja, (ed.) Satyavrat Singh, Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, Varanasi, 1958. (The) Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa – Bāla Kāṇḍa, (ed.) Shripad Damodar Satavlekar, Bharat Mudranalay, Aundh, 1941. (The) Rāmāyaṇa, (ed.) Manmatha Nath Dutt, Girish Chandra Chakravarti, 1891. Vemabhūpālacaritam of Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa, Śrīvāṇīvilāsamudrāyantrālaya, Śrīraṅga, 1910. Secondary Sources Apte, V.S., Sanskrit English Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 12th Reprint : 2014. Dr. Vinayak Vaman Karambelkar, Sharada Prakashan, Saṁskṛta Sāhityācā Sopapattika Itihāsa (Marathi), Nagpur, 1993. Keith, A. B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, 1993. Krishnamachariar, M., History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 2009. Raja Radha Kant Dev, Śabdakalpadrumaḥ, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 3rd Edition, 1967. Srirama Murthy P., Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit literature, Andhra University, Waltair. 1972.

Koṇḍāvidu is situated in Guntur district of the Indian state Andhra Pradesh. It is well known for its fort. (Wikipedia) श्रीमतश्चरणकमलादवतीणो वणणचतुथणः ǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. I. p. 3) The Reddis belong to the fourth varṇa, i.e. śūdra. However, the title Komaṭī suggests that their allegiance to the trading community. Even today, the trading community in Andhra, Karnataka and some parts of Maharashtra use word Komaṭī to denote trading community. (Wikipedia) 2

Three liṅgas are situated on three mountains namely Kāleśvaram in Telangana, Śriśailam in Rayalaseema and Drākṣārāmam also known as Bhīmeśvaram in coastal Andhra. (Wikipedia) 5

Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit Literature. p. 499-500

बाणादन्ये कवयः काणाः खलु सरसगद्यसरणीषु ǀ इित जगित रूढमयषो वामनबाणो ऽपमार्ष्टी वत्सकु लः ǀǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam . I. p. 2) Poets other than Bāṇa are lame on the path of excellent prose. This ill fame would be removed away by Vāmana Bāṇa of Vatsakula. 6

किवरिभनवबाणः काव्यमत्यद्भूताथणम् भुवनमिहतभूमानायको वेमभुपः ǀ ििभुवनमहनीयख्याितमानेष योगः प्रकटयित न के षाां पिडितानाां प्रहषणः ǀǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. I. p. 2) (Which intellectuals would not express their joy after seeing this wonderful prose by the poet namely Abhinava Bāṇa, on the life of the king Vema having fame in the three worlds, the hero of the great world?) 7

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Also known as Drākṣārāma, seat of Lord Bhīmeṣvara, located in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. (Wikipedia) 9

Śabdakalpadrumaḥ under entry veśa वारस्त्री गिणका वेश्या रूपाजीवाथ सा जनः (Amarakoṣa.2.6.19.1.4) 10

िप्रयवादद िप्रयकथा स्फु टा दक्षा िजतश्रमा (Bharatanāṭya.XXV.74) 11

12 13

ǀ सत्कृ था वारमुख्या स्यात् कु ट्टनी शम्भली समे

ǀǀ

ǀ एिभगुणणसाण सांयुक्ता गिणका पररकीर्ततता

ǀǀ

Arthaśāstra.2.27 Kādambarī. p.237 दकञ्च एषा तु जगत्प्रिसद्धा तृतीयपुरुषाथणजन्मभूिम:, िनिखलजनयौवनफलिनवेशशाला

रागलतालवालमडिली, धिनकधनलुडटारकान्तारपदवी, रितपितरागराज्यप्रवतणनास्थानमडििपका, गुरुकु लमनङ्गवेदाध्ययनस्य... ǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 194) सकालमेघपिङ्तररव कालागरुधूममडिल:, सदुग्धाणणववीिचररव दुकूलध्वजपट:, सराकारजिनररव मौिक्तकहारमयूखपटल:, सेन्रचापसहस्रेव िविवधमिणभूषणमरीिचसांहितिभ:, पररिचतचन्दनामोदिशिशरा मलयिगररतटी भुजङ्गप्रचाराणाम् , सरसगिणकािधििता िवहारवनिवथी मदनििपेन्रस्य, प्रसवपररमलहाररणी मािलका मधुपकु लव्यामोहस्य, पातालगुहव े प्रकरटतबहुभुजङ्गभोगा, अलके व धनदािधििता, सुग्रीवपृतनेव सगवाक्षा, वसन्तवल्लीव पल्लवोल्लािसनी, प्रमथपररषददव भूितधाररणी, सुधमेव महनीयाम्बरमिणवसुिनकरभूिषता, िविवधयुवितिवभ्रमप्रभवा िवराजते वेशवाटी । (Vemabhūpālacaritam.IV. p. 195-196) 15

Dharā, Dhruva, Soma, Ahas, Anila, Anala, Pratyuṣa, Prabhāsa (Mahabhārata.Ᾱdiparva. 65.17-18) समस्तजनसुखपरां पराप्रसूितः ...ǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam.IV.p. 196) कस्यिचत्करावलम्बनम् एके न सह सांलापम्, अन्यस्य िवलोकनम् अपरस्म दूितकाप्रेषणम् इतरस्य सांदश े श्रवणम् अन्यां प्रित मन्दिस्मतां चानुसांधाय युगपदेव सवाणनवजणयन्ती, अिभजातमप्यनालोच्य तरुणमप्यिवगणय्य सुन्दरमप्यनवलोक्य सरसमप्यनादृत्य पटुतरमप्यिचन्तियत्वा शूरमप्यनवेक्ष्य ििग्धमप्यपररगृह्य कृ तोपकारमप्यिवचायण धनाशया यां कां चन िनकृ र्ष्टमिप धिनकमेव आराधयन्ती... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 198) 17 18

नािभजनमीक्षते ǀ न रूपमवलोकयते ǀ न कु लक्रममनुवतणते ǀ न शीलां पश्यित ǀ न वदग्ध्यां गणयित ǀ न श्रुतमाकणणयित ǀ न धमणमनुरुध्यते ǀ न त्यागमादरयते ǀ न िवशेषज्ञताां िवचारयित ǀ नाचारां पालयित ǀ न सत्यमनुबुध्यते ǀ न लक्षणां प्रमाणीकरोित ǀ (Kādambarī. Pūrvabhāga. p. 226 ) 20

के शेषु स्रग्धरा िवलासेषु लिलता वीक्षणेषु हररणी वचिस मञ्जुभािषणी रूपे रुिचरा स्वरे मत्तकोदकला िनतम्बिबम्बे पृथ्वी चवां सांदर्तशतानेकसुवृत्तािप दुवृणत्तावलिम्बनी... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 198) 21

गुिािलप्तिशलेव अन्तः करिनािप बाह्ये रसलेशमावहन्ती, रितररव प्रद्युम्नानुरक्ता, भूिमररव भुजांगभोगसिङ्गनी, महाणणववीिचररव मिणतरणां िववृडवती, स्फरटकिशलेव प्रितपुरुषरुचच दधाना, जलूकेव 22

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रक्ताकर्तषणी, दडिके व सिचिकू टा, कान्तारस्थलीव दृश्यमानमयुरपदशशप्लुता, चावाणकवृित्तररव जाितभेदानपेिक्षणी, शरददव खडिाभ्रधाररणी, पयोिनिधवेलेव प्रवालमिणभूिषता, प्रव्रज्येव आत्मानुरक्तानाां कौिपनदाियनी, कमिलनीवानुभूतकररकरक्षोभा, नािवकीव कृ तजनप्रतारणा, वारणगडिस्थलीव िबन्दुमती, समरोद्यतेव तीक्ष्णनखरा.... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 200) िववेदकनोऽिप जिान् व्रितनोऽिप कामुकान् धिनकानिप िनधणनान् लुब्धानिप प्रदातॄन् शान्तानिप साहिसकान् मुग्धानिप िवदग्धान् प्रकृ ितस्थानप्युन्मत्तान् धीरानिप चञ्चलान् चक्षुष्मतोऽप्यन्धान् श्रुितमितऽिप बिधरान् आचरन्ती.... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 200) 24 आवासस्थली चोराणाम्, िवश्रामभूिमधूणताणनाम्, आश्रयभूरातताियनाम्, रङ्गमडििपका मधुपाियनाम्, आकरः कपटानाम्, खिनरनृतानाम्, आलवालमनाचाराणाम्, िनवासस्थानमकायाणणाम्, वञ्चकानामिप वञ्चियिी, चोराणामिप चोरियिी, प्रलोभकानामिप प्रलोभियिी, भ्रामकाणामिप भ्रामियिी, सकपटािप िनष्कपटलालसा, श्यामािप वसुमदागमनकािङ्क्षणी, रुिचराप्यवृत्तश्लाघ्य, दर्तशतेन्राणीिवलासािप नवासवसक्ता, कृ ििमजन्मभूिमः, ख्याितगररयसी गिणकाजाितः ‫( ׀׀‬Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 200201) 23

पार्श्णयोः सममूरु िवन्यस्य पार्श्णयोजाणनुनीिनधद्याददत्यभ्यासयोगाददन्राणी ǀǀ (Kāmasūtra. 6. 11) उपमा कालरािेः, उदाहरणममङ्गलानाम्, मातृका िपशाचीसगणस्य, मनोरथिसिद्धवैरुप्यस्य, जङ्गममडििपका दौःशील्यस्य, वतिडिकी मदनिसद्धान्तस्य, वानरी चापलगुणस्य, अगणला वेशमागणस्य, अनभ्राशिनः कामुकमनोरथानाम्, उपदेष्ट्री कपटतन्िस्य, व्याख्यािी कपटशास्त्रस्य, 25 26

वेिलतािनधणनिनवारणस्य,

पाटचरी

अकालपिलतोद्गितयुणवजनके शग्रहणस्य,

पेरटका

धिनकधनस्य, दकणमिणधारणस्य,

सांमाजणनी

सद्गुणप्रमृर्ष्टःे ,

नटी

वकृ तनाटकस्य....

(Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 202) 27

Rambhā is name celestial nymph. She was the wife of Nalakubera and considered as the most beautiful woman in the paradise of Indra. (Naiṣadhīyacaritam.2.37) 28 उपाध्यायी कपटशास्त्राणाम्, सांघानकरणी िमथुनानाम्, अध्यािपका कन्दपणिनगमानाम्, आचायाण कामुकाषणणानाम्, उपदेष्ट्री स्मरबन्धकरणानाम्... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 203) 29

क्लीबस्यािप पुांस्त्वमुत्पादयन्ती, नीरसस्यािप रसां जनयन्ती, िनर्तवकारस्यािप िवकारमापादयन्ती,

करिनस्यािप मादणवां कल्पयन्ती... (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 204) तदाच्छु ररतमधणचन्रो मडिलां रे खा व्याघ्रनखां मयूरपदकां शशप्लूतकमुत्पलपिकिमित ǀ (Kāmasūtra. 3.9) गूढकमुच्छू नकां िबन्दुिबन्दुमाला प्रवालमिणमणिणमाला खडिाभ्रकां वराहचर्तवतकिमित दशनच्छेदकिवकल्पाः ǀ (Kāmasūtra. 5.10) 32 अनुप्रास: शब्दसाम्यां वषम्येऽिप स्वरस्य यत् | छेको व्यञ्जनसांघस्य सकृ तसाम्यमनेकधा || (Sāhityadarpaṇa. X.3.) 30 31

वाच्यभेदन े िभन्ना यद् युगपद्भाषणस्पृश: | िश्लष्यिन्त शब्दा: श्लेषसावक्षराददिभरर्ष्टधा ||

Kalelkar Navita Prabhakar (Pg. 13204-13222)

13222

सांभावनमथोत्प्रेक्ष्य प्रकृ तस्य समेनयत् | (Kāvyaprakāśa, X.4.)

ओज: प्रकाशकवणैबणन्धआिम्बर: पुनः || समासबहुलगौिी वणै: शेषः पुनिणयोः || (Sāhityadarpaṇ a,IX.3) 35

अिभजातमप्यनालोच्य तरुणमप्यिवगणय्य सुन्दरमप्यनवलोक्य सरसमप्यनादृत्य पतुतरमप्यिचन्तियत्वा शूरमप्यपररगृह्य कृ तोपकारमप्यिवचायण... ǀ (Vemabhūpālacaritam. IV. p. 198) 36