Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.45269, SEPT-OCT 2017, VOL- 4/36 https://doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v4i36.10069
EFFECT OF PRESENTATION SKILL ON MACHIAVELLIANISM AMONG SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Emilda Josephine1, Ph. D. & Vijayalakshmi. S2 1
Assistant professor in English Education, Loyola College of Education Chennai,
josephineemilda@gmail.com 2
Assistant professor in Perspective of Education, Loyola College of Education Chennai,
nithyavijayas@gmail.com
India has become a favorite destination for Education globally. Schools face a lot of pressure in trying to be in par with the standards of these countries. This encumbrance falls on the shoulders of the School administrators. They have to correlate with the teaching faculty, non-teaching staff, parents and teachers in order to operate in the direction of the better functioning of the school. Objectives of the study are: To find out the significant difference between men and women , school administrators in their presentation skill and machiavellianism. To find out the significant difference in school administrator in presentation skill and machiavellianism with respect to the type of school and also the correlation between skill and Machiavellianism. Hypotheses are formulated on the basis of framed objectives. Survey method was followed in this study to collect data with 42 school administrators. Result shows the significance difference between male and female, government, aided and private school administrators in their presentation skill and Machiavellianism. Keywords: Presentation skill, Machivelliansim, school administrators. Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
Back ground of the Study Machiavellianism is defined as a person’s tendency to deceive and manipulate others for sole gain. It is the craftiness to manage duality in handling disaster. Machiavellianists have a superficial charm which helps them maintain a pleasant composure. Presentation Skill is defined as the means of communication a person adapts to various speaking situations such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team. It is an effective skill which not only communicates information accurately but also involves body language to emphasize the same. School Administrators: the person who works in middle, high and higher secondary schools. They usually have a master’s or doctorate degree in Education or Administration and their aim to ensure smooth functioning of the school without any discord.
Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Emilda Josephine & Vijayalakshmi. S 6971 (Pg. 6970-6975)
Need and Significance of the study India has become a favorite destination for Education globally. It shares platforms with the other developed countries. Schools face a lot of pressure in trying to be in par with the standards of these countries. This encumbrance falls on the shoulders of the School administrators. They have to correlate with the teaching faculty, non-teaching staff, parents and teachers in order to operate in the direction of the better functioning of the school. They need an exceptional skill that facilitates the frictionless wielding of the School. They employ Machiavellianism to influence their sub-ordinates into obedience. Machiavellianism gives them a non-chalant attitude and an emotional detachment during crisis that enables them to solve problems. They have to be shrewd, sensitive and highly skillful in negotiations. They are competitive and function well in stressful and unstructured situations. They must not be easily swayed by social influences. Presentation Skill is an important criterion for every administrator. They have to prove themselves who will be leaders taking the institution to great heights. They have to be excellent orators who will direct and have dominion over their staff and students. They serve as the captains who lead the institution towards progress. They have to channelize the energy of their subordinates and capitalize it for the organization. They have to consolidate simple language with short sentences with a touch of personal stories and humor that enables to establish connection with the audience. They have to maintain good body language and eyecontact. They have to manipulate their subordinates towards submission. It is essential for the School administrator to know what to do, when to do, how to do and why to do a task and get it done by their team. The ultimate should be convincing the whole school and not the individual faculty. There is a growing need for School administrators adapt new strategies and techniques for negotiating the disrupted problems in the institution. Objectives of the study To find out the significant difference between men and women school administrators in their presentation skill and machiavellianism. To find out the significant difference in school administrator in presentation skill and machiavellianism with respect to the type of school. To find out the correlation between presentation skill and machiavellianism among school administrators.
Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Emilda Josephine & Vijayalakshmi. S 6972 (Pg. 6970-6975)
Hypotheses of the study There will be significant difference between men and women school administrators in their presentation skill. There will be significant difference between men and women school administrators in machiavellianism. There will be significant difference in school administrators in their presentation skill with respect to the type of school. There will be significant difference in school administrators in their machiavellianism with respect to the type of school. There will be no significant correlation between presentation skill and machiavellianism among school administrators. Operational definition Presentation Skill: The ability to utilize the non-verbal clues, self-confidence and speaking during their communication. Machiavellianism: The ability to influence other people or environment in one’s one favors. School administrator: The heads of the institutions working at high school level. Methodology Survey method was followed in this study. Sample and sampling A sample 42 school administrators was selected as sample for the study. Purposive sampling technique was adopted. 16 female and 26 male school administrators were the data for this study. Of which, 15 sample are from private school, 19 from government schools and 8 from aided schools. Tool and its description Presentation skill assessment scale was constructed and validated by the investigators. ‘Likert’ type scale was constructed with 17 items. The responses of the items are strongly agree, agree, disagree and disagree. The nature of the items is both negative and positive. Machiavellianism assessment scale was constructed and validated by the investigators. Consists of 14 statements with responses like strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. Both the presentation skill assessment scale and machiavellianism assessment scale were submitted to the experts in the field and content validity was tested. On the basis of Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Emilda Josephine & Vijayalakshmi. S 6973 (Pg. 6970-6975)
experts opinion, the tool was modified and content and face validity was established to the tool. Hypotheses wise Analysis 1. There will be significant difference between men and women school administrators in their presentation skill. Table: 1Showing the significant difference in presentation skill with respect to Gender Gender Male Female
N 26 16
M 53.46 53.44
SD 13.23 8.16
t
Remarks
0.007
NS
From table 1, it is inferred that there is no significance difference between men and women school administrators in their presentation skill. 2. There will be significant difference between men and women school administrators in machiavellianism. Table: 2 Showing the significant difference in machiavellianism with respect to Gender Gender Male Female
N 26 16
M 38.73 52.25
SD 10.84 3.00
t
Remarks
4.85
S
From table 2, it is inferred that there is a significance difference between men and women school administrators in their machiavellianism at 0.01 level of significance. Hence, it is stated that men and women school administrators significantly differ in their machiavellianism and the mean score favors for female school administrator. 3. There will be significant difference in school administrators in their presentation skill with respect to the type of school. Table: 3 Showing the significant difference in presentation skill with respect to the type of school Sum squares Between Groups Within Groups Total
18.650 5361. 754 5380.405
of df 2
Mean square 9.325
39
137.481
F
Remarks
NS 0.068
41
From table 3, it is inferred that there is no significance difference between private, government and private school administrators in presentation skill.
Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Emilda Josephine & Vijayalakshmi. S 6974 (Pg. 6970-6975)
4. There will be significant difference in school administrators in their machiavellianism with respect to the type of school. Table: 4 Showing the significant difference in Machiavellianism with respect to the type of school Sum squares Between Groups Within Groups Total
of df
2198.273 2688.132 4886.405
2
Mean square 1099.137
39
68.926
Remarks
F
S 15.947
41
From table 4, it is inferred that there is a significant difference between private, government and private school administrators in machiavellianism. Table: 5 Showing the significant difference in Machiavellianism with respect to the type of School Management Government And Aided Government And Private Aided and Private
t 2.108
Remarks S
Favors Government
4.498
S
Private
4.21
S
Private
From the table 5, it is clearly understood that private school administrators are at higher level in their Machiavellianism than the government and government-aided school administrators. 5. There will be no significant correlation between presentation skill and machiavellianism among school administrators. Table: 6 Showing the correlation between presentation skill and machiavellianism among School administrators Variables N Presentation skill and 42 Machiavellianism
R
Remarks
0.69
Positively correlated
From table 6, it is inferred that the presentation skill and machiavellianism of school administrators are positively correlated. Findings of the study There is no significance difference between men and women school administrators in their presentation skill. There is a significance difference between men and women school administrators in their machiavellianism. Female school administrators are at higher level.
Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Emilda Josephine & Vijayalakshmi. S 6975 (Pg. 6970-6975)
There is no significance difference between government, aided and private school administrators in their presentation skill. There is a significance difference between government, aided and private school administrators in machiavellianism and the private school administrator are at higher level in their machiavellianism. Presentation skill and machiavellianism of school administrators are positively correlated. Suggestions A good administrator should be able to steer the crew into progression and development. They need excellent presentation skills in order to convince their faculty. Orientation and training programs on Presentation Skills could be conducted for effective management. They need to have fluency in language, body gestures and maintain contact as well as be able to influence their sub-ordinates into piloting towards pinnacles of success. Government and Government-aided administrators can improvise their presentation skills. Private school administrators can avoid machiavellianism which projects their individual leadership style. They can rather focus on the suggestions from the faculty for better outcome. Sometimes, they are perceived as autocratic or dominant leaders which will deduce their captaincy in the long run. Conclusion Strong administrators see machiavellianism as a natural requisite in crisis and disastrous situations. The ability to withstand pressures and not be influenced by the people is an important criteria for any administrator. It is a crucial pointer because they stand as unique individuals who take the reins and lead the institution. It can also be misled as despotism. Verbal fluency is yet another essential skill to create an impact on the faculty, students and the parents. They need to equip themselves up for their survival at the same time the progression of their institution. References Austin, E. Farrelly., Black , C. & Moore, H. (2007). Emotional Intelligence. Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation. Personality and Individual Diffeences, 43, 179-181. Beckaer, j. & Hair, D. (2007). Machiavellians’ motives in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35,246-267. Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. London: Aacdemic press. Deluga, R. (2001). American Presidential Machiavellianism. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 339-363. Furnham, A. (2004). The Incompetent Manager. London: Whurr. Harlet. (2015).What is Machiavellianism in Psychology? Retrieved October 11, 2017 https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/machiavellianism-psychology.htm Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies