Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, MAY-JUNE, 2021, VOL- 8/65
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN DEPRESSION: WITH REFERENCE TO ELITE SPORTSPERSONS Vijay Kumar Chaurasiya1, Ph. D. & Prof. C. D Agashe2 1
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Guru Ghasi Das Vishwavidyalaya
(A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 2
Director, Institute Of Teacher Education, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur
Chhattisgarh
Paper Received On: 21 JUNE 2021 Peer Reviewed On: 30 JUNE 2021 Published On: 1 JULY 2021
Present study comparatively assessed depression in elite male and female sportspersons. To conduct the study, 50 elite male sportspersons (Average age 24.77 years) and 50 elite female sportspersons (Average age 25.12 years) were selected as sample. The criterion for selection of sportspersons was participation in national event as well as securing one of the top three positions. JMPI prepared by Joshi and Malik (1981) was used to assess depression in selected sportsperson. Results reveal that depression shown by elite female sportsperson was significantly of greater magnitude as compared to elite male sportspersons. It was concluded that depression in elite sportspersons is influenced by gender. Keywords: Elite sportspersons, male, female, Depression
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INTRODUCTION Elite means selected few who excel in some field or activity. Medal winners in national/international sports meet are also considered as elite sportspersons. Since elite athletes requires certain level of commitment they may experience certain level of stress, that is why the elite athletes are under pressure to succeed and win at all cost (Goodman, Kashdan, Mallard and Schumann, 2014). When an elite athlete encounter a situation which hinders his/her goal, depression may sets in. Schaal et al. (2011) noted that recreational sports are novel way to reduce stress and tension thereby controlling depression but this theory is not applicable at highest level of participation. One reason behind depression in elite athletes may be due to heavy mental investment in the sports along with immense pressure to succeed. According to Appaneal, Levine, Perna, and Roh (2009) depression may be mild or Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
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severe. Depressed feeling and mood considered as mild depression while psychiatric disturbance has been considered as major depression and comes under personality disorder. Grohol (2014) in an article included pessimistic vulnerable, negative behaviour, restless etc. in the definition of depression. The influence of gender has also been observed on depression. Altemus, 2006; Hankin, et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001) reported that females are more at risk of getting depressed as compared to males. But whether these findings can be applied to all the allied fields including sports is worth considering especially in case elite sportspersons where both male and female sportspersons get equally psychological training and exposed to same stressors. In view of the above the researcher decided to compare depression in elite male and female sportspersons. Hypothesis It was hypothesized that gender will have significant bearing upon depression among elite sportspersons. Methodology The following methodological steps were taken in order to conduct the present study. Sample To conduct the study, 50 elite male sportspersons (Average age 24.77 years) and 50 elite female sportspersons (Average age 25.12 years) were selected as sample. The criterion for selection of sportspersons was participation in national event as well as securing one of the top three positions. The selection of sample was based on convenience sampling technique. Tools Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory prepared by Joshi and Malik (1981) was used to assess depression among selected subjects. It consists of 283 items. Out of the twelve personality disorders scoring was done for anxiety, obsessive compulsive reaction, conversion reaction, hysteria dissociate, phobia, depression, neurotic depression and social introversion respectively. All the coefficients of stability are of sufficiently high level for this inventory. In the present study data on depressive symptoms was evaluated.
Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Vijay Kumar Chaurasiya & Prof. C. D Agashe
15249
(Pg. 15247-15250)
Procedure After obtaining written consent to participate voluntarily in the present study, JMPI prepared by Joshi and Malik (1981) was administered to each subject as per their availability and convenience. Responses for depression dimension of personality disorder were scored off according to author's manual. Independent sample 't' test was used to compare magnitude of depression in elite male and female sportspersons. Results shown in table no. 1. Result & Discussion Table: 1 Comparison of Depression between Elite Male and Female Sportspersons
Personality Disorder
Depression
Groups Elite Male Elite Sportspersons Sportspersons (N=50) (N=50)
Female 't'
M
S.D.
M
S.D.
29.64
8.76
34.46
12.39
2.24
* Significant at .05 level
A perusal of entries reported in table 1 indicate statistically significant difference in depression, a dimension of personality disorder, between elite male sportspersons (M=29.64) and elite female sportspersons (M=34.46). The calculated t=2.24 reveal that elite female sportspersons were found to be more depressed as compared to male sportspersons at .05 level of significance. The results are consistent with biological basis for response towards stress, coping and self-concept. Nolen-Hoeksema (2001) and Altemus, (2006) also opined that females do not take appropriate action quickly to relieve distress i.e. females respond to stressors with rumination. Hence due to this rumination females are more at risk as far as depression is concerned as compared to males. The results of the present study also confirms the biological mechanism in determining depression among elite sportspersons. Conclusion On the basis of results, it may be concluded that elite female sportspersons are showing more depression as compared to elite male sportspersons. Hance it can be concluded that due to gender difference and social scenario the female athlete having tendency to depressed as failure or adverse condition arouses. It is suggested that earlier identification of the trend it can be solved through proper psychological counselling.
Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Dr. Vijay Kumar Chaurasiya & Prof. C. D Agashe
15250
(Pg. 15247-15250)
References Altemus, M. (2006). Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: Potential biological determinants. Hormones and Behavior, 50(2006), 534-538. Appaneal, R. N., Levine, B. R., Perna, F. M., and Roh, J. L. (2009). Measuring post injury depression among male and female competitive athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 60-76. Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Mallard, T. T., and Schumann, M. (2014). A brief mindfulness and yoga intervention with an entire NCAA Division I athletic team: An initial investigation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(4), 339-356. Grohol, John (2014). " Depression." 16 May: n. pag. Web) Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffit, T. E., Silva, P. A., Mc-Gee, M., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128140. Joshi, M.C. and Malik, A.K. (1981). Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (J.M.P.I.). Part I, Rupa Psychological Centre, Varanasi. Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M. and Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns. Plos One, 6(5), 1-9. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 173-176.
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