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Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language , Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2016 = 4.44, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.48612, OCT- NOV 2017, VOL- 4/24

INDO-PAK RELATIONS: FOCUS ON CROSS - BORDER TENSIONS AND DISPUTES Javid Maqbool 1 & A. K. Tyagi 2 , Ph. D. 1

Research scholar, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.)

Asst. Professor, Dept. of Pol. Science, Govt. MLB College Gwalior (M.P) Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Introduction: Keywords: India, Pakistan, Border, Disputes, Tension The history of India and Pakistan was started since 1947.The historical, political, and economic relations between India and the Paki stan were since British India. India‟s investment in the Pakistan, Pakistan‟s investments in India, agreements betw een Pakistan and India, prospects of co -operation between India and India and the visits of delegations and personalities. This part of the study is highl y informative and directl y related to the topic of the research work. The arguments and explanations o n the different aspects of the historic, political, and economical relations between the two countries are enlightening and analytical. The third part of the anal ysis provides details of bilateral relationship between India and the Pakistan, India exports to Pakistan, Pakistan‟s imports from India, Pakistan‟s re -exports to India. The presentation is backed up with necessary statistical support in the different aspects of trade between India and Pakistan. The discussion and the information in this research s tudy part provided a good backdrop to the research work. The world‟s second-largest food producer after China, the Indian Food and Beverage industry is currentl y estimated at around 182 billion. India‟s food manufacturers, especiall y the small sized enter prises are exploring new destinations to increase exports. The others countries of the world‟s most economicall y developed countries. According to trade anal ysts, India econom y will continue to Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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grow even at a time when most developed countries are struggling due to the economic recession.

India imports around 60% of its food from Asian and African countries. Owing to the huge demand for cereals and other food products in the India, the country has approached Asian countries like Pakistan to suppl y rice, wheat and other food products.

Food exports to the India are estimated at around 33 3 billion annuall y. Due to gain from the Indiaâ€&#x;s business friendl y environment, Indian food companies should offer high-quality products to consumers who have a high purchasing power. The India and Pakistan is situated in the South Asia bordering 3323 kilometre border this bo rder was runs states of Gujarat , Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu a nd Kashmir. . In 14/15 August 1947 India and Pakistan became freedom of 250 years slavery of Britishers. The capital state of India is Delhi and the Capital of Pakistanis Islamabad cit y located in largest and wealthiest parts of India and Pakistan. India and the Pakistan relationship since 1947 the countries in terms of trade as well as culture both. India and Pakistan had strong bonds of relationship which are founded on millennia old cultural, religious and economic communication between two regions. Sin ce beginning of Independence both the countries have made sincere efforts to improve relation in all field, but the disputes of Kashmir region are very bitter and un - resolved. India-Pakistan bilateral relations had been received impetus from time to time with exchange of high level visits from both the sides including visits of president and prime minister of the countries. The India and Pakistan trade, commerce and tourism relations had been gaining momentum and there is no negative effect of the global financial meltdown on the bilateral ties that have been seen so -far. The area of globalization has created fresh opportunities and new challenges which India

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and the Pakistan can jointl y face through enhanced co -operation for mutual benefit. The India is t echnicall y India's biggest trading partner, followed by Saudi Arabia, however most of the trade stems from the fact that Pakistan is a transit hub for Indian goods. Most of the cargo is then re -exported from the Pakistan to other countries Objectives/ Purpose of Study: The main purpose or objective of research paper study of small scale industries and also to provide solutions to the various problems faced by the small scale industries. Methodology of Study: - For methodology primary data are collected b y various methods personal interview and filing questionnaires and secondary data are collected by some earlier research works literature review of secondary data from various sources has been held as related to the stated objectives of the study as well as research study on internet survey basis. Importance of The research study: In this proposed research work the researcher will try to build the theoretical framework of the Cross -border Disputes between India and Pakistan, to identify and investigate the ef fectiveness of bilateral talks, and to criticall y understand the applicable rules, both legal and non -legal. He will also attempt the implementation

of the rules and agreements as carried out and

what might be its future. The anal ysis will combine variou s political economic and social etc aspects of the both the countries. The proposed research work also analyzes the effectiveness and the responsibilit y of the international communit y on the Cross -border Disputes between India and Pakistan. Defining the actors and describing their role in the Cross -border Disputes between India and Pakistan is another important issue. Hence a discussion of the role of personalities involved will also be included in the work. Problems: The tensions between India and Pakistan are deepl y rooted in their common history. Their failure to reconcile their differences ultimately resulted in the Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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partition of the Sub -continent. The partition itself was the result of a legal and constitutional pro cess approved by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Unfortunatel y, ho wever, the actual partition was accompanied by mindless blood -letting and lasting acrimony resulting from complaints about the work of the Radcliffe Commission that was entrusted with the demarcation of the boundari es of the two states. The mess y procedure adopted by the British for determining the fate of the Princel y States, sowed the seeds of the continuing conflict over the predominantl y Muslim-majorit y state of J ammu and Kashmir. The festering Kashmir dispute has ba d evil relations between India and Pakistan. It has caused two wars (1948 and 1965), a serious border conflict (Kargil, 1999) and has brought immense suffering and hardship to the people of the state. This unresolved dispute has also been a major drain on the resources of the two countries and has been a stumbling block to normalizing relations between them. A problem closel y related to that of Kashmir is the distribution of the water of the rivers flowing from there into Pakistan. Pakistan has a predominantl y agrarian econom y and, being a lower riparian state, has naturall y been concerned about continuation of an adequate suppl y of irrigation water. The problem was thought to have been resolved in the ea rl y 1960s through the Indus Basin Treat y, mediated by the World Bank. But the problem is far from settled, as Pakistan has raised concerns over some of the Indian hydroelectric projects under construction on the western rivers that will affect waters for which Pakistan has the rights. The water problem has a serious potential to precipitate conflict in the future, given the rising requirements and shrinking supplies. 

Knowledge of people awareness about cross border disputes and tensions between India and Pakistan are mainl y concerned with Jammu and Kashmir? To know people awareness and people education questionnaire was filled. In which questio n was asked “Do you know about cross border disputes and tensions between India and Pakistan are mainly concerned

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with Jammu and Kashmir? ” Answer was given in yes/no. Tabl e for this is as follows: Table S. no. Knowledge of people 1 2 3

Yes No Total

People India Pakistan 100 150 250

of and

Total

60 40 100

60% 40% 100%

(Source : Questionnaire) Thus, from above table it is clear that onl y 60% of people know about cross border disputes tensions between India and Pakistan due to Jammu and Kashmir and rest are not at all aware about it. Suggestions: There is a need to embrace an overarching strategic stabilit y regime and to shun aggressive securit y doctrines to reduce the possibilit y of a nuclear conflict. 

The problems of terrorism and Non -State Actors need to be addressed jointl y through institutionalized mechanisms.



Water issues should be resolved through the mechanisms provided by the Indus Basin Treaty and should not be allowed to degenerate into a serious source of conflict.



Confidence-building measures should be pursued to alleviate the “trust deficit” but should not be used as a substitute for the resolution of disputes.



Economic co-operation and trade should be facilitated to develop mutualit y of interest.



India and Pakistan need to understand each other‟s legitimate interests in Afghanistan an d pursue them without coming into conflict with each other.

Conclusion and finding Today‟s situation is totall y changed from the past. Today each country wants to protect its countrymen. In ancient time also kings used to protect its kingdom. But after wards this policy was abolished and democracy took its place. Now in each state/country democracy was applicable. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Due to democracy public has got many benefits but on the other hand exploitation has increased also. Following conclusion can be drawn with th e help of following research: It can be concluded that in the present commercial state it is very necessary for the people to be educated and aware. If people are not aware then when he will be exploited no one will know. Thus, the main conclusion is „Awar e People, Happy People‟ It concluded that if people without opening mouth just bear the exploitation then it would adversel y affect the societ y also. Silence of people is very dangerous and negative, which provides fertilizers to the tree of exploitation. Thus, „Silent is slow way of end‟ It is concluded from research that increased in awareness had been direct relation with women empowerment thus; both are directly and strongl y related. It is concluded that people are not full y aware about their rights. Ev en many of them don‟t know that any act related to people protection and awareness is made. People know very well that where and how they are exploited but after knowing this also they are not using their rights. Even

this

concluded

from

the

research

that

due

liberalization,

globalization and suggestions of new economic policy, people awareness movements had increased and many people organizations are formed. It is known with the help of personal interview with authorities and many village people are not aware and not participation in government peaceful programmed. After studying the, it is known administration is voluntary then works can be done on political influence. It is concluded that non -government organizations are playing very important role in people awareness and protection. They have organized the people. And had been given strength to people awareness and protection movements. Such organisations play vital role in people education and their awareness.

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Even this is concluded that due to people awareness onl y people can be protected from the cheating done to them like misguiding advertisement, information etc. It can be concluded that for people protection and awareness both the countries government had been central and state government has don e many efforts, which are very helpful to everyone. In the following research total four hypotheses are include. In the end of the research it is necessary to find whether of the study is proved or not. And if proved then whether positive or negative. In t he present research valuation justification of hypothesis is done, which is as follows : FIRST HYPOTHESIS “Cross-border disputes and Tensions between India and Pakistan are mainl y concerned with the historical problem of Jammu and Kashmir.” TESTING:- This hypothesis is proved to be positive because people are unorganized as well as unaware. Thus, it is very necessary for the people to be organized, aware as well as educated. SECOND HYPOTHESIS “Even though various efforts have been made by both sides to create a peaceful environment on their common borders, but most of their efforts have failed because of Intricacies of the disputes.” TESTING:- This hypothesis is also proved to be positive unde r the light of present research it is clear that people are able and aware . THIRD HYPOTHESIS : “A

strong

will to resolve the Issues is required

from both sides with an attitude of Flexibilit y and Compromise .” Testing: It is also positivel y proved in the present research, With the help of following research, Thus it is very necessary for people to be activel y participating in people ‟s welfare programmed which are run by government. Information/knowledge of exploitation by producers, traders In the questionnaire, it was asked that “D oes any resolution of problems between India and Pakistan with an attitude of flexibilit y and compromised?” Its answer was given in YES/NO. It is explained by following table Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Table Knowledge to people Yes No Total

people India 43 07 50

People of Pakistan 37 13 50

Total

80 20 100

80% 20% 100%

(Source : Questionnaire) From the anal ysis of table it is specified that : 1) 80% of people know about the resolution of problems between India and Pakistan with an attitude of flexibility and compromised. 2) 20% of them believe no solution. INFORMATION /KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PEOPLE FOR RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS

100 80 india

pakistan

40 % total pakistan india

20 0 yes

total %

total

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Conclusion :- It is concluded from above table that 80% people know about the resolution of problems between India and Pakistan with an attitude of flexibilit y and compromised. And rest 20% not know about the problems. FOURTH HYPOTHESI: “The

Interest of the Kashmir public should be the first priorit y of the

solution.” Testing: It is also positivel y proved in the present research. With the help of following research.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY S.No.

Title

Author

Publisher

Year

History of India By A.V. William Jackson the glorier society London 1956 India-Pakistan in war & peace by J.N. Dixit in India imprint India today group 2002 India and Pakistan A political analysis by Hugh tinker Frederick A. Publisher New York 1962 India and Pakistan continued conflict or cooperation? Universi ty of California press London 2010 Research methodology for social science by M.thamilarasan new century publication Chennai 2015 Research & Methodology By C.R. K othari NAI.P New Delhi 2017 Indian Economy probl em By A.N. Agrawal Uni. Pub.Agra 2017 Business statistics Shukla & Sahay SBP Agra 2017 Magazines 2014-2017 The economic times M umbai India Kuruchatra Monthly Magazine New Delhi India Today Monthly Magazine New Delhi News channels -2017 DD News Aaj Tak NDTV Aaj news of Pakistan Abb tak news of Pakistan 92 news HD of Pakistan Channel 24 pakistan HD of pakistan IBN 7 JAZEERA ENGLISH Jk news Kashmir India tv News Paper 2014-2017 Nai Duniya Indore by Nai Duniya Group Times of India by Ti mes of India Group Indore Bhaskar News Paper by Bhaskar Group Indore The economic times by Bennett coleman & co.ltd. Mumbai Daily express by lakson group Karachi Paki stan Dawn by dawn group by herald Karachi Pakistan daily jung by jang group of newspaper Karachi Pakistan greater Kashmir by Rashid Makhdoomi on behalf of GK communication pvt. Group Kashmir ti mes by Dainik Kashmir times Srinagar 12) Internet Websites www.yahoo.com face book www.altavista.com www.rediffmail.com