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Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language , Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJIF 2016 = 4.44, www.srjis.com UGC ApprovedSr. No.48612, AUG-SEPT 2017, VOL- 4/23

https://doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v4i23.9651

ATTITUDE OF TRIBAL AND NON TRIBAL STUDENTS TOWARDS MODERNIZATION Shobha1 & Seema Dhawan2, Ph. D. 1

Research Scholar, Birla Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal

Associate Professor, Birla Campus Birla Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University,Srinagar, Abstract

Globalization in literal sense is a process of transformation of regional or local phenomena into a global one. Impact of globalization is universal which can be observed in all the aspects of life viz. economic, social, cultural, political, finance, health, nutrition and technological dimensions of the world. In present era of scientific innovations, the process of globalization has brought the people in contact of outside society. Globalization process is also called modernization which include development of science and technology and, communication by which all the places are interconnected and people become more migratory. History demonstrates that significant changes in a people's social and economic climate usually bring about new developments in ideology and in religious practices. Tribal, mostly live in forest, hills and other naturally isolated regions and their lifestyles are conditioned by ecological setting they live. It is being widely seen today that the traditional features of tribal life is gradually changing from being deeply ingrained in tribal beliefs, customs and traditions to something that is more modernized, in a developmental sense, due to adaptation of modern ways of living and altered life-style pattern. In general, only those tribes those remain geographically isolated in desert, hill, and forest regions or on islands are able to retain their traditional cultures and religions for longer periods.An attempt has been taken to study the attitude of college going tribal and non tribal students towards modernization. The study included college going tribal and non tribal of district Dehradun. Keywords: Tribal, Non tribal, Modernization, Social change, Globalization.

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Modern age is an age of science and technology. In every way, we are at the verge of entering into a new era of life in the 21stcentury. Almost, everything stands changed under the impact of science and technology. No doubt, change identifies a wide canvas or contour for development, progress transformation, growth, mobilization and so on. This changing process also brings changes in the economical and social structure.Social change is a change in social relationship. It is a process responsive to many types of changes, to changes in man-made conditions of living, in attitudes and beliefs of men and to changes that go beyond human control to the biological and physical nature of things.According to MacIver and Lundberg, â€œSocial change refers to any modification in established patterns of inert-human relationships

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6078 and standards of conduct.”It is a term used to describe variations in or modifications of any aspect of social processes, social patterns, social interaction or social organization. Modernization entails social change, which leads to progress in many fields. It involves a transformation of social, political and economic organizations. Modernization is the process of progressive change from traditional to a modern society. It is an open and continuous process. In the words of Singh, (1988) “…education has been one of the most influential instruments of modernization in India. It has led to the mobilization of people‟s aspiration for nationalism, liberalism and freedom. It alone has been responsible for the growth of an enlightened intelligentsia which carried forward not only a movement for freedom but also a relentless struggle for social and cultural reforms.” The most important function of education is modernization. Black, (1966) views that, modernization is a process by which historically evolved institutions are adapted to the rapidly changing functions that reflect the unprecedented increase in man's knowledge permitting control over his environment that accompanied the scientific revolution. Modernization is a total transformation of society a movement in consciously chosen direction Jain (1986). It includes directed change in the system of attitudes, beliefs and values, and also in the institutional complex, to enhance the acceptability of modern technology and its organizational and operational framework. Modernization can be described as the process of development, in almost every aspect of human life i.e. scientific,technological, economic, environmental, educational, cultural and social as well as personal fields. Modernization has two major aspects, firstly, there is a system of thought and values with reference to which an individual directs or orients his activities and secondly, a system of institutions through which he carries out his activities. Both the aspects influence the behavior of an individual with respect to his attitude, values and social system. In modernized society, people get aware about serious consequences of social evils like castes, regionalism and exploitation. It is due to modernization that various students‟ organizations are in fashion or style in various degree colleges. Thus, it can be said that modernization is a way to democratization. It is due to modernization that old social and psychological elements are transformed and new values of human conduct are set up. With

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6079 the acceleration in the speed of social change, the status of individuals and families undergo change. Tribal people are found in almost all parts of India and Uttarakhand claims to be the largest leading tribal state in the country. Tribal mostly live in forest, hills and other naturally isolated regions which are rich in mineral resources and their lifestyles are conditioned by ecological setting they live. Due to the influence of urbanization and industrialization, the tribal culture under the modem process of change has literally brought revolutionary changes in India. The number of towns and cities have increased in the tribal areas and also increased industries. Under these conditions, tribal culture has been greatly affected. The modern practice, which has been assumed to be created by modernization andurbanization,has brought all along the method of reduction in the culture and traditions. With the progress of industrialization and modernization, the people of Uttarakhand have undergone strong changes in their life styles. It is being widely seen today that the traditional features of tribal life is gradually changing from being deeply ingrained in tribal customs and traditions to something that is more modernized, in a developmental sense, due to adaptation of modern ways of living and altered life-style pattern. In spite of this great importance of modernization, only a few studies have been conducted on the attitude of undergraduate tribal students towards modernization. Attitude towards Modernization refers to the deeper change in manâ€&#x;s way of thinking and feeling, a change in his whole attitude to lifeâ€&#x;s problems, the society and the universe. Realizing the importance of modernization in the society, and the role, which young generation is supposed to play in strengthening social order, the investigators worked on the attitude of college going Tribal and non tribal students towards modernization. The main objectives of the study were to compare the attitude of tribal and non tribal studentstowards modernization and to compare the attitude of male and female tribal students. Null hypotheses were framed for the study. Methodology Normative Surveymethod was employed. All the college going tribal and non tribal male and female students residing in the district, Dehradun, Uttarakhandwas taken as the population.Stratified random sampling method was used and 100 college going student from degree colleges were selected as sample of the study. Modernization Scale developed by Raghavendra S. Singh, Amar NathTripathi and RamjeeLalwas used to collect the data. This Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6080 was found most suitable tool for the purpose of the study. The items of the present scale were in both languages Hindi & English. It consists of 32 statements in which 12 statements were positive and 20 statements were negative. Modernization Scale has four dimensions, which are: (a) Socio-religious, (b) Marriage, (c) Position of Women, and (d) Education. It is a likert type scale containing six categories of responses, extremely agree, strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree and extremely disagree. For positive items the scoring was „6‟ to „1‟. The overall modernization score varied from 32 to 192. The higher score indicated higher level of modernization. The t-test was used to find out of the differences. Results Table 1: Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal students towards modernization Variable Tribal Non tribal

N 50 50

Mean 127.58 136.64

S.D. 13.005 14.83

t-value 3.2468* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level The table 1 shows the comparison of the attitude of college going tribal and nontribal students towards modernization. Total 100 students were studied out of which, 50 were tribal and 50 nontribal students. The Mean value and S.D. of tribal and non tribal students were 127.58, 136.64 and 13.005, 14.83 respectively.The„t‟ value was found to be 3.2468 (df=98), which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. It means that there is significant difference between the attitude of college going tribal and non tribal students towards modernization. Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal students towards modernization 140 135 130 125 120 Tribal

Non tribal

Fig. 1: Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal Students towards Modernization Fig. 1 depicts that non tribal students have more positive attitude modernization than tribal students.

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6081 Table 2: Attitude of Male and Female students towards modernization Sex Male Female

N 50 50

Mean 136.36 127.86

S.D. 13.389 14.29

t-value 3.0266* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level Table 2 shows difference between the attitude of male and female students towards modernization. Out of 100 students studied 50 were male and 50 were female. The mean values of attitude towards modernization of male and female were 136.36 and 127.86. The S.D. were 13.389 and 14.29. The t- value was calculated as 3.0266 which is found significant at 0.05 percent. It means that there is a significant difference between the attitude of male and female students towards modernization. Attitude of Male and Female students towards Modernization 140 135 130 125 120 Male

Female

Fig. 2: Attitude of Male and Female students towards Modernization It can be revealed from Fig. 2 that male students have more positive attitude towards modernization than female students. Table 3: Attitude of Tribal Male and Female students towards Modernization Sex

Mean

S.D.

t-Value

Male

131.64

13.28

Female

123.52

11.60

2.3022* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level Table 3 presents comparison of the attitudes of college going male and female tribal students towards modernization. Out of total 50 tribal students studied, 25 were male and 25 were female. The mean values of male and female tribal students were found 131.64 and 123.52. The SD were 13.28 and 11.60 in the same order. The â€žtâ€&#x; value for was calculated as 2.3022 (df =48) which is found significant at 0.05 level of significance. It means that there is significant difference between the attitude of college going tribal male and female students.

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6082 Male tribal students have more positive attitude towards modernization than female tribal students (Fig. 3). Attitude of Tribal Male and Female students towards Modernization

135 130 125 120 115 Male

Female

Fig. 3: Attitude of Tribal Male and Female students towards Modernization Table 4: Attitude of Nontribal Male and Female students towards modernization Sex Male Female

N 25 25

Mean 141.08 132.2

S.D 12.86 15.59

t-value 2.1968* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level Table 4 shows difference between the attitude of non tribal male and female students towards modernization. Out of total 50 nontribal students studied 25 were male and 25 were female. The mean valuesand SD of non tribal male and female were 141.08,132.2 and 12.86,15.59 respectively. The t-value was found to be 2.1968 which were significant at 0.05 level of significance. It means that there is a significant difference between the attitude of non tribal male and female students towards modernization. Attitude of Nontribal Male and Female students towards modernization 145 140 135 130 125 Male

Female

Fig. 4: Attitude of nontribal Male and Female students towards modernization Fig. 4 shows that male nontribal students have more positive attitude towards modernization than female nontribal students.

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6083 Table5: Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal Male students towards modernization Variable Tribal Nontribal

N 25 25

Mean 131.64 141.o8

S.D 13.28 12.86

t-value 2.553* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level Table 5presents difference between the attitude of tribal male and non tribal male students towards modernization. Total 50 male students were studied out of which 25 were tribal and 25 were nontribal students. The mean valuesof attitude towards modernization of tribal and non tribal male were found 131.64 and 141.08 and S.D. 13.28 and 12.86 respectively. The calculated t value was found to be 2.553. It is significant at the 0.05 level of significance. It means that there is a significant difference between the attitude of tribal and non tribal male students towards modernization. Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal Male students towards Modernization 145 140 135 130 125 Tribal

Nontribal

Fig. 5: Attitude of tribal and nontribal male students towards Modernization Fig. 4 shows that nontribal male students have more positive attitude towards modernization than tribal male students. Table 6: Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal Female students towards Modernization Variable Tribal Nontribal

N 25 25

Mean 123.52 132.2

S.D. 11.60 15.59

t-value 2.23* Significant

*Significant at the 0.05 level Table6 shows the comparison of the attitude of college going tribal and nontribal female students towards modernization. 25 tribal and 25 nontribal female students were studied. The mean values of tribal and non tribal female students were 123.52 and 132.2. The S.D. were 11.60 and 15.59 respectively.Theâ€žtâ€&#x; value was calculated as 2.23 (df=48), which is found significant at 0.05 percent. It means that there is significant difference between the attitude of college going tribal and non tribal female students. Nontribal female students have more positive attitude towards modernization than tribal female students (Fig. 6). Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6084

Attitude of Tribal and Nontribal Female students towards modernization. 135 130 125 120 115 Tribal

Nontribal

Fig. 6: Attitude of tribal and nontribal Female students towards modernization On the basis of interpretation of the data, following are the major findings: 1. Significant differences has been found in the attitudes of college going tribal and non tribal students, male and female students, tribal male and female students, Non tribal male and female students, tribal and non tribal male students and tribal and non tribal female students towards modernization. 2. Non tribal students have more favorable attitude towards modernization than tribal students, male students have more positive attitude than female students, tribal male students have more favorable attitude than tribal female students, non tribal male students have more favorable attitude than nontribal female students, nontribal male students have higher level of modernization than tribal male students and nontribal female students have higher modernization attitude as compared to tribal female students. CONCLUSIONS Modernization has always beenan issue of attraction in the present era. Tribal and non tribal students have shown different views about modernization. Tribal studentâ€&#x;s attitude towards modernization has been found comparatively low. On the other hand,Non tribal students, specifically male students, have shown higher positive attitude towards modernization. It was felt that male students are open minded and have scientific attitude thatâ€&#x;s why they have shown more favorable attitude towards the modernization. Non tribal malestudents feel that social change may help them to solve the social related problems. They feel that it may be helpful to make good citizens and is appropriate for the needs of the present times.

Shobha & Dr. Seema Dhawan (Pg. 6077-6085) 6085 As far as the technological development is concerned, the female tribe uses the mobile phones only. In this regard, they are entering in the world of modern technology but they are far from other aspects of advanced technology like use of computers etc. On the various dimensions of modernization like- Socio-religious,Education, status of women; and marriage; the non tribal male have high mean values than their counterparts. It shows that in non tribal male, there is a change in attitude regarding politics, position of women and marriage. It is the sign of great change as the college going students have started to think about the women education, status of women and marriage decisions. Tribal male and female students are sensitive regardingthe status of women and marriage. Tribalfemales should be motivated to accept the new norms of modernity by keeping in mind the traditional Indian values and ethics. It can be done by organizing workshops, seminars and conferences to develop a positive attitude in them towards various dimensions of social change. Tribal male and female students should be guided to accept and adopt the new norms of modernization as India can‟t be a developed nation if we are not ready to accept the modernization in a positive and constructive sense. References Ganaie, M.Y; Mudasir,H. (2013).Modernization of Higher Secondary School Students with Respect To Science and Social Science Background. 5 (12), 97-101. Grover,J.(2014).Perceptions of perspective teachers’ towards modernization in relation to their socio-economic status, Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal , Vol. 3, Issue -2. Kumar, P; Mittal,A.(2014). Religious Attitude, Modernization and Aggression of College Going Students and Its Impact on Their Academic Achievement, International Journal of Education and Psychological Research Vol. 3, Issue- 2, 39- 45. Manzoor,M.; Padder,B.M.; Dubey,M.C.;Gyanendra,G.(2013).Effect of modernisation on lifestyle of gujjars of pahalgam.International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol. 1, Issue- 10, 792-794. Pandey, K. S. and Sharma,J. (2015).The Rajii Tribe of Uttrakhand in Globalized World: In a Changing Perspective, International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol.3, Issue- 12, 84 – 89. Rai,R.K. (2016).Tribes of Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Advanced Research , Vol. 4, Issue1,Pp. 1143-1149. Singh, R.S.; Tripathi, A.N. and RamjeeLal.(2012). Manual for Modernization Scale, National Psychological Corporation, Agra. Singh, Yogendra (1973).Modernization of Indian Tradition. Thomson Press, India, 106. Verma,K; Agarwal,S. (2014).A study on trends of tribal leadership in JaunsarBawar hills of Dehradun district, International Journal, Vol. 1, Issue-3. Vidyatrhi, L. P &Rai, (1977).The Tribal Culture of India.Edition 2. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies