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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2019 = 6.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, SEPT-OCT, 2020, VOL- 8/61

WOMAN AT THE CROSS ROADS:IA ISTUDY IOF ISHASHI IDESHPANDE’S THAT ILONG SILENCE I Sudesh iSharma Assistant iProfessor iof iEnglish, G.C. iHisar, Email: isudesh1676@gmail.com

Abstract Indian fiction in English has a formidable line of women novelists from Kamala Markandaya to Nayantara Sahgal, Shashi iDeshpande iis ione iof ithe ibrightest istars iin ithis iaugust igalaxy iof iIndian iwomen iwriters iwho iin iher ivarious iworks ihas idepicted ithe icontemporary imiddle iclass iwomen’s iouter iand iinner iworld iwith iremarkable iacute iinsight. The ipresent istudy iis ian iattempt ito ishow ihow ithe imulti-layered i‘silence’ iis iused iby iher iprotagonist ias ia istrategy ito isurvive, iunderstand iand irealize iher iidentity iand iself-respect, ias ialso ito iestablish iand iassert iher istatus, irole iand icontribution iin ithe idomestic iand isocial idomains. iThat iLong iSilenceiis ia imodern inovel, which won her the Sahithya Academy award in 1990, irevolves iaround iits icentral iprotagonist iJaya, iwho iis iin isearch ifor iher iself iidentity iin ia itradition ibound isociety. iThe ipresent ipaper iis ian ihonest iattempt ito ishow ihow ipatriarchy ihampers iwoman’s iassertion iand itries ito ioppress iher iin ieach iand ievery ipossible iway; iand ihow ia iwoman iprojects iherself ias ia isubject iand irefuses ito ilive iher ilife iin ia iservile imanner. iThe ipaper ibeautifully itraces ithe ijourney iof iJaya, ithe iprotagonist ifrom isuppression ito iself-realization. i Keywords: iPatriarchy, iSilence, iSuppression, iSelf-realization i

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Introduction i Right ifrom ithe iAncient itime, iIndia ihas ibeen ia imale-dominated iculture. iIndian iwomen iwere isurrounded iby iso imany iprejudices, iconventions iand itraditions. iShe iwas iconsidered ias ian i‘inanimate iobject’.iShe iwas ialways isupposed ito ibe iplacid, igentle, ipatient, isubmissive. iBut, iwith ithe ichange iof itime iand iadvent iof iwestern ieducation iand iculture ithe iIndian iwoman ihas icome iout ias ia i‘new iindividual’. iNow, ithe iwomen ihave istarted ito icome iout iof itheir iimage. iDeshpande ibares ithe isubtle iprocesses iof ioppression iand igender idifferentiation ioperative iwithin ithe iinsitution iof

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Deshpande’sifeminism does inot iuproot ithe iwoman ifrom iher ibackground ibut itries ito iexpose ithe idifferent iideological ielements ithat ishape iher. iThese iinclude isocial iand ipsychological ifactors isuch ias, iwoman’s isubordinate iposition iin ithe ifamily Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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iand iher irestricted isexuality. iThe iauthor iseeks ito iexpose ithe iideology iby iwhich ia iwoman iis itrained ito iplay iher isubservient irole iin isociety. iIn iher iconversation iwith iGita iViswanath, iShashi iDeshpande iopines, i"we iare ishaped iby iour ichildhood iand iour iparents".(1) iThe imale idomination iin iwoman’s ilife iis ia inatural iphenomenon iin ia ipatriarchal isociety iand ithe iconsequent irelegation iof iwoman ito ia isecondary iposition iseemed ito ihave iprompted iIndian iwomen iwriters ito itake iup ithe icause iof iwomen. iThey istressed ithe ineed ifor iwomen ito ibreak ifree ifrom ithe ishackles iof itheir itraditional iposition iand isee itheir iown ineed ifor iself- ifulfilment ias imore iimportant ithan ithe iduty iof isacrificing ithemselves ifor itheir ihusbands iand ichildren. iThe inew iwoman ivoices ia inote iof iresentment ias ithey ifeel istifled iunder ithe ioppressive irestrictions. iShe ihas iher iown ichanged inotions iof ilife. iIt iis itrue ithat iwomen’s ieducation, iher irights iof icitizenship iand iother ilegal irights iand iabove iall iher igainful iemployment iand ieconomic iindependence ihave itremendously iinfluenced iher ioutlook iand iconjugal irelationship iand iattitude itowards imarriage. Jaya iunderstands ithat ia iholistic iyet iresilient iapproach itowards ilife iis inecessary, i"we idon’t ichange iovernight. iIt’s ipossible ithat iwe imay inot ichange ieven iover ilong iperiods iof itime. iBut iwe ican ialways ihope. iWithout ithat, ilife iwould ibe iimpossible. iAnd iif ithere iis ianything ito iknow inow iit iis ithis: ilife ihas ialways ito ibe imade ipossible."(TLS,193) i2 iHer idecision ito icease ito ibe ia ipassive ipartner iand iovercome ithe iturbulence iin iher irelationship iwith iMohan ileads iher ito ian iuninhibited iselfidentification. The inovel iclearly ispells iout ithe ifaith ithat ia iwoman’s idesire ito isucceed ilike ian iindividual idoes inot inegate iher idesire ifor ilove, imarriage iand idomesticity. iA ibalanced iand ipurposeful ilife iis inot ia iutopian ifancy ifor ia iwoman iif ishe iliberates iherself ifrom ithe istereotyped iconditioning iof ithe isociety iand iis inot idependent ion ithe imale ipresence ito iauthenticate iher ithoughts iand ideeds iat ievery istep. iThat iLong iSilence iaesthetically icommunicates ithe iessence iof ithe icreed iof ifeminism ialong iwith icontemporary irealities. i i i i i i i i i i i i i iBut itoday i, iwomen iare ino ilonger ipassive icharacters i iwho ieasily iconform ito ithe iconventions iof ia isociety. iNow ithey irebel, ithey ireconcile ishowing ithat iif ia iwoman ican ibe i‘Sita’, ishe ican ibe i‘Durga’ ias iwell. iEven i iour iHistory

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ishows ithat iSavitri, iDamyanti, iShakuntala, iDraupadi, iwere inot ipassive, isubmissive iand iservile. iThey iall ihad iresisted ithe ipatriarchal inorms iin itheir iown iways. i The ireal imeaning iof ifreedom iin ithe icontext iof iIndian iwomen iis ithe ifreedom ifrom iage-old imale-domination iand imale-ordained isocial iand icultural itraditions. iPatriarchy ihad icompelled iwoman ito ilive iin i‘servitude’. iShe ihad ibeen idenied iaccess ito ieducation, iequal irights iand ithe i‘freedom ito iact iand ichoose’. iOver ithe ipast ifew idecades ia isurprisingly ichange ihas icome iover iand iwomen ihave istarted ito icontribute isignificantly ito ilife iand iliterature. iThey ihave istarted iquestioning iof iage-old iconventions iand iexploring itheir iidentity iand itheir ifellow ibeings irespectively. i iDeshpande iconsistently iexplores ithe inature iof ithe ifemale iworld iand ireconstructs ithe isuppressed irecords iof ifemale iexperience. iShe iconstructs icontexts, irepresenting idifferent ifacets iof ithe itrapped ifemale ipsyche, iand iattempts ito itranscend iits iboundaries. iThese inarratives ifunction ias imodes iof iwomen’s iexperience iunderlining iits iresistance iand isimultaneously isubverting iit, iwhich iopens iup ia ispace iwhere ithe, i"marginal icomes iinto ibeing iand iretains iits idifference".3 iShashi iDeshpande iicharacters iare imodern, ieducated, icareer ioriented imiddleclass imarried iwomen, iwho iare isensitive ito ithe ichanging itimes iand icircumstances. iThough iher iwomen iprotagonists iare icrushed iunder ipatriarchal inorms ibut ithey inever ithink iabout iflouting ithe isacred iinstitution iof imarriage. iInstead, ithey imake iclever istrategic iuse iof itheir i‘multi-layered isilences’ iin iorder ito iachieve itheir iindividuality. i‘Silences’ iis ia imysteriously ifascinating iword iwhich iimplies idifferent ilayers iand imeanings iof iabsence iof ispeech iin irelation ito idifferent icategories iof ipeople iand iin idifferent icircumstances. i‘Silence’ iof ithe ioppressed iand ithe imarginalized iis icompletely idifferent ifrom ithe isilence iof ithe iprivileged iand ithe ipowerful iand iso iis ithe idifference iin ithe isilences iof idifferent icategories iand isegments iof isociety. iThe idifferent inuances iof ilong iand ioppressive isilence, iwhen ipeeled ioff iin irelation ito ilives iand isituations iof iwomen, ireveal ian ialtogether idifferent iworld- ia iworld iof ityranny, ia iworld iof isuppression iand irepression, ia ifeeling iof iloss, ipain, irebellion, iconfrontation, iredefining iand ire-visioning ithe iequations iand irelations iof ipower iand imuch imore iincluding ithe imyriad iattempts iat iaffirmation iand irealization iof iself. iHer inovels iare iabout iwomen itrying ito iunderstand ithemselves, itheir ihistory, itheir iroles iand itheir iplace iin ithis Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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isociety, iand iabove iall itheir irelationship iwith iothers… iIn iall imy inovels.. iI ihave irejected istereotypes iand irequisitioned ithe imyths iwhich ihave iso ishaped ithe iimage iof iwomen, ieven ithe iself iimage iof iwomen, iin ithis icountry. i iBeauvoir’s istatement, i"one iis inot iborn ia iwoman, ione ibecomes ione"4 i ihas ia ispecial irelevance ito iIndia iwhere iconventions, ireligious iand isocial itaboos idictate iand iinhibit iwoman’s iindividuality. i i

What iis iremarkable iabout ithe iwhole iaspect iof iusing isilence ias ia

istrategy iis ithat iher icentral iwoman iprotagonists imight iappear ito ibe icompromising iwith itheir ilot iin ithe iform iof iseeking isecurity iwithin ithe idomains iof ithe ifamily ior ibending ito ithe idictates iof itheir ihusbands ior ifathers iin ithe ifamily, ior isilently ibearing iup iwith iall ithe itrials iand itribulations iof ilife, ibut iseen iin ithe ilarger iand icorrect iperspective, ithere iis ino icompromise ias isuch iand itheir isilence ispeaks iso iloud iand iclear ithrough itheir ithought iprocesses ithat iat ithe iend iof ithe iday, ithey iare icompletely idifferent ihuman’ ibeings. iThat iLong iSilence i(1989) iis ia imodern inovel, irevolving iaround iits icentral iprotagonist iJaya, iwho iis iin isearch ifor iher i‘self’ iin ia itradition ibound isociety. iShe iis ia iconvent ieducated iand ifluent iEnglish ispeaking iwoman iand ihaving igreat iliterary isensibility. iThe iname iJaya iwhich isuggests i‘Victory’ iis inowhere iapplicable iin iher ilife. iShe ihas ito ilead ia itraditional irole iof ian i‘obedient iand iideal iwife’. iShe ihas ibeen iraised iwith ilistening ito istories iabout iSita, iSavitri, iDamyanti iand iDraupadi, idepicting ithe isharing iof itheir ihusband’s itrials iand itribulations iin idifficult itimes. iLike ithese ilegendary iwomen ishe ialso ifollows iher ihusband iMohan idutifully. i Since iher ichildhood, ishe ihas ialways ibeen ireprimanded ifor ibeing ian i‘inquisitive ichild’. iBut ishe iwas ialways isupported iby iher ifather i. iThroughout ithe inovel, ishe ifeels iherself i“trapped” iand icraved ifor ithe iquest iof iself iand iidentity. iAfter iher imarriage ishe itried ihard ito ifit iherself iin ithe irole iof ian iideal iwife. iShe itransformed iherself ifrom ian iaggressive, iinquisitive ibeing ito ia imeek, idocile, inervous, isubmissive iand ipassive iwoman. iIn ispite iof ibeing ia iwife iand ia imother iof itwo ichildren, ishe isuffered ifrom iisolation. iMohan ifailed ito iunderstand iher iemotional iself. iThe inovel itraces ithe ijourney iof iJaya ifrom ibeing ia ipassive icharacter ito ibecome ia iconfident ihuman ibeing. iShe irejects ithe itraditional iimages iof iSita, iSavitri iand iDraupadi iand iinstead, idescribes imarried icouple ias i‘a ipair iof ibullock iyoked itogether’. iThe inovel irevolves i iaround ithe isilence iof iJaya iand iher isuppressed ifeeling. iShe ialways isuppressed iher iliterary italent iand igives ipriority ito iher irole ias ia Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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igood iwife. iMohan’s iattitude itowards iher iwriting iskills, icompletely ishows ithe irelegation iof iwoman ito ia isecondary iposition. iShe iis ialways imake ito ibelieve ithat ithe iaim iof iher ilife iis ito imake iher ihusband ihappy. i“Remember, iJaya, ithe ihappiness iof iyour ihusband iand ihome idepends ientirely ion iyou.” i(TLS,138) i i iShe iwas igiven ia inew iname i‘Suhasini’ iafter iher imarriage. iAfter iher imarriage, ishe ihas ito ished iher ireal i‘self’ iand ilike ian iideal ihouse iwife i‘waiting ifor ihim’ ihas ibecome ian iimportant ipart iof iher idaily iactivities. iShe isays: i Ever isince iI igot imarried, iI ihad idone inothing ibut iwait, iwaiting ifor iMohan ito icome ihome, iwaiting ifor ichildren ito ibe iborn, ifor ithem ito istart ischool, iwaiting ifor ithem ito icome ihome, iwaiting ifor ithe imilk, ithe iservant itiffin icarrier. i(TLS,30) i She ihas ino iright ito icomplaint iabout ianything. iHer iromantic iideas iof ilove ishattered iafter iher imarriage iwith iMohan. iAs iSimon ide iBeauvoir isays, i“One iis inot iborn ibut irather ibecomes ia iwoman” iis iapt ifor iJaya’s icondition. iShe ialways iprefers ito ibe ia isilent ione irather ithan icontradicting iwith iMohan’s iinterest. iShe inever itold ihim iabout iher iliking ifor iads iwhenever ithey iwent ifor ia imovie ifearing iof ibeing ilabeled ias i‘a iwoman iof ipoor itaste’. iIt iwould inot ibe iwrong isaying ithat ishe, iherself imarginalized iher iposition iby irefusing ito ienter iinto ithe icircle iwhich isociety ihad idrawn iaround iMohan. iShe ibecomes i‘Voiceless’ ibecause ishe inever itry ito ivoice iit ibeyond iher iimagination. iShe isays: i I inever iasked ihim ihow ihe idid iit…I iwas ian iideal iwife…(Like iGandhari) iI ibondaged imy ieyes itightly. iI ididn’t iwant ito iknow ianything. iIt iwas ienough ifor ime ithat iwe imoved ito iBombay, ithat iwe icould isend iRahul iand iRati ito igood ischools…have ithings iwe ineeded… i(TLS,61-62) i After iher ifirst iquarrel iwith iMohan, ishe icomes ito iknow ithat ianger imakes ia iwoman i‘Unwomanly’. i‘My imother inever iraised iher ivoice iagainst imy ifather ihowever ibadly ihe ibehaved ito iher, ihe ihad isaid ito ime ionce’. i(TLS,83) iAn iideal iwoman iis ialways iexpected ito ibe iattractive iin iorder ito iplease itheir ihusbands. iSince itheir ichildhood iit iis iincorporated iin itheir iminds ithe ithey ihave ito ilook ibeautiful ito iseek itheir ihusbands iattention. iBut, iin ispite iof idoing iall ithis, ishe ifails ito iget ilove ifrom iMohan ifor iwhom ithe isex iis ionly ia imechanical iprocess ihaving ino iroom ifor iemotional ibonding. i iIt iis ialways iconsidered ishameful ion ia iwoman ipart ito ibe i‘sexually iaroused.’ iShe ihas ino iidentity iof iherself iapart ifrom ibeing isomeone’s Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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imother ior isomeone’s idaughter iand isomeone’s iwife. iShe iis ialways imake ito ifeel isubdued iwhenever ishe itries ito iassert iher iindividuality. iIt iis iconsidered ias ia icrime iif ishe iever itries ito ithink iabout iherself. i i The iprotagonist iJaya irealizes ithat iin iorder ito iattain iself-hood, ia iwoman imust itranscend isilence, inegation iand iself-alienation. Jaya iunderstands ithat ia iholistic iyet iresilient iapproach itowards ilife iis inecessary, i"we idon’t ichange iovernight. iIt’s ipossible ithat iwe imay inot ichange ieven iover ilong iperiods iof itime. iBut iwe ican ialways ihope. iWithout ithat, ilife iwould ibe iimpossible. iAnd iif ithere iis ianything ito iknow inow iit iis ithis: ilife ihas ialways ito ibe imade ipossible."(TLS, i193) i iShe idecides ito iexpress iher ireal ifeelings, iher ianger; iher iresentment ithrough iher iwritings. iShe irealized iher iown icontribution itowards iher ioppression iand iunderstood ithat iher isilence iis iresponsible ifor iher ifailure. iAs ishe iadmits ithat: i It’s inot ijust ithat ilife iis icruel, ibut ithat iin ithe ivery iprocess iof iour ibirth iwe isubmit ito ilife’s icruelty. iI ihad ilearnt iit iat ilast ino iquestions, ino iretorts, ionly isilence. i(TLS,143) i

Jaya iperforms ithe irole iof ian iideal iwife iand ia igood imother iwhole

iheartedly ibut iher iloyalty ias iwell ias iher iidentity ireceives ia igreat iblow iwhen iMohan iis ifound iindulged iin isome iwrong ipractices iin ihis ioffice, idue ito iwhich ihe ihad ito ileave ihis ijob. iJaya ibroke idown iwhen iMohan itries ito iabsolve ihimself ifrom ithis icrime iby isaying ithat iit iwas idue ito iher iand ichildren ithat ihe islipped ifrom ithe iright itrack ito igive ithem imore icomforts. iJaya ifeels itormented ithat ishe ialways isubdued iher ireal iself, iher iidentity iand iher ireal icharacter iin iorder ito iappease iher ihusband. iShe ialways iremained iunder ithe isense iof i‘fear’ iof ilosing iher ihouse, iher ihusband iand iher ichildren. iMohan istifles iboth ithe iwomen iand icreative igenius iin iher. i iVrinda iNabar ipoints iout: i"Whereby ithe iwoman/mother ieventually isees iher iimprisonment ias iempowering iher iby iconferring ion iher ithe iattributes iof imother iand iwife. iShe isees ithese ilargely iin irelation ito ithe imen iin ithe idomestic ipower ihierarchy. iShe ithus ibecomes ia isymbol iof iwhat imen ilater iexpect itheir iwomen ito ibe. iShe iis iimprinted ion ithe ichildren’s iconsciousness ias isublime isufferer, iselfless islave, itireless iworker ifor iher ifamily’s icomfort iand ihappiness."5 i

It iis iclarified ithat iany ifragmentation iof ithe iself iin ithe iform iof ibeing ia

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ialways ito ibe imade ipossible’ i(TLS,193), ireconcile iher ito ithe inecessity iof ibringing iabout ia ichange iin ilife. Conclusion: i So, ithe ipaper ihas ifocused ion ithe ihow ipatriarchal i isystem iindoctrinate iwomen ito ichange ithemselves iaccording ito isocial inorms. iThis isociety inever igive ithem ia ichance ito igroom iand iassert ithemselves iin itheir imarriages, itreat ithem ias ia icommodity’ iand ian iobject ifor isatisfying itheir isexual iurges. iBut iit iis ishown ithat ihow ia iwoman ican ifind iherself iand iassert iher iindividuality iby ishedding iher iall ifears. iThis iis iwhat ithe iprotagonist ialso idoes iin ithe inovel iand iprojects iherself ias ia isubject iand irefuses ito ilive iher ilife iin ia iservile imanner. iShe idecides ito itake iharness iof iher ilife iin iher iown ihands iand iable ito icomplete iher ijourney itowards iself irealization. i iself-reliable iand iself-dependent. iThat iLong iSilence iportrays ia isuffering iand ideprivations iof ifeminine ilife iby irepresenting isuch icharacters ias istereotyped irepresentatives iof itraditional iwomanhood. iTheir iemotional iand iintellectual iliberation idoes inot inegate ithe ipossibility iof inurturing iand ienjoying ivarious irelationships iwhich ithe isociety iand ithe ibiological inature ihave iimposed iupon ithem. i iThese iwomen iare ion ia inew iroad ito icarve ia iniche iof itheir iown. iIn ithis inovel, iDeshpande iuses isilence ias ia istrategic itool ito iresist ipatriarchy. iThe icharacters iin ithe inovel idon’t iwaste itheir ienergy iin iquestioning ior iblaming iothers; irather ithey iuse itheir iwill ipower ifor iattaining itheir iself iidentity. References iViswanath, iGita. i2005, i"In iConversation iwith iShashi iDeshpande." iWriting iDifference: iThe iNovels iof iShashi iDeshpande. iEd. iChanchala iK. iNaik, iNew iDelhi: iPencraft iInternational, ip.229. i2.Deshpande, iShashi. iThat iLong iSilence. iNew iDelhi: iPenguin iBooks, i1989. iPrint. i (All isubsequent ireferences ito ithe itext iof ithe inovel iare ifrom ithe isame iedition, iand ipage inumbers iin iall isuch icases ihave ibeen igiven iwithin iparentheses iimmediately iafter ithe iquotations. i) Chatterji, iLola. iEd. i1986. iWoman iImage iText. iDelhi: iTrian. i4.Beauvoir, iSimone ide. i1997. iThe iSecond iSex. iTrans. iH.M. iParshley. iLondon: iVintage, ip. i295. Nabar, iVrinda. i1995, iCaste ias iWoman. iNew iDelhi: iPenguin iBooks, ip. i185-86.