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Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, JUNE-JULY, 2020, VOL- 8/40

PRIORITIZING NEWBORN CARE FACTORS IN COMMUNITY PRACTICES AMONG MOTHERS USING TOPSIS METHOD

Vijai Sharma, Ph.D. Lecturer, DIET, Gonda, Email id: vijaimphill@gmail.com

Abstract

Health and survival of the Newborn is depends on the care, given to them. Although care of Newborn is very essential element in reducing child mortality, it often receives less than optimum attention. The world has been committed to improve newborn health. Current global evaluations confirm that commitment to improving newborn health makes meaningful socioeconomic contribution. Many other reasons related to newbornâ€™s health why they have been neglected and why the huge mortality rates and neonatal deaths are unseen and undocumented.The primary objective of this paper is to prioritizing newborn care factors among mothers using TOPSIS method. The period for assessment of community practices among mothers was from 2013 to 2015 and results indicate each newborn care factor and their prioritizing ranking. Keywords: Newborn Care Factors, Community Practices, TOPSIS Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

1. Introduction Mortality rate of newborn babies is one of the most neglected health problems in the world. It is estimated that four million newborns worldwide die before the age of 1 month and another four million are stillborn each year. Death during the neonatal period (the first 28 days of life) represents almost two-thirds of the total deaths in the first year of life and 40% of deaths before the age of five. It is estimated that the global burden of neonatal mortality to be 5 million, including 3.2 million deaths occur during the first week of life. Each year 26 million babies are born in India. Of these, nearly 1.2 million die during the postpartum period, before the completion of 4 weeks of life, up to a quarter of all deaths among newborns in the world. Where India, contribute 30% of neonatal deaths 3.9 million worldwide. Decreased mortality Copyright ÂŠ 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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rates in the world's under-five and infant mortality over the past four decades, but rates remained high infant mortality relatively unchanged. It is believed that the main causes of death for newborn children are complications of prematurity (28%), sepsis and pneumonia (26%), birth asphyxia and infections (23%) and tetanus (7%), congenital anomalies (7%), diarrhea (3%), with low birth contribute to a large proportion of the deaths. Since the problem of the availability of quality care for all, always leads is a multi-faceted, the solution will be necessary. There is sufficient evidence to show that most neonatal care can be delivered in basic homes through primary health care in an effective manner in terms of cost. Thus, to reduce neonatal mortality, and must develop strategies for home births safe, including neonatal care essential, along with the development of the means of proper care of the newborn in the locale and ensure referral sound for newborns only those who cannot be managed at home. Many life-threatening conditions can be prevented or treated with lowtech, and improve labor and delivery care, and attention to the physiological needs of the newborn. Causes and neonatal mortality, and organize care coverage and delivery, recovery, and low birth weight, low body temperature, low temperature rise of technology, and the reduction of infections, and what are some of the important areas that need to be addressed, and showed the infant mortality rate has declined significantly during the 1980s and early of 1990s. After that, the pace of decline slowed significantly. The previous decline in infant mortality rate (IMR) is largely due to the decline in mortality after birth, with mortality rates for newborns (NMRs) do not contribute significantly. As a result, now nearly two-thirds of infant deaths are being contributed by NMR. Thus, the focus on the health of the child turned to neonatal health. This was rightly so, but it should not be at the expense of health interventions for children in the age group of 1 month to 5 years. We review the current rate of child mortality between birth and 5 years in India. The mortality rate in the age group of 028 days is about 35/1000 live births, 1-12 months, about 30/1000 live births and 1-5 years about 26/1000 live births. Thus, the proportion of neonatal mortality rates in the mortality rate of about 1.3 Age 1-5. In contrast, in most developed countries the ratio is more than 10, and so on, while efforts are underway to reduce neonatal mortality in India, it is also important that the risk of death of a child who stays postpartum period reduces to a great extent; Last, there will be only a shift in the burden of death from early childhood to the later part of early childhood. Copyright ÂŠ 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Review ages at death during the first 28 days reveals that two-thirds of deaths occur in the first week of life, and two-thirds of these during the first days of life (2 surveys the baseline for the project intervention multi-centric Home-based Indian Council of Medical Research [ICMR]. Thus, approximately 45% of neonatal deaths occur within 48 hours of birth. Major causes of death during this period are birth asphyxia and trauma, and problems related to low birth weight (LBW) (such as hypothermia, and respiratory problems, nutrition and infections after birth) and distortions. Most of these problems occur because of inadequate care during pregnancy and during labor. Inadequate care immediately after birth and inadequate care low birth weight infants during the first 48 hours contribute to the rest. Although a large proportion of women will be classified as high-risk and identify institutional delivery, but more than 75% of all births in the community, mostly in the hands of unskilled midwives with little care after birth, either the mother or the newborn. Clearly, we must focus package of interventions not only on the newborn alone, but treats dyad mother of one child. 2. Review of Literature The survival of the newborn is an issue demanding immediate attention in developing countries. Of the almost four million infants deaths that occur yearly the world over 98% happen developing countries. Most newborns die at home because of the lack of proper facilities (WHO, 1996). Almost two-thirds of the deaths happen in the first month. Among these deaths two-thirds die in the first week and out of these 2/3rd die in the first 24 hours (Lawn 2001).Despite several efforts by governments all over the world, neonatal mortality rate just goes on increasing. This happens mostly because very little emphasis is placed on neonatal and maternal health programmes in the overall schemes of healthcare in countries. Healthcare spanning antenatal intra-natal and postnatal periods, i.e. assistance during pregnancy, labour and delivery is importance for ensuring the health of infants. Care is needed most during the first week of life because nearly three-fourths of neonatal mortality occurs during this period. Furthermore care given to the pregnant mother can enhance the chances of survival of the infant.Proper healthcare facilities, regular checkups, vaccination etc. are imperative for a healthy pregnancy and birth. Overall nutritional care of women during their youth also plays a major role in reducing infantâ€™s mortality. For example nutrition of young girls can affect their adult height, which in turn can influence the outcome of labour and delivery. The folic acid status of the mother during pregnancy period can Copyright ÂŠ 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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determine the incidence of some congenital abnormalities in the fetus, Hence maternal care is directly related to the survival of the baby. Sub-sahaharan Africa, where neonatal rate is one of the highest in the world, does not have any facility for ensuring assistance during birth. It is estimated that about 12 million pregnant women do not get tetanus immunization. Households are the nation’s health production system because they produce health at a micro level in the community. Even newborn care remains neglected, adversely impacting MDGs on child health which pledges to reduce less than 5 years mortality by the year 2015. Protecting maternal and newborn lives is essential for securing the future of mankind.Quite understandably the levels of social and economic development, cultural practices and the quality of medical facilities of a region directly affect the neonatal and prenatal mortality rate and morbidity rate (WHO, 2002).The death of a woman during childbirth is a violation of her right to life and a social injustice to her family and her community since nearly all maternal mortality is avoidable. Since the health of a nation are directly dependant on the social and economic development of a country, its health indicators are directly influenced by the social and economic conditions prevalent in the country. The most sensitive health indicators are maternal and infant mortality rates. Women in India are in a subordinate position to men. They are not equal partakers of the national economic resources and are in constant threat of violence from men. A lot of these factors contribute in making up the general health framework of the females in the country. It goes without saying that maternal health affects the infant’s health directly. Hence the poor chances of infant and maternal mortality in India (Deogaonkar, 2004). The socio-economic factors that affect the state of health at a national level are a complex issue. They act at multiple levels of the individual, the family and the community. Hence they are difficult to measure or analyze. An individual woman will take health decisions for herself according to her level of education, her occupation, level of personal income and her autonomy. The health of the mother and the new born baby are a function of a myriad other factors such as the total family income, the occupation and the education of the family members. The socio-economic factors that influence health are a result of the collective resources and wealth of a community (McCarthy and Maine, 1992). According to Parlato et al. (2004), people’s behaviours regarding change in intrapartum care practices is influenced and constrained by four factors: informational, social, cultural and economic. Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Informational constraints could be a client’s lack of knowledge regarding the current recommended neonatal care and the outcomes of the practices. Simply put, sometimes people do not know the latest developments in maternal and infant care. This leads to an inability to avail benefits of a sound medical treatment.Many a time social factors in a community discourage the utilization of modern health care facilities. For example, in India, rural communities put a lot emphasis on the opinion of the elders of the house. A mother -in-law will most likely have a say in the way a woman should care for herself during pregnancy. This influence may be weaker in urban areas where people are more aware of modern medical developments. Cultural influences too play a major role in a tradition bound society. A woman is often required to fit into a role set for her by the cultural dictates of her country. Sometimes these roles come in the way of a healthy pregnancy.Economic constraints are the most difficult to overcome. A lack of financial stability curtails several benefits which are sometimes essential for the health of the mother and the baby. For example, the unavailability of financial resources may lead to a lack of proper medication and facilities (Parlatoet al, 2004). The list of newborn care factors were adopted from Jeet et al. (2013). Table 1: List of Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers S. No.

3 4 5

6 7

Factors

Representation

Mothers know by themselves how to breast feed their child, so counseling is not required For the first 6 months of life baby should not be given water, “JanamGhhuti,” honey or any other milk except breast milk Immunizing the child is important as this will save the child from many diseases Breast milk provides nourishment to the newborn Breast feeding helps in farming an emotional bond between mother and newborn Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before handing the newborn Massaging with oil before bath helps to keep the newborn skin healthy

F3 F4 F5

F6 F7

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and improves blood circulation The newborn should be immunized during the first week of life with

BCG,OPV, and hepatitis B

Child should always be taken to a big hospital if he/she falls sick

Children get loose motions due to effect of evil eye

F10

A baby less than 2.5 kg will definitely gain weight and so needs no special care

F11

Colostrum is harmful to the newborn

F12

Breast milk is not best food for newborn

F13

The newborn should be bathed immediately after birth

F14

The practice of applying kajal to the newborn eyes is good

F15

Newborn should not be dressed with soft and cleaned cloths

F16

Source: Adopted from Jeetet al. (2013) 3. Data and Methodology The main reason was this study is to identify most important Newborn factor in Community practices among mothers using TOPSIS method. Primary information was gathered through an organized structured questionnaire using five point indexed approach (Assari et al., 2012). The respondents gave reactions from 1 to 5 for first eight criteria, where 1stands for not important, 2 stands for less important, 3 stands for average, 4 stands for important and 5 stands for very important. For factors,the total sample size was 150, taken from the urban slum of Lucknow city. In this study, purposive sampling technique was used for data collection.

Defining Newborn baby factors Calculate the factors weight value Final ranking of the Newborn baby factors

Figure 1: The Research Framework 3.1 The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution Method (TOPSIS) Copyright ÂŠ 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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TOPSIS is one of the most useful techniques to provide priorities of the available alternatives. This method was developed by Hwang and Yoon in 1981. According to this technique, a positive ideal solution maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes the cost criteria, whereas a negative ideal solution maximizes the cost criteria and minimizes the benefit criteria. The TOPSIS method has six steps which are given below (Yadav et al., 2016): Step 1: Construct the Decision Matrix (A)

A ď€˝ (aij )mď‚´n

ďƒŠ a11 ďƒŞ a ď€˝ ďƒŞ 21 ďƒŞ ď ? ďƒŞ ďƒŤďƒŞ am1

a12 ď Œ a1n ďƒš ďƒş a22 ď Œ a2 n ďƒş ď ? ď ? ď ? ďƒş ďƒş am 2 ď Œ amn ďƒťďƒş

Step 2: Establish the normalized decision matrix. The normalized value đ?‘?đ?‘–đ?‘— is computed m

ďƒĽA

Pij ď€˝ Aij /

i ď€1

asfollows:

2 ij

i =1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

Step 3: Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix. The weighted normalized value đ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘— is computed as follows: đ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘— = đ?‘?đ?‘–đ?‘— Ă— đ?‘¤đ?‘— i =1, 2,..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n. Where đ?‘¤đ?‘— is the weight of the đ??˝đ?‘Ąâ„Ž criterion or attribute and *

Step 4: Determine the positive ideal (

A ď€˝ {(max v *

ď€

đ?‘› đ?‘— =1 đ?‘¤đ?‘—

ď€

A ) and negative ideal ( A ) solutions.

| j ďƒŽ C b), (min vij | j ďƒŽ C c)} ď€˝ {v j | j ď€˝ 1,2,..., m} *

ď€

ď€˝ {(min vij | j ďƒŽ Cb), (max vij | j ďƒŽ C c)} ď€˝ {v j | j ď€˝ 1,2,..., m} i

Step 5: Calculate the separation measures of each alternative from the positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution, respectively, are as follows:

* i

ď€ i

ď€˝

ďƒĽ (v ď€ v ) j ď€˝1

ď€˝

* 2 j

ďƒĽ (v ď€ v ) j ď€˝1

, j ď€˝ 1,2,..., m

ď€ 2 j

, j ď€˝ 1,2,..., m

Step 6: Calculate the relative closeness to the ideal solution. The relative closeness of the *

alternative

A with respect to A i

is defined as follows:

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* i



 i 

Si  Si *

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, i  1,2,..., m

Step 7: Rank the preference order. 4. Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Demographic profile All the respondents were mothers who live in slum areainLucknow city of India. Table 3 shows the demographic profiles of the respondents. Table 2: Demographic profile of the respondents Demographic

Age (Years)

Educational Qualification

Monthly income (Rs.)

Female Total 18 - 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 Total Upto 10th 12th Graduate Others Total Below 5000 5001 - 10000 10001 - 15000 15001 and above Total

Frequency Percentage (%) 150 100 150 100 40 33.33 66 55.00 14 11.67 150 100 86 71.67 30 25.00 3 2.50 1 0.83 150 100 3 2.50 34 28.33 83 69.17 0 0 150 100

From the above table, it was found that study was conducted on mothers; to know newborn care factors in community practices among mothers. In the sample, 33.33 percent of respondents belong to age group 18-25 years, 55.00 percent of the respondents are from age group of 26-35 years and 11.67 percent of the respondents are from age group of 36-45 years. Out of sample size of 150, 71.67 percent of the respondents have upto high school level education, 25 percent has higher secondary level and 2.50 percent has graduate level education. 4.2 Weight calculation and ranking The weights of the criteria calculated from the Table 5 are arranged in Table 4(Adopted from Assari et al., 2012). Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Table 3: Weights value (W) First eight factors (F1 to F8) Last weight factors (F9 to F16) W1,1 W2,2 W3,3 W4,4 W5,5 SUM Source: Compiled by author

0.01131 0.08216 0.13962 0.36124 0.40567 1

0.12114 0.2445 0.12596 0.39938 0.10902 1

Now TOPSIS method is applied to this calculated weight value to get the ranking of Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers. Table 5 shows the original data matrix collected from the respondents Table 4: Respondent responses from the questionnaire Factors Not Important Less Important Average F1 0 5 0 F2 0 43 28 F3 4 1 0 F4 4 2 1

Important Very Important 59 86 71 8 54 91 48 95

F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0

0 2 4 38 39 32 3 1 122 47 5

27 0 1 68 24 19 5 1 0 4 1

112 44 42 43 73 92 111 138 27 18 91

9 104 103 1 14 7 31 10 1 9 53

Source: Compiled by author From the TOPSIS method,first need to normalize the original data matrix by using the formula in the second step of the TOPSIS method as Table 6 shows: Table 5: Normalized Decision Matrix from the questionnaire Factors F1 F2 F3

Not Important 0 0 2.666667

Less Important 0.57369 42.43014 0.022948

Average 0 10.58686 0

Important 18.1682 26.31022 15.21932

Very Important 34.37324 0.297443 38.48632

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F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16

2.666667 0.09179 0 0 0.666667 0 0 0.09179 0 0.367162 0 9.936904 0 10.46678 0 7.046669 0 0.061934 0 0.006882 0 102.4244 72 15.20126 0 0.172038 Source: Compiled by author

0.013504 53.596 9.844163 0 0.013504 61.76874 7.694376 4.822343 0.333957 0.013358 0 0.213733 0.013358

12.02514 35.09421 65.47023 10.10446 9.206751 7.78977 22.45088 35.65853 51.90793 80.23168 3.071251 1.365 34.88755

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41.94409 0.116189 0.376451 50.26784 49.3058 0.015434 3.025066 0.756266 14.83208 1.543401 0.015434 1.250155 43.35413

Then, the weighted normalized matrix is calculated by multiplying each normalized matrix value with their weight value. The calculated weight value is given in the Table 4. Table 7 represents the weighted normalized decision matrix from the third step of TOPSIS method. Table 6: Weighted Normalized Decision Matrix Factors Not Important Less Important F1 0 0.047134 F2 0 3.486065 F3 0.030166 0.001885 F4 0.030166 0.007542 F5 0 0 F6 0.007542 0 F7 0 0.007542 F8 0 0.030166 F9 0 2.429621 F10 0 2.559179 F11 0 1.722945 F12 0 0.015143 F13 0 0.001683 F14 0 25.04327 F15 8.722407 3.716782 F16 0 0.042064 Source: Compiled by author

Average 0 1.478137 0 0.001885 7.483067 1.374441 0 0.001885 7.780172 0.969156 0.607405 0.042064 0.001683 0 0.026921 0.001683

Important 6.563003 9.504193 5.497764 4.343912 12.67729 23.65019 3.650093 3.325808 3.111059 8.966379 14.24121 20.73086 32.04273 1.226589 0.54515 13.93331

Very Important 13.94426 0.120664 15.61282 17.01554 0.047134 0.152716 20.39225 20.00198 0.001683 0.329782 0.082446 1.616943 0.168256 0.001683 0.136288 4.72632

After getting the weighted normalized decision matrix, we find out the positive ideal (A*) and negative ideal (Aâ€“) solutions from step 4 of TOPSIS method, which is given in Table 8. Copyright ÂŠ 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Table 7: Max and Min value First eight factors Max 0.030166 3.486065 7.483067 23.65019 20.39225 (F1 to F8) Last eight factors (F9 to F16)

Min

3.325808 0.047134

Max 8.722407 25.04327 7.780172 32.04273

4.72632

Min

0.001683

0.54515

Source: Compiled by author Now applied step 5 of TOPSIS method to get separation measures of each alternative from the positive ideal and negative ideal solution. After getting the value of separation measure, relative closeness to the ideal solution were calculated using step 6 in TOPSIS method. After that, ranking has given each Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers. The rank of the each of the Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothersare shown in Table 9. Table 8: Final ranking of Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers Factors F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

F9 F10 F11 F12

Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers Mothers know by themselves how to breast feed their child, so counseling is not required For the first 6 months of life baby should not be given water, “Janam Ghhuti,” honey or any other milk except breast milk Immunizing the child is important as this will save the child from many diseases Breast milk provides nourishment to the newborn Breast feeding helps in farming an emotional bond between mother and newborn Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before handing the newborn Massaging with oil before bath helps to keep the newborn skin healthy and improves blood circulation The newborn should be immunized during the first week of life with BCG,OPV, and hepatitis B Minimization Child should always be taken to a big hospital if he/she falls sick Children get loose motions due to effect of evil eye A baby less than 2.5 kg will definitely gain weight and so needs no special care Colostrum is harmful to the newborn

RCi *

Rank

0.41597057

0.22171458

0.43388998

0.44425431

0.33877233

0.48737118

0.4846613

0.47636484

0.18343218

0.20505536

0.30304522

0.40298942

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F13 Breast milk is not best food for newborn 0.52932586 F14 The newborn should be bathed immediately after birth 0.42934983 F15 The practice of applying kajal to the newborn eyes is good 0.19520553 F16 Newborn should not be dressed with soft and cleaned cloths 0.3007515 Source: Compiled by author

1 2 7 5

5. Conclusion Our paper showed the ranking of newborn care factors in community practices among mothers using TOPSIS methods. The findings shows that i.

So considering the positive side results, the most important factor has been allocated to

Wash

hands

thoroughly

with

soap

and

water

before

handing

the

newborn(0.48737118). In next level, Massaging with oil before bath helps to keep the newborn skin healthy and improves blood circulation(0.4846613) with, the newborn should be immunized during the first week of life with BCG, OPV, and hepatitis B(0.47636484) have taken place. ii.

In Negative side results, the most important factor has been allotted to Breast milk is not best food for newborn (0.52932586) and The newborn should be bathed immediately after birth (0.42934983) with, Colostrum is harmful to the newborn (0.40298942) have taken place.

iii.

In positive side results, the lowest important factor has been allotted to for the first 6 months of life baby should not be given water, â€œJanamGhhuti,â€? honey or any other milk except breast milk (0.22171458) where as in negative side results, child should always be taken to a big hospital if he/she falls sick (0.18343218).

This paper discusses practical implication of community practices and also focuses on factors that can reduce infant mortality rate. These factors are basically practiced in the community. Here is the need of awareness among mothers to know the importance of maximizing factor and reduction of minimizing factors. 6. Limitation and Scope of Future research The present study has considered eight maximization and eight factors to provide ranking of Newborn care factors in Community Practices among Mothers. The finding of the current study provides understandingbased on limited factors. The result may not be generalized to the country level because of limitation.In future, author may be considered more factors,

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different method for weight calculation and used integrated approach to provide ranking. In present study, we have not been considered alternative so researcher can used alternatives. References Assari, A., Mahesh, T. M., &Assari, E. (2012) ‘Role of public participation in sustainability of historical city: usage of TOPSIS method’, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No.3, pp.2289-2294. Deogaonkar, M. (2004) ‘Socio-economic inequality and its effect on healthcare delivery in India: inequality and healthcare’, Electronic Journal of Sociology, 11. Hwang, C. L., & Yoon, K. (1981) Multiple Objective Decision Making, Methods and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Jeet G, Sharma A, Mohanta TG, Trakroo A (2013) ‘Health seeking behavior of the mother for the special care new-born units discharged child: A comparative study’,Indian J Public Health, Vol. 57, pp.113-6. McCarthy, J., & Maine, D. (1992) ‘A framework for analyzing the determinants of maternal mortality’, Studies in family planning, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp.23-33. Parlato, R., Darmstadt, G. L., & Tinker, A. G. (2004) ‘Saving Newborn Lives: Tools for Newborn Health: Qualitative Research to Improve Newborn Care Practices. Saving Newborn Lives Initiative. Yinger, N. V., & Ransom, E. I. (2003) Why invest in newborn health. Policy perception on newborn health.