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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.45269, JULY-AUG 2017, VOL- 4/35

LEVEL OF URBANISATION AND THEIR DISPARITIES IN MAHARASHTRA STATE P. A. Khadke, Ph. D. & Mr. P. B. Waghmare 1

Associate Professor, School Of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada

University, Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606 2

Research Scholar, School Of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada

University, Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606 Abstract The one day has seen the birth of thousands of towns and cities, many of which have largely expanded during the last 50 years. Towns and cities have taken shape as centre of administrative and cultural significance through the centuries. As we can observe that the population in urban area is increasing too rapidly. Mostly people are moving to urban from rural area to have a more comfortable life, higher salary and better educational environment. At the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. Number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 37.71 crores in 2011. India is the most populous countries in the world. Our country covers only 2.4 per cent of the land area of the world, whereas it is the home of more then 16.87 per cent of the world‟s population. Since the new economic policies were adopted in the country, Maharashtra has seen fast urban growth. Maharashtra has the highest level of urbanization in India at 45.23 per cent compared to 29.5 per cent as the all India average. Census data were used to study the nature and pattern of urbanization in India with special reference to the state of Maharashtra. Urbanization depends on the socio-economic system of the society and the rate of its development. Maharashtra state urban population growth is considered for the period 1901 to 2011. It has increased from 3217202 persons in 1901 to 50818259 persons in 2011. The highest urban population growth in the all census was 1961 i. e. 62.42 per cent, and Lowest urban population growth in the census 1911 i.e. 0.99 per cent. According to 2011 census, urban population was recorded 50818259 persons out of which male were 26704022 and female population were 24114237. Keyword: Trend of Urbanization, Growth of population, Development, Transformation

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INTRODUCTION: Urbanization in India is rapidly increasing after independence. It brings in its wake vast social, economic and cultural imbalance between the rural and urban areas supported by them. Since urbanization is associated with socio-economics transformation it has assumed considerable significance in an under developed country like India. The World population is becoming increasingly urbanised. The rate has been rather rapid during the recent decades. While 29 per cent of the world‟s population lived in urban area in 1950, the corresponding figure for 1995 is around 45 per cent. The proportion of Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5954

urban population in the world was expected to cross 50 per cent by the turn of present century, in 2012 world had 51 per cent of its population in urban areas. The population of India increased from 238 million in 1901 to 1210 million in 2011 India is at present the second most populated country after China in the world. Population growth in India was slow during the first half of this century; however growth accelerated during the second half particularly after the 1960. In its process of demographic transition, India entered in to the stage of so called population explosion with a relatively high birth rate and medium death rate since the 1960. Since the new economic policies were adopted in the country, Maharashtra has seen fast urban growth. Maharashtra has the highest level of urbanization in India at 45.23 per cent compared to 29.5 per cent as the all India average in 2011. Urbanization of Maharashtra has been artificially engrafted urbanization. People have been driven out of their land by devastation of agriculture. Maharashtra thus has the highest level of urbanization in India. Census data were used to study the nature and pattern of urbanization in India, with special reference to the state of Maharashtra. The present civilization is based on industrialization and urbanization. The term „Urban‟ refers to towns or cities. Urbanization indicates population increase in urban areas, the growth of secondary and tertiary activities. According to Hauser and Duncan, “Urbanization as a change in the pattern of population distribution. It involves an increase in the size of urban population and growth in number and size of urban places with increasing population of such places.” According to G. T. Trewartha, “the shift of population from village to city and the process of transformation of villages into city are called urbanization.” The settlement has proper street pattern, contiguously aligned buildings, public utility services like electricity, water supply, sewerage system, police station, school, health centre, post office etc. it can be classified as urban settlement. Urbanization is the process by which villages turn into town and town develop into cities. It is a cyclical process through which a nation normally passes as it evolves from an agrarian to an industrial society. It is growing rapidly as industrial nuclei, commercial complex, educational centre and focal point of economic, cultural, social and administrative activities of Marathwada region.

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5955

OBJECTIVES: 1) To analysis the trend of urbanization in Maharashtra state and India. 2) To study the disparities of urbanization in Maharashtra state. 3) To find out growth of urban population in Maharashtra state. STUDY REGION: The State of Maharashtra extends from 15˚ 45ꞌ to 20˚ 6' North Latitude and 70˚ 36' to 80˚ 54' East Longitude with Geographical area 3, 07,713 Sq. Km. It is bounded by Arabian Sea in the west, the State of Gujarat in the Northwest. Madhya Pradesh in the North, Chhattisgarh in the East, Andhra Pradesh in the Southwest, Karnataka in the South and Goa in the Southwest. Maharashtra occupies the western and central part of the country and has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 Km along the Arabian Sea. The state has 35 districts, Tahsils 355, census town are 279. DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY: The present study is based on secondary data collected from census Reports of Government of India. Covering trend of urbanization in Maharashtra state census handbook (1991, 2001 and 2011), Socio-economic review. The Geographical study of over census of 1901 to 2011 has been analysed. For detailed study of changes trend of urbanization in Maharashtra state. The collected data has been processed and analysed by using different quantitative, statistical technique. The tabulated data has been presented by graph. To make the comparative analysis of trend of urbanization in Maharashtra and India.

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5956

Table- 1 Trends of Urbanization in India And Maharashtra (1901 -2011) INDIA Percentage YEAR Of Population 1901 10.8 1911 10.3 1921 11.2 1931 12.1 1941 13.9 1951 17.6 1961 18.1 1971 19.9 1981 23.3 1991 25.7 2001 27.8 2011 29.5

MAHARASHTRA Percentage Growth Growth rate Of rate % % Population 16.6 0.35 15.1 0.99 8.29 18.5 18.71 19.12 18.3 15.56 31.95 21.1 27.1 40.52 28.7 62.42 26.32 28.2 21.32 38.3 31.8 40.74 46.42 35.1 39.99 36.29 38.7 39.09 32.32 42.4 34.09 29.68 45.23 31.72

TRENDS OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA AND MAHARASHTRA (1901 TO 2011) 50 % of Population

40 30 20 10 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 India Maharashtra

PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH RATE IN INDIA AND MAHARASHTRA 70

% of Growth

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 India Maharashtra

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5957

During the first decade of twentieth century, the decadal growth rate was 0.35 per cent in India and Maharashtra was 0.99 per cent to census 1901. According to 1921 censuses, the population growth of India was 8.29 per cent and Maharashtra is 18.71 per cent i.e. very high. The entire country population growth rate was increase in 1901 to 1951. and Decrease the population growth rate in 1961 i.e. 26.32 per cent in India, 21.32 per cent in Maharashtra, again the growth rate increase in 1961 to 2001 decade. Census data were used to study the nature and pattern of urbanization in India with special reference to the state of Maharashtra. Throughout the last three decades, population of Maharashtra increased at a faster rate than the Indian population in total. Urban population of Maharashtra also increased comparatively faster. In other demographic aspects, Maharashtra is shown to represent a more advanced stage of development. When the scale, the degree, and the pace of urbanization are considered, Maharashtra is seen to be the most urbanized state in India. Maharashtra is highly urbanized as 45.23 per cent population lives in cities and it is high on literacy. Table- 2 Population And Its Growth In India 1901 To 2011 Years

Population

Decadal Growth

Change in Decadal

Absolute

Percent

Absolute

Percent

1901

238396327

1911

252093390

13697063

5.75

1921

251321213

-722177

-0.31

-14469240

-6.05

1931

278977238

27656025

28428202

11.31

1941

318660580

39683342

14.22

12027317

3.22

1951

361088090

42427510

13.31

2744168

-0.91

1961

439234771

78146681

21.64

35719171

8.33

1971

548159652

108924881

24.81

30778200

3.16

1981

683329097

135169445

24.66

26244564

-0.14

1991

846421039

163091942

23.87

27922497

17.12

2001

1028737436

182316397

21.54

19224455

10.54

2011

1210193422

181455986

17.64

-860411

-0.47

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5958

population in Thousands

INDIA POPULATION GROWTH (1901 TO 2011) 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 190119111921193119411951196119711981199120012011

Table- 3 Trends of Rural Urban Population in India (1901 -2011) Years

Total Population

Urban Population

% of Rural Urban Population Population

% of Rural Population

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

238396327 252093390 251321213 278977238 318660580 361088090 439234771 548159652 683329097 846421039 1028737436 1210193422

25851873 25941633 28086167 33455989 44153297 62443709 78936603 109113977 159462547 217177625 285354954 377105760

10.84 10.29 11.17 11.99 13.85 17.29 17.97 19.91 23.33 25.65 27.73 31.16

89.16 89.71 88.83 88.01 86.15 82.71 82.03 89.22 76.67 74.11 72.09 68.84

212544454 226151757 223235046 245521249 274507283 298644381 360298168 489045675 523866550 627146597 741660293 833087662

The table reveals that the India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. Number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 10.84 per cent in 1901 to 31.16 per cent population was living in urban areas as per 2011. Conclusion it is observed that the population of India has been continuously increasing from 1901 to 2011 minimum urbanization was observed in 1911 i.e. 10.29 per cent. The highest rural population observed in 1911 census i.e. 89.71 per cent and lowest population found in 2011 i.e. 68.84 per cent. It is observed that rural population decreased in 1921 to 2011 i.e. 88.83 to 68.84 per cent respectively. The all-India average of such percentage of urban population stands at 31.16 per cent in 2011.

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5959

TRENDS OF POPULATION IN INDIA (1901 TO 2011) 1400000 Population in Thousands

1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Urban Rural Total

Table- 4 Maharashtra Population Growth In 1901 To 2011 Years 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Persons 19391643 21474523 20849666 23959300 26832758 32002564 39553718 50412235 62782818 78937187 96878627 112374333

Absolute Growth

Percentage

2082880 -624857 3109634 2873458 5169806 7551154 10858517 12370583 16154369 17941440 15495706

10.74 -2.91 14.91 11.99 19.27 23.61 27.45 24.54 25.73 22.73 15.99

Male 9802129 10922671 10692865 12305958 13769460 16490039 20428882 26116351 32414432 40825618 50400596 58243056

Female 9589514 10551852 10156801 11653342 13063298 15512525 19124836 24295884 30368386 38111569 46478031 54131277

During the first decade of twentieth century, the decennial growth rate was 10.74 per cent. According the census 1901, the population of Maharashtra was 19391643 persons and in 1911, it has found increase to 21474523 persons. MAHARASHTRA POPULATION GROWTH (1901 TO 2011) 120000000

Population

100000000 80000000 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Persons

Male

Female

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1921 was decrease of 624857 persons and decennial growth rate are minuses -2.91 per cent. The year 1941 to 1971 increases the population growth rate and again decrease growth rate was 1981 i. e. 24.54 per cent. The recently population growth rate was observed in 15.99 per cent in 2011. Table- 5 Trends of Rural Urban Population in Maharashtra (1901 -2011) Years

Total

Urban

% of Urban Rural Population

1901 1911

19391643 21474523

3217202 3248989

16.59 15.12

16174441 18225534

83.41 84.88

1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

20849666 23959300 26832758 32002564 39553718 50412235

3857326 4456730 5665111 9201013 11162561 15711211 21993594 30541586 41100980 50827531

18.51 18.61 21.11 28.75 28.22 31.16

16992340 19502570 21167647 22801551 28391157 34701024 40790577 48395601 55777647 61545441

81.49 81.39 78.89 71.25 71.78 68.84

62784171 78937187 96878627 112372972

35.03 38.69 42.42 45.23

% of Rural Population

64.97 61.31 57.58 54.77

TRENDS OF POPULATION IN MAHARASHTRA (1901 TO 2011) 120000000 100000000 80000000 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Urban

Total

Rural

The above table reveals that the Maharashtra rural urban and total population is observed in 1901 to 2011. Maharashtra state is the highest urbanization state in India. Number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 16.59 per cent in 1901 to 45.23 per cent population was living in urban areas as per 2011. Conclusion it is observed that the population of India has been continuously increasing from 1901 to 2011 minimum Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5961

urbanization was observed in 1911 i.e. 15.12 per cent. The highest rural population observed in 1911 census i.e. 84.88 per cent and lowest population found in 2011 i.e. 54.77 per cent. It is observed that rural population decreased in 1921 to 2011 i.e. 81.49 to 54.77 per cent respectively. Disparities in the degree of urbanisation are another important indicator of regional imbalance. In respect of urbanisation, the percentage of urban population to total population is an important indicator. The all-Maharashtra average of such percentage of urban population stands at 45.23 per cent in 2011. Table- 6 Districtwise Rainking of Urban Population In 1991 To 2011 Name of the % of Urban Population Ranking District 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 Nandurbar * 15.45 16.71 28 28 Dhule 20.51 26.11 27.84 13 22 20 Jalgaon 27.43 28.58 31.74 7 9 9 Buldana 20.58 21.21 21.22 18 20 23 Akola 28.64 38.49 39.67 11 16 16 Washim * 17.49 17.65 30 32 Amravati 32.59 34.51 35.91 10 11 11 Wardha 26.56 26.28 32.54 24 25 25 Nagpur 61.84 64.25 68.31 4 5 4 Bhandara 13.09 15.46 19.48 25 31 30 Gondiya * 11.94 17.08 33 31 Gadchiroli 8.71 6.93 11.01 29 35 34 Chandrapur 28.03 32.11 35.17 16 14 15 Yavatmal 17.18 18.59 21.57 19 21 19 Nanded 21.71 23.95 27.18 14 13 13 Hingoli * 15.61 15.18 32 33 Parbhani 22.51 31.75 31.03 17 19 22 Jalna 16.91 19.08 19.26 26 26 26 Aurangabad 32.75 37.52 43.77 9 8 7 Nashik 35.99 38.79 42.52 5 6 6 Thane 64.64 72.58 76.98 2 2 2 Mumbai 100 100 1 1 22 (Suburban) * 23 Mumbai 100 100 100 1 4 5 24 Raigarh 18.01 24.22 36.83 21 17 12 25 Pune 50.73 58.08 60.99 3 3 3 26 Ahmadnagar 15.81 19.89 20.08 12 12 14 27 Bid 17.94 17.91 19.89 22 24 24 28 Latur 20.39 23.56 25.46 20 18 18 29 Osmanabad 15.19 15.69 16.95 27 27 27 Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5962

30 31 32 33 34 35

Solapur 28.76 31.82 32.41 6 7 8 Satara 12.88 14.17 18.98 23 23 21 Ratnagiri 8.94 11.32 16.32 28 29 29 Sindhudurg 7.58 9.47 12.59 30 34 35 Kolhapur 26.32 29.81 31.73 8 10 10 Sangli 22.74 24.51 25.48 15 15 17 Maharashtra 38.71 42.42 45.22 High Urbanization: This group includes those districts, where urbanization is more than 70 per cent of population live in urban area. The districts are Mumbai suburban, Mumbai and thane i.e. 100, 100 and 76 per cent respectively. Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ranking District 2001

District 2011

1 to 5

Mumbai Suburban, Thane, Pune, Nagpur, Mumbai Nashik, Aurangabad, Solapur, Jalgaon, Kolhapur Amravati, Raigarh, Nanded, Ahmadnagar, Chandrapur Akola, Sangli, Latur, Yavatmal, Dhule Satara, Parbhani, Buldana, Bid, Wardha Jalna, Osmanabad, Nandurbar, Ratnagiri, Bhandara Gondiya, Washim, Hingoli, Gadchiroli, Sindhudurg Total District 35

6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 31 to 35

Mumbai Suburban, Thane, Pune, Mumbai, Nagpur Nashik, Solapur, Aurangabad, Jalgaon, Kolhapur Amravati, Ahmadnagar, Nanded, Chandrapur, Sangli Akola, Raigrh, Latur, Parbhani, Buldana Yavatmal, Dhule, Satara, Bid, Wardha Jalna, Osmanabad, Nandurbar, Ratnagiri, Washim Bhandara, Hingoli, Gondiya, Sindhudurg, Gadchiroli Total District 35

Medium Urbanization: This category includes 50 to 69 per cent of urbanization area includes. The district are in this group are Nagpur 68.31 and Pune 60.99 per cent. HIGHTEST URBANIZATION DISTRICT IN MAHARASHTRA STATE IN 2011

10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 0 Mumbai (Suburban)

Thane

Pune

Nagpur

Mumbai

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5963

Low Urbanization: Above 30 to 49 per cent of urbanization includes in this group, 11 districts are observed in this category. Name of this district are Jalgaon, Akola, Amravati, Nashik, Aurangabad, Solapur, Kolhapur, Raigarh, Nanded, Ahmadnagar and Chandrapur etc. Very Low Urbanization: This group was observed in below 30 per cent of urbanization, the 17 district are observed in this group i.e. Gondiya, Washim, Hingoli, Gadchiroli, Sindhudurg, Jalna, Osmanabad, Nandurbar, Ratnagiri and Bhandara districts. The highest growth of urbanization in Maharashtra District of Mumbai Suburban, Thane and Pune ranking 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The Lowest urbanization observed in district of Sindhudurg, Gadchiroli and Hingoli i.e. 35, 34 and 33 rank respectively. The district wise urbanization of Maharashtra are observed in seven class i.e. below 1 to 5 rank and 31 to 35 rank, the first rank of city observed in Mumbai suburban and 35 rank observed in sindhudurg district. The increase urban rank of the district are 09 and decrease of urban rank i.e. 10 district and remaining 16 district are no change in rank in the decade of 2001 to 2011. CONCLUSION: Maharashtra has seen fast urban growth. Maharashtra has the highest level of urbanization in India at 45.23 per cent compared to 29.5 per cent as the all India average in 2011. During the first decade of twentieth century, the decadal growth rate was 0.35 per cent in India and Maharashtra was 0.99 per cent to census 1901. Maharashtra is highly urbanized as 45.23 per cent population lives in cities and it is high on literacy. Conclusion it is observed that the population of India has been continuously increasing from 1901 to 2011 minimum urbanization was observed in 1911 i.e. 10.29 per cent. The all-India average of such percentage of urban population stands at 31.16 per cent in 2011. The all-Maharashtra average of such percentage of urban population stands at 45.23 per cent in 2011. REFERENCES Census of India, District Census Handbook, Nanded District. K.D. Bhonsle (2010), “A Study of Urbanization in Nagpur District”, Intitute of Town planners, India Journal 7-3, 88-95. Kankure and Gone (2011),‟Urbanization in Marathwada,‟ IRRJ, Vol-1, Issue 17, Feb 2011. Maharashtra State Gazetteer, Nanded district. P. A. Khadke, (2007), “Jalgaon city; A study in urban geography,” (A unpublished Ph.D. thesis). P.B. Waghmare and P.A. Khadke (2014),“Trends of urbanization in Nanded district of Maharashtra state”, European Academic Research, Vol. II, Issue 2, Impact factor 3.1, ISSN 2286-4822, May 2014, PP 2970-2980.

Dr. P. A. Khadake & Mr. P. B. Waghmare (Pg. 5953-5964) 5964 P.W Deshmukh. and Pawar C.T. (1977), “Occupational Characteristics of New Town of Maharashtra”, The Deccan Geographer, Vol,XV. No.1 235-249. R. C. Chandana and sidhu M. S, (1980),‟ Introduction to population Geography,‟ Kalyani publishers, New .Delhi. R.K Verma and R.K Tiwary (2003), “Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique for efficient urban planning in India, Asia Conferences. R.R.M Rao, (1981), „Growth of Cities: A Case Study of Warangal‟, Inter India Publications, Delhi. Rai Satish (2000), “Urbanization in Haryana; Radha Publications, New Delhi. Ravi Singh (2008), Urbanization in Arunachal Pradesh: Trends and Geographical Pattern”, Annals, Vol.28, No.1 June 2008, PP 83-95. S.D. Pagar (2015), “ Geographical study of growth and level of urbanization in Maharashtra state, India”, Golden Research Thoughts, ISSN 2231-5063, Impact factor 3.4052, Vol.5, Issue 1, July 2015, PP 1-6. S.V. Karande and Khadke P.A. (2013), “Impact of population Growth over the Land utilization in Maharashtra State”, Golden Research thoughts, Vol-2, Issue 10. T. Chandrasekaryy and T.Parthasrathy (2013), “Urbanization in Andhra Pradesh: A Spatio temporal analysis”, JIARM, Vol.1, Issue 7, August 2013, PP 115-126.