THE STUDY OF PHYSICS AT UG AND PG LEVEL

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language , Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2016 = 4.44, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.48612, OCT- NOV 2017, VOL- 4/24 https://doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v4i24.10329

THE STUDY OF PHYSICS AT UG AND PG LEVEL Sachin Saxena Deptt. of Physics, K.G.K. College, Moradabad- 244001, U.P. M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P.

Today the degree of science changes the thoughts, way of life and society. One realizes that physics gives the platform to the students on which the entire superstructure of engineering, computer technology, transport, communication and defense technology is stablished. The present syllabus of physics in UG and PG level is UGC sponsored. It cover electrodynamics, electronics, Mechanics, optics, quantum mechanics, classic mechanics, Nuclear Physics, Wave oscillation, Thermal Physics, Mathematical Physics. This syllabus is so prepared that only highly matured students pass. This develop the habit of creative thinking and logical thinking of students. This syllabus is suitable for the need of students and prepare them for higher study in foreign universities. Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Introduction Education provides a perfect balance between the mental, moral and physical power. Thus, the education system provides a means to produce competent, promising and skilful manpower for nation building. An educational institute should concentrate on developing dynamic techniques, which can effectively inculcate and carve out student’s overall personality. The dynamic nature of the techniques can only be sustained in a creative, fearless and cheerful atmosphere. This atmosphere may effectively be capitalized by the teachers in helping the students to enhance the spirit of competence and in making them more effective observer, critical and better communicators through conceptual understanding and deeper growth of the subject [1]. Physics is such a subject that has immense influence on all facets of the society. It may be the environment or economic, human or social fields are all based on the knowledge of Physics for their development. The fields like engineering, technology, computers, industry, energy, telecommunication, transportation, radio & television, environment, medical, meterology, agriculture and defense have all been developed with Physics as base. Apart from the above direct role in inducing rational thinking, self control, inexhaustible curiosity, youthful enthusiasm, boldness and all other basic elements of curiosity. Suffice to say that the world development in majority of the areas is based on the fundamental principles of Physics. Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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The country’s development is based on its degree of scientific and industrial development where various components of science play their part and we find that physics is such an important component, which forms the base of engineering and information technology has bought revolutionary changes in almost all the spheres of life [2]. Teaching Methodology The teachers of the physics stress upon the logical development of the subject in simple lucid manner in the class. The subject is initiated by the teacher in general and the familiar manner taking examples from the happening in the surrounding. The teachers develop flow-charts to present their lectures which help the students to grasp and learn the subject in the most palatable way without realizing its toughness. To inspire the students and to make them curious, tracking the history of the subject and its development is made a part of the lecture whenever possible. Teaching has been done also by projector. Teachers also deliver lecture on internet so that student can take help of them at any time. Formal and Informal Approaches: The subjects are taught in both formal and informal manner. Formal traditional method is the familiar ‘class room teaching’ through ‘chalk and talk’. Spoon-feeding is avoided. An effort is made to create interest, which encourages them to go for further readings. Teachers give much more than what syllabus prescribes to make them curious. Appropriate teaching aids are used to support classroom teaching in a healthy, fearless and creative atmosphere. Necessary steps have been taken in the institute to ensure the success of the method adopted. [3, 4] Curriculum Planning: The Honours courses have been introduced at undergraduate & PG level, the emphasis is given on quality and not on quantity while designing the syllabi. A special care has been taken to keep in mind the competition level not only on state and national but on international level also. The aim of the syllabus design is to familiarize the students with techniques involved in learning a particular subject and not merely to overload the syllabus with the information bulk. In the laboratory courses some innovative changes in the very approach have been made. A subjective approach is followed instead of conventional objective approach while designing the syllabi. Here the attempt is made to make the laboratory courses dynamic, instead of list of the experiments, the phenomena to be studied form the basis of the syllabus. Students begin their studies with ‘zero classes’, to be familiar Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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with different instruments and do some background experiments by instrument of mass, length and time. The students are encouraged to discover the physics in their surroundings in these classes. At PG level new topics like nano physics has been introduced so that students can understand the new thoughts. PG syllabus has been revised and some new topics have been introduced. These topics will give them new thoughts and boost student to pursue in research. Project has been introduced in the PG level. Overall the syllabus of undergraduate and post graduate level is sufficient enough so that the student can study with no problem in National and International institutes. Syllabus of MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly for 2017–18: Course Structure of B.Sc. (Physics) B.Sc. Part I (1) Mechanics and Wave motion (2) Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics (3) Circuit Fundamental and Basic Electronics Practical B.Sc. Part II (1) Physics Optics and Lasers (2) Electromagnetics (3) Elements of Quantum Mechanics, Atomic and Moleculars Spectra Practical B.Sc. Part III (1) Relativity and Statistical Physics (2) Solid State and Nuclear Physics (3) Solid State Electronics Practical Course Structure of M.Sc. (Physics) Specialization in Electronics M.Sc. (P) (1) Mathematical Physics and classical Mechanics (2) Quantum Mechanics and Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy (3) Solid State Physics, Electronics and Nano Science (4) Statistical Mechanics and Electrodynamics Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Practical M.Sc. (F) (1) Advanced Quantum Mechanics (2) Nuclear and Particle Physics (3) Communication Electronics (Analog Comm. System & Digital Comm. System) (4) Analog and Digital Electronics Practical and Project Text and Reference Books (1)

Mechanics

D.S. Mathur, P.K. Srivastava

(2)

Thermal Physics

G.G. Agarwal, S.K. Agarwal

(3)

Solid State Electronics

B.G. Streetman

(4)

Electronic Devices

W.D. Stanley

(5)

Fundamental of Electronics

V.K. Metha & J.P. Agarwal

(6)

Physical Optics

(7)

Optics

(8)

Electricity & Magnetism

E.M. Dwell

(9)

Introduction of Electrodynamics

D.J. Griffith

A.K. Ghatak B.K. Mathur & P.K. Srivastava

(10) Introduction of Modern Physics

H.S. Mani & G.K. Metha

(11) Atomic Physics

White H.E.

(12) Introduction of Molecular Physics

Barrow

(13) Optics and Atomic Physics

D.P. Khandelwal

(14) Concepts of Modern Physics

A. Beiser

(15) Introduction of Statistical Mechanics

B.B. Laud.

(16) Statistical Physics

Reif and Haung

(17) Solid State Electronics

Pun and Babbar

(18) Introduction of Solid State Physics

C. Kittel

(19) Introduction of Modern Physics

H.S. Mani and G.K. Metha

(20) Nuclear Physics

Ghoshal, S.N.

(21) Hand Book of Electronics

Gupta and Kumar

(22) Classical Mechanics

Goldstein H.

(23) Classical Mechanics

Rana and Joag

(24) Introduction of Atomic Spectra

H.E. White

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(25) Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy

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C.M. Banuedl

(26) Crystallography and Solid State Physics Verma and Srivastava (27) Introduction of Solid State Physics

C. Kittel

(28) Solid State Physics

M.Ali Omar

(29) Solid State Physics

J.P. Srivastava

(30) Quantum Theory of Solid

C. Kittel

(31) Solid State Physics

S.O. Pillai, R.L. Singh

(32) Fundamental of Statistical and

F.Reif

Thermal Physics (33) Statistical Mechanics

R.K. Pathria

(34) Statistical Mechanics

F. Mandl

Ensuring Fearless and Creative Atmosphere To understand physics creative and fearless atmosphere is required. The teachers put their honest, sincere and whole hearted efforts to provide fearless and creative atmosphere in and outside the classroom. The teachers play their catalytic and stimulating role. They use some demonstrative teaching-aids, models, exhibits, charts, computer overhead projector and internet surfing. The head is always available to help and guide the young teachers. The teachers, after introducing the subject, ask students to join in growing the subject. They guide them from time to time during the progress and provoke the students to ask questions. At PG level national competition like JAM has been started so that students can understand more about physics. UGC and CSIR also assist students financially and some other scheme also started for the benefits of the students. Imparting knowledge through informal routes as suggested by various high level educational reform committees set up by the UGC and other competent authorities have successfully been promoted in this institute. The institute has created an atmosphere to channelize the energy of students to make them creative and thoughtful. The Institute’s atmosphere is such that the students are learning to make the best use of investing the time and not wasting it [5, 6]. Informal Routes of Teaching and Learning Following informal routes have been followed in the institute, which ensure all round development of student’s personality. Organizing Exhibition: The creativity of the students spark through the preparation of Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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exhibits. The charts/Posters cost little as compared to the pleasure the students derive after competition and the appreciation they get from visitors. Arranging Surveys and Academic Tours: The surveys make the students aware of the social problem and encourage them to work in a constructive manner. Visits to the reputed educational establishments under academic tours inspire the students. These help them in making academic contacts and in bringing better awareness of the latest developments. This programme thus helps broaden their horizon. Subject Quiz: This is regularly organized. The responsibility for conducting the quiz is given to two students of the class on a rotation basis who act as anchors. The anchors get the question from remaining students of the class on a topic pre-decided by the teacher of the class. The anchors get the questions moderated by their class teacher. Organizing teaching by students: Teaching is the best way of learning. The students are asked to deliver a lecture on a topic of their choice. This makes them confident and helps them in developing communication skills. Organizing guest-lecturers: The guest lectures on the topic of current and general interest by eminent personalities and subject experts are organized regularly. This becomes a source of information and inspiration. Group Discussions: After completing a particularly topic, group discussions are arranged. This helps students in being logical, analytical, clear, accurate and reasonable in putting their arguments. Assignments: The home assignments are given to the students. They are required to submit their assignments along with a list of the references they consulted. This practice encourages the students of the institute to inculcate ‘reading-habits’. Seminars: The seminars are organized regularly. Each student compulsorily gives his presentation using over-head projector/ computer. The teachers and guests are present and evaluate their performance. Continuous Evaluation Scheme The scheme has following three elements: Internal tests: The teacher may give 3-4 internal tests in a semester for each paper to facilitate continuous evaluation of students. The teachers are free to device their own way of evaluating under this scheme but the teacher essentially maintain the semi-surprise nature of the tests. They may conduct a routine type of test or they may ask a problem or they may ask Copyright Š 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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them to submit their class-notes or they may ask a question based on teaching on the very same day to check student’s concentration memory and grasping in the class. The students learn to remain alert and careful at all the times during the progress of teaching. They will not allow their teachers to proceed further unless their doubts are resolved. After each test, the performance is discussed. A total Transparency is maintained. Anybody can see anybody else’s answer sheet. Learning Techniques: The learning techniques – Seminars, Group-discussion, classroom teaching by students, quiz and assignments – are used while evaluating student’s overall performance can realize the importance of teachers. Attendance: No doubt that the continuous evaluation scheme followed requires regular attendance in the class. This is to encourage their learning sincerity and punctuality in attending the class regularly, the students can realize the importance of teachers. At this budding age, there is no any substitute of teachers [7]. Result: The students’ response is very positive and it seems that they like physics. They have also appreciated the innovative changes in the lab working. The students have realized that physics is not just mugging up the theoretical terms and writing them in examinations, but it is actually research and development of new fundamentals and ideas. According to them physics is not only limited to books covering syllabus but it is also present in their surrounding and even in their routine work. They really learnt to discover physics around them and so to enjoy physics. A new interest has been developed in them for doing practicals in physics laboratory. They feel that there is an improvement in them as they have started doing their work with more sincerity and honesty. References: Anarthakrishnan, M.V. (1980) Physics and its application: Some ‘Teaching’ Experiments. Journal of Higher Education. 5(8), 351-357. Jain, H.C. (1985) Status of Science Education in India. Journal of Indian Education. 10 (1), 12-17. Jain, K.M. (1998) Classroom of Physics. Bulletin Indian Association of Physics Teachers, 15 (11), 338-343. Bist, H.D., D.P. Khandelwal and G. Chakrapani, Laser and their application in Indian context, Tata McGraw Hill publishing co., New Delhi (1985). Singh Major (2000 b) Physics practicals losing importance, Bulletin Indian Association of Physics Teachers, 17 (4), 100-101. Singh Major (2001 a) Strengthening of research at advanced level in technical institutes, The Indian Journal of Technical Education 24 (4), 23-27. Syed Arif Kamal and Khursheed A. Siddiqui (1989) Basic requirements to train a physicist Physics education/ April-June 1989 53-61. Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies