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Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, JUNE-JULY, 2021, VOL-9/46

ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V ij ys[k Jherh tkx`fr foÜodekZ1

fnus'k dqekj ekS;Z2] Ph. D.

1'kksèkNk=k] 2vflå

fl)kFkZfoÜofo|ky; ]dfiyoLrq fl)kFkZuxj ¼må çå½ çkså] f'k{kk'kkL=] ,eå,yådså ¼ihå thå½ dkWyst ] cyjkeiqj ¼må çå½

Paper Received On: 25 JULY 2021 Peer Reviewed On: 31 JULY 2021 Published On: 1 AUGUST 2021 Abstract

f'k{kk euq"; o lekt dk niZ.k gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh lekt viuh lH;rk ,oa laL —fr dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj f'k{kk lH;rk ds :i esa bl lalkj dh mUufr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA f'k{kk dk çFke ik;nku çkFkfed Lrj o f}rh; ik;nku mPp çkFkfed Lrj gSA ckyd çkFkfed Lrj ij vk/kkjHkwr Kku çkIr djds mPp çkFkfed Lrj esa ços'k djrk gSA ;g Lrj ckyd ds f'k{kk dh uhao gS] blds mijkar gh f'k{kk :ih –<+ LFkkbZ Hkou dk fuekZ.k gks ikrk gSA f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V mu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vPNk gS tgka v/;kidksa dh lsok 'krsaZ lqjf{kr gSaA ,d O;fä ds v/;kid cuus ds ckn mlls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd v/;kid Lo;a dks lrr~ v|ru cuk, j[ksA bl 'kks/k ys[k esa ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V ds lEca/k esa v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA dh&oMZ& ljdkjh fo|ky;] xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;] mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;] f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

çLrkouk f'k{kk euq"; dh varfuZfgr 'kfä;ksa dk fodkl gSA f'k{kk }kjk gh euq"; viuh 'kfä;ksa dks O;ogkj esa ykrk gSA tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd euq"; fujarj lh[krk jgrk gSA lh[kus dh bl çfØ;k ds ifj.kke Lo:i mls vuqHko çkIr gksrk gSA bu vuqHkoksa dks O;ogkj esa ykus dk dk;Z f'k{kk djrh gSA f'k{kk euq"; o lekt dk niZ.k gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh lekt viuh lH;rk ,oa laL—fr dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj f'k{kk lH;rk ds :i esa bl lalkj dh mUufr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA f'k{kk ds eq[; Lrj gS& çkFkfed] mPp çkFkfed] ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed] mPp o mPprj f'k{kk gSA f'k{kk esa bu lHkh Lrjksa dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA f'k{kk dk çFke ik;nku çkFkfed Lrj o f}rh; ik;nku mPp çkFkfed Lrj gSA ckyd çkFkfed Lrj ij vk/kkjHkwr Kku çkIr djds mPp çkFkfed Lrj esa ços'k djrk gSA mPp çkFkfed Lrj dk LFkku çkFkfed Lrj ds leku egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g Lrj ckyd ds f'k{kk dh uhao gS] blds mijkar gh f'k{kk :ih –<+ LFkkbZ Hkou dk fuekZ.k gks ikrk gSA f'k{kd og vfHkUu vax gS] tks lekt dks uohu fn'kk çnf'kZr djus esa rRij jgrk gSA f'k{kd }kjk LoLFk lekt dh jpuk gksrh gSA dksBkjh deh'ku ¼1964&66½ ds çfrosnu esa ;g fyf[kr gS fd jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ns'k ds Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k d{kkvksa esa gksrk gS] fu%lansg tSlk f'k{kd gksxk] oSls gh mlds Nk= gksaxsA mlh çdkj dk lekt cusxkA vko';drk Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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gS] gekjh f'k{kk tu vkdka{kkvksa ,oa lekt dh t:jrksa ls tqM+ ldsAa f'k{kk O;oLFkk vius ls lsokfFkZ;ksa esa visf{kr nkf;Ro ,oa ewY; cks/k fodflr dj ldsaA gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä mudh vdknfed fMxzh] fMIyksek vkSj lsok iwoZ çf'k{k.k ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA lkFk gh O;kolkf;d fodkl gsrq le;≤ ij mUgsa çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS] fdarq fQj Hkh buesa ls vf/kdka'k vius dk;Z esa mís';ghu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA iwoZ 'kks/k dk v/;;u v/;;uksijkUr lEcaf/kr fo"k; fuEu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS ]ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd f'k{kd dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ,oa dk;Z larqf"V dks fofHkUu Lrj ij fdl çdkj v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] bu v/;;uksa ls ;g Kkr gks ldsxk fd mPp çkFkfed Lrj ij fdu mís'; fu/kkZfjr djus gksx a s] ftlls ;g Kkr gks ldsxk fd ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V D;k gksx a s\ ipkSjh] nhfIr ¼2014½ us eSuiqjh ftys esa fLFkr ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa ds f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;kA bUgksaus vius 'kks/k v/;;u esa fuEu mís'; fu/kkZfjr fd;k&  ljdkjh ,oa lgk;rk çkIr ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u djukA  ljdkjh ,oa foÙkfoghu ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u djukA  lgk;rk çkIr ,oa foÙkfoghu ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u djukA v/;;uksijkar jktdh; ,oa lgk;rk çkIr fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh çHkko'khyrk mPp ikbZ xbZ tcfd foÙkfoghu fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh çHkko'khyrk lcls fuEu ikbZ x;hA ;kno] lqeu yrk ¼2015½ us xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr v/;kidksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;kA bUgksua sa vius 'kks/k v/;;u esa xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr v/;kidksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ds v/;;u dks 'kks/k dk mís'; fu/kkZfjr fd;kA v/;;uksijkar fuEu fu"d"kZ çkIr gq, fd&  ek/;fed Lrj ds 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k f'k{kdksa esa f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA  'kgjh ifjos'k ds v/;kidksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk xzkeh.k ifjos'k ds v/;kidksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ikbZ x;hA bldk çeq[k dkj.k 'kgjh ifjos'k esa v/;kid uokpkjksa ls voxr vfr 'kh?kz gksrs gSa] lkFk gh rduhdh çxfr 'kgjksa esa rhoz xfr ls gksus ds dkj.k ,oa 'kgjh fo|ky;ksa esa lqfo/kk,a xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k 'kgjh f'k{kdksa esa f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk mPp ikbZ tkrh gSA tks'kh] gfjek ,y- ¼2004½ us xqtjkr ds lkSjk"Vª {ks= ds ch-,M- çf'kf{kr f'k{kd rFkk ch-,Mçf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh dk;Z larqf"V dk v/;;u fd;kA bUgksaus vius 'kks/k esa ch-,M- çf'kf{kr f'k{kd rFkk ch-,M- çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh dk;Z larqf"V esa rqyukRed v/;;u dks 'kks/k dk mís'; fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA v/;;uksijkar fuEu fu"d"kZ çkIr gq, fd&  ch-,M- çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa dk;Z ncko esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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 ch-,M çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa mudh O;kolkf;d tqM+ko esa ldkjkRed lac/a k ik;k x;kA  iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa O;kolkf;d tqM+ko esa ldkjkRed lkFkZd lac/a k ik;k x;k] ,sls f'k{kd tks ,dkdh ifjokj ls vkrs gSa mudh O;kolkf;d tqM+ko la;qä ifjokj ds f'k{kdksa ls vf/kd ik;k x;kA pansy] Jherh eerk ¼2007½ us lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V rFkk LoSfPNd laçkfIr dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;kA bUgksaus 'kks/k v/;;u esa fuEu mís'; cuk, gSa&  lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V ds Lrj Kkr djukA  lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V ds Lrj Kkr djukA  'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr djukA  tkfrxr Hksn ds vuqlkj lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr djukA  lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laçkfIr dk v/;;u djukA  lgk;rk çkIr xSj lgk;rk çkIr fo|ky;ksa ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh laçkfIr dk v/;;u djukA  'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd lEçkfIr dk v/;;u djukA  tkfrxr Hksn ds vuqlkj lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd laçkfIr dk v/;;u djukA v/;;uksijkar fuEu fu"d"kZ çkIr gq, fd&  lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky; ds f'k{kd xSj lgk;rk çkIr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd larqf"V gSaA  lgk;rk çkIr ,oa xSj lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd laçkfIr fyaxk;r vkoklxr o tkfrxr Hksn dh rqyuk esa çkIr ifj.kke lgk;rk çkIr egkfo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd laçkfIr xSj lgk;rk çkIr ls vf/kd gSA flag] t;çdk'k ¼2013½ us mÙkj çns'k ds LofoÙkiksf"kr d‚ystksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa f'k{k.k n{krk esa laca/k dk v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u esa bUgksaus fuEu mís'; cuk,aA  LofoÙkiksf"kr dkystksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa f'k{kd n{krk esa rqyukRed v/;;u djukA  'kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks= ds LofoÙkiksf"kr dkystksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa f'k{kd n{krk esa rqyukRed v/;;u djukA  ih-th-,e-,M- f'k{kd] çf'k{kdksa rFkk ih-th-,e-,M- usV@ih&,p-Mh ;ksX;rk/kkjh f'k{kd] f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa dk;Z n{krk esa rqyukRed v/;;u djuk A v/;;uksijkar fuEu fu"d"kZ ik, x, fd& Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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 f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa f'k{k.k n{krk esa laca/k ldkjkRed ,oa lkFkZd ik;k x;kA  'kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks= ds f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V o f'k{kd n{krk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;k A  ih-th-,e-,M- rFkk ih-th-,e-,M- usV @ ih&,p-Mh- ;ksX;rk/kkjh f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa dk;Z n{krk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;k A f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk dh vo/kkj.kk dk lac/a k f'k{kd ds f'k{k.k dh çHkko'khyrk ls gSA vFkkZr~ ,d f'k{kd vius v/;kiu dk;Z ls vius f'k";ksa dks fdl çdkj larq"V dj ikrk gSA fdlh Hkh f'k{kd dh çHkko'khyrk dk ekiu mldh f'k{k.k çfØ;k ls çkIr fo|kFkhZ ds larqf"V Lrj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lQyrk dk Lrj ,oa fof'k"V o 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds Lrj gksrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlh f'k{kd ds f'k{k.k çfØ;k fu/kkZfjr ekud vko';d dkS'ky ,oa vko';d i;kZoj.k ls lefUor gksdj tks f'k{k.k miyfC/k;ka çkIr gksrh gSA f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk 'kSf{kd i;kZoj.k esa vR;ar çHkko iw.kZ gksrk gSA fuf'pr le;] lkexzh] ÅtkZ] ç;kl o /ku ls okafNr ifj.kke ykus gsrq ,d f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA f'k{kd ds f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ds varxZr dq'kyrk iwoZd dk;Z laiknu gksuk vko';d gSA blds varxZr çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk o dk;Z esa visf{kr dkS'ky dk fodkl t:jh gSA f'k{kd dk ;gh dkS'ky mls vius dk;Z esa ikjaxr cukrk gS vFkkZr fcuk fdlh ck/kk ds og f'k{k.k dk;Z dks çHkko'kkyh rjhds ls fuoZgu djrk gSA f'k{kd ftl okrkoj.k esa f'k{k.k dk;Z djrk gS] ogka muds O;ogkj] lac/a k lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] Lusg Hkko vkfn dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA ;fn f'k{kd dk okrkoj.k ldkjkRed gS rks og vPNs Hkko ds lkFk vius dk;Z dks laikfnr djus ds fy, ldkjkRed fopkj ds lkFk iw.kZ djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA dk;Z larqf"V orZeku v/;;u esa dk;Z larqf"V dk vFkZ O;fä ds dk;Z ds çfr #fp] mlls gksus okyh vk; dh i;kZIrrk] lgikfB;ksa ls laca/k] Hkkoh mUufr ds volj] lsok lqj{kk dh Hkkouk] dk;Z dh lkekftd çfr"Bk] dk;Z ds fy, çksRlkgu dk;Z larqf"V dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA dk;Z larqf"V nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] igyk gS dk;Z vkSj nwljk larqf"VA dk;Z dk vFkZ gS& viuk;k x;k dksbZ O;olk;] ftlds fy, dk;Z fd;k tk, vkSj larqf"V dk vFkZ gS& larks"k ;k çlUurkA vFkkZr~ vius dk;Z o O;olk; ls çkIr gksus okys vkuan o larks"k dks dk;Z larqf"V dgk tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;olk; ds fdu&fdu i{kksa ls larqf"V çkIr gksrh gS] ;g le>uk vR;ar vko';d gSA dk;Z dbZ çdkj ds gksrs gSa] dksbZ O;olk; djrk gS rks dksbZ vU; lsok,a nsrk gSA ljdkj }kjk çkIr gqbZ ftEesnkjh dks ljdkjh lsok rFkk futh laLFkk }kjk çkIr gqbZ ftEesnkjh dks xSj ljdkjh lsok ekuk tkrk gSA bUgha lsokvksa ds varxZr dk;Z dh ml lhek dks ekius dk ç;kl djuk vko';d gS ftlls larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr gks ldsA eq[;r% blds nks vk/kkj gSA ,d &O;fä dks mldh ç—fr ;k LoHkko o #fp ds vuqlkj dk;Z feyk gks rFkk nwljk &vius O;olk; ls de ls de bruh vkfFkZd lqfo/kk,a o osru feyrk gks ]tks mls lekt esa thou ;kiu ds fy, vko';d gSA dk;Z larqf"V dks vk;q] vuqHko] fyax] dk;Z ds le;] le; lkj.kh] cqf)] {ks=] f'k{kk] O;fäRo o O;fäxr {kerk,a] vkdka{kk] ewY; ,oa vkn'kZ vkfn ?kVd çHkkfor djrs gSaA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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ljdkjh fo|ky; og laLFkk tgka ckydksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d ,oa uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] fo|ky; dgykrk gSA ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr fo|ky;ksa dks ljdkjh fo|ky; dgk tkrk gSA ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ls rkRi;Z mu fo|ky;ksa ls g]S ftudh ekU;rk csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk çnku dh tkrh gS rFkk mudk lEiw.kZ foÙkh; ogu ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk budk O;oLFkkiu] çcU/ku] lapkyu rFkk i;Zo{s k.k Hkh ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vuqnkfur fo|ky; Hkh blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; orZeku v/;;u esa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky; 'kCn ls rkRi;Z laLFkk ij leLr fu;a=.k çca/k ra= ;k ,uthvks }kjk gksrk gS] ,sls laLFkk dks xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; dgrs gSaA xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ls rkRi;Z ekU;rk çkIr foÙkfofgu fo|ky;ksa ls gS ]ftudh dsoy ekU;rk csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk nh tkrh gS ysfdu budk foÙkh; Hkkj] çcU/ku] 'kSf{kd ç'kklu] O;oLFkkiu rFkk lapkyu futh çcU/k lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA mPp çkFkfed fo|ky; mPp fo|ky; ls rkRi;Z mu fo|ky;ksa ls gSa] ftuesa d{kk 6 ls 8 rd dh d{kk,a lapkfyr gksrh gSA ;g fo|ky; csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn ds v/khu dk;Z djrh gSA mPp çkFkfed f'k{kk çk;% 11 ls 14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy, gksrh gSA mÙkj çns'k ljdkj ds iqujhf{kr ekudksa ds vuqlkj 800 rd dh tula[;k okys {ks= esa ,d mPp çkFkfed fo|ky; gksuk pkfg,A nwljs mPp çkFkfed fo|ky; dh nwjh 2 fdyksehVj ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A vè;;u dh vko';drk ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V dk vè;;u djuk rFkk ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k djuk vko';d gS fd blds fy, dkSu &dkSu ls dkjd mÙkjnk;h gS] budk irk yxkdj vko';d lqèkkj fd;k tk ldsA orZeku v/;;u g¢rq bl lanÒZ esa fuEukafdr mís'; ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gS &  ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ds Lrj Kkr djukA  ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ds Lrj Kkr djukA  ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V dk v/;;u djukA  ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z larqf"V dk v/;;u djukA lq>ko f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V mu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vPNk gS] tgka v/;kidksa dh lsok 'krsaZ lqjf{kr gSaA v/;kid is'kk O;olkf;d dk;ZØe ds :i esa tkuk igpkuk tkrk gSA ,d O;fä ds v/;kid cuus ds ckn mlls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd v/;kid Lo;a dks lrr v|ru cuk, j[ksA fdlh Hkh f'k{k.k laLFkk dh çxfr gsrq f'k{kdksa dh 'kSf{kd O;olkf;d fodkl f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk ,oa dk;Z larqf"V vR;ar egRoiw.kZ i{k gksrk gSA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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lkekU;r% f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkk,a gksrh gSA vFkkZr ~ ljdkjh Js.kh ds fo|ky;ksa ds osru gsrq /ku eqgS;k ljdkj djkrh gS ]lkFk gh f'k{kdksa deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok 'krksZa esa çfrc)rk vkfn fuf'pr gksrh gSA xSj ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk,a f'k{kd ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds osru HkÙks laLFkk lapkfyr djus okys lewg O;fä }kjk ,oa lsok 'krZ ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekinaMkuqlkj O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA vc ç'u ;g gS fd D;k ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Z larqf"V esa ,d:irk gS ;k vyx&vyx gS \ bl lanHkZ esa v/;;u dju¢ dh vko';drk gSA vr% f'k{kd laiw.kZ f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk dsæa d gksrk gS] ;fn og pkgs rks vius f'k{k.k ls egku O;fäRo dk fodkl dj ldrk gS] tks dsoy lekt ds ,d gh {ks= ds fy, ugha cfYd lHkh {ks=ksa ds fy, vko';d gS] blds fy, mls Lo;a dks ldkjkRed Hkko ds lkFk jguk gksxk vkSj ;g ftEesnkjh dsoy ,d f'k{kd dh gh ugha cfYd lekt dh Hkh gS fd og ,d f'k{kd dks vius ldkjkRed fopkjksa ds vacj ds uhps jgus nsA lanHkZ xzaFk lwph & xjsV] bZ- gsujh ¼1989½( f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds ç;ksx] uks,Mk% dY;k.kh ifCy'klZA xqIrk] ,l-ih- ¼2006½( vk/kqfud ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu] bykgkckn% 'kkjnk iqLrd HkouA vxzoky] vkj-,u- ¼1987½(euksfoKku Kku vkSj f'k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ch vLFkkuk] ewY;kadu] vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd eafnjA dksBkjh] lh-vkj- ¼2004½( fjlpZ esFkkMksy‚th] ubZ fnYyh%U;w ,t baVjus'kuy çkbosV fyfeVsM ifCy'klZA xqIrk] mes'k ¼2010½(vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ,d losZ{k.k] ubZ fnYyh% bafM;u ifCy'klZ fMLVhC;wVlZA ikaMs] jke ldy ,oa ds-,l-feJk ¼1990½( Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh Toyar leL;k,a] bykgkckn% oksgjk ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVhC;wVlZA 'ks[kj ds ¼2001½(çkbejh Ldwy VhplZ ,tqds'ku çksxzke bu bosyosfyV LVMh vkQ MkbV] ubZ fnYyh% fMLdojh ifCyf'kax gkmlA Best, John W. and J.V.Kahan (1986); Research in Education (fifteen Ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Vijaya Laxmi Ghali (2005); Teacher effectiveness and Job – Satisfaction of women teachers. Education track, Vol.4, No.7, pp.29-30 Tomar, S.K.(2015); A Study of Teacher effectiveness and job- Satisfaction and Secondary Schools, Indan Journal Of Resarch, Vol.4, Issue 6, ISSn – 1991 – PP95-96 Mathur, P& Khurana A. (1996); Teacher’s perception of school climate and self actualization, Journal Of India Education, Vol. 22 Buch, M.B. (1992); Fourth survey of research in education, NCERT, New Delhi. Singh, S.P. (1992); A comparative study of Mental Health Teaching Efficiency and Job satisfaction and Role Conflict among secondary school teachers. Ph.D. Education. Allahabad: University of Allahabad. Mutha, D. N.; An Attitudinal and personality study of of Effectiveness Teacher. Ph.D. Psychology. Jodhpur: Jodhpur University.. Joshi, Harima L.; A comparative study of Job stress, Job involvement and Job satisfaction of B.Ed. teaching and B.Ed. Trained teacher of Rajkot Saurashtra Region of Gujarat State. Ph.D. Education.Rajkot: Saurashtra University. Singh, Jayprakash(2013);Relationship between teaching complete and job satisfaction: A study among teacher educations working in self-financing in Uttar Pradesh, Indian Journal Applied Research vol 3:5 NCERT(2000); Fifth Survey of Educational Research, New Delhi, International Seminar on Teacher Effectiveness at Primary Stage Digital sources(Internet Website); www.sodhganga.com,www.ncert.nic.in