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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2019 = 6.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFERRED JOURNAL, JAN-FEB, 2020, VOL- 7/57

EXPLORATION OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING NEED SCALE (PCNS) FOR USE AMONG SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENTS OF UTTARAKHAND Himanshu Bahuguna 1 & Prof. N.C.Dhoundiyal 2 1

Assistant Professor, Govt. P. G. College Gopeshwar, Chamoli

Professor, Dept. of Education, S.S.J Campus, Kumaun University, Almora Abstract

The aim of this study is to explo re reliability and validity of P sychological Counseling Need Scale (PCNS) for use among secondary l evel students of uttarakhand. This PCNS is developed by Cho uhan and Arora publ ished by Manasvi Agra. The scale consists of 25 items with 5 point ratings. This scale was administered on 200 secondary level student s of Raipur block, Dehradun. The data obtained was subjected to reliability analysis a nd factorial analysis. The internal Consistency reliability was found to be 0.54 which shows poor internal consistency and Split half Reliability was also found to be 0.54 which shows po or level. Factor analysis was used to assess validity in which 9 facto rs were obtained that explained 55.81 % of variance. It meant that data varied under influence of some other factors, which are not covered by the items of PCNS. It indicates relatively low construct validity of PCNS. Hence , i t is suggested to use this tool very cautiously in the perspective of uttarakhand, where socio-cultural situatio ns are different from rest of t he country. Keywords: Psychological Counseling Need Scale (PCNS), reliability, validity, Factor analysis .

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction Counselling is the service offered to the individual who is undergoing a problem and needs professional help to overcome it. The problem keep s him disturbed and under tension. Unless solved, his development is hampered o r stunted. Counselling is a specialized service requiri ng training in personalit y development and handling exceptional groups of individuals. Studentâ€™s life is getting complex day by day. Guidance and couns elling is needed for students for optimization of achievement and adjustment in life situations. There is a need of guidance and counselling services in educational, professional, social, health, ethical, personal areas. (Roy,2011) Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Kumari,J (2004) has cited Smith(1955) as defining Counselling as “ a process in which the counsellor assists the counselee to make interpretations of facts relating to a choice; plan, or adjustments which he needs to make ” and, Rogers (1952) describing Counselling as “a process by which the structure of the self is relaxed in the safet y of the client's relationship with the therapist.” Counselling involves a lot of time to unfold the problem of a client and to gain an insight into the complex situation. Counselling techniques involves active listening, emphatic understand ing, releasing the unfold feelings by the client in front of counsellor.(Roy, 2011) There is a great need of tools for measuring counselling need of students. There are many tools available to measure the counsel ling need of students. Ps ychological Counsell ing Need Scale is among one of them. The norms of tool are established for adolescents (13 to 18 years), both boys and girls , of Udaipur, Rajasthan. In order to use this tool in prespective of

students of

Uttarakhand, researcher felt it is necessary to explo re its reliabilit y and validit y in his settings. Cheung D(2007), Ozturk M.A(2011) and Ugulu I.(2013) has proposed confirmatory factor anal ysis for testing reliabilit y and validit y of attitude scales and found that their tools can s erve as valuable tool to assess the attitudes of related population. The Ps ychological Counsel ling Need Scale (PCNS) was developed by Chouhan and Arora by administering it to 50 boys and 50 girls(100 adolescents) in the age group 13 to 18 years from the cit y of Udaipur, Rajasthan. The reliabilit y and validity are given as 0.90 and

0.82

respectivel y. The researcher was initially interested to use this tool for a specific study o n Students of Uttarakhand. However, after going through the manual, researcher found certain inconsistencies in the reported validit y and reliabilit y of PCNS. This motivated the researcher to assess i ts validit y and reliabilit y

Uttarakhand

where

Socio -cultural

situations

are

totall y

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Objectives of the study The main objectives of study are as follow: To assess the internal consistency reliabilit y of items included in PCNS. To test the Split Half Reliabilit y of PCNS. To factor anal yze the responses obtained on PCNS with a

view to assess the

validit y of PCNS. Research Questions 1 What is Internal Consistency of items included in PCNS? 2 What is Split Half Reliabilit y of PCNS? 3 How many factors underlie in PCNS and how much variance is explained by these factors? 4 Is the tool reliable and valid for use amo ng secondary level students of Uttarakhand? Research design For proposed study, the method used by the investigator is descriptive -survey method. The population consisted of all adolescents studying in classes 9th to 12th in Government Inter Colleges of Raipur block , district Dehradun. Dehradun is one of the district among 13 distr icts of Uttarakhand. In Dehradun there are six blocks namely Chakrata, Doiwala, Raipur, Kalsi, Sahaspur and Vikasnagar. In Raipur block there are total 25 government inter colleges, of which 17 schools are boys inter colleges and 8 schools are girls inter colleges. Among these schools, 3 boys and 3 girls schools were selected randoml y and cluster sampling was used for gathering the data from students. Data was collected from 200 students. The research tool under s tudy In the present study, Psychological Counseling Need scale developed by Chouhan and Arora is the tool under study. This is an attitude scale for measuring the psychological counselling need of adolescents. This is five point(Always, Often, Sometimes, Rarel y, Never) rating scale and consists 25 questions. The tool is developed by appl ying it to a sample of 100 adolescent boys and girls, aged 13 -18 years.It is mentioned in manual that Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

for

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reliabilit y, split half method was used and the split half reliabilit y coefficient was found to be 0.90, Va lidit y of the research tool was calculated by product moment method and was found to be 0.82. Statistical Procedure Keeping in mind research questions,

Item anal ysis, Cronbach’s alpha

formula, Pearson Product Moment formula, Spearman Brown’s Fo rmula and Factor Anal ysis were used. Data Interpretation and F indings Item Anal ysis - Item anal ysis was done to select the appropriate items. The table of item anal ysis is given below: Table 1- Results of Item Analysis Sum of Questions

Sum of Scores of

Scores of

Higher group

Low er

t-value

Result

group 1

185

133

4.06

SELECTED

140

133

0.71

REJECTED

166

135

2.94

SELECTED

185

164

1.56

REJECTED

100

4.11

SELECTED

175

110

5.79

SELECTED

139

5.30

SELECTED

156

120

3.63

SELECTED

170

153

1.17

REJECTED

185

143

3.40

SELECTED

166

130

2.16

SELECTED

197

201

0.26

REJECTED

201

116

7.45

SELECTED

198

137

5.05

SELECTED

198

121

5.42

SELECTED

174

6.97

SELECTED

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223

189

2.72

SELECTED

232

206

1.96

REJECTED

169

121

3.78

SELECTED

103

101

0.16

REJECTED

191

107

7.78

SELECTED

163

116

3.36

SELECTED

196

124

5.99

SELECTED

191

6.67

SELECTED

208

131

6.49

SELECTED

After item anal ysis, it was found that out of 25 items, 6 items were invalid, namel y item no. 2,4,9,12,18 and 20. It is interesting to note that out of 25, there are onl y 4 negative statements (item no. 2,9,12,20) in PCNS and all of them were found invalid in item anal ysis . Table 2-Result of Internal Consistency of items included in PCNS Total number of questions (k) 25

σi

{\displayst yle

\sigma

∑σi2

σt

σt2



40.26

9.197

84.585

0.54

_{X}^{2}}=

{\displayst yle

\sigma

_{Y_{i}}^{2}} standard deviation of students score for ith question σt = standard deviation of the observed total test scores By using Cronbach’s  formula, Cronbach’s  value was found to be 0.54. From the Table of Internal Consistency, the value 0.54 lies in between 0.6 and 0.5, which falls under poor category. Hence the internal consistency of items included in PCNS is poor. It means items included in PCNS are poorl y related to each other. Table 3-Result of S plit Half Reliability of PCNS r (Pearson product moment correlation coef ficient) 0.37

rsb (spearman brow n f ormula reliability) 0.54

By using Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula, obtained r value is 0.37. Split half reliabilit y was calculated by Spearman Brown formula and was found to be 0.54, which shows that PCNS has poor split half reliabilit y. Factor Anal ysis

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An exploratory factor anal ysis (EFA) was performed to examine the st ructure of PCNS with 25 items. In order to determine the structure of the scale, principal components factor anal ysis method was applied to scores obtained from answers given by 200 students and varimax rotation method was used. The suitabilit y of the data for factor analysis can be tested by Kaiser -MayerOlkin (KMO) coefficient and Barlett Sphericit y Test (Ugulu, 2011). KMO value was found to be 0.642 which was of mediocre level (according to classification given by Hutcheson and Sofroniou,1999) and accept able in principal components factor anal ysis. Another indicator of the strength of the relationship among variables is Bartlettâ€™s test of sphericit y. In this study, the observed significance level was p < 0.001. It is concluded that the strength of the relationship among variables was strong as per George and Mallery, 2001 as quoted in (Ugulu,2013). The exploratory factor anal ysis was performed on

25 items. First of all, a

principle components factor anal ysis was used on all the data in order to extract the appropriate number of factors. The initial solution revealed that 9 factors had an eigen value greater than 1. These factors altogether explained 55.811% of variance of total variance. Table 4 gives the E igen values and total variance explained. Table 5 shows the different factor loadings on items. As seen in Table 5 , there are nine factors in the PCNS. Factor 1 explained 8.615% of total variance, factor 2 explained 6.566% of total variance, factor 3 explained 6.293% of total variance, factor 4 explain ed 6.261% of total variance factor 5 explained 6.164% of total variance, factor 6 explained 5.953% of total variance, factor 7 explained 5.653% of total variance, factor 8 explained 5.332% of total variance and factor 9 explained 4.974% of total variance. These 9 factors explained 55.811% of total variance . After the factor numbers of PCNS were determined, the 25 items were distributed among nine factors. Factor 1 includes 5 items, item no. 24,5,21,7 and 13. Factor 2 includes 3 items, item no. 6, 8 and 10. Factor 3 includes 2 items, item no. 9 and 11. Factor 4 includes 4 items, item no. 14,15,17 and 23.Factor 5 includes 3 items, item no. Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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1,2 and 4. Factor 6 includes 2 items, item no. 12 and 19. Factor 7 includes 2 items, item no. 18 and 25. Factor 8 includes 2 items, item no. 3 and 20. Factor 9 includes 2 items, item no. 22 and 16. Hence, from all the anal ysis done above it may be conclu ded that tool has poor reliability and 9 factors

Table 4- Eigen Values and Total Variance Explained Initial Ei genvalues Co mpo % of Cumulat nent Total Variance ive %

Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total

Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

% of Cumulat % of Cumulat Total Variance ive % Variance ive %

1 2 3

3.125 2.015 1.600

12.502 8.061 6.399

12.502 20.563 26.962

3.125 2.015 1.600

12.502 8.061 6.399

12.502 20.563 26.962

2.154 1.642 1.573

8.615 6.566 6.293

8.615 15.181 21.474

1.415

5.658

32.620

1.415

5.658

32.620

1.565

6.261

27.735

5 6

1.352 1.221

5.408 4.885

38.028 42.913

1.352 1.221

5.408 4.885

38.028 42.913

1.541 1.488

6.164 5.953

33.899 39.852

1.137

4.547

47.460

1.137

4.547

47.460

1.413

5.653

45.506

8 9

1.054 1.033

4.217 4.134

51.677 55.811

1.054 1.033

4.217 4.134

51.677 55.811

1.333 1.243

5.332 4.974

50.837 55.811

.976

3.904

59.715

11 12

.936 .900

3.746 3.598

63.461 67.059

13 14 15 16

.879 .829 .801 .745

3.514 3.315 3.203 2.981

70.573 73.888 77.091 80.072

17 18

.707 .648

2.829 2.590

82.901 85.491

.628

2.514

88.005

20 21 22

.589 .568 .519

2.355 2.270 2.077

90.360 92.630 94.707

23 24 25

.515 .437 .372

2.060 1.747 1.487

96.767 98.513 100.000

Extraction Method: Pr incipal Component Anal ysis.

are involved in scale which explain onl y 55.811% variance in the data. Copyright ÂŠ 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Table 5 – Factor Loading on items Component 1 Item no. 24 Item no. 5 Item no. 21 Item no. 7 Item no. 13 Item no. 6 Item no. 8 Item no. 10 Item no. 11 Item no. 9 Item no. 15 Item no. 23

.620 -.006

.182

.130

-.172

.086

.278

-.196

.149

.608

.264

-.033 -.005 -.160

.086

-.113

.008

.076

.571

.112

-.196 -.104

.237

.076

.133

.211

-.113

.158

.547 -.144 -.112

.136

.171

.107

-.254

.185

.495

.092

.258

.255

.167

.099

.038

-.070 -.154

.063

.713

-.019

.151

.060

-.026

.024

.007

.077

.252

.471

.121

-.269

.449

.041

-.044 -.238

.120

.104

.464

.026

.097

-.036 -.194

.143

.453

.065

.014

.078

.689

.032

-.017

-.057

.088

-.028

.038

.086

-.562 -.028 -.033 -.145 -.120

.087

-.149

.161 -.028

.160

.677

-.057

.011

.091

-.099

.257

.124

-.254

.571

-.006

.202

-.111 -.007 -.095

.332

.026

Himanshu Bahuguna & Prof. N.C.Dhoundiyal (Pg. 13527-13538)

Item no. 17 Item no. 14 Item no. 1 Item no. 2 Item no. 4 Item no. 19 Item no. 12 Item no. 18 Item no. 25 Item no. 3 Item no. 20 Item no. 22 Item no. 16

12535

-.340 .324

.191

.463

.328

.030

.112

-.041

.049

.217

.215

.253

.300

-.139 -.074

.270

.278

-.081

.128

.122

-.229

.016

.650

.039

-.016 -.125

.112

.139

.029

-.243

.021

-.536

.050

-.234 -.144

.032

.087 -.249

.336

.320

.436

-.136 -.210

.129 -.114 -.007

.202

.145

.778

-.001 -.027 -.092

-.127 -.026 -.259

.087

.182

-.699

.015

-.062 -.116

-.039 -.023

.052

.041

.100

-.060

.777

-.114 -.048

.162

.335

-.063 -.010

.016

.399

.492

.080

-.028

.024

.003

.061

.015

.112

-.089

.748

-.031

-.007 -.195 -.276 -.241 -.103 -.090 -.220

.433

.330

.031

.192

-.062

.075

-.321

.160

.111

.048

-.036 -.116 -.016

.758

.374 -.173 -.144

.176

.240

.190

.444

.282

.176

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Extraction Method: Principal Component Anal ysis Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Conclusions It can be concluded that r esult of Reliabilit y test show s that items are poorl y correlated with each other. Calculated Split half reliability is also poor. Result of Factor analysis shows that 9 factors are involved in PCNS which explain onl y a relativel y small variance in the data. It also indicates that the data also varies under influence of other factors which are not covered by the items of PCNS. Therefore, the scale may be said to possess r elativel y low construct validit y. After getting the results , it is recommended to use this tool very cautiousl y in the prespective of Uttarakhand, where socio -cultural situations are different from other parts of the country. References Cheung, D.(2007). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Attitude toward Chemistry Lessons Scale . Proceeding of the 2nd NI CE Symposium July 30 -31, 2007, Taipei, TAI WAN. Can be retrived from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.510.2396&rep=re p1&type=pdf Field, A.(2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS . Sage: London Ghalami F.,Saffarinia M., Shaghaghi F.(2013). Standardization and Validation of Intimacy Attitude Scal e – Revised in Tehran University Students. RESEARCH PAPERS April 2013, volume 1, Number 2 can be retrieved from http://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/ article -1-42-en.pdf GÜL E.,ÇOKLUK O.,GÜL C.D.(2014). Development of an Attitudes Scale toward Online Assessment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 174 ( 2015 ) 529 – 536 can be retrieved from https://ac.elscdn.com/S1877042815007508/1 -s2.0-S1877042815007508 main.pdf?_tid=c23637e2 -1313-11e8-a85900000aacb360 &acdnat=1518783802_441deabf76e4aca944bff2bcb0a7e5d9 Kumar A., Mishra B.P, Dutt T. and Prasad C. (2014). Standardized Scale for Measuring the Scientific Temperament of Farmers. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 14 (1), January, 2014 can be retrieved from https://www.seea.org.in/vol14 1-2014/09.pdf Kumari, J.(2004). Counselling of High School institutionalized children. can be retrived from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/111065 Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Lyngdoh S .,Sungoh, S.M .(2017). Construction and standardisation of teacher's attitude scale towards constructivist approach in teaching (TASCAT). Educational Quest: An International Journal of Education and Applied Social Sciences Volume 8 Issue Special issue (Jun 2017)can be retrieved from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=218128952555210;res =IELHSS Majeed A.A., Darmawan I G.N, Lynch P(2013). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory (ATMI). The Mathematics Educator 2013, Vol . 15, No. 1, 121 -135 can be retrieved from http://math.nie.edu.sg/ ame/matheduc/tme/tmeV15_1/7.pdf Manger, N. (2017). Construction and Standardization of an Attitude Scale towards E-Learning for Col lege Students of Sikkim can be retrived from http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4730/1/Nabin %20Manger MPhil-Education.pdf Manikandan, K. (2015). Construction and St andardization of Self -confidence Scale in Malayalam. Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences Volume 3 Issue 3 (July –Sept , 2015) ISSN: 2320 -9038 can be retrieved fromfile:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/GJBSS_Paper_3_Manikandan_Construct ion_and_Standardization_of_Self -confidence_Scale_i n_Malayalam.pdf Mavrinac M., Brumini G., Bilić-Zulle L., and Petrovečki M. (2010). Construction and Validation of Attitudes Toward Plagiarism Questionnaire. Croat Med J. 2010 Jun; 51(3): 195 –201. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.195 can be retrieved from https://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897081/ METİN, M. (2010). A study on developing a general attitude scale about environmental issues for students in different grade levels. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 11, Issue 2, Art icle 3, p.1 (Dec., 2010) can be retrieved from https://www.eduhk.hk/ apfslt/download/v11_i ssue2_files/metin.pdf OZTURK, M.A.(2011). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Educators’ Attitudes Toward Educational Research Scale . Kura mveUygulamadaEğitimBilimleri • Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 11(2) • Spring • 737 - 747 ©2011 EğitimDanışmanlığıveAraştırmalarıİletişimHizmetleri Tic. Ltd. Şti. Can be retrieved from http://www.kuyeb.com/pdf/en/967abb2b06d3be8e4bb5043d421f38c3TAMEN.p df Rajasekar S.,Dineshan P.(2012). Development And Standardization Of An Attitude Scale To Measure B.Ed. Students’ Attitude Towards The Use Of ICT In Teaching (ATUI T). International Journal of Teacher Educational Research (IJTER) Vol.1 No.2 October,2012 ISSN: 2319 -4642 www.ijter.com can be retrieved from http://ijter.com/pdf %2 0files%20folder/OCTOBER2012/paper %201%20octobe r2012.pdf Renthlei L. M &Malsawmi H.(2015). Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Mizoram. International Journa l of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies ISSN No. 2395- 0692can be retrivedfrom http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/05.04.2015.pdf ROY M.(2011). GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING. retrieved from http://teachereducationguidanceandcounsell in.blogspot.in/2011/03/what -iscounselling-meaning-need-and.html UGULU I.(2013). Confirmatory factor an alysis for testing validity and reliability of traditional knowledge scale to measure university students’ attitudes. Educational Research and Reviews Vol. 8(16), pp. 1399 - 1408, 23 August, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/ERR2013.1537 ISSN 1990-3839 © 2013 Academic Journalshttp://www.academicjournals.org/ERR can be rertrieved from http://www.academicj ournals.org/article/article1379775527_ Ugul u.pdf