SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149)
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCALE “TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL TEACHERS” [TQMST] S. Arockiyasamy1 & T. Sivasakthi Rajammal2, Ph. D. 1
Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Educational Psychology, Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Karapakkam, Chennai – 600097 2
Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Psychology, Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Karapakkam, Chennai – 600097 Abstract
Investigator says in the present study total quality management of school teachers scale has been development and standardized for the school teachers. This scale consists of 64 statements. This simple random sample technique was used for this study. The sample consists of 100 school teachers randomly selected from the Trichirappalli District. The analysis of “Cronbach’s Alpha” method was used to standardized the tool and finally 51 statements were selected for the final study. Keywords: Ethics, Integrity, Leadership, Communication, and Commitment.
Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
Introduction: The term total quality control was coined by A. V. Feigenbaum (1983), Japan, total quality control was later become total quality management. It is a corporate business management philosophy which recognizes that customer needs and business goals are inseparable. Total quality management is both a philosophy and a set of guiding principles that represent the foundation of a continuously improving organization. The mission of total quality management is to exceed customer’s expectations; use best in class practices; eliminate defects; eliminate wastes and motivate all employees. The initiatives of total quality management are voice of the customer, bench marking, and control cycle time and employees involvement. The concepts of total quality management are the customer focus, make it a good place to works, and create a work culture for minimum utilization or resources and top management must be involved in all decisions. MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5140
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) The concept of quality has a very interesting origin. The idea was first developed in the 1940s by an American, W. Edward & Deming, who tested it on industrial process using statistical techniques. Although the concept was an American, it was post – war Japan that quickly learnt the lessons of quality control using the ideas of Edward Deming and his associates Joseph, Juran and B. Crosby. The Japanese initiated the quality revolution by introducing it in manufacturing and then covering other sectors. The United States of America (USA) which enjoyed the advantages of a monopoly market ignored the compulsions of quality because American business could sell what they produced without difficulty. In the 1970s, with growing competition from Japanese products and loss of markets, the Americans started reflecting on the critical importance of quality. Total Quality Management (TQM) soon became a fact of life in American industry and service segments which continues up to this day. We in India cannot afford to ignore quality for 30 long years like the Americans and not lose our access to global markets. The philosophy of total quality management has its relevance in educational institutions too. Implementation of total quality management has been a major change in educational institutions for the past few years. The national policies on education 1968 and 1986 have a considerable on evolving and introducing innovative practices in the management of school education and particularly the educational school teachers. The management is defined as the of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling an organization in order to achieve a co – ordination of the human and material resources essential in the effective and efficient attainment of objectives. Mukhopadhyay (2005), defined it as, “the philosophy of total quality management is large scale, inspirational and all – embracing, but its practical implementation is small – scale, highly practical and incremental. Drastic intervention is not the means of change in total quality management”. Total quality management is incremental and success oriented; it builds success on success. Fraziar (1997), defined it as, “total quality management has also been termed as continuous quality improvement”. Continuous quality improvement is not merely a terminology; there are significant implications of the concept. Fraziar suggested six – stage road – maps, namely prepare, assess, plan, deploy, sustain and break – through. Navaratnam (1997), defined as offered a six – stage quality journey plan: (1) awareness and self – assessment, (2) training and team building, (3) quality planning, (4) implementation process, (5) comprehensive evaluation and (6) continuous improvement. MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5141
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) Definitions of Total Quality Management of School Teachers: Total quality management has been defined in various ways. Some of the important definitions of total quality management are given below: All definitions described by Jayakumar & Raju (2005) is, “It is process, a process of continually improving the product and services of the institution to better satisfy the needs and expectations of the students, employers, society and other significant stakeholders”. Total quality management is the management approach of an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long – term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society. – ISO. Total quality management is an integrated organizational approach in delighting customers (both internal and external) by meeting their expectations on a continuous basis through everyone involved with the organization working on continuous improvement in all products, services, and processes along with proper problem – solving methodology. – ISI. Total quality management is the control of all transformation processes of an organization to best satisfy customers needs in the most economical manner. Leopald S. Vasin. Total quality management is a people – focused management system that aims at continual increase in customer satisfaction at continually lower cost. Total quality management is a total system approach and an integral part of high – level strategy. It works horizontally across functions and departments, involving all employees, top to bottom, and exceeds backwards and forwards to include the supply chain and the customer chain. – Total Quality Forum of USA. Total quality management is an approach to improving the effectiveness and flexibility of business as a whole. It is essentially a way of organizing and involving the whole organization, every department, every activity, every single at every level. – Oakland Review of Related Literature: Odhiambo (2010) it is the responsibility of the principals to ensure that the curriculum is managed effectively through appropriate delegation to other teachers. Thus, a principal is not only responsible for articulating the school curriculum and objectives, but also delegating and coordinating curriculum implementation as well as monitoring the implementation and evaluation of the curriculum. The performance of curriculum
MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5142
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) implementation roles requires that principals be well versed with skills, expertise and knowledge of not only management techniques but specifically of the curriculum. Manivannan & Premila (2009) has conducted research on application of principals of total quality management in teacher education institutions. The findings focus on the strong and weak areas of various teacher education institutions according to the quality indicators. The study recommends further strengthening of quality indicators, which are already strong, and the revamping of weaker quality indicators. It is also recommended that institutions should adhere to the quality standards set by national international assessment and accreditation bodies. In conclusion, the global scenario expects skilled teachers to produce students with a versatile personality for which teacher education should be strengthened. Yeshodhara & Pour (2004) studied the perception of secondary school teachers in Mysore city, India, regarding total quality management in education. It was an attempt to understand how these perceptions vary by demographic variable such as, gender & subject specialization (Arts and Sciences). Data were collected from 156 high school teachers in Mysore, India on the Bonstingle’s conceptualization of Deming’s 14 points total quality management in education (1992) and were analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to find out the significance of difference between variables subscales. Significant difference was found between male and female teachers in the perception of total quality management. Female teachers had higher mean score than male teachers. There is no significant difference between Arts and Sciences secondary school teachers in the perception of total quality management in education. Karunakaran (2002) conducted a study on total quality culture in higher secondary schools in Dharmapuri distract. The Study found that the total quality culture in higher secondary schools in Dharmapuri distract, is 79.9% of the minimum possible score. Selladurai Raj (2000) discussed Total Quality Management (TQM) interventions or activities must be guided by four change principles, namely work processes, variability, analysis, and continuous improvement. Product design and production processes must be improved; variance must be controlled to ensure high quality; data must be systematically collected and analyzed in a problem – solving cycle; and commitment made to continuous learning by the employees about their work. Pilot Study: This scale of 64 statements intended for the pilot study was administrated to the sample of 100 school teachers [Primary school teachers – 34, High school teachers – 36, and Higher secondary school teachers – 30] working in the Trichirappalli District. Then their MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5143
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) responses have been scored carefully and the marks secured by all the school teachers have been arranged in the descending order from the highest score. Then, they were subjected to statements analysis. Construction of Total Quality Management of School Teachers Scale: The investigator constructed the total quality management of school teacher’s scale. The scale used for the pilot study, consists of 64 items. All the 64 items were with five point scale (1) Always (2) Frequently (3) Some Times (4) Rare (5) Never type answers. The items of the scale consist of factors related to Ethics, Integrity, Leadership, Communication, and Commitment. In order to validate the tool the investigator conducted the pilot study was conducted in 10 schools. The total number of sample used for the pilot study was 100, [Primary school teachers – 34, High school teachers – 36, and Higher secondary school teachers – 30]. The investigator scored the test by giving (5 - 1) to the positive response and (1 – 5) to the negative response. The total number of marks secured by each sample was calculated by the investigator. Based on the total marks secured by the sample item total Cronbach’s Alpha was used to identify the reliability of the tool. The items with 0.3 level value above items was selected for the final study. Thus out of 64 items, 51 items were selected for the final study. The item Cronbach’s Alpha and the selection of items for the final study are given in Table 1. The total quality management of school teachers scale used for the pilot study is given in Appendix B. Table – 1 Item Analysis for Total Quality Management of School Teachers Scale and Selection of Items for Final Study: Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Item No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
Item Total Cronbach’s Alpha 0.029 0.615 0.465 0.492 0.456 0.510 0.440 0.558 0.422 0.480 0.612 0.605 0.508 0.640 0.374 0.149 0.559 www.srjis.com
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Not Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Selected Page 5144
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
0.661 0.560 0.587 0.459 0.299 0.420 0.491 0.547 0.470 0.395 0.215 0.558 0.527 0.284 0.243 0.291 0.202 0.453 0.485 0.217 0.537 0.580 0.554 0.399 0.588 -0.542 0.503 0.387 0.339 0.560 0.478 0.533 0.546 0.609 0.600 0.605 0.428 0.487 0.363 0.556 0.368 0.457 0.262 0.143 0.106 0.128 0.622
www.srjis.com
Selected Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Selected
Page 5145
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) Description of the Total Quality Management of School Teachers Scale: The total quality management of school teachers’ scale was constructed and validated by the investigator. The scale contains 51 items. Each item was given five point scales (1) Always (2) Frequently (3) Some Times (4) Rare (5) Never type answers. The items of the scale consist of factors related to Ethics, Integrity, leadership, Communication, and Commitment. Responses were obtained on the answer booklets. There is no time limit but 30 minutes have been found sufficient for responding it. Instructions for administration are also given on the booklet. Dimensions of the Total Quality Management of School Teachers: Total quality management of school teacher’s scale consists of five dimensions namely,
Ethics
Integrity
Leadership
Communication
Commitment The ethics has 14 items, the integrity has 11 items, the leadership has 15 items,
communication has 11 items, and commitment has 13 items. Ethics: Ethics means teacher’s to principles, morals, beliefs, moral values, moral code etc. Ethics is a science of character, habits of activity, or behaviour of human beings. It evaluates teachers’ habits, character and voluntary determinations and discusses their property. The item number is 1 to 14 in the scale, which is a teachers related to ethics. Integrity: Teachers to honesty, reliability and moral action are embodied in integrity. Teachers exercise integrity through their profession commitments, responsibilities and actions. The item number is 15 to 25 in the scale, which is a teachers related to integrity. Leadership: Knowledge, skills and dispositions demonstrated by teachers the positively impact student learning by influencing adults, formally and informally, beyond individual classrooms. The item number is 26 to 40 in the scale, which is a teachers related to leadership.
MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5146
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149)
Communication: The art of communication involves listening and speaking as well as reading and writing. They make excellent teachers because they are able to transmit knowledge, skills and values at the same time they communicate their caring for the students entrusted to their care. They help motivate students to learn. The item number is 41 to 51 in the scale, which is a teachers related to communication. Commitment: The shapes of professional commitment and, accordingly, of organizational commitment represent behavioral predictors of work achievements, absenteeism, fluctuation, but also of the professional satisfaction. The item number is 52 to 64 in the scale, which is a teachers related to commitment. Table – 2 Serial Number of Items under each Dimensions of the Total Quality Management of School Teachers: Sl. No.
Dimensio n
Serial Number of Items
Total no of Items
1
Ethics
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
14
2
Integrity
15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,2 5 Leadership 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,3 6,37,38,39,40 Communic 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,5 ation 1 Commitme 52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,6 nt 2,63,64
11
3 4 5
15 11 13
Reliability: The investigator calculated the test – retest reliability by calculating the Cronbach’s Alpha of scores from two administration of the same test after a gap of one month. The reliability value was 0.868. Validity: The face validity was established by circulating the roughly drafted tool and carrying out all the suggestions given by the teachers working in the Department of Education. Scoring Procedure: The tool for the present is in English and Tamil version consisting of 51 items. Based on the item analysis 51 items were selected for the final study for 64 items used in the pilot MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5147
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) study Table 1. The tool for final study consists of 51 items 43 are possible and 8 items are negative statements. The scale contains 51 items. Each item provides alternative is assigned a weight age from 5 (never) to 1 (always) for favorable items. In the case of unfavorable items the range of weight age is reversed i.e. from 1 (always) to 5 (never). The total quality management of school teachers scale score of the subject is the sum total of item scores of all the 5 sub scale. The range of scores is from 1 to 255 with the higher score indicating the high total quality management of school teachers. There is no time limit to complete the questionnaire the nature of items and scoring pattern of the total quality management of school teachers was been presented below. The total quality management of school teachers scale used for the final study is given in appendix – C. Table – 3 Nature of Items and Scoring Pattern of Total Quality Management of School Teachers: Sl. No.
Nature Items
1 Positive Statements
2
Negative Statements
of Item Numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, 14,15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,2 5,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,35,38, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,48,4 9,50
20,24,26,34,36,37,47,51
NR S F A T 5 4 3
2 1
1 2 3
4 5
References: Edward Deming, (1986). Out of the crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Feigenbaum, A. V. (1983). Total quality control. New York: McGraw – Hill. Frazier, A. (1997). Roadmap for quality transformation in education. Frorida: St. Lucie Press. Jayakumar, & Raju ,(2005). Total Quality Management . Chennai: Lakshmi Publications. Mukhopadhyay, M. (2005). Total quality management in education. (2ndedition). New Delhi: NIEPA. Navaratnam, K. K. (1997). Quality management in education must be a never ending journey. In Watson, K. Modal, C. & Modgol, S. (Eds.), Educational Dilemmas: Debate and Delivery. London: Cassell. Karunakaran, S.M. (2002). Total Quality Management Culture in Higher Secondary Schools in Dhampuri Distract. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Madras, Chennai. MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5148
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ S. AROCKIYASAMY & T. SIVASAKTHI RAJAMMAL (5141-5149) Manivannan, & Premila, K. S. (2009) Application of principals of total quality management in teacher education institutions. Journal of College Teaching & Learning. Volume 6, Number 6. Odhiambo, (2010). The relationship between effective classroom management and students academic performance. European Journal of Education. 4 (3): Ocean publication.
MAY-JUNE 2017, VOL- 4/31
www.srjis.com
Page 5149