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Module 1 - Multiple Choice 1. Which of these is an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation? a. critical thinking b. structuralism c. empirical approach d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: c 2. Which of these statements is NOT true of the empirical approach to research? a. It requires a scientific attitude. b. It is evidence-based. c. It draws on observation and experimentation. d. It requires a cynical attitude. ANSWER: d 3. Based on the observations of preschoolers in a lab, Professor Nuwan is designing an experiment to assess how children learn by imitation. Professor Nuwan's work BEST illustrates: a. positive psychology. b. a structuralist perspective. c. an empirical approach. d. evolutionary psychology. ANSWER: c 4. The use of which of these makes psychology a science? a. empirical approach b. critical thinking c. structuralism d. functionalism ANSWER: a 5. Ceylan is pregnant. Ceylan's friend claims to be able to predict the baby's sex and birth date. To test this claim, Ceylan can use: a. introspection. b. critical thinking. c. the empirical approach. d. the biopsychosocial approach. ANSWER: c 6. Putting a scientific attitude into practice requires humility as well as: a. subjectivity and an unquestioning attitude. b. a biopsychosocial approach. c. curiosity and skepticism. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice d. functionalism. ANSWER: c 7. Professor Said, who conducts psychological research, realizes that researchers may err as a result of personal bias. Professor Said is demonstrating: a. enhanced critical thinking. b. a lack of curiosity. c. increased skepticism. d. an attitude of humility. ANSWER: d 8. One of psychology's early mottos was "the rat is always right." Which aspect of the scientific attitude did this represent? a. humility b. respect for animals c. curiosity d. skepticism ANSWER: a 9. In one nine-country study that asked 40,000 teens which of 16 math concepts were familiar, male participants from advantaged backgrounds often: a. claimed to know nonexistent concepts. b. recalled fewer terms than female participants from advantaged backgrounds. c. recalled more terms than female participants from advantaged backgrounds. d. could not remember anything. ANSWER: a 10. Three key elements of the scientific attitude are: a. skepticism, enthusiasm, and ingenuity. b. ingenuity, humility, and certainty. c. certainty, creativity, and curiosity. d. curiosity, skepticism, and humility. ANSWER: d 11. A desire to use data to evaluate predictions is related to: a. humility. b. curiosity. c. skepticism. d. ingenuity. ANSWER: b 12. Moira tells her friend Ursa about her new romantic partner, with whom she feels she has a lot in common. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice "That won't work out," Ursa tells Moira. "Everyone knows that opposites attract!" Moira asks Ursa what evidence she has for that claim. Moira is expressing an attitude of: a. pride. b. humility. c. skepticism. d. superiority. ANSWER: c 13. The scientific attitude of skepticism held by psychologists refers to their belief that: a. people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking. b. most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong. c. claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence. d. people usually have ulterior motives for acting. ANSWER: c 14. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to: a. perceive order in random events. b. reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. c. recognize the errors in our own ideas. d. respect political beliefs that contradict our own. ANSWER: c 15. The type of processing that examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions is called: a. critical thinking. b. introspection. c. speculation. d. gut-level reasoning. ANSWER: a 16. Asking whether the existing evidence justifies a cause-effect conclusion BEST illustrates: a. critical thinking. b. functionalism. c. the biopsychosocial approach. d. introspection. ANSWER: a 17. Gayane, a local journalist, is reporting on a recent survey of happiness levels among the residents of their town. They are concerned that the wording of the survey questions may have encouraged respondents to express unusually positive attitudes. Gayane's concern BEST illustrates: a. ignorance. b. skepticism. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice c. critical thinking. d. disbelief. ANSWER: c 18. Shari is concerned about climate change. To learn more about the issue, they have read a variety of news articles from credible sources, paying careful attention to the information in the articles and noting the evidence upon which the authors' arguments are based. They have also reviewed information that seems contrary to their view. Shari is involved in: a. critical thinking. b. skepticism. c. making assumptions. d. sharing false information. ANSWER: a 19. Sheena's friend Chang advises her to avoid getting yearly checkups, because Chang feels the risk of exposure to illness in the doctor's office is greater than the risk of skipping these appointments. Sheena believes that Chang, who dislikes going to the doctor, is biased; she also feels that Chang does not have enough evidence to support his assumptions. Sheena's reasoning BEST illustrates: a. critical thinking. b. a biopsychosocial approach. c. Freudian psychology. d. introspection. ANSWER: a 20. Wilhelm Wundt developed the first _____ used in psychology, which measured how long it took people to press a telegraph key after hearing a ball hit a platform. a. developmental study b. theoretical perspective c. experimental apparatus d. subfield ANSWER: c 21. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of: a. animal intelligence. b. personality development. c. social influence. d. mental processes. ANSWER: d 22. Which school of thought in psychology focused on the formation of the human mind? a. functionalism b. behaviorism Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice c. structuralism d. humanism ANSWER: c 23. Edward Titchener and others attempted to reveal the basic elements of the mind by asking people to look inward. They were using a method known as: a. functionalism. b. empiricism. c. introspection. d. conditioning. ANSWER: c 24. _____ used self-reflective introspection in order to study people's immediate sensations, feelings, and images. a. John B. Watson b. Charles Darwin c. Edward Titchener d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: c 25. Introspection, which was used by Edward Titchener to study the elements of the mind, involves: a. observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned. b. looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings. c. analyzing the environments that nurture or limit personal growth. d. uncovering elements of our unconscious mind and childhood experiences. ANSWER: b 26. Rodal agrees to participate in a psychology study at their university. When they arrive at the lab, Rodal and the other research participants are asked to stare at an abstract painting and report their immediate thoughts, feelings, and sensations. The researchers are using a technique known as: a. behavior genetics. b. psychoanalysis. c. functionalism. d. introspection. ANSWER: d 27. Introspection proved to be an unreliable method, in part, because it: a. required people who could describe their experiences articulately. b. yielded overly similar results across those who engaged in it. c. focused too closely on the evolved functions of feelings and thoughts. d. concentrated on moment-to-moment stream of consciousness thinking. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 28. Which early psychologist aimed to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings? a. Edward Bradford Titchener b. William James c. Charles Darwin d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: b 29. William James promoted the early school of thought in psychology known as: a. functionalism. b. behaviorism. c. structuralism. d. humanistic psychology. ANSWER: a 30. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on: a. how mental and behavioral processes function. b. the component elements of sensory experience. c. the disruptive effects of unconscious motives. d. the treatment of psychological disorders. ANSWER: a 31. Kumar, who is taking introductory psychology, feels inspired by a nineteenth-century school of thought focusing on how mental and behavioral processes enable organisms to adapt to their environments. Kumar is interested in: a. behaviorism. b. functionalism. c. structuralism. d. humanism. ANSWER: b 32. The theorist who influenced the efforts of philosopher-psychologist William James to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness was: a. John B. Watson. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Carl Rogers. d. Charles Darwin. ANSWER: d 33. The memory researcher mentored by William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association was: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice a. Jean Piaget. b. Margaret Floy Washburn. c. Rosalie Rayner. d. Mary Whiton Calkins. ANSWER: d 34. Which psychologist was the first woman to officially earn a doctorate degree and was the author of the influential book, The Animal Mind? a. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Mary Whiton Calkins c. Anna Freud d. Marla Wundt ANSWER: a 35. In the United States, Canada, and Europe, which of these statements is true regarding gender and psychology today? a. Most published psychological research is authored by women. b. Women are especially likely to have their research published in top journals. c. Most psychology doctorates are earned by women. d. Psychology continues to be a male-dominated discipline. ANSWER: c 36. _____ of recent psychology doctorates have been earned by people of color. a. One-tenth b. One-third c. Half d. Two-fifths ANSWER: b 37. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of: a. genetic influences. b. self-esteem. c. conscious thoughts and feelings. d. observable behavior. ANSWER: d 38. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as: a. behaviorism. b. cognitive neuroscience. c. humanistic psychology. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice d. positive psychology. ANSWER: a 39. Which of these examples would John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner have considered a phenomenon that psychologists could study scientifically? a. A parent feels joy when watching their toddler take their first steps. b. After being rewarded several times, a child uses the potty independently. c. After an argument with their boss, an employee wonders if they should quit their job. d. A gymnast experiences intense pain after falling off the balance beam. ANSWER: b 40. Which of these pairs of psychologists challenged Wundt and Titchener's definition of psychology and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? a. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner b. Sigmund Freud and William James c. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow ANSWER: a 41. Marjoy, a psychology graduate student, is observing and measuring preschool children's visible reactions when they are given a special toy and then asked to share it with others. Which psychological perspective is Marjoy likely applying to this research? a. behaviorism b. Freudian psychology c. humanistic psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: a 42. Observing and recording people as they are conditioned was of MOST central interest to: a. Freudian psychology. b. humanistic psychology. c. behaviorism. d. structuralism. ANSWER: c 43. Which of these is a conditioned behavior that can be observed? a. anxiety b. intelligence c. depression d. crying ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice 44. Working with Rosalie Rayner, John B. Watson showed that: a. feelings and thoughts enable humans to survive. b. introspection revealed the structure of the mind. c. fear can be learned. d. mental processes enable the organism to flourish. ANSWER: c 45. In which of these events would a behaviorist be MOST interested? a. A person feels nervous when they approach the street where they were mugged. b. A child learns not to grab toys from other children. c. A person has a dream about their childhood home. d. A teenager experiences the first stirrings of sexual attraction. ANSWER: b 46. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on: a. maladaptive drinking habits. b. the meaning of childhood experiences. c. effective teaching techniques. d. crime-deterring police practices. ANSWER: b 47. Who developed psychoanalytic psychology? a. John B. Watson b. Sigmund Freud c. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANSWER: b 48. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? a. evolutionary psychology b. psychoanalytic psychology c. behavior genetics d. behaviorism ANSWER: b 49. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as: a. behaviorism. b. humanistic psychology. c. cognitive neuroscience. d. behavior genetics. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 50. A humanistic psychologist would be MOST inclined to study: a. the lingering effects of elementary school experiences on adults. b. how using rewards in a classroom promotes learning. c. the ways in which our unconscious mind shapes our conscious actions. d. how families influence the personal growth of their members. ANSWER: d 51. Qala contacts a therapist to help them manage their anxiety. At their first appointment, the therapist says, "I tend to focus on my clients' growth potential and their need for love and acceptance." This therapist is working in the perspective of: a. humanistic psychology. b. cognitive psychology. c. personality psychology. d. behaviorism. ANSWER: a 52. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of: a. mental processes. b. hereditary influences. c. unconscious motives. d. learned behaviors. ANSWER: a 53. The branch of psychology that explores the mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems is: a. clinical psychology. b. humanistic psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. cognitive psychology. ANSWER: d 54. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between: a. natural selection and genetic predispositions. b. childhood memories and psychological disorders. c. thought processes and brain functions. d. philosophy and physiology. ANSWER: c 55. Professor Thomas is investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's memories of the day they graduated from college. Professor Thomas is interested in: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice a. behavior genetics. b. cognitive neuroscience. c. evolutionary psychology. d. functionalism. ANSWER: b 56. Professor Diaz studies how people learn new information and how additional stimuli affect their remembering of that information. Professor Diaz's area of specialization is: a. humanistic psychology. b. cognitive psychology. c. personality psychology. d. behaviorism. ANSWER: b 57. Psychology is currently BEST defined as the science of: a. conscious and unconscious mental activity. b. observable responses to the environment. c. behavior and mental processes. d. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. ANSWER: c 58. Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, _____ was an American philosopher and _____ was an Austrian physician. a. Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov b. William James; Sigmund Freud c. B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson d. Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 59. When Dalita tells their friend Amir that they are taking a psychology class, Amir replies, "Oh, so it's a class about how people think?" Dalita begins by defining psychology for Amir as: a. the science of behavior and mental processes. b. the study of mental processes. c. a therapeutic perspective that emphasizes human growth potential. d. the study of the structure of the human mind. ANSWER: a 60. Professor Melendez is studying teenagers' thoughts, feelings, and beliefs after experiencing negative interactions on social media. These thoughts, feelings, and beliefs can be considered: a. behaviors. b. types of learning. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice c. mental processes. d. conclusions. ANSWER: c 61. Professor Sandaas is observing social interactions among 3-year-olds in a play group. According to the definition of psychology, these social interactions would be BEST considered a(n): a. behavior. b. action. c. mental process. d. conclusion. ANSWER: a 62. Maryam posts a photo of themselves on social media, then worries that their friends won't like it. According to the definition of psychology, posting the photo is a(n) _____; their worry is a _____. a. behavior; mental process b. perception; behavior c. nature issue; nurture issue d. sensation; perception ANSWER: a 63. One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist: a. Edward Bradford Titchener. b. Margaret Floy Washburn. c. William James. d. Jean Piaget. ANSWER: d 64. The Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning was: a. Edward Bradford Titchener. b. Ivan Pavlov. c. William James. d. Wilhelm Wundt. ANSWER: b 65. The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that _____ make to the development of psychological traits. a. introspection and nerve cell activity b. unconscious and conscious motives c. behavior and mental processes d. genes and experience ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice 66. Studies focused on whether a person's sociability is influenced more by their biology or their caregivers relates most directly to debates about: a. structuralism and functionalism. b. conscious and unconscious thought. c. observation and introspection. d. nature and nurture. ANSWER: d 67. Giuliano and Abwe's two children are very different: Zeke is shy and fearful, and Bianca is bold and daring. "I think it's because Zeke was first, so we were more nervous around him when he was a baby," Giuliano muses. "No, it's definitely genetic; Zeke is a lot like I was as a kid, and you're fearless, just like Bianca," Abwe replies. Giuliano and Abwe are debating the relative contributions of: a. neuroscience and cognition. b. nature and nurture. c. behavior and mental processes. d. conscious and unconscious thoughts. ANSWER: b 68. Plato's assumption that we inherit character and intelligence is MOST directly relevant to the controversy regarding: a. conscious and unconscious thoughts. b. observation and introspection. c. nature and nurture. d. basic and applied research. ANSWER: c 69. Who believed that everything comes into the mind from the external world through the senses? a. Plato b. Wundt c. Aristotle d. Darwin ANSWER: c 70. Professor Goshaw argues that people are able to make informed life decisions because they are born with a basic level of intelligence. The professor's belief is MOST consistent with the views of: a. Aristotle. b. Plato. c. John B. Watson. d. B. F. Skinner. ANSWER: b 71. The naturalist whose thinking about species variation led to evolutionary psychology was: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice a. Ivan Pavlov. b. Charles Darwin. c. John B. Watson. d. Carl Rogers. ANSWER: b 72. Who is BEST known for arguing that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Edward Titchener d. Charles Darwin ANSWER: d 73. Natural selection is the principle that the _____ that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. a. learned habits b. inherited traits c. levels of analysis d. cultural practices ANSWER: b 74. The survival of organisms BEST suited to a particular environment is enabled by the evolutionary process of: a. functionalism. b. natural selection. c. behavior genetics. d. structuralism. ANSWER: b 75. An evolutionary psychologist would be MOST interested in studying: a. how our individual traits affect our behaviors. b. the ways in which depression affects the mind and body. c. how intelligence is shaped by society. d. why humans tend to share many common fears. ANSWER: d 76. Studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental processes that we humans have in common is of MOST central interest to: a. humanistic psychology. b. social psychology. c. community psychology. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice d. evolutionary psychology. ANSWER: d 77. Oriol is explaining to their friend that people's similarities result from their common biology and evolutionary history. Oriol is referring to findings in the field of: a. behavior genetics. b. cross-cultural psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. positive psychology. ANSWER: c 78. Studying the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is of most central interest to: a. cognitive neuroscience. b. behavior genetics. c. evolutionary psychology. d. behaviorism. ANSWER: b 79. Dr. Alves is conducting intelligence and personality tests with Min and Chun, identical twins who were adopted and raised by different families. Dr. Alves MOST likely works in the field of: a. behavior genetics. b. cognitive neuroscience. c. natural selection. d. positive psychology. ANSWER: a 80. Which of these statements is true of the current nature–nurture issue? a. Nature is a stronger influence than nurture. b. Nature and nurture are less important than gender differences. c. Nurture works on what nature provides. d. Nurture is a stronger influence than nature. ANSWER: c 81. The study of how experience can influence genetic expression is called: a. neuroplasticity. b. natural selection. c. epigenetics. d. cognitive neuroscience. ANSWER: c 82. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice biologically endowed with: a. inborn ideas. b. natural selection. c. introspection. d. neuroplasticity. ANSWER: d 83. Isa, who is genetically predisposed to be both mentally focused and physically flexible, has received their first gold medal at a gymnastics competition after years of dedicated training and practice. This BEST illustrates that: a. nature outweighs the importance of nurture. b. nature limits our adaptive capacities. c. nurture works on what nature provides. d. nature selects traits that contribute to survival. ANSWER: c 84. Imani is genetically predisposed to be focused and persistent. Their boss, who appreciates these traits, has now promoted Imani several times. Encouraged by this, Imani has become even more focused on and persistent in their work. This BEST illustrates that: a. some ideas are innate. b. the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes. c. nurture works on what nature provides. d. nature selects traits that best enable us to survive in a particular environment. ANSWER: c 85. The enduring traditions, values, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a group of people constitute their: a. culture. b. levels of analysis. c. massed practice. d. neuroplasticity. ANSWER: a 86. The transmission of customs for showing respect to those in positions of authority BEST illustrates the importance of: a. functionalism. b. culture. c. introspection. d. behavior genetics. ANSWER: b 87. Five-year-old Camila, who lives in Argentina, has just met five-year-old Guo, who lives in Hong Kong. Although they are growing up across the world from one another and speak entirely different languages, they Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice are able to play and communicate using facial expressions and gestures. This BEST illustrates that _____ often underlie cultural differences. a. common psychological processes b. gender differences c. unconscious preferences d. genetic dissimilarities ANSWER: a 88. Studying people of all cultures is MOST helpful for: a. promoting structuralism. b. inhibiting introspection. c. discerning human similarities and differences. d. encouraging natural selection. ANSWER: c 89. Which of these statements about gender differences is FALSE? a. Gender differences exist in dream content. b. Gender differences exist in the development of depression. c. Gender differences exist in childhood developmental stages. d. The genders are overwhelmingly similar, despite some differences. ANSWER: c 90. Which of these statements provides the BEST comparison of gender identity and sex? a. Gender identity is biologically influenced; sex is our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female. b. Gender identity and sex are both biologically influenced, but only sex is our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female. c. Sex is biologically influenced; gender identity is our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female. d. Gender identity and sex both refer to our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, but only gender identity is biologically influenced. ANSWER: c 91. The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This BEST illustrates an important: a. conditioned response. b. psychodynamic perspective. c. empirical approach. d. gender difference. ANSWER: d 92. Psychological differences between the genders are: a. of little interest to contemporary psychologists. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice b. simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes. c. no longer evident in contemporary Western societies. d. far outweighed by gender similarities. ANSWER: d 93. Martin Seligman's approach focuses on the discovery and promotion of human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities. This approach is called: a. the psychodynamic perspective. b. positive psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. behavior genetics. ANSWER: b 94. Research on human flourishing is the major focus of: a. the psychodynamic perspective. b. behavior genetics. c. naturalistic observation. d. positive psychology. ANSWER: d 95. Martin Seligman calls for a positive psychology that focuses on such topics as: a. understanding the roots of abuse. b. developing emotional traits that promote thriving. c. curing disease. d. addressing the psychological manifestations of poverty. ANSWER: b 96. Professor Nguyen studies the psychological benefit of meaningful volunteer work during adolescence. Which approach BEST describes this research? a. cognitive psychology b. positive psychology c. evolutionary psychology d. the biopsychosocial approach ANSWER: b 97. We are each unique individuals who are part of a larger social system, such as a family, ethnic group, culture, and economic status. This demonstrates that we are: a. biological systems. b. impressionable systems. c. neurological systems. d. biopsychosocial systems. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: d 98. The differing complementary views of the same phenomenon that together give us a more complete understanding represent different: a. genetics. b. unconscious motives. c. levels of analysis. d. natural selections. ANSWER: c 99. Integrating different but complementary levels of analysis is the focus of the: a. neuroscience perspective. b. biopsychosocial approach. c. cognitive revolution. d. school known as functionalism. ANSWER: b 100. Which of these is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach? a. cognitive processing b. genetic predispositions c. genetic mutations d. natural selection ANSWER: a 101. According to the biopsychosocial approach, which of these would be considered a biological influence on behavior or mental processes? a. learned fears and expectations b. genetic mutations c. emotional responses d. perceptual interpretations ANSWER: b 102. Dr. Gorelik's research focuses on how family expectations impact people's actions and attitudes. According to the biopsychosocial perspective, Dr. Gorelik is examining a _____ influence on behavior and mental processes. a. social-cultural b. biological c. psychological d. cognitive ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice 103. Dr. Janssen is studying how community expectations influence gender roles. They are examining _____ influences on behavior and mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial perspective. a. social-cultural b. biological c. psychological d. cognitive ANSWER: a 104. Which perspective in psychology would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? a. evolutionary b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. neuroscience ANSWER: d 105. Professor Assan believes that optimism is the result of individual brain chemistry and particular brain circuits that enable positive emotions. Professor Assan favors a _____ perspective on optimism. a. neuroscience b. psychodynamic c. behavior genetics d. cognitive ANSWER: a 106. Which perspective in psychology highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. behavioral d. social-cultural ANSWER: a 107. Professor Delos believes that humans tend to fear similar things because these fears promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint BEST illustrates the _____ perspective. a. social-cultural b. cognitive c. evolutionary d. psychodynamic ANSWER: c 108. Which perspective in psychology studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences? a. epigenetics Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice b. behavior genetics c. social-cultural d. psychodynamic ANSWER: b 109. The behavior genetics perspective would be MOST directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of: a. behavior and mental processes. b. conscious and unconscious motives. c. nature and nurture. d. structuralism and functionalism. ANSWER: c 110. Professor Bertola's research investigates the relative contributions of inborn traits and environmental influences on children's language development. Professor Bertola MOST likely works in the field of: a. behavior genetics. b. cross-cultural psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. cognitive neuroscience. ANSWER: a 111. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes how someone's personality traits can be explained by: a. natural selection. b. brain chemistry. c. unfulfilled wishes. d. learned behaviors. ANSWER: c 112. Ada believes that their sibling's difficulty in showing affection results from their unconscious resentment toward their parents. Ada is examining their sibling's behavior from a(n) _____ perspective. a. evolutionary b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. behavior genetics ANSWER: c 113. The behavioral perspective focuses on how: a. our genes and environment influence our individual differences. b. we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. c. we learn observable responses. d. natural selection affects us. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 114. Marta, a math teacher, believes that their students did well on the recent exam because the students were rewarded each time they understood a concept. Marta's belief BEST illustrates a _____ perspective. a. behavior genetics b. neuroscience c. psychodynamic d. behavioral ANSWER: d 115. Which of these statements describes the focus of the cognitive perspective in psychology? a. Feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. b. People try to understand their own unconscious motives. c. Behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. d. How do people encode, process, store, and retrieve information? ANSWER: d 116. Which perspective in psychology is MOST concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? a. behavioral b. cognitive c. neuroscience d. behavior genetics ANSWER: b 117. Professor Kunatee is interested in how memory cues help us to retrieve stored information. They are working from the: a. neuroscience perspective. b. evolutionary perspective. c. psychodynamic perspective. d. cognitive perspective. ANSWER: d 118. Dr. Lahiri is studying anger in high-school students who engage in bullying behavior. Dr. Lahiri is particularly interested in how teens' home environments relate to their feelings of anger, as well as how feelings of anger affect their thought processes. Dr. Lahiri is working from a(n): a. evolutionary perspective. b. behavioral perspective. c. cognitive perspective. d. psychodynamic perspective. ANSWER: c 119. Which perspective in psychology would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice encouraged among various ethnic groups? a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. social-cultural d. neuroscience ANSWER: c 120. Dr. Yablonski is studying the rates of psychological disorders in several small religious communities around the world. They believe that the combination of community support and religious faith makes certain disorders less likely in these groups. Dr. Yablonski's research BEST illustrates a(n): a. evolutionary perspective. b. psychodynamic perspective. c. neuroscience perspective. d. social-cultural perspective. ANSWER: d 121. Which psychological perspective would MOST likely examine how membership in a political party or ethnic group influences individual attitudes and behaviors? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. social-cultural ANSWER: d 122. All subfields and perspectives within psychology aim to: a. study the brain circuits that underlie behavior. b. describe and explain behavior and the mind underlying it. c. analyze how certain characteristics aided our ancestors. d. understand how our interpretation of environmental conditions affects our experiences. ANSWER: b 123. Studies conducted for the sake of increasing the scientific knowledge base are MOST clearly examples of: a. behavior genetics. b. introspection. c. basic research. d. positive psychology. ANSWER: c 124. Scientific studies that aim to solve practical problems are MOST clearly examples of: a. the behavioral perspective. b. introspection. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice c. applied research. d. positive psychology. ANSWER: c 125. Dr. Batista conducts basic research on the impact of video gaming on information retention. Dr. Batista is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist. a. social b. evolutionary c. biological d. cognitive ANSWER: d 126. Dr. Gupta's research focuses on the effect of brain chemistry on emotional expression. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Gupta's research BEST represent? a. social psychology b. positive psychology c. biological psychology d. industrial-organizational psychology ANSWER: c 127. Dr. Kitago conducts research on how children's reasoning power changes as they grow older. Dr. Kitago is probably a(n): a. social psychologist. b. clinical psychologist. c. developmental psychologist. d. industrial-organizational psychologist. ANSWER: c 128. Which subfield in psychology investigates persistent traits? a. developmental psychology b. biological psychology c. cognitive psychology d. personality psychology ANSWER: d 129. Dr. Baran studies how people's traits, such as emotionality and sociability, persist over time. Which area does Dr. Baran's research BEST represent? a. social psychology b. biological psychology c. industrial-organizational psychology d. personality psychology Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: d 130. Dr. Morales conducts research on why individuals do or don't conform to others' expectations of them. Which area does this research BEST represent? a. cognitive psychology b. social psychology c. developmental psychology d. clinical psychology ANSWER: b 131. Which subfield of psychology investigates workplace-related behaviors? a. cognitive psychology b. social psychology c. industrial-organizational psychology d. biological psychology ANSWER: c 132. Dr. Lakmal studies the ways in which rewarding employees for exceeding expectations can improve workplace morale and productivity. Dr. Lakmal is MOST likely a(n): a. clinical psychologist. b. developmental psychologist. c. personality psychologist. d. industrial-organizational psychologist. ANSWER: d 133. Workplace productivity and management is MOST closely related to: a. cognitive psychology. b. industrial-organizational psychology. c. biological psychology. d. developmental psychology. ANSWER: b 134. Dr. Ramakrishnan helps people cope with career challenges, such as job loss or the inability to find meaningful work. Dr. Ramakrishnan is MOST likely a: a. biological psychologist. b. counseling psychologist. c. cognitive psychologist. d. cultural psychologist. ANSWER: b 135. Clinical psychologists focus on: a. prescribing drugs and otherwise treating physical causes of psychological disorders. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice b. conducting animal research. c. treating people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. d. the mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems. ANSWER: c 136. Dr. Lind's practice offers evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. They are MOST likely a(n): a. clinical psychologist. b. industrial-organizational psychologist. c. biological psychologist. d. community psychologist. ANSWER: a 137. Dr. Bryson is working to decrease the prevalence of bullying in after-school programs in his city. He is MOST likely a: a. community psychologist. b. behaviorist. c. cognitive psychologist. d. forensic psychologist. ANSWER: a 138. Which branch of psychology is MOST likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups? a. cognitive psychology b. community psychology c. clinical psychology d. counseling psychology ANSWER: b 139. The specialist MOST likely to have a medical degree is a: a. clinical psychologist. b. personality psychologist. c. developmental psychologist. d. psychiatrist. ANSWER: d 140. Dr. Saphir has a medical degree and is licensed to prescribe drugs. They are MOST likely a: a. personality psychologist. b. cognitive psychologist. c. clinical psychologist. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 1 - Multiple Choice d. psychiatrist. ANSWER: d
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 1. Although our intuition is often right, sometimes our speedy, automatic conclusions triggered by _____ thinking may lead us astray. a. random events b. commonsense thinking c. confounding variables d. placebo effects ANSWER: b 2. Zorah meets briefly with applicants for positions in her company and relies on immediate gut-level first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a job. Zorah's employment decisions are MOST clearly guided by: a. an operational definition. b. overconfidence. c. hindsight bias. d. intuition. ANSWER: d 3. As Covid cases began to mount, many citizens blamed the initial underreaction of authorities who, they believed, should have anticipated the seriousness of the threat. This is an example of: a. intuition. b. overconfidence. c. hindsight bias. d. perceiving patterns in random events. ANSWER: c 4. Justine's new classmate, Avery, looks similar to someone Justine dislikes. Without Justine's realizing it, her immediate gut-level reaction to Avery's appearance leads her to form a negative first impression of Avery. This BEST illustrates the dangers of: a. hindsight bias. b. overconfidence. c. common sense. d. random assignment. ANSWER: c 5. The major tendencies that flaw our commonsense thinking are: a. skepticism, humility, and curiosity. b. hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving patterns in random events. c. hypotheses, experience, and genetics. d. predictions, variables, and observations. ANSWER: b 6. Hindsight bias is defined as the tendency to: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. dismiss the value of skepticism. b. reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. c. exaggerate the ability to have foreseen an outcome. d. overestimate the extent to which everyone shares the same opinion. ANSWER: c 7. The view that psychology merely documents and dresses in jargon our intuitions is most clearly facilitated by: a. random assignment. b. hindsight bias. c. operational definitions. d. the placebo effect. ANSWER: b 8. Because of hindsight bias, we often tend to trust too much in: a. random sampling. b. wording effects. c. human intuition. d. random assignment. ANSWER: c 9. In a history class, Roberto is learning about the sequence of events preceding a major global conflict. "But everyone should have known that would lead to war. It was obvious!" he thinks. The flaw in Roberto's reasoning is the result of: a. hindsight bias. b. overconfidence. c. perceiving order in random events. d. random assignment. ANSWER: a 10. Dr. Mortimer wants to reduce their students' perceptions that psychological research merely documents the obvious. Their BEST strategy would be to ask students to: a. describe how research predictions were derived from basic psychological principles. b. predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results. c. explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results. d. engage in naturalistic observation. ANSWER: b 11. Our tendency to believe we know more than we do BEST illustrates: a. naturalistic observation. b. the placebo effect. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. overconfidence. d. random assignment. ANSWER: c 12. Mallory, who is about to ice skate for the first time, feels sure she'll have no trouble staying upright and even doing a few tricks. When Mallory steps onto the ice and immediately lose her balance, she is shocked. Mallory's experience BEST illustrates: a. hindsight bias. b. random assignment. c. the placebo effect. d. overconfidence. ANSWER: d 13. When provided with three-word puzzles, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This BEST illustrates: a. confounding variables. b. perceiving order in random events. c. wording effects. d. overconfidence. ANSWER: d 14. Kwame has tossed a coin 20 times and has correctly predicted heads or tails six times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Kwame's predictive accuracy: a. defies the laws of statistical probability. b. illustrates hindsight bias. c. is inconsistent with the placebo effect. d. is a random and coincidental occurrence. ANSWER: d 15. The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the 46th word is "shake," and the 46th word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these word placements, one would be BEST advised to recognize the danger of: a. randomly sampling biblical passages. b. generalizing from extreme instances. c. assuming that most people share your opinions. d. perceiving order in coincidental events. ANSWER: d 16. Most people tend to perceive patterns in random events. This often leads to their overestimating the value of: a. commonsense thinking. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice b. operational definitions. c. informed consent. d. the double-blind procedure. ANSWER: a 17. Six of the people in Hiroshi's office were born on the same day. This strikes him as amazing and unlikely. In this instance, Hiroshi should be reminded that: a. random sequences of events often don't look random. b. events often seem more probable in hindsight. c. sampling from unrepresentative cases leads to false generalizations. d. correlation does not prove causation. ANSWER: a 18. In the United States and United Kingdom, _____ about Covid-19 vaccines led to a reduction in people's acceptance of them. a. hindsight bias b. misinformation c. sampling bias d. overconfidence ANSWER: b 19. Fariq's friend Nikita, who gets most of the information on current events from social media feeds, is prone to believing fake news. Which of these would help Nikita to better separate fact from fiction? a. following gut instincts about which stories seem most probable b. utilizing any links contained within the articles to do independent research c. use critical thinking to assess the information read d. sharing articles with like-minded others to solicit their opinions ANSWER: c 20. Which of these is NOT a reason that misinformation can spread through social media? a. We tend to friend people online who think as we do. b. Psychologists can use preregistration to publicly communicate their hypotheses online. c. Fake news flies online. d. Repetition breeds belief. ANSWER: b 21. Toni is telling Rishad about several cities Toni plans to visit on an upcoming road trip. Rishad warns Toni to avoid one of these cities, which he feels is dangerous. When Toni points out that it's a very low-crime city and asks Rishad why he feels this way, Rishad recalls an upsetting news story he read about a robbery there years ago. This demonstrates how _____ can lead to the acceptance of misinformation. a. false news b. repetition Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. the availability of vivid examples d. group identity ANSWER: c 22. Giorgio believes that the Earth is flat and has befriended several people on social media who also hold this view. As a result, Giorgio has become even more convinced of this belief. This is an example of how _____ can feed the acceptance of misinformation. a. false news b. repetition c. powerful examples d. an echo chamber ANSWER: d 23. In the United States and United Kingdom, _____ about Covid-19 vaccines led to a reduction in people's acceptance of them. a. hindsight bias b. misinformation c. sampling bias d. overconfidence ANSWER: b 24. False news that is deliberately planted and spread is known as: a. motivated reasoning. b. disinformation. c. rationalization. d. polarization. ANSWER: b 25. People are more likely to believe misinformation or disinformation as a result of their natural: a. truth bias. b. disinformation bias. c. skepticism. d. debunking tendencies. ANSWER: a 26. Heather, a middle-school health teacher, warns students of the myths they may hear about vaping and the ways in which e-cigarette advertisers may target them. Heather is _____ the misinformation that her students may encounter in the future. a. debunking b. simulating c. prebunking d. biasing Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 27. The self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis is known as: a. a theory. b. a prediction. c. the scientific method. d. an operational definition. ANSWER: c 28. The foundation of all science is a scientific attitude, which combines all of these EXCEPT: a. confirmation bias. b. curiosity. c. skepticism. d. humility. ANSWER: a 29. When researchers submit their work to a scientific journal, _____ provide anonymous evaluations of the study's theory, originality, and accuracy. a. consultants b. peer reviewers c. counselors d. testers ANSWER: b 30. Dr. Khatib, an expert in cognitive psychology, is currently evaluating a research study that has been submitted for consideration in an academic journal. Dr. Khatib does not know who wrote the article and is evaluating the study based on incorporation and application of theory, originality, and accuracy in research design, analysis, and results. Dr. Khatib is serving as a: a. consultant. b. peer reviewer. c. counselor. d. tester. ANSWER: b 31. A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that _____ observations and _____ behaviors or events. a. questions; surveys b. replicates; controls c. organizes; predicts d. randomly samples; randomly assigns ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 32. A good _____ produces testable predictions. a. operational definition b. case study c. replication d. theory ANSWER: d 33. Which of these statements is true of a theory in science? a. It is a testable prediction. b. It is a scientist's hunch. c. It summarizes and simplifies. d. It biases observations. ANSWER: c 34. Professor Patel contends that older siblings tend to be more conscientious and responsible adults. Their idea is BEST described as a(n): a. theory. b. replication. c. naturalistic observation. d. operational definition. ANSWER: a 35. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is MOST closely linked to its capacity to generate testable: a. assumptions. b. correlations. c. predictions. d. variables. ANSWER: c 36. A hypothesis is a(n): a. observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables. b. testable prediction that gives direction to research. c. set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts. d. unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning. ANSWER: b 37. Dr. Varlese is studying the relationship between playing nonviolent video games and helpful behavior. Dr. Varlese predicts that those who play more nonviolent games are more likely to perform charitable work. This idea is a(n): a. theory. b. hypothesis. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. operational definition. d. hunch. ANSWER: b 38. Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of those tests is central to: a. debriefing. b. the testing effect. c. the scientific method. d. informed consent. ANSWER: c 39. A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study is known as a(n): a. hypothesis. b. control condition. c. replication. d. operational definition. ANSWER: d 40. Dr. Freeman, who is studying the effect of sleep deprivation on college students' test performance, describes "sleep deprivation" as "having gotten fewer than six hours of sleep at least three nights this week." This description is an example of a(n): a. theory. b. hypothesis. c. operational definition. d. hunch. ANSWER: c 41. Replication of a research study is MOST likely to be facilitated by: a. massed practice. b. debriefing. c. operational definitions. d. the placebo effect. ANSWER: c 42. Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called: a. replication. b. random sampling. c. naturalistic observation. d. the double-blind procedure. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 43. To verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are MOST likely to engage in: a. naturalistic observation. b. random sampling. c. replication. d. positive correlation. ANSWER: c 44. Professor Churwin claims that their experimental research demonstrates that reading to children every day improves children's reading skills. How might Professor Churwin BEST offer further support for the reliability of this finding? a. replication b. naturalistic observation c. case studies d. correlational research ANSWER: a 45. Dr. Belsky just reviewed an article that found a relationship between optimism and career achievement. Dr. Belsky would like to conduct a similar study to see if it shows the same results. Dr. Belsky is planning on _____ this study. a. operationalizing b. replicating c. sampling d. plagiarizing ANSWER: b 46. When multi-lab efforts attempted to replicate 100 psychological studies, they produced mixed findings with 36 to 85 percent of results being replicated. Which of these is NOT a possible explanation for this? a. The psychologists involved in the multi-lab effort did not accurately repeat the original studies. b. Psychology involves use of a pseudotreatment. c. Some research topics make replication quite difficult. d. Using a small sample size makes replication difficult. ANSWER: b 47. Failure to replicate a research study has MOST often occurred when: a. sample sizes were small. b. sample sizes were exceedingly large. c. samples were unbiased. d. samples were randomly selected. ANSWER: a 48. When researchers publicly communicate planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses, they are engaged in: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. preregistration. b. replication. c. prediction. d. debriefing. ANSWER: a 49. Dr. Galang has publicly communicated their planned research design and hypotheses. Dr. Galang has also communicated how he'll plan to collect data and anticipated analyses that will be used to test the study hypotheses. This is known as: a. a meta-analysis. b. preregistration. c. peer review. d. repetition. ANSWER: b 50. Preregistration encourages researchers to: a. report their findings, even when those findings fail to replicate earlier findings. b. report only those findings that confirm earlier findings. c. report only those findings that have been subject to peer review. d. change their hypotheses to fit the data before reporting their findings. ANSWER: a 51. The use of preregistration safeguards against all of these EXCEPT: a. later changing the hypotheses to fit the data. b. publishing only those results that support a researcher's predictions. c. publishing only those results that have been subject to peer review. d. publishing only those results that replicate earlier findings. ANSWER: c 52. When investigators gather data and then seek to identify patterns in the data that can be used to guide theories in the field, they are engaging in: a. exploratory research. b. confirmatory research. c. correlational research. d. replication research. ANSWER: a 53. When researchers engage in _____ research, they may preregister their hypotheses and preplanned analyses. a. exploratory b. confirmatory c. correlational Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice d. replication ANSWER: b 54. Dr. Ngozi is gathering data on the relationship between sleep and happiness level. Her goal is to develop a theory about whether sleep affects happiness. Dr. Ngozi is engaging in: a. exploratory research. b. confirmatory research. c. correlational research. d. replication research. ANSWER: a 55. Psychological theories can be tested with preregistered hypotheses and preplanned analyses, called: a. exploratory research. b. confirmatory research. c. correlational research. d. replication research. ANSWER: b 56. Dr. Broome's research goal is to evaluate the drive-reduction theory of motivation in relation to eating behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Broome is conducting: a. exploratory research. b. confirmatory research. c. correlational research. d. replication research. ANSWER: b 57. By combining the results of many studies, researchers who conduct _____ avoid the problem of small samples and arrive at a bottom-line result. a. longitudinal studies b. meta-analyses c. experimental designs d. case studies ANSWER: b 58. Meta-analysis is a(n): a. descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. b. carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. c. explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. d. statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 59. A procedure for statistically summarizing a body of scientific evidence is: a. replication. b. the case study. c. meta-analysis. d. an experiment. ANSWER: c 60. Dr. Lahiri would like to know what previous studies have determined to be the overall effect of viewing unnaturally thin models on women's body satisfaction. Which procedure is he likely to use? a. replication b. the case study c. meta-analysis d. experiment ANSWER: c 61. Which of these is NOT a descriptive method? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. survey d. experiment ANSWER: d 62. The case study is a research method in which: a. a single individual or group is studied in great depth. b. a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors. c. organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment. d. an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior. ANSWER: a 63. To better understand how people recover from traumatic brain injuries, Dr. Seidman carefully observes and questions Ally, who experienced a brain injury from a fall last year. Which research method is Dr. Seidman implementing? a. random sampling b. the survey c. the case study d. experimentation ANSWER: c 64. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it: a. is based on naturalistic observation. b. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. overestimates the importance of operational definitions. d. leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events. ANSWER: b 65. Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of: a. the double-blind procedure. b. replication. c. random assignment. d. generalization. ANSWER: d 66. Kriti, a graduate student, is observing children as they interact in a kindergarten classroom. Kriti is studying their behavior without interrupting them or trying to influence them. This is referred to as: a. a case study. b. naturalistic observation. c. correlational research. d. an experiment. ANSWER: b 67. Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children. Which research method did he use? a. the survey b. the double-blind procedure c. the case study d. random assignment ANSWER: c 68. Naturalistic observation is a: a. procedure for statistically synthesizing a body of scientific evidence. b. descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in situations that occur without manipulation or control. c. descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group. d. research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. ANSWER: b 69. One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million tweets from 84 countries. The researchers' method BEST illustrates the use of: a. experimentation. b. naturalistic observation. c. case studies. d. a survey. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 70. Anonymously tapping into 15 million cell phones' GPS allowed scientists to track how often people in different geological regions obeyed stay-at-home orders during the Covid pandemic. The researchers were employing a scientific method known as: a. naturalistic observation. b. the double-blind procedure. c. experimentation. d. the case study. ANSWER: a 71. To observe parent–child interactions in different cultures, researchers are MOST likely to make use of: a. survey research. b. random assignment. c. experimental methods. d. naturalistic observation. ANSWER: d 72. Naturalistic observation is MOST useful for: a. describing behaviors. b. predicting attitudes. c. explaining complex emotions. d. detecting cause-effect relationships. ANSWER: a 73. Researchers make no effort to change or control factors when they engage in: a. naturalistic observation. b. the double-blind procedure. c. replication. d. experimentation. ANSWER: a 74. A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as: a. naturalistic observation. b. debriefing. c. a case study. d. a survey. ANSWER: d 75. The finding that twice as many millennials report having no sexual partners since the age of 18, compared with those born in the 1960s and 1970s, was derived from the use of which research method? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. survey b. experiment c. case study d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: a 76. Which research method would a psychologist MOST likely use for studying the relationship between Americans' political beliefs and their attitudes toward social services? a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. the case study d. experimentation ANSWER: a 77. Which of these methods would be MOST effective for investigating the relationship between religious beliefs and economic status in the United States? a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. experimentation d. the case study ANSWER: a 78. In their study of people's attitudes toward guns in several U.S. states, Dr. Chan and Dr. Jeffries have found that people are more approving of "gun safety laws" than "gun control laws." This finding demonstrates: a. the survey. b. naturalistic observation. c. wording effects. d. random sampling. ANSWER: c 79. People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by _____ cases. a. randomly selected b. vivid c. representative d. operationally defined ANSWER: b 80. Sixteen-year-old Marc would like to learn to drive, but his parents won't let him. When Marc asks why, his parents remind him about two family members who were involved in collisions with younger drivers. "Teenagers are always getting into accidents," their parents tell Marc. Marc's parents' reasoning BEST illustrates: a. random sampling. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice b. random assignment. c. the placebo effect. d. generalization from vivid cases. ANSWER: d 81. When people generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases, they are falling prey to: a. operational definitions. b. hypothesizing. c. hindsight bias. d. sampling bias. ANSWER: d 82. Gottlieb, a new teacher, concludes that boys are not as skilled as girls at geometry because most of the students receiving low grades in his geometry class are boys. Gottlieb's conclusion BEST illustrates the danger of: a. random assignment. b. generalizing from vivid cases. c. confusing correlation with causation. d. random sampling. ANSWER: b 83. Ahmed, who owns a design firm, is reviewing applicants for an open position. His top candidate is interviewed by five other people at the company, all of whom submit their feedback to Ahmed. Four people feel the candidate would be an excellent fit, while one person raises concerns about the candidate's qualifications. When Ahmed goes home that evening to decide who to hire, he finds himself thinking far more about the one person's objections than the four people's praises. Ahmed's thinking illustrates: a. an operational definition. b. hypothesizing. c. hindsight bias. d. sampling bias. ANSWER: d 84. A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger: a. control group. b. correlation coefficient. c. dependent variable. d. population. ANSWER: d 85. All those in a group being studied make up the: a. population. b. sample. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. case study. d. survey. ANSWER: a 86. To learn about the gaming habits of children attending Parkchester High School, Dr. Kamran randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n): a. population. b. representative sample. c. independent variable. d. control condition. ANSWER: a 87. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as: a. the case study. b. the double-blind procedure. c. random sampling. d. naturalistic observation. ANSWER: c 88. Researchers obtain random samples because these samples are likely to be: a. easy to observe. b. homogeneous. c. representative. d. easy to debrief. ANSWER: c 89. Which of these is MOST useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? a. the case study b. naturalistic observation c. random sampling d. operational definitions ANSWER: c 90. To assess opinions about a planned student walkout at her school, Aaliyah sent a questionnaire to every tenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Aaliyah is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using: a. random assignment. b. naturalistic observation. c. replication. d. random sampling. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: d 91. Suppose Yuki wants to find out which candidate women will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample being surveyed is representative of the nation's population of women, Yuki should survey: a. a small sample of women representing a variety of regions. b. only women who have indicated that they plan to vote in the election. c. every woman in the country who is registered to vote. d. a large representative sample of the population of women. ANSWER: d 92. Dr. Zouzias would like to study young adults' attitudes toward therapy. To generalize findings to all young adults, Dr. Zouzias needs a representative sample. To obtain such a sample, Dr. Zouzias should: a. offer a reward to young adults who complete the questionnaire. b. use naturalistic observation in the study. c. seek a random sample of participants. d. exhibit sampling bias when selecting participants. ANSWER: c 93. How might researchers explain why national election polls sometimes incorrectly predict the election's outcome? a. lack of random sampling b. biased interpretation of results c. large sample size d. incorrect population ANSWER: a 94. Which two research designs often show that one trait or behavior tends to coincide with another? a. case study and experiment b. survey and correlation c. naturalistic observation and survey d. experiment and correlation ANSWER: c 95. Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors (variables): a. vary together. b. are random samples. c. influence each other. d. are dependent variables. ANSWER: a 96. Correlational research is MOST useful for purposes of: a. explanation. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice b. prediction. c. control. d. replication. ANSWER: b 97. Asking how closely related are the personality test scores of identical twins is asking how strongly two _____ are related. a. means b. standard deviations c. modes d. variables ANSWER: d 98. Professor Alonzo is conducting a research study to determine the relationship between test performance and amount of time spent studying among college students. A variable in this study is: a. Professor Alonzo. b. college students. c. the participants. d. amount of time studying. ANSWER: d 99. During the Covid pandemic, higher rates of mask-wearing predicted fewer reported Covid symptoms. We could also say that: a. mask-wearing correlated negatively with reported Covid symptoms. b. mask-wearing correlated positively with reported Covid symptoms. c. there is a direct relationship between mask-wearing and reported Covid symptoms. d. there is likely some third variable involved. ANSWER: a 100. To study how level of education may predict political attitudes, Professor Reiser and colleagues are MOST likely to use: a. the case study approach. b. naturalistic observation. c. correlational measures. d. experimental research. ANSWER: c 101. In a large study, Dr. Bonet found that adults who had read often as children were more likely to have successful careers. Which conclusion can Dr. Bonet draw? a. Reading often as a child causes later career success. b. Reading skill level is correlated with professional skill level. c. Reading often as a child is correlated with later career success. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice d. The traits that predict adult career success also predict childhood literacy. ANSWER: c 102. Professor Madrigal has found that students who take notes by hand tend to earn higher grades in their class than students who use their laptops. Which conclusion can Professor Madrigal reach? a. Students who take notes by hand are more motivated to learn. b. Laptops are a source of distraction in the classroom. c. Taking notes by hand is correlated with higher grades. d. Computer literacy is inversely related to academic success. ANSWER: c 103. If the correlation between children's height and their athletic ability is –.9, this would indicate that: a. there is very little statistical relationship between children's height and their athletic ability. b. greater height is associated with lower athletic ability among children. c. greater height is associated with greater athletic ability among children. d. children's height has no causal influence on their athletic ability. ANSWER: b 104. A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –.75 would indicate that: a. lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income. b. higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness. c. it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels. d. impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income. ANSWER: b 105. Which of these statistical measures is MOST helpful for indicating the extent to which people's happiness predicts the number of friends they have? a. standard deviation b. median c. mean d. correlation coefficient ANSWER: d 106. A positive correlation between conscientiousness and high grades would indicate that: a. a high level of conscientiousness contributes to high grades. b. high grades contribute to an increase in conscientiousness. c. those who are more conscientious get higher grades than those who are less conscientious. d. All of these are correct. ANSWER: c 107. A researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. body height and body weight. b. self-esteem and depression. c. education and personal wealth. d. intelligence test scores and academic success. ANSWER: b 108. Given the finding that people living below the poverty line experience more psychological disorders than people living above the poverty line, researchers can say that: a. poverty has a negative influence on mental health. b. the factors that lead to poverty also cause psychological disorders. c. people's economic status and their rates of psychological disorders are negatively correlated. d. people's economic status and their rates of psychological disorders are positively correlated. ANSWER: c 109. Professor Unger is conducting a study examining the relationship between level of physical activity and academic performance among children. Professor Unger is MOST likely to use _____ to determine if a relationship exists. a. meta-analysis b. preregistration c. a correlation coefficient d. experimental research ANSWER: c 110. A variable is defined as: a. the gap between the highest and lowest scores. b. anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure. c. a coefficient. d. a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean. ANSWER: b 111. Professor Sarlin is measuring the relationship between people's intelligence test scores and later career achievement; that is, Professor Sarlin is measuring whether these two _____ are related. a. samples b. populations c. variables d. correlations ANSWER: c 112. A direct relationship in which two factors increase together or decrease together represents a(n): a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. positive correlation. d. negative correlation. ANSWER: c 113. The weakest degree of relationship between two variables is expressed in which of these correlation coefficients? a. –.15 b. –.99 c. +.20 d. –.65 ANSWER: a 114. Professor Schmidt is a developmental psychologist who examines external influences on the parent–child relationship. She has found that as parental work pressure decreases, the level of parental stress decreases, which then increases the level of parent–child interaction. The relationship between parental work pressure and parental stress is a: a. positive correlation. b. negative correlation. c. confounding variable. d. neutral relationship. ANSWER: a 115. Alba has read that the more people exercise, the greater their reported life satisfaction. This is an example of a(n): a. positive correlation. b. negative correlation. c. neutral relationship. d. inverse relationship. ANSWER: a 116. Which of these correlations between self-esteem level and degree of social media use would enable a researcher to MOST accurately predict degree of social media use from knowledge of self-esteem level? a. +.6 b. +.01 c. –.1 d. –.06 ANSWER: a 117. A correlation of +1.00 between extraversion and frequency of socializing would indicate that: a. extraversion has no causal influence on socializing. b. more frequent socializing is associated with lower levels of extraversion. c. it is impossible to predict levels of extraversion based on socializing. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice d. less frequent socializing is associated with lower levels of extraversion. ANSWER: d 118. An inverse relationship in which one factor increases as another factor decreases represents a(n): a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. positive correlation. d. negative correlation. ANSWER: d 119. Istar is reading peer-reviewed research studies indicating that as the amount of corporal punishment increases, the physical health of the child decreases. This demonstrates a(n): a. positive correlation. b. neutral relationship. c. absence of cause and effect. d. negative correlation. ANSWER: d 120. Suppose that people who see a lot of violent movies are also more likely to be aggressive. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violent movies increases aggressive behavior, because: a. we most readily notice associations that confirm our beliefs. b. correlation does not prove causation. c. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. d. the sample may have been randomly selected. ANSWER: b 121. Dr. Mitra, who studies the effects of sexual media content, has repeatedly found that young adults who view more sexually explicit media are also more likely to report risky sexual behaviors. What conclusion can Dr. Mitra draw from this finding? a. Exposure to sexually explicit media causes risky sexual behaviors among young adults. b. Young adults who engage in risky sexual behaviors are drawn to sexually explicit media. c. Young adults' exposure to sexually explicit media is correlated with risky sexual behaviors. d. Young adults are more susceptible to the effects of sexually explicit media than are older adults. ANSWER: c 122. Based on a recent survey indicating that people who smoke regularly report having less energy, a news article includes the headline "Smoking Makes You Sleepy!" What is wrong with this conclusion? a. It was derived from a survey study. b. Correlation does not prove causation. c. The experiment that reached this conclusion cannot be replicated. d. The findings are not generalizable. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 123. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate: a. facts from theories. b. causes from effects. c. case studies from surveys. d. random samples from representative samples. ANSWER: b 124. The research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process is called a(n): a. scientific method. b. operational definition. c. case study. d. experiment. ANSWER: d 125. An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more variables by manipulating the variables of interest and also by: a. obtaining participants' informed consent prior to beginning the experiment. b. summarizing participants' responses with a correlation coefficient. c. holding other variables constant across experimental and control groups. d. fully debriefing participants after completing the experiment. ANSWER: c 126. Which research method provides the BEST way of assessing whether aerobic activity improves mood? a. the case study b. the survey c. naturalistic observation d. the experiment ANSWER: d 127. Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim that: a. children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive. b. people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers. c. people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol. d. people who drink higher-than-average amounts of coffee are also likely to drink higher-than-average amounts of tea. ANSWER: c 128. Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve: a. operationally defining research procedures. b. manipulating the variables of interest. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice c. studying observable behaviors. d. replication of previous research. ANSWER: b 129. Using random assignment, researchers had one group of students continue to use social media during the week and another group of students abstain from using social media during the week. The researchers found an increase in subjective well-being among the students who had abstained from social media use. These researchers conducted a(n): a. survey. b. naturalistic observation. c. experiment. d. correlational design. ANSWER: c 130. Participants who are exposed to the treatment being tested are said to be assigned to the: a. random sample. b. experimental group. c. standardized treatment. d. control group. ANSWER: b 131. Dr. Qasim is studying the relationship between background music and people's ability to learn. Dr. Qasim randomly assigns participants to one of two groups. The first group attempts to learn a new concept in a room where music is playing; the second group attempts to learn the concept in a room without music. Which is the experimental group? a. the participants who were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions b. the participants assigned to the room with music c. the participants assigned to the room without music d. the participants who successfully learned the concept while music was playing ANSWER: b 132. Dr. Ramos would like to study the relationship between room temperature and college students' test performance. Dr. Ramos randomly assigns students to two groups: The first takes an exam in an unusually cold room, and the second takes the same exam at standard room temperature. The experimental group is the group of students who is: a. randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. b. taking the exam at an unusually cold temperature. c. taking the exam at standard room temperature. d. performing best in the unusually cold room. ANSWER: b 133. Which of these statements is true for those assigned to a control group? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. b. The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments. c. The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment. d. The experimental treatment is absent. ANSWER: d 134. Professor Barko is studying the effects of social interaction on problem solving. In Professor Barko's study, some research participants are instructed to work on problem sets together; other participants are told to work on the problem sets alone. Those who work alone are assigned to the: a. experimental group. b. survey group. c. control group. d. correlational group. ANSWER: c 135. Dr. Morales and Mayor Griffin are testing a new public health initiative in their town. They would like to find out whether sending residents a package containing face masks, hand sanitizer, and an illustrated card showing how to cough and sneeze safely will help them to avoid colds, flus, and Covid. To assess the effectiveness of the initiative, Dr. Morales proposes randomly assigning half of the town's residents to receive the package. Mayor Griffin wants to send the package to all of the town's residents. Mayor Griffin is underestimating the importance of: a. testing a large sample. b. operationally defining the procedures. c. replicating observations of other researchers. d. creating a control group. ANSWER: d 136. Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned: a. to that group by chance. b. to the group in which participants are representative of people in general. c. in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. d. to the group in which participants all have similar personalities. ANSWER: a 137. To minimize preexisting differences between a control group and an experimental group, experimenters should use: a. random assignment. b. naturalistic observation. c. case studies. d. correlation coefficients. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 138. To assess the impact of challenging tasks on children's perseverance, researchers plan to give one group an easy task and another group a more difficult task. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are naturally better at completing tasks than those in the other group, the researchers should use: a. random assignment. b. a double-blind procedure. c. naturalistic observation. d. operational definitions. ANSWER: a 139. To study the effects of isolation on worker productivity, Professor Ballas and her assistants have participants in one group work alone, and participants in the other group work in a room with several other people. To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from different working conditions, Professor Ballas should use: a. the case study. b. random sampling. c. naturalistic observation. d. random assignment. ANSWER: d 140. Random assignment minimizes _____ between experimental and control groups, while random sampling minimizes _____ between a sample and a population. a. similarities; differences b. differences; similarities c. similarities; similarities d. differences; differences ANSWER: d 141. A research design used to evaluate an intervention without the use of random assignment is known as a(n): a. experiment. b. quasi-experiment. c. correlational study. d. longitudinal study. ANSWER: b 142. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about: a. what experimental hypothesis is being tested. b. whether the experimental findings will be meaningful. c. how the dependent variable is measured. d. which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving. ANSWER: d 143. A(n) _____ is said to be double-blind when the participants and the research staff are unaware of who has Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice received an actual treatment and who has not. a. correlation b. case study c. survey d. experiment ANSWER: d 144. Neither the researchers nor the participants in a study of an antidepressant pill know which participants have received the antidepressant and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: a. naturalistic observation. b. random sampling. c. the double-blind procedure. d. replication. ANSWER: c 145. Alma is a participant in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin for headaches. Neither Alma nor the experimenters know whether the tablets she takes during the experiment are aspirin pills or placebos. The researchers are making use of: a. naturalistic observation. b. a confounding variable. c. the double-blind procedure. d. random sampling. ANSWER: c 146. An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a: a. placebo. b. coefficient. c. case study. d. replication. ANSWER: a 147. In an experiment on the effects of a particular drug, the researcher administers the drug to one group and an inert substance to the other group. The inert substance is a: a. variable. b. coefficient. c. placebo. d. sample. ANSWER: c 148. The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by: a. replication. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice b. debriefing. c. the placebo effect. d. hindsight bias. ANSWER: c 149. Kylee is participating in a trial of a new drug to treat joint pain. Kylee does not know that she has been assigned to the control group and is therefore receiving sugar pills rather than the new drug. Still, Kylee finds that her pain is improving as she continues to take the pills. This is known as: a. random assignment. b. hindsight bias. c. debriefing. d. the placebo effect. ANSWER: d 150. To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of: a. random sampling. b. the double-blind procedure. c. random assignment. d. operational definitions. ANSWER: b 151. The placebo effect BEST illustrates the impact of _____ on feelings and behaviors. a. the double-blind procedure b. random sampling c. expectations d. hindsight bias ANSWER: c 152. In a psychological experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the investigator is called the: a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. control variable. d. experimental variable. ANSWER: b 153. Dr. Ansari is conducting an experimental study of the impact of bullying on self-esteem. In this study, being bullied would be the: a. replicated variable. b. dependent variable. c. confounding variable. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice d. independent variable. ANSWER: d 154. A variable other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a: a. wording effect. b. correlation coefficient. c. placebo effect. d. confounding variable. ANSWER: d 155. Distinguishing between an experimental group and a control group is most relevant to specifying the nature of: a. random sampling. b. confounding variables. c. a correlation coefficient. d. independent variables. ANSWER: d 156. If participants in the experimental group of a study of athletic ability are much older than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a: a. dependent variable. b. correlation coefficient. c. confounding variable. d. replication. ANSWER: c 157. To help control for possible confounding variables, researchers use: a. experimental designs. b. the scientific method. c. random assignment. d. participation effects. ANSWER: c 158. In a psychological experiment, the variable that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the: a. dependent variable. b. experimental variable. c. control variable. d. independent variable. ANSWER: a 159. To assess the influence of mood on sociability, researchers gave either good news or bad news to research Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice participants just before placing them in a social interaction with a person they had never met. In this research, the dependent variable was: a. social interaction. b. good or bad news. c. sociability. d. mood. ANSWER: c 160. In a psychological experiment, specifying the procedures that manipulate the independent variable or measure the dependent variable means that the experimenter has: a. identified the placebo. b. created a double-blind experiment. c. provided operational definitions. d. eliminated confounding variables. ANSWER: c 161. For an experiment that will examine the effect of caffeine consumption on energy level, the experimenters specify the procedures used to measure energy level. This illustrates: a. the independent variable. b. an operational definition. c. the double-blind procedure. d. random assignment. ANSWER: b 162. Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to _____ as detecting cause-effect relationships between different variables is to _____. a. naturalistic observation; case studies b. descriptive methods; correlational methods c. a control group; an experimental group d. correlational research; experimental research ANSWER: d 163. In an experiment, independent variables are given operational definitions, which specify the procedures that _____ the independent variable. Dependent variables are given operational definitions, which specify the procedures that _____ the dependent variable. a. control; describe b. measure; manipulate c. describe; control d. manipulate; measure ANSWER: d 164. Which of these is NOT a weakness of the experimental method? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. lack of feasibility b. lack of control of variables c. reduced generalizability d. ethical limitations on manipulation of variables ANSWER: b 165. Psychological experiments in which participants are required to view blinking faint lights in a dark room can be applied to more complex behaviors such as night flying. This suggests that laboratory research is intended to: a. test theoretical principles, using a simplified reality. b. determine relationships rather than cause-effect. c. uncover unconscious preferences. d. safeguard human welfare. ANSWER: a 166. Observing and recording behavior is the main purpose behind: a. descriptive research. b. correlational research. c. experimental research. d. longitudinal research. ANSWER: a 167. Assessing how well one variable predicts another is the basic purpose of conducting: a. descriptive research. b. correlational research. c. experimental research. d. longitudinal research. ANSWER: b 168. Determining a cause-effect relationship is the main purpose of conducting: a. descriptive research. b. correlational research. c. an experiment. d. longitudinal research. ANSWER: c 169. The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is MOST helpful in enabling psychologists to: a. predict human behavior in almost all situations. b. perceive order in completely random events. c. develop general principles that help explain behavior. d. observe random samples of human conduct. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 170. In studies of aggression, experimenters may examine participants' willingness to deliver an unpleasant noise blast to another person under a variety of circumstances. The aim of such experiments is to _____ in the laboratory. a. test theoretical principles b. uncover gender differences c. re-create everyday behaviors d. consider unconscious biases ANSWER: a 171. Depression and suicide are more common in North America today than they were a century ago. But in both periods, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness correspond to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This BEST illustrates that _____ play a role in depression and suicide in varied settings. a. genetic differences b. unconscious motives c. early childhood memories d. common underlying principles ANSWER: d 172. Professor Matoaka is studying the impact of alcohol consumption on driving ability. Professor Matoaka divides participants into two groups: one that consumes alcohol, and another that does not. Participants then complete several tasks to measure their reaction time and motor coordination. Professor Matoaka finds that those who consumed alcohol have a slower reaction time and poorer coordination than those who did not consume alcohol. Professor Matoaka concludes that alcohol consumption would impair driving ability. Why is Professor Matoaka able to reach this conclusion? a. Professor Matoaka obtained participants' informed consent before beginning the experiment. b. Professor Matoaka did not use deception in his study, making his results more accurate. c. Professor Matoaka's experiment tested theoretical principles that can help explain everyday behaviors. d. Professor Matoaka cannot draw this conclusion, because participants did not drive in the study. ANSWER: c 173. Psychologists study animals because: a. animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior. b. experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical. c. the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines. d. similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior. ANSWER: d 174. One central issue in debates about the use of animals in research concerns the: a. usefulness of studying biological processes in animals. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice b. ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals. c. obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality. d. need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research. ANSWER: b 175. A major issue that has emerged from debates over the use of animals in psychological research centers on: a. whether operational definitions help to distinguish between animal and human functioning. b. when use of the double-blind procedure is most appropriate in animal studies. c. whether experimental methods can reduce the need for descriptive methods in research involving animals. d. what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research. ANSWER: d 176. Research on animal subjects has demonstrated that: a. animals can benefit from research. b. animals are always harmed during research. c. it is not possible for animals to benefit from research. d. research using animal subjects is unethical. ANSWER: a 177. Which of these is NOT a consideration when it comes to the use of animals in scientific research? a. whether it is ethical to place the well-being of humans above that of other animals b. what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research c. how animals and humans can benefit from animal research d. whether it is necessary to obtain informed consent in animal research ANSWER: d 178. Many experiments won't work if participants know everything beforehand, so psychologists sometimes: a. obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly. b. treat information about individual participants confidentially. c. temporarily deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment. d. allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment. ANSWER: c 179. Which of these guidelines is NOT included in the ethics code of the APA and Britain's BPS for using human participants in research? a. Researchers must obtain potential participants' informed consent to participate. b. Researchers must keep personal information of participants confidential. c. Researchers must fully debrief participants following participation in a research study. d. Researchers must report the results of individual participants. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 180. Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking: a. a representative sample. b. informed consent. c. an operational definition. d. a placebo effect. ANSWER: b 181. The ethics codes of the APA and Britain's BPS urge researchers to: a. avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. b. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. c. avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. d. explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. ANSWER: d 182. After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called: a. debriefing. b. replication. c. informed consent. d. the double-blind procedure. ANSWER: a 183. Once Professor Caste completes running data collection for her research study, she will explain to the participants the true purpose of the study and any deceptions that were used. Her explanations are referred to as: a. debriefing. b. informed consent. c. the double-blind procedure. d. random assignment. ANSWER: a 184. Dr. Nguyen wants to conduct a research study that will examine anxiety levels in first-year law school students. Before they can begin data collection, they must submit their research proposal to: a. their institution's review board. b. the APA. c. the BPS. d. their department chair for review. ANSWER: a 185. Some of psychology's classic experiments used methods that were stressful and deceptive. Which of these is NOT an example of a practice that safeguards against such methods today? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice a. Researchers must explain temporary deceptions to participants afterward. b. Researchers must obtain participants' informed consent. c. Researchers must ensure that their values do not impact their scientific judgment. d. Researchers must protect participants against greater-than-usual harm and discomfort. ANSWER: c 186. Studies conducted in 1998 in which the researcher concluded that children who received the MMR vaccination developed autism were: a. withheld from the public intentionally. b. accurate. c. never published by academic journals. d. discovered to be fraudulent. ANSWER: d 187. Psychologists' personal values and goals: a. are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation. b. lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants. c. can bias their observations and interpretations. d. have very little influence on the process of scientific observation. ANSWER: c 188. Dr. Ibrahim and Dr. Garba are observing a kindergarten class to study children's adherence to rules and social norms. When one child refuses to play the same game as his classmates, Dr. Ibrahim notes that the child is "resolute and independent"; Dr. Garba notes that the child is "inflexible and stubborn." What issue does this reflect in psychology? a. Psychological science has the power to persuade. b. Researchers' values can influence their interpretations. c. Fraudulent studies can cause great harm. d. It is critical to obtain study participants' informed consent. ANSWER: b 189. Industrial-organizational psychologists Greta and Obinze, who work as consultants for a large corporation, are examining the impact of a new "Sales Stars" program that rewards the most successful salespeople with cash prizes. The numbers indicate that this program has increased worker productivity, but employee interviews reveal that it has damaged worker morale. When debating whether or not to recommend that the corporation continue with Sales Stars, Greta and Obinze should remember that: a. it is more ethical to prioritize worker morale above worker productivity. b. their attitudes and values may influence their interpretations of the results. c. they must debrief the employees whose sales data informed the study. d. they should avoid using labels when they discuss individual workers in their report. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice 190. Researchers have demonstrated that the way a question is phrased can affect how people respond. This reveals that: a. we tend to generalize from samples that we observe. b. correlation does not prove causation. c. the words used can reflect values. d. an experiment manipulates a factor to determine its effect. ANSWER: c 191. Research indicates that successful people: a. sleep 5 hours a night. b. focus on short-term goals. c. have a growth mindset. d. tend to focus on themselves. ANSWER: c 192. Psychological research indicates that well-rested people tend to: a. live with greater energy, happiness, and productivity. b. live spontaneously without focusing on long-term goals. c. prioritize establishing new relationships. d. be more physically attractive than average. ANSWER: a 193. Psychological research indicates that happy, healthy people tend to: a. perceive their intellectual abilities as fixed by their genes. b. live spontaneously without focusing on long-term goals. c. prioritize relationships with supportive friends. d. be more physically attractive than average. ANSWER: c 194. Selasi's friend Ilma reveals that she hasn't been feeling particularly happy or effective in her life. Which of these is NOT something Selasi could do to help Ilma? a. Suggesting Ilma set some long-term goals for herself. b. Inviting Ilma outside for a brisk walk. c. Reminding Ilma that the mental abilities she was born with aren't likely to change. d. Encouraging Ilma to prioritize her relationships. ANSWER: c 195. The testing effect refers to the _____ that accompany(ies) repeated retrieval of learned information. a. introspection b. neural connections c. enhanced memory Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice d. increasing boredom ANSWER: c 196. SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, _____, retrieve, and review. a. revise b. reason c. read d. research ANSWER: c 197. In one study, English-speaking students who had been tested repeatedly recalled the meaning of 20 previously learned Lithuanian words better than those who had spent the same time restudying the words. The results of this study demonstrate: a. social learning. b. the benefits of behaviorism. c. the testing effect. d. the SQ3R method. ANSWER: c 198. One way to improve our understanding and retention of course material is to actively retrieve the information by: a. restudying the material. b. using our laptop to take notes. c. self-testing and rehearsal. d. studying on the day before an exam. ANSWER: c 199. Miguel just opened his psychology textbook to read the module that is being covered this week. Miguel turns to the learning objective questions listed at the beginning of the module and tries to answer each one. Miguel is currently using which part of the SQ3R method? a. read b. retrieve c. survey d. question ANSWER: d 200. Sofia, who is taking her first psychology class, forgot much of what she'd studied and received a disappointing grade on her first exam. What can she do to help improve her retention of the material? a. engage in spaced practice b. engage in massed practice c. type out her instructor's exact words in her lecture notes d. avoid overlearning Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 201. Students learn and remember course materials best when they: a. use a biopsychosocial approach. b. engage in massed practice. c. process information actively. d. adhere to their cultural norms. ANSWER: c 202. Anneliese is attending a class lecture. She listens for the main ideas and sub-ideas of the lecture and writes them down. Anneliese also asks questions both during and after class. Anneliese is: a. thinking critically. b. using massed practice. c. processing information actively. d. overlearning. ANSWER: c 203. Answering textbook questions, taking self-tests, and using note cards to quiz yourself on course material aids: a. critical thinking. b. massed practice. c. active processing of information. d. overlearning. ANSWER: d 204. When Marlena is prescribed reading glasses, her friend encourages her to eat more carrots to improve her vision. Marlena decides to look up the information using a trustworthy source to determine if this statement is true. Marlena is engaged in: a. critical thinking. b. the empirical approach. c. structuralism. d. cognitive psychology. ANSWER: a
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 1. Phrenology, which is based on the idea that bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits, was a theory proposed by: a. Franz Gall. b. Marian Diamond. c. Aristotle. d. Erik Weihenmayer. ANSWER: a 2. Although phrenology was a wrongheaded theory, it did highlight the presumed functions of: a. specific brain regions. b. synaptic gaps. c. endorphins. d. the myelin sheath. ANSWER: a 3. Franz Gall's theory of phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's mental abilities and character traits. However, it did succeed in focusing attention on: a. synaptic gaps. b. action potentials. c. localization of function. d. endorphins. ANSWER: c 4. Dr. Filipi is a biological psychologist. She would be MOST likely to study: a. the connection between traumatic childhood events and later lifestyle choices. b. the ways in which our long-term memories are supported by brain networks. c. patterns of behavior among people with a negative self-concept. d. the potential for dreams to express our subconscious fears. ANSWER: b 5. Using advanced technology, contemporary biological psychologists have learned all of these EXCEPT that: a. our experiences wire our adaptive brain. b. humans integrate information processed in different brain systems. c. specific brain systems serve specific functions. d. nerve cells are unable to communicate with one another. ANSWER: d 6. A researcher applying the biopsychosocial approach would be MOST likely to study: a. how hormones, experiences, and cultural expectations influence the development of anxiety disorders. b. the ways in which cultural practices affect people's willingness to express affection openly. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. the effect of chronic pain on people's personality traits. d. whether those with terminal illnesses are more likely to develop psychological disorders. ANSWER: a 7. We are formed by ancient evolution, by our enduring cultures, by our daily experiences, by our fluctuating hormones, and by our immediate neural activity. This indicates that we are: a. biological systems. b. biopsychosocial systems. c. neurological systems. d. sociological systems. ANSWER: b 8. The brain's ability to develop new pathways as it adjusts to new experiences is known as: a. phrenology. b. dendrites. c. an action potential. d. neuroplasticity. ANSWER: d 9. The neural change that is strongest in childhood but also continues throughout life is called: a. neuroplasticity. b. phrenology. c. neural impulses. d. hippocampal repair. ANSWER: a 10. Chava has taken many years of intensive modern dance classes. Which of these statements BEST demonstrates her brain's neuroplasticity? a. When Chava dances, her brain activation patterns are reflective of her particular skills. b. If Chava stops dancing for a period of time, she has trouble recalling her most recently learned routines. c. Over the years, changes in Chava's motor cortex have enabled her to dance with greater skill and dexterity. d. A researcher could likely pinpoint the particular neural region that enables Chava's dancing ability. ANSWER: c 11. Cultural neuroscientists have found that experiencing different cultural traditions, beliefs, and rituals can: a. result in believing in one's original cultural traditions and beliefs more strongly. b. create distinct behaviors and brain activation patterns. c. cause a person to revise their cultural beliefs and traditions. d. have no effect on a person's cultural traditions and beliefs. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 12. Elisabetta, a cultural neuroscientist, is conducting an international study. She is MOST likely to focus on: a. how hormones, community support, and life experiences affect happiness. b. differences in beliefs and rituals in various regions of the world. c. how traditions of emotional expression affect brain activation patterns. d. whether neuroplasticity is observable across different animal species. ANSWER: c 13. Sabina, a 60-year-old concert pianist, has been playing the piano almost daily since she was 8 years old. If researchers were to study Sabina's brain, they would likely find that her: a. hippocampus is larger than average. b. auditory cortex is larger than average. c. adrenal glands are smaller than average. d. pituitary gland is roughly double the average size. ANSWER: b 14. Which of these describes neurons? a. positively charged sodium and potassium ions b. chemical molecules that cross the synaptic gap c. nerve cells that function as the basic building blocks of the nervous system d. bundled axon cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs ANSWER: c 15. A neuron's cell body, which contains the nucleus, can be described as: a. a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. b. the cell's life-support center. c. a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action. d. the part of a cell that provides nutrients and insulating myelin. ANSWER: b 16. The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus is called the: a. cell body. b. dendrite. c. axon. d. myelin sheath. ANSWER: a 17. Which of these statements describes how the dendrites of a neuron function? a. They receive and integrate incoming signals from other neurons. b. They release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. They coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. d. They control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain. ANSWER: a 18. Which of these describes an axon? a. a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system b. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons c. a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body ANSWER: d 19. The branching extensions of nerve cells that receive and integrate messages from axons, conducting impulses toward the cell body, are called the: a. axons. b. synapses. c. dendrites. d. neurotransmitters. ANSWER: c 20. The segmented neuron extension that passes neural messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands is called the: a. dendrite. b. synapse. c. axon. d. cell body. ANSWER: c 21. As information is transmitted from a motor neuron to a muscle or gland, an electrical signal travels from the _____ of a single neuron. a. dendrites to the axon to the cell body b. axon to the cell body to the dendrites c. dendrites to the cell body to the axon d. axon to the dendrites to the cell body ANSWER: c 22. Myelin, which is laid down up to about age 25, enables better neural efficiency, judgment, and: a. emotional understanding. b. motivated behavior. c. self-control. d. memory. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 23. The myelin sheath, which is a fatty tissue that encases the _____, helps to increase the _____ of neural impulses. a. cell body; frequency b. nerves; intensity c. dendrites; threshold d. axon; speed ANSWER: d 24. Nubia, who was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, has experienced increasing difficulties with muscle control and cognition. Her symptoms are MOST likely related to the degeneration of: a. endorphins. b. synaptic gaps. c. the pituitary gland. d. the myelin sheath. ANSWER: d 25. The cells that surround neurons and provide nutrients, guide neural connections, and clean up after neurons send messages to one another are called: a. endorphins. b. glial cells. c. interneurons. d. nerve cells. ANSWER: b 26. Glial cells provide _____, the layer of fatty tissue that insulates some neurons. a. synapses b. myelin c. dendrites d. axons ANSWER: b 27. A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the: a. synapse. b. agonist. c. action potential. d. refractory period. ANSWER: c 28. Neurons send messages by firing an action potential, which refers to a(n): a. neural impulse. b. synaptic gap. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. neurotransmitter. d. interneuron. ANSWER: a 29. Neurons generate electricity from a chemical process involving the exchange of: a. ions. b. enzymes. c. cortisol. d. oxytocin. ANSWER: a 30. Before an action potential, positively charged sodium ions are found in the fluid: a. inside a dendrite. b. outside an axon's membrane. c. in the cell body. d. inside glial cells. ANSWER: b 31. An electrically charged atom is called a(n): a. antagonist. b. ion. c. action potential. d. radioactive tracer. ANSWER: b 32. The fluid outside a resting axon's membrane has mostly positively charged _____ ions. a. serotonin b. sodium c. dopamine d. protein ANSWER: b 33. A resting axon's fluid interior contains both large, negatively charged _____ ions and smaller, positively charged _____ ions. a. potassium; sodium b. sodium; protein c. potassium; protein d. protein; potassium ANSWER: d 34. The axon allows only positively charged sodium ions to enter the neuron. This demonstrates that the axon's Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice surface is: a. resting. b. selectively permeable. c. depolarized. d. inhibitory. ANSWER: b 35. A neuron is said to be in a resting state when: a. a brief electrical charge travels down the axon. b. neurotransmitter molecules are stored within synaptic vesicles. c. the axon is positive outside and negative inside. d. neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic gap. ANSWER: c 36. Negatively charged ions are not permitted to enter the neuron when it fires because the: a. myelin sheath is not insulating the neuron. b. neuron is selectively permeable. c. neural signal is inhibitory. d. glial cells are not guiding the neural connection. ANSWER: b 37. The term for the loss of the inside/outside electrical charge difference in a neuron, which causes a section of the axon to open, is: a. selective permeability. b. a resting potential. c. depolarization. d. an action potential. ANSWER: c 38. An action potential begins when there is an _____ of _____ charged ions through the axon membrane. a. inflow; positively b. inflow; negatively c. outflow; positively d. outflow; negatively ANSWER: a 39. An axon is said to be depolarized when _____ charged _____ ions rush _____ the axon. a. positively; sodium; into b. negatively; potassium; into c. positively; sodium; out of d. negatively; potassium; out of Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 40. After an area of the axon is depolarized, sodium/potassium pumps in the cell membrane allow _____ charged ions _____ the first section of the axon. a. positively; into b. negatively; into c. positively; out of d. negatively; out of ANSWER: c 41. Most signals that neurons receive from other neurons are _____, speeding up the neuron; some, however, are _____, slowing it down. a. refractory; reuptake b. reuptake; refractory c. inhibitory; excitatory d. excitatory; inhibitory ANSWER: d 42. To trigger an action potential, the excitatory signals must _____ the inhibitory signals by a minimum intensity, or _____. a. exceed; threshold b. exceed; synapse c. be less than; threshold d. be less than; synapse ANSWER: a 43. When _____ signals exceed _____ signals by a certain _____, the combined signals trigger an action potential. a. excitatory; inhibitory; permeability b. excitatory; inhibitory; threshold c. inhibitory; excitatory; intensity d. inhibitory; excitatory; polarization ANSWER: b 44. In neural processing, a refractory period refers to a resting pause in which: a. chemical messengers cross synaptic gaps between neurons. b. a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by a sending neuron. c. an action potential cannot occur. d. an organism reflexively withdraws from a pain stimulus. ANSWER: c 45. Increasing the stimulation above the threshold for neural activation will not increase the neural impulse's Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice intensity. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is: a. inhibited by the myelin sheath. b. delayed by a refractory period. c. an all-or-none response. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. ANSWER: c 46. An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the: a. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. b. release of endorphins into the central nervous system. c. release of hormones into the bloodstream. d. initiation of neural impulses. ANSWER: d 47. At a party, Jake feels a gentle tap on his shoulder when a friend approaches to say hello. Several minutes later, a different friend arrives and roughly grabs Jake's other shoulder. These stimuli feel different to Jake because the strong stimulus: a. increases stimulation above the needed threshold. b. causes neurons to fire, whereas the weak stimulus does not. c. affects the strength and speed of the action potential. d. causes more neurons to fire, and to fire more often. ANSWER: d 48. Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway. His observation provided evidence for the existence of: a. antagonists. b. synapses. c. interneurons. d. neural networks. ANSWER: b 49. The tiny gap at the junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron is called the: a. myelin sheath. b. neural network. c. glial cell. d. synaptic gap. ANSWER: d 50. Synaptic gaps separate neurotransmitter receptor sites from: a. glial cells. b. axon terminals. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. a myelin sheath. d. dendrite fibers. ANSWER: b 51. When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, an electrical impulse is then converted into a: a. myelin sheath. b. reflexive response. c. chemical message. d. glial cell. ANSWER: c 52. When an action potential reaches the button-like terminals at an axon's end, _____ triggers the release of chemical messengers. a. the myelin sheath b. a sodium ion c. an electrical impulse d. a glial cell ANSWER: c 53. The chemical messengers that carry messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles and glands are called: a. neural fibers. b. interneurons. c. dendrites. d. neurotransmitters. ANSWER: d 54. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross the: a. cell body. b. synaptic gap. c. myelin sheath. d. threshold. ANSWER: b 55. Neurotransmitter receptor sites are primarily located on the: a. dendrites. b. myelin sheath. c. glial cells. d. axon terminals. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 56. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron, drift away, or are: a. transferred to other neurons. b. released into the bloodstream. c. left in the sending sites. d. broken down by enzymes. ANSWER: d 57. The process of reuptake refers to: a. the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. b. the release of hormones into the bloodstream. c. an inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. d. a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by a sending neuron. ANSWER: d 58. The reuptake of a neurotransmitter such as serotonin would involve the reabsorption of serotonin into a(n): a. axon terminal. b. dendrite. c. myelin sheath. d. glial cell. ANSWER: a 59. The neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning and memory as well as muscle action is: a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. GABA. d. oxytocin. ANSWER: b 60. The neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal is: a. acetylcholine. b. dopamine. c. serotonin. d. norepinephrine. ANSWER: c 61. Opioid-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to feelings of pleasure are known as: a. glia. b. antagonists. c. endorphins. d. glutamates. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 62. Endorphins are MOST directly involved in the control of: a. body temperature. b. physical pain. c. muscle contraction. d. attention. ANSWER: b 63. The neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion is: a. acetylcholine. b. dopamine. c. serotonin. d. norepinephrine. ANSWER: b 64. Alberto pulls his calf muscle during a marathon, causing his body to release endorphins. This reaction would MOST likely: a. enable coordination between the motor neurons and skeletal muscles. b. cause paralysis of the affected muscle. c. diminish his experience of the pain. d. block reuptake of other neurotransmitters in the synapse. ANSWER: c 65. Opioid drugs occupy the same receptor sites as: a. serotonin. b. endorphins. c. dopamine. d. epinephrine. ANSWER: b 66. Opioid drugs _____ mood and _____ pain. a. depress; decrease b. improve; increase c. elevate; ease d. maintain; decrease ANSWER: c 67. The body's natural production of endorphins is likely to be _____ by heroin use and _____ by vigorous exercise. a. increased; increased b. decreased; decreased Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. increased; decreased d. decreased; increased ANSWER: d 68. The brain's own natural production of endorphins is likely to be suppressed by: a. physical pain. b. physical exercise. c. heroin use. d. antidepressant drugs. ANSWER: c 69. Elias, who recently stopped using heroin after many years of regular use, is experiencing intensely uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. This probably results in part from _____ endorphins. a. an increase in the release of b. the blocking of receptor sites for c. a decrease in the reuptake of d. a reduction in the production of ANSWER: d 70. A drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action is called a(n): a. antagonist. b. endorphin. c. agonist. d. steroid. ANSWER: c 71. Jamila has taken an opiate drug that makes her feel much happier and more euphoric than she usually is. It is likely that this drug _____ a neurotransmitter. a. floods the brain with b. occupies the receptor site for c. increases the action of d. blocks production or release of ANSWER: c 72. Any drug molecule that occupies a neurotransmitter receptor site and blocks the neurotransmitter's effect is a(n): a. glutamate. b. agonist. c. opiate. d. antagonist. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 73. Endorphin agonists are likely to _____ one's immediate pain, and endorphin antagonists are likely to _____ one's immediate pain. a. decrease; increase b. increase; decrease c. increase; increase d. decrease; decrease ANSWER: a 74. When the transmission of ACh is blocked, the result is: a. depression. b. aggression. c. muscular paralysis. d. schizophrenia. ANSWER: c 75. Botulin poisoning from improperly canned food causes paralysis by blocking the release of: a. endorphins. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. ANSWER: c 76. Sa-rang is experiencing symptoms of paralysis after eating food contaminated by botulin. Sa-rang's paralysis is MOST likely to be relieved by a drug that functions as an: a. ACh agonist. b. serotonin agonist. c. ACh antagonist. d. serotonin antagonist. ANSWER: a 77. Amit, who is undergoing major surgery, has been given an anesthesia that temporarily paralyzes his muscles. This drug MOST likely: a. increases the production or release of glutamate. b. increases the production or release of endorphins. c. blocks the production or release of ACh. d. blocks the production or release of dopamine. ANSWER: c 78. Curare is a paralyzing poison that functions as an: a. ACh agonist. b. GABA agonist. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. ACh antagonist. d. GABA antagonist. ANSWER: c 79. Lopez, who is in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, is experiencing memory loss and difficulty in learning new information. These symptoms are MOST likely linked with: a. the loss of receptor sites for serotonin. b. the deterioration of ACh-producing neurons. c. the suppression of the body's natural endorphins. d. an oversupply of dopamine. ANSWER: b 80. Which neurotransmitter influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion? a. ACh b. dopamine c. serotonin d. GABA ANSWER: b 81. The neurotransmitter dopamine is responsible for all of these functions EXCEPT: a. learning. b. hunger. c. attention. d. emotion. ANSWER: b 82. Schizophrenia is MOST closely linked to an oversupply of the neurotransmitter: a. dopamine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. ANSWER: a 83. An undersupply of serotonin is MOST closely linked to: a. Alzheimer's disease. b. schizophrenia. c. Parkinson's disease. d. depression. ANSWER: d 84. Which of these would NOT be affected by the level of norepinephrine in our body? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice a. mood b. memory c. alertness d. arousal ANSWER: b 85. Kara's doctor believes she is experiencing an undersupply of norepinephrine. Which symptoms did Kara MOST likely report to her doctor? a. seizures, tremors, and insomnia b. migraine headaches and seizures c. excitability and sleep disruption d. depression and diminished alertness ANSWER: d 86. At a therapy appointment, Sari's psychiatrist suggests she might benefit from a prescription drug that increases the availability of serotonin. Which symptoms did Sari MOST likely report to her psychiatrist? a. decreased mobility and migraines b. depression, trouble sleeping, and appetite changes c. seizures and tremors d. excitability, insomnia, and behavior changes ANSWER: b 87. An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as _____ is linked to seizures. a. glutamate b. GABA c. serotonin d. ACh ANSWER: b 88. Seizures are likely to be associated with an _____ of GABA and an _____ of glutamate. a. undersupply; oversupply b. oversupply; undersupply c. undersupply; undersupply d. oversupply; oversupply ANSWER: a 89. Tuyet has been experiencing severe migraine headaches, which her doctor believes are neurotransmitterrelated. Her symptoms are MOST likely linked to an: a. oversupply of GABA. b. undersupply of serotonin. c. oversupply of glutamate. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice d. undersupply of acetylcholine. ANSWER: c 90. An undersupply of GABA is MOST closely linked to: a. schizophrenia. b. paralysis. c. insomnia. d. Alzheimer's disease. ANSWER: c 91. The nervous system is the: a. complete set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. b. collection of bundled axons that form neural cables carrying information to body muscles. c. organism's complete set of automatic reflex responses. d. electrochemical communication network that includes all the body's neurons. ANSWER: d 92. The _____ system is the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network. a. circulatory b. cognitive c. nervous d. endocrine ANSWER: c 93. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the _____ nervous systems. a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. peripheral ANSWER: d 94. The central nervous system consists of: a. sensory and motor neurons. b. somatic and autonomic systems. c. the brain and the spinal cord. d. sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. ANSWER: c 95. The spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system. a. central b. peripheral Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice c. autonomic d. somatic ANSWER: a 96. The nervous system that is responsible for gathering information and transmitting CNS decisions to one's body parts is the _____ nervous system. a. sympathetic b. peripheral c. somatic d. autonomic ANSWER: b 97. Information from the CNS to muscles, glands, and sensory organs travels through bundled axons that form neural cables we call: a. interneurons. b. action potentials. c. nerves. d. reflex pathways. ANSWER: c 98. Electrical cables formed from bundles of _____ are called nerves. a. endorphins b. interneurons c. axons d. glial cells ANSWER: c 99. Sensory neurons are located in the: a. synaptic gaps. b. endocrine system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. myelin sheath. ANSWER: c 100. Messages are carried from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord for processing by: a. interneurons. b. sensory neurons. c. motor neurons. d. endocrine glands. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 101. When Subodh was scratched on the arm by a cat, _____ neurons sent messages from the _____ to his _____ for processing. a. afferent; tissues and sensory receptors; brain and spinal cord b. efferent; tissues and sensory receptors; brain and spinal cord c. afferent; brain and spinal cord; tissues and sensory receptors d. efferent; brain and spinal cord; tissues and sensory receptors ANSWER: a 102. Sensory neurons are _____ neurons, and motor neurons are _____ neurons. a. agonist; antagonist b. afferent; efferent c. antagonist; agonist d. efferent; afferent ANSWER: b 103. Motor neurons would enable six-year-old Edric to: a. feel the pain of a paper cut, by carrying messages from his sensory receptors to the CNS. b. kick a ball, by relaying messages from the muscles in his legs to the CNS. c. sense the softness of a cat's fur, by carrying messages from the CNS to his sensory receptors. d. grasp a stuffed animal, by relaying messages from the CNS to the muscles in his hands. ANSWER: d 104. Sensory neurons transmit signals to _____, and motor neurons transmit signals from _____. a. glands; tissues b. glial cells; nerves c. neurotransmitters; neurotransmitters d. interneurons; interneurons ANSWER: d 105. Motor neurons transmit signals to: a. glands. b. interneurons. c. sensory neurons. d. nerves. ANSWER: a 106. Motor neurons, which are an important part of the _____ system, carry instructions outward. Biologists therefore call them _____. a. central nervous; afferent b. circulatory; efferent c. peripheral nervous; efferent Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice d. endocrine; afferent ANSWER: c 107. Lucas is playing tennis. Instructions about where and how to run and hit the ball are carried from Lucas' _____ to the _____ by _____ neurons. a. muscles; CNS; motor b. muscles; CNS; sensory c. CNS; muscles; motor d. CNS; muscles; sensory ANSWER: c 108. The neurons within the brain and spinal cord that process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs are called: a. neurotransmitters. b. interneurons. c. synapses. d. dendrites. ANSWER: b 109. The peripheral nervous system has two components, which are the: a. brain and spinal cord. b. sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. c. endocrine system and circulatory system. d. somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. ANSWER: d 110. The component of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the body's skeletal muscles is the _____ nervous system. a. motor b. sympathetic c. somatic d. parasympathetic ANSWER: c 111. When you play the piano, messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to the muscles in your hands by the _____ nervous system. a. somatic b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. autonomic ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 112. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs is called the _____ system. a. somatic nervous b. endocrine c. sensory nervous d. autonomic nervous ANSWER: d 113. Irina is eating a sandwich in the cafeteria. Which part of Irina's nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion? a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. peripheral ANSWER: a 114. The subdivision of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy, is the _____ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. central ANSWER: b 115. Shira is awakened one night by the sound of a window breaking in her home. Shira's heart begins to race and she starts sweating. These physical reactions are triggered by the _____ nervous system. a. somatic b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. sensory ANSWER: b 116. The parasympathetic nervous system produces which of these effects? a. lowers blood sugar and decreases heartbeat b. inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat c. raises blood sugar and accelerates heartbeat d. inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat ANSWER: a 117. When Idris realizes that the object on his bedroom floor is a ball of dust and not a massive spider, Idris's blood pressure decreases and his heartbeat slows. These physical reactions were MOST directly regulated by Idris's _____ nervous system. a. parasympathetic Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice b. sympathetic c. somatic d. sensory ANSWER: a 118. When Enzo spots a large snake while hiking, his _____ nervous system arouses and energizes him. When he moves past the snake and the perceived threat is over, Enzo's _____ nervous system calms him and conserves his energy. a. autonomic; somatic b. sympathetic; parasympathetic c. somatic; autonomic d. parasympathetic; sympathetic ANSWER: b 119. In the process of arousing and expending energy, the sympathetic nervous system: a. stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat. b. raises blood pressure and slows digestion. c. stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat. d. inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat. ANSWER: b 120. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called: a. depolarization. b. reuptake. c. homeostasis. d. resting potential. ANSWER: c 121. The autonomic nervous system helps to maintain a relatively consistent body temperature despite environmental temperature changes. This BEST illustrates: a. reuptake. b. a refractory period. c. depolarization. d. homeostasis. ANSWER: d 122. Neural networks would BEST be defined as: a. the branching extensions of a neuron. b. clusters of work groups of individual neurons. c. neural cables containing many axons. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice d. junctions between sending and receiving neurons. ANSWER: b 123. The neurons of the central nervous system cluster into work groups known as: a. terminal branches. b. dendrites. c. motor neurons. d. neural networks. ANSWER: d 124. The _____ is the part of the central nervous system that sends sensory information to a brain and motorcontrol information to a body. a. pituitary gland b. pancreas c. spinal cord d. myelin sheath ANSWER: c 125. While Syril is sitting in class, he is taking in information from what his professor says and does. This information is then carried from Syril's sensory neurons to the spinal cord and brain, or _____ nervous system, for processing. a. central b. peripheral c. somatic d. autonomic ANSWER: a 126. A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus is called a: a. neural network. b. action potential. c. neurotransmitter. d. reflex. ANSWER: d 127. A simple _____ pathway involves a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron, which may communicate through an interneuron. a. agonist molecule b. spinal reflex c. endocrine pathway d. homeostatic response ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice 128. The simplest neural pathways are those that govern our: a. thoughts. b. emotions. c. reflexes. d. sexual drives. ANSWER: c 129. The knee-jerk reflex requires the activity of the _____ nervous system. a. central b. autonomic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic ANSWER: a 130. When Ilana tries to remove the cookies she is baking from the oven, she accidentally touches the hot baking sheet. She involuntarily jerks her hand away from the sheet before she even realizes what has happened. This illustrates: a. the importance of the parasympathetic nervous system. b. the role of interneurons. c. the all-or-none response. d. a simple reflex. ANSWER: d 131. When Sacha's spine is severed in a car accident, he cannot feel pain in his legs even though they are severely damaged. This is because: a. Sacha can no longer exhibit simple reflexes. b. Sacha has lost sensation in body regions above the point of his spine injury. c. Sacha's brain and spinal cord can no longer communicate. d. information from Sacha's sensory receptors cannot reach his brain. ANSWER: d 132. Following a serious accident, Edric consistently exhibits a knee-jerk response without feeling the doctor tapping on his knees. Edric MOST likely has: a. botulin poisoning. b. a spinal cord injury. c. a sympathetic nervous system injury. d. a refractory period. ANSWER: b 133. To avoid the pain of burning one's finger by touching a flame, one's sensory neurons send messages to interneurons in the _____, which then tells their motor neurons to pull one's finger away. a. brain Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice b. sympathetic nervous system c. spinal cord d. parasympathetic nervous system ANSWER: c 134. The endocrine system consists of the: a. communication network that includes all the body's neurons. b. regions of the brain that regulate motivation and emotion. c. interneurons within the spinal cord that connect with motor neurons. d. glands and fat tissue that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. ANSWER: d 135. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the _____ system. They travel through the _____ and affect other tissues. a. autonomic nervous; spinal cord b. somatic nervous; spinal cord c. endocrine; bloodstream d. central nervous; bloodstream ANSWER: c 136. The speedy nervous system zips messages by way of neurotransmitters. Endocrine messages, however, are delivered more slowly because hormones travel through: a. myelinated neurons. b. the bloodstream. c. glial cells. d. interneurons. ANSWER: b 137. The _____ is similar to the nervous system in that they both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere in the body. a. action potential b. endocrine system c. refractory period d. myelin sheath ANSWER: b 138. Which of these statements is true regarding hormones and neurotransmitters? a. Hormones and neurotransmitters are the same thing. b. Some hormones are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. c. Only hormones produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere. d. The effect of neurotransmitters lasts longer than that of hormones. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 139. Lida and her roommate had an argument over dinner. Although they made up, Lida still feels angry hours later. Which system's messages last for an extended period? a. the central nervous system's b. the peripheral nervous system's c. the endocrine system's d. the parasympathetic nervous system's ANSWER: c 140. The ovaries and the testes are part of the: a. somatic nervous system. b. endocrine system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. central nervous system. ANSWER: b 141. In times of stress, the adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are MOST likely to trigger: a. depression. b. the fight-or-flight response. c. the pain reflex. d. a refractory period. ANSWER: b 142. When Zyanya realized that she was being followed, Zyanya experienced a sudden surge of autonomic nervous system arousal. Zyanya's reaction BEST illustrates the nature of: a. the pain reflex. b. an all-or-none response. c. a refractory period. d. the fight-or-flight response. ANSWER: d 143. If your boss accused you of pocketing money from the cash register, your _____ gland(s) would probably release _____ into your bloodstream. a. adrenal; endorphins b. pituitary; oxytocin c. adrenal; epinephrine d. pituitary; noradrenaline ANSWER: c 144. The release of epinephrine into the bloodstream is MOST likely to: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice a. increase blood sugar. b. lower blood pressure. c. stimulate digestion. d. decrease perspiration. ANSWER: a 145. A growth hormone that stimulates physical development is released by the: a. adrenal glands. b. pituitary gland. c. parathyroids. d. pancreas. ANSWER: b 146. As Zuri chats with friends over coffee, she experiences pleasant feelings of social connection and bonding. These feelings are likely produced by increased levels of: a. oxytocin. b. epinephrine. c. norepinephrine. d. glutamate. ANSWER: a 147. Oxytocin is secreted by the: a. pancreas. b. thyroid gland. c. pituitary gland. d. adrenal gland. ANSWER: c 148. Leesa is in labor with their first child. Which hormone is responsible for the contractions that Leesa feels as part of labor? a. ACh b. glutamate c. oxytocin d. GABA ANSWER: c 149. Oxytocin does all of these functions EXCEPT enabling: a. communities to act cooperatively. b. contractions during labor. c. milk flow while nursing. d. the hypothalamus to influence the pituitary gland. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 3 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: d 150. The hypothalamus influences the _____ to send messages to the _____. a. adrenal glands; pancreas b. pituitary; endocrine glands c. motor neurons; sensory neurons d. somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system ANSWER: b 151. Under the influence of the _____, the _____ regulate(s) growth and control(s) the endocrine glands. a. limbic system; pancreas b. hypothalamus; pituitary c. amygdala; adrenal glands d. hippocampus; thyroid gland ANSWER: b 152. The gland of the endocrine system that is called the master gland is the: a. thyroid gland. b. adrenal gland. c. pituitary gland. d. pancreas. ANSWER: c 153. The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland because it: a. directs other endocrine glands to release their hormones. b. directs the hypothalamus to release its hormones. c. is directed by the hypothalamus. d. directs other adrenal glands to release their hormones. ANSWER: a 154. Under the influence of the _____, the _____ triggers other glands to release sex hormones, which in turn influence the brain. a. pancreas; thyroid b. thyroid; pancreas c. pituitary; hypothalamus d. hypothalamus; pituitary ANSWER: d
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Module 4 - Multiple Choice 1. Destruction of brain tissue is called a(n): a. EEG. b. diffusion tensor. c. lesion. d. MRI. ANSWER: c 2. A brain lesion refers to the _____ of brain tissue, whether naturally, experimentally, or surgically. a. electrical stimulation b. activation c. magnetic stimulation d. destruction ANSWER: d 3. During surgery, Sarfaraz's surgeon destroys a cluster of abnormal cells in Sarfaraz's brain. Which technique did the surgeon use? a. lesioning b. electroencephalogram (EEG) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET) ANSWER: a 4. An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a(n): a. functional MRI (fMRI). b. electroencephalogram (EEG). c. positron emission tomography (PET) scan. d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANSWER: b 5. Recording electrodes are placed on the scalp during a(n): a. EEG. b. PET scan. c. MRI. d. fMRI. ANSWER: a 6. After Nasir experiences a series of seizures, doctors record their brain waves by placing electrodes on their scalp. This technique is known as a(n): a. EEG. b. PET scan. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 4 - Multiple Choice c. MRI. d. fMRI. ANSWER: a 7. Zeynep volunteers for a study in which they meditate while wearing a shower-cap-like hat that is filled with electrodes covered with a conductive gel. Which brain imaging technique is being used? a. lesioning b. EEG c. fMRI d. PET ANSWER: b 8. A technique in which a radioactive form of glucose is tracked as a person performs a given task is a(n): a. MRI. b. EEG. c. PET scan. d. fMRI. ANSWER: c 9. Before having a PET scan, a person receives a form of _____ glucose.: a. infrared glucose. b. oxygen-laden glucose. c. radioactive glucose. d. magnetic glucose. ANSWER: c 10. Professor Schittone is studying the specific brain areas that become active when people perform math computations. Which technique would be MOST helpful for her research? a. lesioning b. PET scan c. EEG d. fMRI ANSWER: b 11. To identify which area of Aja's brain is most active during daydreams, neuroscientists administer a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n): a. fMRI. b. PET scan. c. EEG. d. MRI. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 4 - Multiple Choice 12. An MRI is a(n): a. amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. b. technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. c. brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity. d. visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. ANSWER: b 13. To study a larger-than-average neural area in musicians who display perfect pitch, researchers have used: a. EEG. b. MRI. c. brain lesioning. d. PET. ANSWER: b 14. Fluid-filled brain areas are called: a. ventricles. b. electrodes. c. gamma rays. d. lesions. ANSWER: a 15. MRI scans have revealed a larger-than-average left hemisphere neural area in musicians who display perfect pitch, and smaller-than-average brain areas enabling word comprehension among people diagnosed with a reading disability (Joshi et al., 2023; Yuskaitis et al., 2015). MRI brain scans have revealed enlarged ventricles in some people who have schizophrenia, which are: a. atoms of brain molecules. b. radioactive forms of glucose. c. fluid-filled brain areas. d. magnetic fields. ANSWER: c 16. _____ have revealed enlarged ventricles in some people who have schizophrenia. a. EEGs b. MRI scans c. PET scans d. Brain lesions ANSWER: b 17. Dr. Lai has just performed a test that revealed enlarged ventricles in the brain of a person with schizophrenia. This test was MOST likely a(n): Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 4 - Multiple Choice a. EEG. b. MRI scan. c. fNIRS. d. PET scan. ANSWER: b 18. Researchers would MOST likely use a(n) _____ to identify the brain areas that are most active while a person is solving algebra problems. a. PET scan b. EEG c. MRI d. brain lesion ANSWER: a 19. Aram's doctor performed a test to reveal both the function and structure of their brain. Which brain scan was used? a. lesion b. EEG c. fMRI d. PET scan ANSWER: c 20. Kamari, who is participating in a research study, is asked to listen to a recording of a symphony. As they do, researchers perform a test that detects blood rushing to the sound-processing parts of Kamari's brain. The technique researchers are MOST likely using is: a. an fMRI. b. an EEG. c. lesioning. d. an MRI. ANSWER: a 21. Using _____, researchers shine infrared light onto blood molecules to identify brain activity. a. fNIRS b. EEG c. a PET scan d. fMRI ANSWER: a 22. Researchers who found that symptoms of depression and anxiety correlated with increased activity in the right frontal lobe used the _____ to examine the brain. a. EEG b. fMRI Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 4 - Multiple Choice c. PET d. MRI ANSWER: a 23. Compared with soldiers who do not have PTSD, soldiers with PTSD show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when viewing trauma-related images. What neural measure did researchers use to study this difference? a. EEG b. fMRI c. PET d. MRI ANSWER: b
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice 1. In vertebrates, the _____ contains brainstem structures that direct essential survival functions such as breathing and sleeping. a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. thalamus ANSWER: c 2. Yesenia loves to walk through the woods, seeing and listening to the wildlife. Yesenia's seeing and hearing are enabled by the: a. pons. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. d. hindbrain. ANSWER: c 3. Information that enables our seeing and hearing is transmitted by the: a. medulla. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. d. hindbrain. ANSWER: c 4. In vertebrates, the _____ manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities. a. pons b. forebrain c. midbrain d. hindbrain ANSWER: b 5. Humans have well-developed forebrains, allowing them an unparalleled ability to make complex decisions and judgments. Predatory sharks have complex hindbrains, supporting their impressive ability to chase down prey. These differences indicate that: a. humans and sharks rival one another in intelligence. b. humans are also known for their excellence in hunting prey. c. complex development in one brain region occurs at the expense of other brain regions. d. organisms' brains have evolved to best suit their environment. ANSWER: d 6. Which of these statements describes the functions of the forebrain structures? a. They direct essential survival functions, as well as coordination and balance. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice b. They control some motor movements and transmit auditory and visual information. c. They direct messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmit replies to the cerebellum and medulla. d. They manage complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities. ANSWER: d 7. A brain structure that is NOT part of the forebrain is the: a. cerebral cortex. b. pons. c. thalamus. d. hypothalamus. ANSWER: b 8. A brain structure that is part of the forebrain is the: a. cerebellum. b. pons. c. thalamus. d. medulla. ANSWER: b 9. Which of these brain structures is NOT part of the hindbrain? a. medulla b. pons c. cerebellum d. hypothalamus ANSWER: d 10. Following a stroke, Linu is seeing a physical therapist to address ongoing problems with coordination and balance. The stroke MOST likely affected Linu's: a. forebrain. b. midbrain. c. hindbrain. d. spinal cord. ANSWER: c 11. Janak enjoys relaxing with a crossword puzzle every evening. The thinking required when Janak works on these puzzles is enabled by their: a. pons. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice d. hindbrain. ANSWER: b 12. The ability of Altan, a hairstylist, to wash and style their clients' hair is facilitated by the: a. pons. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. d. hindbrain. ANSWER: b 13. The structure in the brainstem that controls the basic automatic survival functions of heartbeat and breathing is the: a. pons. b. medulla. c. thalamus. d. reticular formation. ANSWER: b 14. Shashi has realized that both their heartbeat and breathing are automatic functions that Shashi does not have to consciously think about. The part of Shashi's brain that regulates these functions is the: a. thalamus. b. reticular formation. c. cerebellum. d. medulla. ANSWER: d 15. One function of the brain's innermost region is the regulation of: a. memory. b. emotion. c. breathing. d. foresight. ANSWER: c 16. The part of the brainstem that serves to coordinate movements and control sleep is the: a. nucleus accumbens. b. hippocampus. c. amygdala. d. pons. ANSWER: d 17. Odon often faces difficulty with coordinating their gross motor movements. Researchers have determined that the _____ is responsible for this function. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice a. medulla b. pons c. cerebellum d. thalamus ANSWER: b 18. After experiencing a stroke, Tamara has lasting difficulty coordinating her movements and sleeping. The stroke MOST likely affected Tamara's: a. hypothalamus. b. hippocampus. c. amygdala. d. pons. ANSWER: d 19. Which part of the brain is considered a crossover point, where most nerves to and from each side of the brain connect with the body's opposite side? a. brainstem b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. hypothalamus ANSWER: a 20. If one's _____ is destroyed, the right side of their brain could not control the movements of their left arm. a. brainstem b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. hypothalamus ANSWER: a 21. Hasan experienced vision loss after a tumor damaged the pair of egg-shaped structures located on top of their brainstem. This sensory control center is known as the: a. amygdala. b. thalamus. c. medulla. d. hippocampus. ANSWER: b 22. The _____ receives some of the replies from brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching and directs the information to the hindbrain's medulla and cerebellum. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice c. reticular formation d. pons ANSWER: a 23. The reticular formation is a nerve network that travels from the spinal cord through the _____ into the thalamus. a. brainstem b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum ANSWER: a 24. The nerve network that travels through the brainstem into thalamus that filters information and plays an important role in controlling arousal is called the: a. reticular formation. b. hypothalamus. c. cerebellum. d. medulla. ANSWER: a 25. When Horace Magoun severed a cat's reticular formation, the cat: a. became violently aggressive. b. cowered in fear. c. experienced convulsive seizures. d. lapsed into a coma. ANSWER: d 26. The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the: a. amygdala. b. thalamus. c. cerebellum. d. hippocampus. ANSWER: c 27. The cerebellum regulates: a. hunger and thirst. b. heartbeat and breathing. c. physical coordination and balance. d. fear and rage. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice 28. The cerebellum, along with the _____, enables nonverbal learning and skill memory. Along with the _____, the cerebellum also coordinates voluntary movement. a. reticular formation; medulla b. thalamus; medulla c. basal ganglia; pons d. pons; reticular formation ANSWER: c 29. With assistance from the _____, the cerebellum _____. a. hypothalamus; regulates hunger and thirst b. amygdala; controls heartbeat and breathing c. pons; coordinates voluntary movement d. medulla; controls fear and rage ANSWER: c 30. As Chantria sends a text to a friend, the _____ aids in coordinating their finger movements on their phone. a. medulla b. reticular formation c. cerebellum d. thalamus ANSWER: c 31. The deep brain structure(s) that is(are) involved in motor movement is(are) the: a. nucleus accumbens. b. basal ganglia. c. parietal lobes. d. association areas. ANSWER: b 32. After Montel was hit by a car while walking to work, doctors detected damage to their cerebellum. Montel is MOST likely to have difficulty: a. doing mathematical computations. b. understanding what others are saying. c. tasting the flavors of foods. d. playing their guitar. ANSWER: d 33. Conscious information processing is LEAST likely to be required for the automatic physical survival functions regulated by the: a. hippocampus. b. cerebral cortex. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice c. brainstem. d. amygdala. ANSWER: c 34. A neural system that lies at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with emotions and drives is known as the: a. pons. b. limbic system. c. reticular formation. d. medulla. ANSWER: b 35. The limbic system consists of the: a. amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. b. cerebral hemispheres and frontal lobes. c. all four frontal lobes. d. motor cortex and somatosensory cortex. ANSWER: a 36. The _____ is a structure in the limbic system that is linked to emotion, especially aggression and fear. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. hippocampus d. medulla ANSWER: a 37. The amygdala contributes to all of these mental phenomena EXCEPT: a. hunger. b. decision making. c. motivation. d. fear. ANSWER: a 38. Murar, who is petrified of insects, discovers that the cookies left out overnight to cool are now crawling with ants. Which brain area is involved in Murar's fear response? a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. medulla d. hippocampus ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice 39. After removing the amygdala of a rhesus monkey, _____ found that the normally ill-tempered animal had become the most mellow of creatures. a. Olds and Milner b. Moruzzi and Magoun c. Klüver and Bucy d. Fritsch and Hitzig ANSWER: c 40. Reduced arousal to threatening stimuli has been associated with a(n): a. smaller-than-average amygdala. b. large hypothalamus. c. underactive limbic system. d. smaller-than-average frontal lobe. ANSWER: a 41. Karine loves extreme sports and feels little fear when engaging in activities that would typically alarm others, such as skydiving or rock-climbing. If a brain difference were responsible for this trait, it would MOST likely be a: a. smaller-than-average hypothalamus. b. larger-than-average hippocampus. c. smaller-than-average amygdala. d. larger-than-average pons. ANSWER: c 42. After a rare genetic disease destroyed a part of one individual's limbic system, they no longer experienced fear, even of highly venomous snakes. The area destroyed by the disease was the: a. medulla. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. amygdala. ANSWER: d 43. The amygdala—two almond-shaped neural clusters in the limbic system—enables: a. basic survival mechanisms. b. eating and body temperature. c. love and happiness. d. fear and aggression. ANSWER: d 44. Although the amygdala plays a major role in aggression and fear, we cannot attribute all fearful and aggressive behavior to the amygdala because: a. there is neural activity in many areas of our brain when we are fearful or act aggressively. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice b. aggression and fear are not the only emotions regulated by the amygdala. c. the limbic system is the only system that regulates emotions. d. the amygdala works closely with the hypothalamus and hippocampus. ANSWER: a 45. The limbic system structure that regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior is the: a. medulla. b. amygdala. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus. ANSWER: d 46. The hypothalamus is a limbic system structure that MOST directly influences: a. hunger. b. muscular coordination. c. memory. d. vision. ANSWER: a 47. The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the: a. cerebellum. b. amygdala. c. reticular formation. d. hypothalamus. ANSWER: d 48. The hypothalamus secretes hormones based on signals it receives from the: a. motor cortex. b. cerebral cortex. c. somatosensory cortex. d. association areas. ANSWER: b 49. Various neural clusters in the hypothalamus influence hunger and regulate thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior. Together, they help maintain: a. the reward centers. b. a homeostatic state. c. brain stimulation. d. explicit memories. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice 50. When the hypothalamus receives signals from blood chemistry or other brain parts, it will _____, which triggers the pituitary to do the same. a. secrete hormones b. intensify thought c. seek further stimulation d. provide pleasurable rewards ANSWER: a 51. When the car in front of Ahlam suddenly brakes, his _____ instructs his pituitary to release a hormone; this begins a chain of events enabling Ahlam to react quickly to the threat. a. reticular formation b. hypothalamus c. amygdala d. cerebellum ANSWER: c 52. The pituitary gland will secrete hormones in response to secretions from your brain's: a. reticular formation. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. cerebellum. ANSWER: b 53. Mr. Ahuja's hypothalamus was seriously damaged by a stroke. It is MOST likely that Mr. Ahuja will experience changes in their: a. visual perception. b. muscular coordination. c. eating behaviors. d. language comprehension. ANSWER: c 54. James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the: a. hypothalamus. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. ANSWER: a 55. A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the: a. amygdala. b. reticular formation. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice c. pons. d. nucleus accumbens. ANSWER: d 56. Carlotta has just received a supportive text from a friend: "I think you're smart and amazing, and I'm always here if you need me!" Which region of Carlotta's brain will MOST likely become active when they read this text? a. reward center b. hippocampus c. thalamus d. frontal lobe ANSWER: a 57. Animal research has revealed a general reward system related to the release of the neurotransmitter: a. acetylcholine. b. GABA. c. dopamine. d. epinephrine. ANSWER: c 58. Release of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been linked to: a. sensory controls. b. memory. c. a reward system. d. hormone secretion. ANSWER: c 59. The curved limbic system brain structure that helps process conscious memories for storage is called the: a. hypothalamus. b. thalamus. c. hippocampus. d. medulla. ANSWER: c 60. Those who survive a hippocampal brain tumor in childhood are likely to have difficulty _____ in adulthood. a. getting adequate sleep b. remembering new information c. maintaining body balance while walking d. experiencing feelings of fear ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice 61. After sustaining several head injuries during a long professional soccer career, Ajay has begun finding it difficult to recall the names of friends and family members. This is MOST likely due to damage to the: a. hippocampus. b. medulla. c. amygdala. d. hypothalamus. ANSWER: a 62. Over the last decade, Anima has noticed a gradual cognitive decline in their great-grandmother. This is likely partly attributable to a(n): a. increase in hypothalamus functioning. b. decrease in the size of the frontal lobe. c. decrease in hippocampus functioning. d. increasingly large limbic system. ANSWER: c 63. Explicit memories are memories of: a. feelings. b. facts and events. c. learned skills. d. dreams. ANSWER: b 64. The two cerebral hemisphere that contribute 85 percent of the brain's weight form the: a. hippocampus. b. cerebrum. c. corpus callosum. d. frontal lobes. ANSWER: b 65. The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells in the brain, which serves as the body's ultimate control and information-processing center, is the: a. limbic system. b. cerebellum. c. corpus callosum. d. cerebral cortex. ANSWER: d 66. The region of the human brain that is most important for being able to communicate complex ideas through the use of language is the: a. cerebellum. b. cerebral cortex. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Module 5 - Multiple Choice c. hypothalamus. d. amygdala. ANSWER: b 67. The brain's left and right hemispheres are filled mainly with axons that: a. control the motor and somatosensory areas. b. connect the cortex to other areas of the brain. c. control the association areas of the brain. d. monitor the various lobes of the brain. ANSWER: b 68. One's conscious awareness of one's own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of one's: a. somatosensory cortex. b. amygdala. c. motor cortex. d. cerebral cortex. ANSWER: d 69. Mammals are able to adapt to ever-changing environments because of their: a. larger cortex. b. frontal lobe. c. motor cortex. d. association areas. ANSWER: a 70. The _____ lobes are the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead that are involved in speaking, muscle movements, and in making plans and judgments. a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital ANSWER: b 71. Orit, who manages a clothing store, is creating a schedule that gives each sales associate a fair number of hours per week and accommodates the various days and times they cannot work. Which area of Orit's brain enables them to do this kind of planning? a. temporal lobes b. frontal lobes c. parietal lobes d. occipital lobes Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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