TEST BANK for Vander’s Human Physiology, The Mechanisms of Budy fucntion 14th edition by Eric Widmai by digitaldownload87

Homeostas is: A Framework for Human Physiology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of these is NOT one of the four general categories of cells that make up the human body? A. epithelial cells B. collagen cells C. connective tissue cell D. neuron E. muscle cell

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organi sm. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

2. Physiology is the study of A. How two organisms interact B. How organisms function C. The spread of diseases D. The structure of the body

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A05.01 Define the terms anatomy and physiology. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: Scope of anatomy and physiology

3. The study of disease states in the body is called A. Pathophysiology B. Anatomy C. Homeostasis D. Biology E. Histology

4. Which is NOT a connective tissue cell? A. bone cells B. skeletal muscle cells C. blood cells D. fat cells E. cartilage cells

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

5. What is the principal function performed by epithelial cells? A. fat storage B. anchoring body structures C. forming boundaries between body compartments D. generating movement E. transmitting electrical signals

6. The cell type that is specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities is A. Epithelial cells B. Muscle cells C. Connective tissue cells D. Nerve cells

7. What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types? A. genomics B. differentiation C. homeostasis D. positive feedback E. acclimatization

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

8. Which best describes the extracellular matrix? A. It is found just inside the cell membrane in all tissues, it sends branching collagen fibers between cells to connect them, and it transmits chemical information from the interior of one cell to the interior of adjacent cells. B. It is a tissue having more than the four general cell types, it transports proteins and polysaccharides between body compartments, and it is the route by which chemical signals like hormones reach all parts of the body. C. It covers the body's surface, it contains connective and muscle tissue, and it helps generate movement. D. It surrounds cells; it contains proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals; it provides a scaffold for cell attachment; and it transmits chemical messengers to cells.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

9. If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature constant, which of these best describes her condition? A. She is in an equilibrium state. B. She is not using energy to maintain a constant temperature. C. She is in a steady state D. She is using a positive feedback mechanism.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

10. Which concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology? A. descent with modification B. homeostasis C. evolution D. dimorphism E. differentiation

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

11. Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic" means that it A. has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value. B. never varies from an exact set point value. C. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. D. is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. E. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

12. Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism? A. A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely. B. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases. C. Increasing the size of fast-food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase. D. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase. E. As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

13. What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain? A. Set point B. Equilibrium potential C. Error signal D. Reflex arc E. Median value

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

14. Which of components of a general reflex arc are listed in the order information typically flows through them following a stimulus? A. effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor B. effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor C. integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector D. receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector E. receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

15. Feedforward regulatory processes A. work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables. B. are identical to positive feedback processes C. lead to instability of the regulated variable D. maximize fluctuations in the regulated variable E. tend to force physiological variables away from their set point.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

16. Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism? A. Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal. B. The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex. C. A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering. D. An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating. E. Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid.

17. What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms? A. to maintain a constant internal environment B. to anticipate changes in the environment C. to return a variable toward the set point D. to bring about a rapid change in the body E. to detect changes in the external environment

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

18. Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of A. A homeostatic mechanism B. Negative feedback C. A physiological reflex D. Thermoregulation E. All of the choices are correct

19. If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A. Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. B. Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. C. Leave the amount of sodium unchanged. D. Change the set point for sodium. E. Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

20. What is the best description of the efferent pathway of a reflex arc? A. signals from the integrating center to receptors B. the route by which receptors send signals to effectors C. signaling pathway for receptors to influence the integrating center D. the route by which effector organs send signals to receptors E. the route by which signals from an integrating center reach effector organs

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

21. Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc? A. Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor B. Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector C. Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector D. Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor E. Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

22. Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex: Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal. A. brainstem and blood vessels B. blood vessels, hormones, and nerves C. heart, kidneys, and blood vessels D. brainstem, blood vessels, and kidneys E. hormones and nerves

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

23. The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the cells that secrete insulin. Which of the following statements is most likely to be correct? A. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration still further B. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration C. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration D. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration still further

24. How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes? A. Endocrine glands can be receptors, and hormones can be effectors. B. Endocrine glands can be integrators and hormones can be efferent pathways. C. Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways and hormones can be effectors. D. Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms, but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways. E. They are not involved; reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.06 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

25. What is a hormone? A. a chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse B. a chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream C. a chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances D. a chemical excreted from sweat gland that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body E. a chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.02 Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

26. Some neurons in the vagus nerve have synaptic connections to sinoatrial (pacemaker) cells in the heart. These neurons secrete acetylcholine, which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. hormonal control D. neural control E. paracrine control

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.01 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the nervous system to relay information. Describe the specific organs, structures, cells or molecules (receptors, neurons, CNS structures, effectors, neurotransmitters) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

27. Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. paracrine control D. direct neural control E. positive feedback

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

28. How is autocrine regulation best described? A. Chemical regulators are released directly into blood vessels. B. Chemical regulators released by cells affect the functional status of different kinds of cells in the vicinity of the secretory cell. C. Chemical regulators affect the same cells that produce them. D. Chemical regulators reach their site of action through a duct. E. Chemical regulators are continuously released in constant amounts by the cell.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.01 Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

29. The tall slender body shape that helps to dissipate heat in people native to equatorial regions is an example of A. an adaptation. B. acclimatization. C. set point resetting. D. homeostasis. E. phase shift.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Human origins and adaptations

30. After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response? A. developmental acclimatization B. positive feedback C. physiological acclimatization D. feedforward regulation E. evolution

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

31. Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms with what main characteristic? A. They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle. B. They are cyclical, like the rhythmic beating of the heart. C. They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day. D. They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment. E. They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

32. What is the location of the internal pacemaker that sets biological rhythms? A. suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain B. ventricles of the heart C. endocrine gland in the gonads D. photoreceptors of the eye E. the adrenal glands

33. A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be? A. a hormone B. an autocrine signal C. a paracrine signal D. a neurotransmitter E. an enzyme

34. Which best describes how the total body balance of any chemical substance is determined? A. the rate the body produces the substance B. the rate the substance is secreted from the body C. the rate the substance is metabolized by the body D. the difference between the amount of substance lost from the body and the amount gained the body E. the amount produced by the body minus the amount metabolized by the body

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B05 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

35. A burn patient ingests 100 grams of protein per day and loses 110 grams of protein per day due to the injury. What is the overall protein state of the patient? A. Positive protein balance B. Negative protein balance C. Stable protein balance D. A state that can't be determined

Bloom's: Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

36. Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state? A. positive sodium balance B. negative sodium balance C. stable sodium balance D. It can't be determined without knowing the size of the sodium pool

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

True / False Questions 37. Differentiation is necessary before a cell can exchange material with its environment. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organi sm. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

38. The number of distinct cell types in the human body is about twenty. FALSE

39. One function of epithelial cells is to form selective barriers regulating exchange of materials across them. TRUE

40. Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue. FALSE

41. The respiratory system is primarily responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Survey of body systems

42. Homeostasis refers to the relative constancy of the external environment. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

43. The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular f luids. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems

44. The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma. TRUE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems

45. Homeostatic control systems and acclimatization are examples of biological adaptations. TRUE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

46. A person who is acclimated to a hot environment will begin to react physiologically to a decreased environmental temperature faster than a person who is not. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

47. When loss of a substance from the body exceeds gain, the body is said to be in positive balance for that substance. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 48. ___ synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter

_ is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into a

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems

49. ___ the bloodstream. Neurohormone

is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems

50. ___ nearby cells. Paracrine

regulation describes regulation of cellular activity by messengers from

51. ___ _ is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell. Autocrine

Multiple Choice Questions 52. An experimental subject is isolated in an underground room with no windows, no clocks, and no contact with the outside world. Researchers monitoring his behavior observe that he eats breakfast a little bit later each day. What term best describes the subject's biological activity? A. circadian rhythm B. free-running rhythm C. jet lag D. phase shift E. entrainment

53. Which equation is most accurate? A. extracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = whole body fluid volume B. intracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume C. extracellular fluid volume - interstitial fluid volume = plasma volume D. plasma volume + intracellular fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume E. total body fluid volume - intracellular fluid volume = interstitial fluid volume

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which correctly describes the structure of an atom? A. There are always the same number of protons and neutrons. B. There are always the same number of protons and electrons. C. There are always the same number of neutrons and electrons. D. The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is always the same E. There are never the same number of neutrons and protons.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

2. What directly determines an atom's identity? A. the number of electrons B. the number of neutrons C. the number of protons D. the number of bonds it can form E. the ratio of protons to electrons

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

3. Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other? A. different numbers of protons B. different numbers of neutrons C. different numbers of electrons D. they can form different numbers of chemical bonds E. different number of energy shells

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

4. Which is a covalent bond? A. two atoms share inner-orbit electrons with each other B. a bond between water molecules C. a bond between two oppositely charged ions D. a bond between two free radicals E. two atoms share outer orbit electrons with each other

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

5. Ions are A. electrically neutral. B. electrically charged. C. formed by the gain or loss of protons from the nucleus. D. insoluble in water. E. nonpolar atoms.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

6. When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become? A. a covalent molecule B. a cation C. an anion D. a new element E. a free radical

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

7. If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes, what does the drink contain? A. sugars that were broken down for energy B. ionic forms of mineral elements C. lipids that form the membranes of cells D. oxygen and gases used by metabolism E. vitamins

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Objective: Q03.01 Define electrolyte. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

8. Of these major ions found in the body, which one carries a negative charge? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Hydrogen E. Calcium

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

9. Which describes a characteristic of free radicals? A. They rapidly oxidize other atoms by removing an electron. B. They are inert molecules that don't interact readily with other molecules. C. They contain two electrons in the outermost orbital. D. They have extra neutrons in their nuclei. E. They are found in high quantities in most sports drinks.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Atoms and molecules

10. Which is true about electrolytes? A. They are neutral atoms. B. They conduct electricity when dissolved in water. C. They are found in pure water. D. They have equal numbers of protons and electrons. E. They are insoluble in water.

11. Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond? A. It is covalent. B. It is ionized. C. It has opposite electrical charge at each end. D. It has no net electrical charge.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

12. Which best describes a hydrolysis reaction? A. Molecules are broken down into smaller ones by breaking covalent bonds within water molecules and transferring hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups to the smaller ones. B. Electrically charged molecules separate into ions when they dissolve in water, and then hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups covalently attach themselves to the oppositely charged ions. C. Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones by breaking water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. D. Dissolving a large molecule in water reduces it to its individual atoms. E. The breaking of hydrogen bonds between any two molecules.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.03 Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Chemical bonding

13. Oil spilled into the ocean does not easily disperse, but rather clumps into an oil slick. Which of the following explains why this occurs? A. Oil is composed mainly of hydrophilic molecules. B. Oil is composed mainly of nonpolar molecules. C. Oil has no hydrogen in its molecular structure, so it can't form hydrogen bonds with water. D. Water is hydrophobic. E. Electrons are shared unequally between carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non -polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

Chapter 02 - Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

14. Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called A. hydrophobic. B. hydrophilic. C. amphipathic. D. unipolar. E. bipolar.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non -polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Chemical bonding Topic: Membrane structure and function

15. Compounds A, B, and C have molecular weights of 10, 50, and 100, respectively. If 5 grams of each compound were put into 1 liter of water, which compound will have the greatest molar concentration? A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. All will have the same molar concentration.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

Chapter 10 Control of Body Movement

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy? A. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex, the primary motor cortex, muscle sensory receptors, and the basal nuclei. B. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex, and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. C. Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. D. The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex, as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. E. Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

2. According to the hierarchy of motor control, A. the highest level of control consists entirely of neurons in the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex. B. the middle level of control does not involve any areas of the cerebral cortex. C. the local level of control includes the cerebellum and basal nuclei. D. structures in the middle level receive information from both the higher and the local levels of the hierarchy. E. afferent information from skin, joint, and muscle receptors cannot modify a movement once it has been initiated by a motor program from the middle level of the hierarchy.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

3. What is the best description of how a given muscle fiber can be inhibited from contracting? A. Inhibitory inputs from local reflexes and descending pathways prevent the fiber's motor neuron from firing action potentials. B. Descending inputs from brainstem components of the middle level of the motor control hierarchy make inhibitory synapses onto the muscle fibers. C. Contractions in an antagonistic muscle's fibers are stronger than the given muscle's contractions. D. Golgi tendon organs send afferent neurons directly to muscle fibers that attach to them and release inhibitory neurotransmitter. E. Interneurons in the local spinal cord region send axons to the muscle fiber's neuromuscular junction, where they impose presynaptic inhibition.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation i t detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.02 Section: 10.03 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

4. Which is NOT true about reflexes initiated by muscle spindle activation? A. They have a monosynaptic component. B. They result in activation of alpha motor neurons. C. They result in activation of extrafusal muscle fibers. D. The "knee-jerk" reflex is an example. E. They inhibit the activation of muscles that are stretched.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

5. Stretch reflexes: A. occur only in the legs. B. inhibit antagonistic muscles. C. mediate flexor activation and withdrawal from a painful stimulus. D. are initiated by stimulation of Golgi tendon organs. E. are initiated by stretching of extrafusal muscle fibers.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

6. Intrafusal muscle fibers: A. are found in muscle spindles. B. are innervated by alpha motor neurons. C. generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. D. fire continuously at a constant rate. E. are only found in extensor muscles.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

7. Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle? A. They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. B. They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. C. They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. D. When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles. E. Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

8. What occurs when gamma motor neurons to a muscle are activated? A. The muscle spindle goes slack. B. The contractile ends of intrafusal fibers elongate. C. The muscle lengthens. D. Extrafusal muscle fibers within that muscle are inhibited from contracting. E. Action potential firing increases in afferent neurons from the muscle spindles.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

9. What is responsible for the phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone? A. the passive elastic properties of muscles and joints and some degree of alpha motor neuron activity B. spontaneous entry of calcium into the cytosol and the background phosphorylation of cross-bridges C. depletion of ATP in some individual muscle fibers, and the inability for cross-bridges to detach D. cross-bridges that continuously cycle, even in the absence of cytosolic Ca2+ E. a buildup of K+ in the T-tubules and resulting depolarization of the sarcolemma

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G01.01 Describe the major functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module G01 General functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.04 Section: 10.04 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

10. Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon? A. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. B. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. C. Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. D. Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. E. Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

11. The flexor (withdrawal) reflex A. has a monosynaptic component. B. is initiated by stretching muscle spindle fibers. C. is initiated by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ. D. stimulates contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle. E. stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

12. Which best describes an event that occurs as part of the crossed-extensor reflex? A. It stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor. B. It stimulates contraction of the contralateral extensor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral flexor. C. It is initiated by stretch in the ipsilateral extensor muscle. D. Inhibitory interneurons are activated, which synapse onto contralateral extensor muscles. E. Monosynaptic excitatory stimulation of ipsilateral extensor muscles occurs.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the bod y. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

13. What is the function of Golgi tendon organs? A. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles. B. They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons. C. They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space. D. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons. E. They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly.

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

14. Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand? A. A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. B. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. C. Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. D. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. E. Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

15. Which of the following does NOT describe the highest hierarchical level of motor control? A. It creates a "motor program" that uses afferent information to generate a pattern of neural activity required to carry out a given action. B. It involves brain regions that include the sensorimotor and cortical association areas. C. It sends signals along "command neurons" to parts of the brain that make up the middle level of the motor control hierarchy. D. It involves brain regions that function in memory, emotions, and motivation. E. It initiates consciously planned movements.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain

16. What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes? A. It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. B. It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. C. It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors, even when a muscle shortens rapidly. D. It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers, or damage to the tendon. E. It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

17. What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease? A. There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. B. There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. C. Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal nuclei. D. Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. E. Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain

18. What is the function of the basal nuclei in normal motor control? A. They provide a perceptual awareness related to specific sensory inputs from the eyes, nose, and mouth. B. They provide a general perceptual awareness associated with somatosensory inputs from the skin, muscles, and joints. C. They provide a sense of the cause-and-effect relationships between muscle actions and the consequences of taking these actions before executing them. D. They participate in a looping neuronal circuit through which motor impulses are sent to facilitate or suppress movements. E. They form an initial intention to move, such as when you decide to pick up an object.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

19. Which is a symptom of Parkinson disease? A. flaccid paralysis B. intention tremor C. resting tremor D. memory loss E. loss of proprioception

20. What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease? A. They cannot initiate movements, but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. B. They have resting tremors, in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. C. They lose the ability to comprehend language, although they are still fully capable of speaking words. D. All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch, muscle force, and nociceptor input are lost. E. They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly, showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination.

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

21. What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine? A. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. B. Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. C. Dopamine is highly addictive, creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. D. Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and it has too many systemic side effects. E. Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H08.04 Describe the structural basis for, and the importance of the blood brain barrier. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K12.04b List types of capillaries and state where in the body each type is found. HAPS Objective: K12.04c Correlate the anatomical structure of capillaries with their functions. HAPS Topic: Module H08 Protective roles of the cranial bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system

22. Which best describes the specific cause of Parkinson disease? A. enhanced sensitivity of cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine B. reduced ability of neurons in the substantia nigra to release dopamine C. failure of serotonin receptors to bind with these neurohormones D. hyperactivity of metabolic enzymes that degrade dopamine E. natural tendency of basal nuclei to follow a daily recurring, oscillating cycle of rising and falling norepinephrine release

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

23. Why do people with Parkinson disease experience resting tremors? A. Damage to the cerebellum alternately activates agonist/antagonist muscle pairs. B. Excess glutamate is released in the premotor areas of the motor cortex. C. Dopamine-secreting tumors directly activate alpha motor neurons. D. Acetylcholinesterase at neuromusclular junctions is inactivated. E. Activation of the sensorimotor cortex is reduced when the substantia nigra fails to deliver dopamine to the basal nuclei.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain

24. Which is TRUE about the function of the cerebellum? A. It helps to coordinate body movements. B. It is important in maintaining posture. C. It receives input from sensory pathways. D. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints. E. All of the choices are correct.

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

25. Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum? A. flaccid paralysis B. violent, uncontrolled body movements called chorea C. intention tremors D. resting tremors E. spastic paralysis

26. Which of the following statements about control of body movement is FALSE? A. The corticospinal motor pathways control most fine, discrete muscle activity. B. The brainstem pathways control postural and most other coordinated body movements. C. The cerebellum fine-tunes ongoing movement and helps to coordinate movements. D. The corticobulbar pathways begin in the sensorimotor cortex and end in the brainstem. E. The corticospinal tracts from the right sensorimotor cortex control movements of limbs on the right side of the body.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

27. The corticospinal pathways: A. are descending motor pathways. B. begin in the cortex of the cerebellum. C. consist of many interneurons linked synaptically. D. are composed of alpha motor neurons. E. bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

28. Which of the following is NOT true of corticospinal fibers? A. They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. B. They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. C. They may synapse directly on interneurons. D. They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. E. They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

29. What is the definition of "muscle tone"? A. the resistance of muscle to continuous passive stretch B. the sound made by a muscle at rest C. the maximum contraction strength that a muscle is capable of D. the tension in a muscle that is only due to the passive resistance of elastic structures E. the average length of the muscle fibers in a given motor unit

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G01.01 Describe the major functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Topic: Module G01 General functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 10.04 Section: 10.04 Topic: General functions of muscle tissue

30. Afferent pathways of the postural reflexes come mainly from: A. the cerebellum. B. the eyes, the vestibular apparatus, and the receptors involved in proprioception. C. muscle spindles and temperature receptors. D. nociceptors and chemoreceptors. E. the somatosensory cortex.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.05 Section: 10.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

31. When a walking person lifts one foot off of the ground, which of these happens? A. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground. B. The body only accelerates forward, so the center of gravity remains directy between the two feet. C. The body accelerates forward, but the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground. D. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is on the ground. E. The center of mass is left behind by the acceleration of the body, so the body must lean forward to compensate.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.06 Section: 10.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system

True / False Questions 32. The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle consists of the neurons of all of the motor units of that muscle. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

33. Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

34. Once a planned movement is under way, it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

35. Practicing a movement allows for "fine-tuning" the original program so that the movement can be executed with fewer corrections. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Integrative functions of the brain

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

36. Afferent information about body movement is in part integrated at the level of the interneurons controlling the firing of alpha motor neurons. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

37. Afferent fibers from muscle spindle stretch receptors in a muscle make excitatory synaptic contact with motor neurons that innervate the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

38. Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

39. During motor activity, alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

40. Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring. FALSE

41. The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone. TRUE

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

42. When a person steps on a tack with the left foot, flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract. FALSE

43. The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain

44. The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cere brum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

45. The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal nuclei from the motor cortex. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.01 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain

46. One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program. TRUE

47. In general, the brainstem descending pathways have greater influence over motor neurons controlling muscles involved in fine movements and the corticospinal pathways are more involved in the coordination of large muscle groups and postural muscles. FALSE

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

48. Crossed-extensor reflexes, but not stretch reflexes, are important postural reflexes. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.05 Section: 10.05 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

49. Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

50. Sensory neurons that are part of the stretch reflex synapse directly onto the motor neurons of antagonist muscles, and inhibit them. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Chapter 10 - Control of Body Movement

51. Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle fibers are subject to the summative effects of interneurons that release excitatory neurotransmitters and interneurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 11 - The Endocrine System

Chapter 11 The Endocrine System

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? A. It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body. B. It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood. C. It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms. D. It influences and is influenced by the nervous system. E. Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.01 Describe the major functions of the endocrine system. HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Section: 11.01 Topic: General functions of the endocrine system