Test Bank For Sociology, 18th Edition by John Macionis 2024 Chapters 1-25 by digitaldownload87

Table of Contents 1

The Sociological Perspective

Sociological Investigation

Culture

Society

Socialization

Social Interaction in Everyday Life

Mass Media and Social Media

Groups and Organizations

Sexuality and Society

10 Deviance 11 Social Stratification 12 Social Class in the United States 13 Global Stratification 14 Gender Stratification 15 Race and Ethnicity 16 Aging and the Elderly 17 The Economy and Work 18 Politics and Government 19 Families 20 Religion 21 Education 22 Health and Medicine 23 Population, Urbanization, and Environment 24 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 25 Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies

Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Sociology, Eighteenth Edition. The questions are tagged to indicate one of four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels:

Recollection: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

Understanding: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

Application: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation

Analysis: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

The 195 questions in this chapter‘s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, two-thirds of these are ―Recollection‖ questions, and all of them fall within the lowest three levels of cognitive reasoning (―Recollection,‖ ―Understanding,‖ and ―Application‖). Multiple-choice questions span a broader range of skills (most are ―Recollection‖ questions and the remainder are divided among the three higher levels). Short-answer questions are spread across the highest three levels of reasoning. Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they require analysis and other higher levels of cognitive reasoning.

Types of Questions

Recollection

True/False

Multiple Choice

Short Answer

Essay

Total Qs

41 (71%)

48 (44%)

Understanding 11 (19%)

21 (21%)

7 (37%)

Application

6 (10%)

16 (14%)

2 (10%)

3 (25%)

Analysis

21 (21%)

10 (53%)

9 (75%)

106

195

Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

Most people in the United States marry partners whose racial and ethnic identity differs from their own.. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection According to sociologists, human behavior reflects our personal ―free will.‖ Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. Answer: True

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Using the sociological perspective, we would conclude that people‘s lives are mostly a result of what they, as individuals, decide to do. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application On average, college students in the U.S. come from families with above-average incomes. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

Emile Durkheim provided evidence that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates than people with stronger social ties. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection In the United States, Black people have a higher suicide rate than White people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection In the United States, men have a higher suicide rate than women. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection In the United States, White people have a lower suicide rate than Hispanic people. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world from a sociological perspective than people who are well off. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills claimed that sociology encourages people to take personal responsibility for solving their own problems. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective.

Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Societies around the world are now more interconnected than ever before. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

Studying other societies is a good way to increase awareness of not only others‘ social patterns but our own way of life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Based on the research by Barbara Ehrenreich, who spent many months working at lowwage jobs, we would expect most people in such jobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career.

Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The sociological perspective helps us to assess the truth of the ―common sense‖ beliefs most people tend to take for granted. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The sociological perspective helped us to see how the COVID-19 pandemic changed patterns of social life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people.

Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociology developed along with the feudal system in European societies roughly one thousand years ago. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The discipline of sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Among all academic disciplines that are taught at colleges and universities today, sociology is one of the youngest. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

The term sociology was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were primarily interested in imagining the ―ideal‖ society rather than studying society as it really is. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Across the history of human societies, the last of Auguste Comte‘s three stages is the metaphysical stage, in which people know the world in terms of God‘s will. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Recollection Auguste Comte is correctly characterized as a positivist because he believed that there were laws of society in the same way that the laws of physics guide the operation of the natural world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Sociologists gather facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify the theories they develop. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The chapter explains that, in general, areas of the country with high population density have high rates of suicide. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection According to Robert K. Merton, all social patterns exist because they are good and have the same beneficial effect on all members of a society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Rarely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Delaying the entry of young people into the labor market is one latent function of higher education. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application We would correctly describe tens of thousands of deaths in traffic accidents each year as a manifest function of our society‘s reliance on personal automobiles. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches.

Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application To say that a social pattern is ―dysfunctional‖ simply means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding The goal of the structural-functional approach is not just to understand how society operates, but to reduce social inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding In the United States, secondary schools provide students with instruction that reflects, in part, the social standing of their families. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Both feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women and men are socially unequal. Answer: True

Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection W. E. B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Harriet Martineau, who wrote about the evils of slavery and worked to improve the lives of factory workers, is widely regarded as the first woman sociologist. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection W. E. B. Du Bois, the first Black person to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, sought not only to understand problems faced by Black communities in the United States but to solve them. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach has a focus on social inequality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection W. E. B. Du Bois wrote a classic study of the Black community in Philadelphia. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection W. E. B. Du Bois discouraged sociologists from studying controversial topics such as racial inequality. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Both Karl Marx and W. E. B. Du Bois carried out their research guided by the structuralfunctional approach. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Recollection Among the various theoretical paradigms in sociology, the symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Sociological research shows that all categories of people in the United States have had the same opportunities to participate in sports. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports.

Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding People included in racial and ethnic minority categories of the U.S. population represent a far larger share of team players than CEOs/presidents and team owners. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolicinteraction approach. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses on broad patterns of social inequality involving all of society‘s major institutions. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection

Structural-functional theory tends to be politically conservative, just as social-conflict theory tends to be politically progressive. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection Historically, the discipline of sociology developed largely as an effort to address social problems. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection On balance, the discipline of sociology directs attention more to choices made by individuals (a conservative perspective) and less to the structures of society (a progressive perspective). Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociological generalizations are the same as simple stereotypes. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis.

Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS What does the sociological perspective reveal about people‘s selection of marriage partners? People marry because they fall in love. When it comes to romance, it is all a matter of personal taste. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. When it comes to love, opposites attract. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis The statement that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing is best described as which of the following? The basis of what philosophy calls ―free will‖ The essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology Evidence that people everywhere have ―common sense‖ Evidence that people from countries all around the world make mostly the same choices about how to live Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Which of the following disciplines defines itself as ―the systematic study of human society‖? Sociology Psychology Economics History Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. good; worst tragedies new; old specific; general general; particular Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

By stating that the sociological perspective shows us ―the strange in the familiar,‖ the chapter argues that sociologists ________. focus on the bizarre elements of society reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives believe that people often behave in strange ways believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection Three campus roommates are talking about why they have come to college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of ________. only age, because college students tend to be young only class, because college students tend to come from families with above-average incomes only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people age, class, and our place in history, because these are all ways in which society guides college attendance Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application

The chapter‘s sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects ________. only her personal preference for family size how many children she can afford whether she lives in a low-income or a high-income society simply the desires of her husband Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have ________. more clinical depression less money, power, and other resources lower levels of social integration higher self-esteem Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was ________. Robert K. Merton

Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people? White men Black men White women Black women Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be ________. higher in urban areas higher in rural areas high in both urban and rural areas low in both urban and rural areas

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis Sociologists use the term ―social marginality‖ to refer to ________. people who have little understanding of sociology people who have unusual social skills people who are defined by others as ―outsiders‖ people who are especially sensitive about their family background Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Because social marginality encourages sociological thinking, we might expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? Wealthy and powerful people People within a racial minority category Politicians People in the middle class Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread ________. during times of peace and prosperity among very rich people among very religious people during times of social crisis Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding C. Wright Mills claimed that the ―sociological imagination‖ transformed ________. common sense into laws of society activists for change into supporters of the status quo personal problems into public issues scientific research into common sense Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding The United States falls within which category of the world‘s nations?

Low-income nations Middle-income nations High-income nations Socially marginalized nations Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Countries in which average people‘s income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area are categorized as ________. low-income nations middle-income nations high-income nations socially marginalized nations Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding The nations of Western Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which category of countries? Low-income nations Middle-income nations

High-income nations Socially marginalized nations Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Almost all of Latin American nations (excluding Mexico) and almost all of Asian nations fall into the category of ________. low-income nations middle-income nations high-income nations socially marginalized nations Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Understanding how social patterns differ from one country to another increases ________. distrust among people living in various nations the rate of global social change our understanding of both ways of life in other nations and our own way of life conflict among global nations Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection The steady flow of people and products into the United States each year supports the conclusion that ________. the world‘s nations are increasingly interconnected other nations have little effects on life in high-income countries such as the United States people around the world share little in terms of their ways of life sociologists have little reason to pay attention to nations other than the United States Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Gaining a global understanding is ________. unimportant because the United States is so rich and there is little reason for us to learn about other nations important for college students because most new U.S. jobs involve some element of international trade unimportant because there is no longer very much poverty in the world important because people the world over have ways of life that are very much the same Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world.

Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis Social problems that exist in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are ________. less serious in lower-income countries more serious in lower-income countries equally serious in lower-income countries unheard of in lower-income countries Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to ________. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life accept what people in the United States call ―common sense‖ assume that people‘s lives simply reflect the choices they make gradually understand less and less about her own way of life Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Application Making use of the sociological perspective encourages ________. challenging many commonly held beliefs acceptance of all commonly held wisdom the belief that society is mysterious people to be happy with their lives as they are Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Sociologist Lenore Weitzman carried out research showing that women who divorce ________. typically remarry within one year claim they are happier than before suffer a significant loss of income report advancing in their careers Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Learning more sociology can help you ________. understand that people have little control over their lives

assess the opportunities and constraints in your life understand that people should accept their lives see how individuals guide their own lives through ―free will‖ Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis In the feature about Barbara Ehrenreich working at low-wage jobs, we learned that she ________. was able to make a good living right from the start worked very hard, but never made enough money to pay for her basic needs found most of her coworkers to be dull and lazy was eventually convinced that personal ability is everything Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology? A researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine. A person in retail sales knows how to exceed the monthly sales target. A police officer understands which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime.

A financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work ________. only as teachers of sociology only in criminal justice or social work only as clinical sociologists in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in medicine ________. declining to offer treatment to certain categories of people understanding patterns of health in a community working as clinical sociologists understanding that factors like race, class, and gender have no effect on well-being Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application Among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was ________. the founding of the Roman Catholic church the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities the power of tradition a belief that our futures are defined by ―fate‖ Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection We would expect that the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a society that was ________. very traditional experiencing many social changes very low income small and socially isolated Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analysis Sociology first appeared as a formal discipline in ________. the United States Japan France China Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The term ―sociology‖ was coined in 1838 by ________. Karl Marx Herbert Spencer Adam Smith Auguste Comte Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on ________. what the ideal society should be human nature the place of God in shaping human events

how society actually operates Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding The major goal of sociology‘s pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was ________. to serve the powerful to help build an ―ideal society‖ to discover how society actually operates to prevent disruptive social change Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Auguste Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development? Theological stage Metaphysical stage Scientific stage Postscientific stage Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection According to Auguste Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as ________. a system operating according to its own laws chaotic and having little order or form an expression of God‘s will a system of behavior according to natural laws Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The ancient Romans saw the stars as being gods. Auguste Comte would classify Roman society as being in which of the following stages of history? Scientific stage Metaphysical stage Theological stage Postscientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis According to Auguste Comte, the development of sociology took place as society entered which stage of development?

Theological stage Metaphysical stage Scientific stage Postscientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Thomas Hobbes‘s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Auguste Comte‘s historical stages? Theological stage Metaphysical stage Scientific stage Postscientific stage Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? Theological stage Metaphysical stage Scientific stage

Postscientific stage Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis ________ is a way of understanding the world based on science. Tradition Positivism Metaphysics Free will Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States? During the Middle Ages About 1800 About 1900 About 2000 Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Recollection

Most of today‘s sociologists agree with Auguste Comte‘s claim that ________. no society has reached the scientific stage of history human behavior is not patterned and orderly sociology should be based on religion science is an important foundation of sociology Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Sociologists cannot identify ―laws of society‖ that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because ________. human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous sociology is still very young no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) ________. approach

precept concept theory Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists ________. gather data or facts accept the conventional wisdom of their society are guided by their personal feelings about the issue look to the past for guidance Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of becoming single parents themselves, we have constructed a ________ of family life. paradigm precept concept theory Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches.

Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists look to their professional training and are guided by ________. one or more theoretical approaches their own common sense our society's traditional wisdom sheer chance Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Looking at the United States, high suicide rates are typical of areas in which people ________. live densely packed in cities live spread apart in rural areas have higher incomes live in a warmer climate Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim used the ________.

the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach theological approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the ________. structural-functional approach social-conflict approach symbolic-interaction approach tradition-based approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Which of the following concepts is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? Social structure Manifest functions Social functions Social dysfunctions

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The structural-functional approach is concerned with ________. the meaning people attach to their behavior patterns of social inequality the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society ways in which each person differs from all others Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology‘s structural-functional approach. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau, Robert K. Merton, W. E. B. Du Bois Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Recollection Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with ________. animal societies planets and stars the human brain the human body Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Who was the U.S. sociologist who explained that social patterns have both manifest functions and latent functions? Robert K. Merton William Graham Sumner Talcott Parsons C. Wright Mills Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as ________. latent functions

manifest functions eufunctions dysfunctions Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called ________. latent functions manifest functions operational functions dysfunctions Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection An example of a latent function of college is ________. providing skills needed for later jobs keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have jobs for them gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen giving young people experience living on their own Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches.

Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences? Social structure Manifest functions Social functions Social dysfunctions Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Robert K. Merton explained that what is functional for one category of people ________. is always functional for everyone may not be functional for people in another category is unlikely to change over time can never be functional in the future Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Understanding marriage using the structural-functional approach might prompt you to consider ________.

what people think marriage means how marriage benefits women and men unequally the consequences of marriage for the operation of society how can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application The main characteristic of the ________ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable. structural-functional social-conflict social-interaction tradition-based Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A fair criticism of the structural-functional approach is that it ________. ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict focuses too much on social dysfunction focuses too much on power divisions in society is a politically liberal view of society Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis A limitation of the structural-functional approach is that it ________. is not concerned with the consequences of patterns of social behavior is not focused on macro-level social structures does not use the sociological perspective focuses on stability at the expense of conflict Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis The ―framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change‖ is the ________. structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach symbolic-interaction approach tradition-based approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The social-conflict approach draws attention to ________.

how elements contribute to the overall operation of society how people construct meaning in their interaction patterns of social inequality the stable aspects of society Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Looking at the operation of U.S. schools guided by the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that ________. the function of schools is to teach needed skills the meaning of schooling varies from child to child schools have been a major path to social advancement our society provides some students with far better schooling than others Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application

Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight ________. income differences among young people in high school. the functions of sports for society as a whole meanings people associate with various family members the functions of a social institution such as the family

Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Karl Marx, guided by the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was ________. to understand how society really operates to compare U.S. society to others to foster support for a nation‘s government to bring about greater social equality Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding _______ had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach. Karl Marx Talcott Parsons Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for ________. focusing on values that everyone shares being openly political promoting the status quo ignoring factors like class Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis A sociologist using the gender-conflict approach might be expected to state that ________. men and women share in the joys of family life in many ways, men are in positions of power over women gender functions in an important way to keep society operating men and women enjoy equal rights and privileges in our society Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? Harriet Martineau Jane Addams Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Dorothea Dix Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago‘s Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W. E. B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W. E. B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which early U.S. sociologist studied the Black community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W. E. B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which of the following theoretical approaches would you expect to highlight the fact that, on average, Black families have less income than White families? The race-conflict approach The gender-conflict approach The structural-functional approach The symbolic-interaction approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that ________ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century.

class race gender ethnicity Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection W. E. B. Du Bois described Black Americans as having a ―double consciousness‖ because ________. most Black Americans felt that, compared to White people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted there is a double disadvantage for those who are both low income and Black Black people have to work twice as hard as White people to get the same reward Black Americans are not ―just Americans‖; they are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis The ________ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms. structural-functional and social-conflict structural-functional and symbolic-interaction social-conflict and symbolic-interaction

gender-conflict and symbolic-interaction Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? The operation of the U.S. economy Patterns of global terrorism Two people on an airplane getting to know one another in conversation Class inequality in the armed forces Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________. an arena of conflict between categories of people the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations a system that operates to benefit people a system that generates social inequality

Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? Structural-functional approach Social-conflict approach Symbolic-interaction approach Social-exchange approach Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding __________, one of the founding sociologists, urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it. Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Auguste Comte Max Weber Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Looking at romantic relationships, a social-exchange analysis would point out that ________.

people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do class differences are reflected in favored sports people build reality as they introduce themselves people who do more important work usually earn more pay Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis

A common criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________. calls attention to major social institutions says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race paints a very positive picture of society says little about how individuals actually experience society Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis A limitation of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________. is not concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior is focused only on macro-level social structures does not use the sociological perspective does not focus on the widespread influence of culture

Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis The symbolic-interaction approach focuses on how ________. society held together society is divided individuals actually experience social situations some people protect their privileges Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A manifest function of sports is ________. providing a source of recreation and physical conditioning fostering social relationships generating jobs teaching a society‘s way of life Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application

Building social relationships and creating tens of thousands of jobs are two of the _________ of sports. manifest functions latent functions dysfunctions nonfunctions Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding A social-conflict approach to sports would be an analysis of ________. the way in which sports help encourage competition the importance of physical ability in success how sports reflect social inequality the different meanings people attach to games Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Racial discrimination in professional baseball is evident today in ________. the fact that just 2.5 percent of team owners are in a racial or ethnic minority category of the population the exclusion of Black and Latino players from professional baseball

the fact that a majority of players are Black or Latino the fact that today‘s players earn far less than players earned fifty years ago Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis A symbolic-interaction analysis of sports would conclude that ________. winning at sports means different things to different people some categories of people benefit more than others from sports sports help develop important cultural values most team presidents and CEOs are White men Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes ________. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society a matter of social inequality less a system than an ongoing process of interaction that creates meaning just a game without any meaning Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application The insight that engaging in sports helps to encourage competition and the pursuit of individual success, both of which are central to our society‘s way of life, reflects which theoretical approach? The race-conflict approach The structural-functional approach The symbolic-interaction approach The gender-conflict approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application A major benefit of learning and applying the language of politics is ________. understanding that sociological analysis has no political consequences gaining the ability to make sociological generalizations becoming a more engaged citizen remaining free of any bias Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection Which theoretical approach focuses on society as it exists and, therefore, tends to be politically conservative? The structural-functional approach The gender-conflict approach The race-conflict approach The symbolic-interaction approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection Which theoretical approach is a micro-level approach that is generally viewed as more personal and less political? The structural-functional approach The gender-conflict approach The race-conflict approach The symbolic-interaction approach Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection

Which theoretical approach tends to be critical of social inequality and, therefore, is politically progressive? The structural-functional approach The social-conflict approach Any micro-level analysis The symbolic-interaction approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Recollection

Sociology developed largely as an effort to address social problems, and the sociological perspective directs our attention not to individual choices as much as to structures of society. Therefore, the chapter concludes, seeing the world sociologically tends to encourage people to be ________. likely to engage in stereotyping conservative nonpolitical progressive Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application

A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________. a sociological insight a sociological generalization a stereotype an act of discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations ________. apply to all individuals in some category are based on all available facts are motivated by bias ignore facts Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding

SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In several sentences, explain the essential wisdom of sociology. Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding What did Peter Berger mean when he said the sociological perspective is ―seeing the general in the particular‖? Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis In the individualistic culture of North America, why can the sociological perspective be described as ―seeing the strange in the familiar‖? Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Explain why the power of society is evident in the decision to bear a child or even in the very personal decision to die by suicide. Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application

What did C. Wright Mills mean by ―the sociological imagination‖? How does this point of view reveal a limitation of what members of our society call ―common sense‖? How does it change the way we see personal problems? Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Why is a global approach a logical extension of the sociological perspective? Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Explain some of the personal benefits of learning to use the sociological perspective, including career advantages. Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Name the three social changes in European history who were especially important to the development of sociology. Why did change spark the development of sociology? Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding What can you say sociologically about when and where the discipline of sociology developed?

Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. Topic: The Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis In several sentences, explain the focus of the structural-functional approach. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of schooling, sports, the COVID19 pandemic, iPhones, or another social pattern of your choosing. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis What is social structure? How do the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches understand social structure differently? Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis In several sentences, explain the focus of the social-conflict approach. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding

Explain the focus of the gender-conflict or feminist approach. Guided by this approach, provide several sentences that offer a critical analysis of our society. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Briefly describe the contributions of W. E. B. Du Bois to sociology. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Briefly explain the difference between a macro-level and a micro-level theoretical orientation. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analysis In several sentences, explain the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding In several sentences, point to benefits derived from incorporating political analysis as well as analysis using sociological theory. Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Describe the political character of each of sociology‘s major theoretical approaches: the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the symbolic-interaction approach. Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS The sociological perspective helps us recognize that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. Explain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals ―the general in the particular.‖ To illustrate, explain how society plays a part in your own decision to attend college. Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Since beginning this course in sociology, how has your view of the world changed? Provide one specific example of something in your life that you see differently now compared to before you started this course. Is this change a good thing? Explain. Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Applying the sociological perspective to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, identify several ways in which the pandemic changed patterns of social life in the United States. In what ways did the pandemic increase our awareness of social inequality?

Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Apply the sociological perspective to show how society shapes our individual lives. Topic: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Sociologists increasingly focus on not just U.S. society, but the world as a whole. Provide several reasons for this global focus. How is an awareness of global patterns, such as immigration or social inequality, very much a part of the sociological perspective? Learning Objective: LO 1.2: State several reasons why having a global perspective is important in today‘s world. Topic: The Importance of a Global Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Do you see any dangers in adopting the sociological perspective too intensely? For example, by saying that society is at work in all of our choices about how to live, do we lose any sense of personal responsibility for our actions? Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Imagine that you were asked by another student, ―What would be the benefits of taking a course in sociology?‖ Explain how and why sociology can transform the way someone sees the world. Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for assessing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. Topic: Applying the Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis

Explain how the structural-functional approach is more focused on understanding society as it is and how the social-conflict approach (consider the gender-conflict or race-conflict approaches) is more focused on social change. Do you prefer one approach to the other? Explain. Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Point out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structuralfunctional approach (say, Emile Durkheim) has in common with that of a sociologist influenced by the social-conflict approach (say, Karl Marx). That is, how are they both sociological? At the same time, how does each represent a different assumption about the nature of society? How is the purpose of sociological study different? Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Develop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operation? Learning Objective: LO 1.5: Summarize sociology‘s major theoretical approaches. Topic: Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Can you identify some social pattern that people in our society tend to see as an expression of personal ability or personal choice? Describe the pattern and then explain how society is also at work in the pattern you have identified. Learning Objective: LO 1.6: Apply sociology‘s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. Topic: Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analysis

The types of questions we ask about society affect the answers we receive; similarly, the theoretical approach we employ shapes the consequences of our research for society going forward. Explain the links between theoretical analysis and political analysis. Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill level: Analysis Explain the difference between sociological generalizations about categories of people and the simple stereotypes we hear in everyday life. Learning Objective: LO 1.7: Understand the links between the sociological perspective, sociological theory, and political analysis. Topic: The Politics of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analysis Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation

Recollection: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

Understanding: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

Application: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation

Analysis: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

The 123 questions in this chapter‘s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, half of these are ―Recollection‖ questions, and all of them fall within the lowest three levels of cognitive reasoning (―Recollection,‖ ―Understanding,‖ and ―Application‖). Multiple-choice questions span a broader range of skills (most are ―Recollection‖ questions and the remainder are divided among the three higher levels). Short-answer questions are spread across the highest three levels of reasoning. Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they include the highest levels of cognitive reasoning.

Types of Questions

True/False

Multiple Choice

Short Answer

Essay

Total Qs

21 (54%)

28 (44%)

Understanding 15 (39%)

10 (16%)

3 (30%)

1 (10%)

Application

3 (8%)

13 (20%)

1 (10%)

Analysis

13 (20%)

6 (60%)

8 (80%)

123

Recollection

Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS Two simple requirements that underlie the process of sociological investigation are (a) looking at the world using the sociological perspective and (b) becoming curious and asking questions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The sociologist recognizes various types of ―truth.‖ Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Science is a logical system that is based on intuition and insight. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection ―Empirical evidence‖ refers to what people in a society agree is true. Answer: False

Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection ―Empirical evidence‖ refers to information that we can verify with our senses. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A positivist approach assumes that an objective reality exists ―out there.‖ Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection In every situation, the mean is a better statistical measure than the mode or the median. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Reliability is a concept that refers to the quality of consistency in measurement. Answer: True

Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Validity is a concept that refers to actually measuring what you want to measure. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A variable that is changed by another variable is called the ―independent variable.‖ Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A variable that causes change in another variable is called the ―dependent variable.‖ Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Whenever two variables are statistically related (change together), a cause-and-effect relationship always exists. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations.

Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding A false correlation between two variables caused by some third variable is described as a ―spurious‖ correlation. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Natural scientists often have an easier time than social scientists in identifying causeand-effect relationships. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding In real life, sociologists always achieve complete personal objectivity in their work. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Max Weber urged sociologists to strive toward the goal of being value-free. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations.

Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Replication is one way to assess the accuracy of existing research. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The logic and methodology of science guarantee that sociological research will result in objective, absolute truth. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Interpretive sociology focuses less on action itself and more on the meaning people attach to their actions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Scientific sociologists focus on what Max Weber called ―verstehen‖ in order to make sense of their surroundings. Answer: False

Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Interpretive sociology defines a person‘s subjective feelings as a source of bias. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Critical sociology studies society and tries to bring about social change. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Karl Marx is a key founder of the critical orientation in sociology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection ―Gender blindness‖ refers to the problem of failing to consider the importance of gender in sociological research. Answer: True

Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the importance of gender and ethics in sociological research. Topic: Issues Affecting Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Sociological research never poses the danger of harm to subjects. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the importance of gender and ethics in sociological research. Topic: Issues Affecting Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Carrying out research on Hispanic people, Asian people, or people of any distinctive ethnicity requires that researchers be sensitive to how these subjects will interpret a researcher‘s words and actions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the importance of gender and ethics in sociological research. Topic: Issues Affecting Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application To identify cause-and-effect relationships, it is usually necessary to exercise experimental control of variables. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understanding The very act of observing people may affect their behavior. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

A survey is a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection A random sample is likely to represent the population from which it is drawn. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding Just walking up to people on the street is a convenient and correct way to generate a random sample. Answer: False

Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application A closed-ended questionnaire format generally makes it easier to analyze research data compared to an open-ended questionnaire format. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding In general, conducting interviews with subjects takes no more time than asking the subjects complete a questionnaire. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Application

Participant observation is a research method by which researchers stand back from a setting, watch from a distance, and then carefully record the behavior of others. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding Participant observation research is usually explanatory, which means that it identifies cause-and-effect relationships. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understanding The use of existing data and documents makes most historical research possible. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The sociologist E. Digby Baltzell found that a surprisingly large number of highachieving people in our country‘s history came from the Boston area. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Inductive logical thought turns theory into testable hypotheses. Answer: False

Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

―Statistical evidence‖ may or may not be the same as truth. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology‘s research methods. Topic: Research Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Lois Benjamin‘s research on the life experiences of high-achieving Black Americans suggests that ________. race has little to do with the life experiences of successful people racism remains a burden even among privileged Black Americans race is now more of a barrier to Black Americans than ever before in U.S. history racism mainly affects lower-class Black Americans Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Science is correctly defined as a ________.

logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation belief based on faith in ultimate truth belief based on a society‘s traditions logical system that bases truth on political goals Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Sociologists use the term empirical evidence to refer to ________. information that is based on a society‘s traditions information that squares with common sense information we can verify with our senses information that most people agree is true Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection The sociological perspective coupled to research reveals that ________. what people call ―common sense‖ is usually pretty close to the truth. much of what passes for ―common sense‖ in the United States turns out to be at least partly wrong most people in the United States readily see how society shapes our lives

―common sense‖ is not very popular in the United States Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. Topic: Basics of Sociological Investigation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding ―A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a somewhat simplified form‖ is the definition of a ________. variable theory measurement concept Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept ―age‖ as ________. a theory a hypothesis a variable an axiom Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations.

Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application If you were trying to measure the ―social class‖ of various people, you would have to keep in mind that ________. it is necessary to operationalize the concept to specify exactly what you are measuring you must measure ―social class‖ in every way possible there is no way to measure ―social class‖ everyone agrees on what ―social class‖ means Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Application Which of the following concepts refers to deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? Operationalizing Reliability Conceptualizing Validity Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection

Which of the following is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers? Mean Mode Median Standard deviation Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which of the following concepts refers to the arithmetic average of a series of numbers? Mean Mode Median Correlation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Describe sociology‘s three research orientations. Topic: Three Ways to Do Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Recollection Which of the following concepts refers to the value that occurs midway in a series of numbers arranged from smallest to largest (that is, the middle case)? Mean Mode Median