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Chapter 0 - Essay 1. Briefly describe the story of the Wild Boars soccer team. Throughout this chapter, there's a discussion of how this story relates to psychology. Provide four examples of how the story of the Wild Boars relates to the material that you will be studying in this course. ANSWER: In June 2018, the Wild Boars soccer team of Northern Thailand finished practice and went on an afternoon outing to the longest cave in Thailand. The monsoon season was about to begin, but the prospect of heavy rain didn't deter the boys and their coach from an afternoon adventure. The boys and their coach entered the cave and shortly encountered a passage that had filled with water. They were trapped for 10 days before being found by rescuers. British divers performed a dramatic rescue and were able to bring the coach and the boys to safety. Various examples of how this story relates to the content of this course can include: (1) We could study the boys' experience from a stress and health perspective (refer to the Stress and Health chapter), (2) exploring how being trapped in the cave impacted their health and well-being, (3) or how their behaviors were motivated by a variety of needs (Motivation and Emotion chapter). (4) We might examine how the boys' personalities impacted their behaviors (Personality chapter), or (5) take the social psychology perspective by investigating relationships and group dynamics (Social Psychology chapter). (6) Memory is another angle, as traumatic memories may increase the risk of developing (7) a psychological disorder, which could lead to the need for (8) treatment (chapters on Memory, Psychological Disorders, and Treatment of Psychological Disorders). (9) To study any of these phenomena, we would need to understand the research methods described in Introduction to the Science of Psychology. 2. Identify at least four subfields in psychology, making sure to include the largest subfield, and discuss specific, real-world settings where psychologists in these subfields might find employment. Discuss your career goals and how an understanding of psychology can better prepare you for that career. ANSWER: Psychology has many subfields. The largest of the subfields is clinical and counseling psychology. Other subfields in psychology include school, industrial/organizational, biology/experimental, social/personality, developmental, educational, health, and cognitive. Psychologists are employed in a variety of places, including higher education, hospitals, K–12, business or government, independent practice, and managed care. Students' answers will vary for the last question, but could include careers in healthcare (using information about the biological basis of behavior, how to analyze a research article, or the varying technologies used to study the brain), education (using information about learning and human development), or graphic design (using information about sensation and perception), etc. 3. List four of the main sections of a research article—the abstract, methods, results, and discussion—and describe the information that belongs in each of those sections along with a specific example of each. ANSWER: The abstract should include a brief description of the article and helps the reader determine if this is the type of research in which the reader is interested. The introduction should include the topic of study, relevant previous research, and specific goals and hypotheses. The methods section should include a description of how the study was conducted and provide details about participants, materials, and procedures, allowing the study to be replicated. The results section should include a description of the data collected and outcome of the study. This section often includes tables, graphs, or figures. The discussion section interprets results to determine support or lack of support for the research hypotheses. Discussion sections often report study limitations, contributions, and implications for future research. 4. Describe four common myths in psychology and refute each myth with scientific evidence. Then select a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Essay commonly believed assumption about human behavior that's not featured in the text and research to find if it is a myth debunked by science or if it is actually true. ANSWER: There are several myths in psychology that have been dispelled by psychological research; for example, full moons are associated with increased crime and psychiatric hospitalizations. People also hold the myth that most of the older people live sad and solitary lives, while in reality, people actually become happier with age. Another myth is that punishment is a great way to change behavior in the long term. Research has shown that punishment can lead to unwanted results. Eating comfort foods will make you happier, or at least some people believe it will, whereas research has shown that a wide variety of foods can improve our mood. Another existing myth is that U.S. children get plenty of sleep. There is no solid evidence to support this. Finally, it is believed that there are distinct learning styles. While people might have different skills and areas of interest, there is little evidence to support the belief that people have specific learning styles. Various assumptions about human behavior can be researched—the key is to evaluate whether science supports it or if it is a misconception. 5. Elvira's friend claims that psychology is just common sense. Elvira disagrees and uses her knowledge of dispelled myths in psychology, the hindsight bias, and anecdotal evidence to support her argument. What would Elvira say to effectively present her reasoning? ANSWER: Elvira would first point out that there are numerous "commonsense" examples that have been dispelled using psychological research. One such myth is that people only use 10% of their brains. In reality, people essentially use all of their brains. A second myth is that older people live sad and solitary lives. Psychological research has found that people become happier as they age. Elvira would next define the hindsight bias as the feeling that "I knew it all along." She could point out that often people have this bias in response to psychological research findings, but people generally are not able to predict the research findings beforehand. Finally, Elvira could argue that students insist that life has already taught them all they need to know about psychology. In reality, while learning from experience is important, it is not the same as scientific findings. 6. Jorge tells you that high doses of vitamin C can cure Covid-19. You're skeptical, so you ask Jorge where he read this information. Jorge tells you that this information is all over social media and that he also did an internet search and found several articles to support these claims. Identify and define the cognitive error that has occurred in this example and explain to Jorge how this error may have contributed to his belief in this statement. ANSWER: The cognitive error that has occurred is confirmation bias, which is the tendency to seek out evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook information that contradicts them. Jorge may have been susceptible to this fake news because it may reaffirm something that he already thought was true. He may also be only paying attention to certain information because it already supports his point of view and ignoring or minimizing information that contradicts his beliefs. 7. When it comes to relationships, some believe that opposites attract. As a critical thinker, what should be done to evaluate this statement? ANSWER: Be skeptical: Why should this claim be believed? Is there any supporting evidence? Think deeply: What is meant by "opposites"? Are we referring to people with dissimilar personalities, interests, ethnic backgrounds, educational levels, and/or socioeconomic status? Draw on existing knowledge: Ex: "My psychology professor recently lectured on interpersonal attraction. What did I learn from that presentation?" Ask questions: What factors are most important in determining whom we find attractive? Can these Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Essay factors change as we age? Consider alternative explanations: Maybe the opposite is true: People are attracted to those who are similar. Do "birds of a feather flock together"? Reflect on your own emotional reactions. "I am attracted to people who are different from me?" But keep in mind that personal experience does not constitute scientific evidence (anecdotal evidence). Tolerate uncertainty: The rules of attraction may not be universal, and they could fluctuate over a person's lifetime. Keep an open mind: The idea that "opposites attract" is generally not supported by scientific research; however, it may be true for certain traits or certain people. 8. Why is astrology considered pseudopsychology? Be sure to define pseudopsychology in your answer. How does astrology and much of pseudopsychology relate to the Barnum effect? ANSWER: Pseudopsychology is an approach to explaining and predicting behavior and events that appears to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it. Astrology is a pseudopsychology because it claims to predict and explain events and human behavior, but its descriptions and predictions are generally not supported by objective, empirical evidence. Astrology's claims are unlikely to withstand the scrutiny of critical thinking, which is the process of weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining the contributions of each. Astrology's findings are sufficiently vague and could apply to just about anyone, so people tend to believe it. This is called the Barnum effect. 9. What is critical thinking? How might critical thinking be used to evaluate a source of written information about a research study? ANSWER: Critical thinking is the process of weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining the contributions of each. It involves disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, openminded, and informed by evidence. A critical thinker is skeptical, thinks deeply, evaluates claims using existing knowledge, asks questions, considers alternative explanations, reflects on one's own emotional reactions, and tolerates uncertainty. To evaluate a source of information about a research study, it would be wise to do so critically. This means one should consider the professional background of the author and where the information was published (peer-reviewed journal or popular press?). An in-depth examination of the methods and findings of the research should be made, with special consideration given to sample size, how the researchers collected data, and whether limitations and alternative explanations are discussed. Finally, one should look to see if the study has been replicated. Did the replications use other samples and find the same results? 10. Mohammed is the director of the Getting Started Center at his community college. He uses his knowledge of psychology to design curriculum for the Planning for Success course that is required for all first-year students. An important component of the course involves learning how to study in a way that maximizes learning. What will Mohammed tell students about using the study strategies effectively? ANSWER: Mohammed would discuss rereading, note-taking, highlighting, and outlining. Rereading is effective when there is a comprehensive exam in a few days. It is especially beneficial if you space out your reading sessions. It is also effective when you have a test coming up very soon and you can space out your first and second reading sessions. It is effective if the test requires a lot of memorization and if you quiz yourself between the first and second reading. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Essay Note-taking is effective when you review your notes, take notes by hand, and summarize, paraphrase, and outline instead of recording everything verbatim. Highlighting is effective when you highlight important information, mark up the text during your second read-through, and think carefully about what should be highlighted. Outlining is effective when you use an incomplete outline during class, use an outline created by your instructor, and use your outline to test yourself. 11. Discuss how your knowledge of psychology can help you become a better student. List at least four tools you plan to employ to ensure you are successful in college. Give specific examples of how you intend to use these tools in your classes. ANSWER: According to psychological research, students perform better when tests are given often. Students can utilize practice tests, like the ones given at the end of each chapter. Students can also create their own quizzes, test each other, and use publisher-created practice tests or adaptive learning quizzes. Students also remember information better when it applies to personal experiences, world events, and cultural phenomena. Students can find ways to make the material they are learning apply to their lives or something in which they are interested. One strategy to utilize is to rewrite notes in their own words. Another insight from psychological research is that active-learning exercises in the classroom increase students' understanding and retention of material (Deslauriers et al., 2019; Parrill, 2023). You can also take advantage of the Try This exercises scattered throughout the chapters, which ask you to apply key concepts by performing simple activities. These are typically fast, easy to do, and designed to reinforce chapter content. Students' responses will vary on this last question, but should include strategies such as attending classes, reading the material beforehand, actively participating in class discussions, creating a plan to keep up with assignments and planning accordingly, regularly checking the syllabus, summarizing major sections of the text, taking notes in class, meeting with the instructor, using all resources provided by the instructor, and reviewing lecture notes.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice 1. The group dynamics of the members of the Wild Boars soccer team and their coach is a topic discussed in the: a. stress and health chapter. b. motivation chapter. c. personality chapter. d. social psychology chapter. ANSWER: d 2. A variety of needs guided the survival of the members of the Wild Boars soccer team who were trapped in a cave, which is a topic discussed in the: a. stress and health chapter. b. motivation chapter. c. personality chapter. d. social psychology chapter. ANSWER: b 3. What is a learning objective (LO)? a. a chart found in the text b. a figure found in the text c. a conceptual link between chapters d. a statement of essential content in the text ANSWER: d 4. Psychology is the scientific study of: a. mental processes but not behavior. b. behavior and mental processes. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior but not mental processes. ANSWER: b 5. Akhil has declared psychology as his major. Akhil will be studying: a. only mental processes. b. only behavior. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior and mental processes. ANSWER: d 6. "Will I survive this ordeal?" and "Are my parents coming to look for me?" are both examples of _____ that the members of the Wild Boars soccer team might have had as they remained trapped in the cave. a. behaviors b. emotions Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice c. thoughts d. stress reactions ANSWER: c 7. One subfield of psychology includes counseling and clinical psychologists. In addition to providing therapy to clients, clinical and counseling psychologists: a. might also research the causes and treatments of psychological disorders. b. provide advice for physical ailments. c. work only with clients in hospital or institutional settings. d. work only with clients in a clinical setting or in an institutional setting. ANSWER: a 8. Approximately 70% of psychologists specialize in _____ psychology. a. educational b. developmental c. forensic d. clinical/counseling ANSWER: d 9. Two of the most popular employment areas for someone with a graduate or doctoral degree in psychology are: a. higher education and social services. b. hospitals and educational support. c. government and nursing care. d. K–12 and independent practice. ANSWER: d 10. Javi has a doctoral degree in psychology and is self-employed. Which professional role is Javi MOST likely to have? a. Javi conducts research on neuropsychology at a university. b. Javi provides therapy for people with PTSD at a mental health clinic. c. Javi manages a company's human resources department as well as their employee well-being program. d. Javi runs a practice that offers marriage and family counseling. ANSWER: d 11. The largest area of specialization in psychology is: a. developmental. b. clinical/counseling. c. educational. d. social/personality. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 12. Lethabo wants to become a graphic designer. He is taking a psychology class and wonders how that could apply to his career choice. Which topics in psychology would Lethabo find MOST applicable to him? a. sensation and perception b. biology and behavior c. human development d. memory ANSWER: a 13. Amory has a doctoral degree in psychology and works for a local school assisting students who have learning disabilities. Amory is a(n): a. educational psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. industrial/organizational psychologist. d. experimental psychologist. ANSWER: a 14. Every chapter of the text contains research citations. Failure to properly cite source information is called _____ and is considered a serious academic offence. a. hindsight bias b. anecdotal evidence c. plagiarism d. fake news ANSWER: c 15. Irati writes a research paper for her psychology class, but forgets to provide citations. Since Irati did not cite her sources, Irati has engaged in: a. plagiarism. b. proper research. c. the scientific method. d. confirmation bias. ANSWER: a 16. Andre has a research paper to complete for his psychology class. Which types of sources should he use? a. news articles b. popular blog posts c. articles shared on social media d. scientific journal articles ANSWER: d 17. How are scientific journal articles different from news articles and blog posts? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice a. News articles and blog posts do not interpret the study's findings or appropriately emphasize what the study's original authors think is important. b. News articles and blog posts provide more important details than do scientific journal articles. c. Scientific journal articles do not provide readers with relevant information whereas news articles and blog posts provide more up-to-date information. d. There is no difference between these. They all provide the reader with the same information. ANSWER: a 18. The abstract of a scientific article: a. lists all of the articles cited. b. is a brief description of the entire article. c. identifies themes or topics in the article. d. describes how the study was conducted. ANSWER: b 19. The method section of a scientific article: a. lists all of the articles cited. b. is a brief description of the entire article. c. identifies themes or topics in the article. d. describes how the study was conducted. ANSWER: d 20. The reference section of a scientific article: a. lists all of the articles cited. b. is a brief description of the entire article. c. identifies themes or topics in the article. d. describes how the study was conducted. ANSWER: a 21. The keywords section of a scientific article: a. lists all of the articles cited. b. is a brief description of the entire article. c. identifies themes or topics in the article. d. describes how the study was conducted. ANSWER: c 22. Ali is writing a scientific article. In order to avoid plagiarism, he has included citations within the article. Where else should these sources be cited to avoid plagiarism? a. references b. method c. abstract Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice d. introduction ANSWER: a 23. Dr. Amani is writing a scientific article for a scholarly journal. Her topic of study is mental wellness during the pandemic. Which statement is she likely to include in the introduction section? a. "This study was administered fully online, and future research could explore in-person survey options for a broader survey pool." b. "The results of the study revealed a significant increase in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among participants during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic levels." c. "Participants were recruited through online platforms and social media advertisements targeting people residing in regions affected by the Covid-19 pandemic." d. "It is hypothesized that the stressors associated with the Covid-19 pandemic negatively impacted mental wellness, leading to higher rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms among people." ANSWER: d 24. In which section of a scientific article would the author provide the details about participants, materials, and procedures? a. references b. method c. abstract d. introduction ANSWER: b 25. Zain conducted a research study to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in reducing stress levels and enhancing cognitive performance in college students and is now writing a scholarly article on his findings. Which action would he take when writing the methods section? a. Zain's study revealed a significant reduction in self-reported stress levels among participants who engaged in mindfulness meditation compared to the control group. b. After reading an article on the neuroscience of meditation in Scientific American, Zain adds this article's publication details to his article. c. For his research, Zain studied 100 college students aged 18–25, which he randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. d. Zain wants to help other researchers quickly identify his article, so he provides terms that represent the main focus of his study. ANSWER: c 26. In which section of a scientific article would the author explain the topic of the study? a. references b. method c. introduction d. results ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice 27. What is the purpose of the discussion section in a scientific article? a. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study b. to describe the data that were collected and the outcome of the study c. to provide details about the study's participants, materials, and procedures d. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles ANSWER: a 28. What is the purpose of the results section in a scientific article? a. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study b. to describe the data that was collected and the outcome of the study c. to provide details about the study's participants, materials, and procedures d. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles ANSWER: b 29. What is the purpose of the methods section in a scientific article? a. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study b. to describe the data that was collected and the outcome of the study c. to provide details about the study's participants, materials, and procedures d. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles ANSWER: c 30. What is the purpose of the keywords section in a scientific article? a. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study b. to describe the data that was collected and the outcome of the study c. to provide details about the study's participants, materials, and procedures d. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles ANSWER: d 31. Merahi is reading a research article on the impact of virtual reality gaming on social anxiety in children. Why would Merahi be particularly interested in the keywords section of the article? a. Merahi would like to find more articles relating to virtual reality gaming and children. b. Merahi would like to explore the sources and studies cited by the authors, which can provide additional information, support, or context for the research findings presented in the article. c. Merahi would like to understand how the research was conducted, including the study design, participant demographics, procedures, and measurements used. d. Merahi would like to learn about the outcomes of the study regarding the impact of virtual reality gaming on social anxiety in children. ANSWER: a 32. Dr. Rashid is conducting research on how alcohol impacts the behavior of young adults. He wants to note in the research journal article that one possible flaw was the small sample size. Where would Dr. Rashid include Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice this information within the article? a. introduction b. method c. discussion d. references ANSWER: c 33. Dr. Matos just concluded her research and it turns out that her hypothesis was not supported by her findings. Where should she include this in her paper? a. in the results section b. in the method section c. in the introduction d. in the discussion section ANSWER: d 34. Concepts covered in Chapter 2, such as the difference between EEG, MRI, PET, and CAT technologies, would be particularly helpful to those pursuing a career in: a. graphic design or architecture. b. law enforcement. c. nursing or medicine. d. wildlife conservation. ANSWER: c 35. Zeeshan would like to pursue a career in _____. With his career interests, concepts found in Chapter 6 related to the reliability of eyewitness testimony and methods for questioning witnesses would be of particular interest. a. graphic design or architecture b. law enforcement c. nursing or medicine d. working with animals ANSWER: b 36. A student of Dr. Alexander asks if it is true that people only use 10% of their brains. Dr. Alexander replies: a. "Yes, people have not yet unlocked their brain's full capabilities." b. "Yes, people only have access to about 10% of the information that has been stored in their brains." c. "No, people essentially use all of their brains." d. "No, but people only use about 50% of their brain's full capabilities." ANSWER: c 37. Aline is giving a presentation to her class about food and happiness. One of her classmates asks her if it is true that eating comfort foods make you feel happier. Aline responds that research shows: a. yes, but only comfort foods increase happiness. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice b. all foods increase happiness. c. a wide variety of foods can improve mood. d. only a strict, carb-free diet increases happiness. ANSWER: c 38. Imene is an educator who is investigating the belief that people have different learning styles, such as "visual" or "auditory." In reading psychological research on the topic, Imene discovers that: a. visual learners retain information better when it is presented in ways that they can see. b. auditory learners retain information better when it is presented so that they can hear it. c. there is no research evidence indicating that people have specific learning styles. d. knowing people's learning styles can maximize educators' teaching effectiveness. ANSWER: c 39. Shu-fen and Francisca are talking about their newborn babies. Shu-fen mentioned that she has been playing Mozart and other classical music for her infant. Francisca, who is currently taking a psychology class, tells Shufen: a. "That is a great idea! I have heard that it makes babies smarter." b. "You should also add some rock and roll music!" c. "Who is Mozart?" d. "There is actually no solid evidence to suggest that playing Mozart makes babies smarter." ANSWER: d 40. Many people believe that kids with autism aren't really interested in socializing. This: a. is a myth and has been debunked by psychological research. b. is true and has been supported by psychological research. c. still needs to be addressed in psychological research. d. is a myth because only a small percentage of people actually believe it. ANSWER: a 41. "My mother is an ER nurse and she says that the emergency room is always busier during a full moon." This statement is an example of: a. hindsight bias. b. anecdotal evidence. c. critical thinking. d. confirmation bias. ANSWER: b 42. Leano is at a graduation party and notices a young person who appears to be unconscious on the ground. Since there are many other people at the party, Leano will MOST likely: a. help the person only if Leano knows the exact circumstances rendering the person unconscious. b. immediately rush to help since people will notice Leano's heroism. c. help because Leano knows that the "bystander effect" will make it less likely for others to. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice d. not help because Leano knows that the "bystander effect" will make it more likely for others to. ANSWER: c 43. The impression that psychological findings are obvious might be related to _____, or the "I knew it all along" feeling. a. the hindsight bias b. critical thinking c. the confirmation bias d. the "bystander effect" ANSWER: a 44. Kafir, when finding out the results of a psychological research study, concluded, "I could have told you that," indicating that he may affected by: a. the misconception bias. b. the hindsight bias. c. commonsense. d. scientific research. ANSWER: b 45. When doctors hear the details of an autopsy and then learn of the deceased person's diagnosis, they often believe that they could have predicted the diagnosis. This is an example of: a. the misconception bias. b. the hindsight bias. c. commonsense. d. scientific research. ANSWER: b 46. Anecdotal evidence is: a. a personal observation. b. a systematic approach to gathering information. c. the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. d. the reason people believe fake news. ANSWER: a 47. Aroha heard that gargling with salt and vinegar was an effective way to get rid of Covid-19. Aroha then searches online to find information that supports that claim. Aroha is engaging in: a. hindsight bias. b. confirmation bias. c. anecdotal evidence. d. scientific research. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice 48. The tendency to seek out evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook information that contradicts them is called: a. the hindsight bias. b. critical thinking. c. the confirmation bias. d. the "bystander effect." ANSWER: c 49. One of the reasons that people are susceptible to "fake news" is that the story may reaffirm something that people already think is true. This cognitive error is called: a. the hindsight bias. b. critical thinking. c. the confirmation bias. d. the "bystander effect." ANSWER: c 50. Science is an approach to gathering knowledge through: a. past experiences and common sense. b. logical reasoning and historical information. c. careful observation and experimentation. d. finding evidence that upholds people's beliefs. ANSWER: c 51. Just like chemistry, biology, and all scientific disciplines, psychology is: a. grounded in research using the scientific method. b. limited to laboratory experiments and animal studies. c. limited to studying observable behaviors and ignoring internal processes. d. unable to address complex social issues such as poverty and inequality. ANSWER: a 52. Psychology employs many of the essential components of science, including: a. statistical analysis. b. common sense. c. hypnosis. d. dream analysis. ANSWER: a 53. What involves weighing pieces of evidence and considering the source and quality of information before accepting it as valid? a. critical thinking b. hindsight bias Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice c. confirmation bias d. common sense ANSWER: a 54. Dr. Jensen is organizing and evaluating evidence concerning aggression in children. Which type of thinking is Dr. Jensen engaging in? a. common sense b. critical c. empirical d. experimental ANSWER: b 55. Ari weighs pieces of evidence about the connection between class attendance and academic performance, and he considers the source and quality of information before accepting it as valid. Ari is demonstrating: a. critical thinking. b. hindsight bias. c. confirmation bias. d. common sense. ANSWER: a 56. In order to think critically about whether opposites attract, a student will need to _____ to determine whether opposites refer to personalities, interests, ethnic backgrounds, educational levels, or socioeconomic statuses. a. be skeptical b. think deeply c. emotionally reflect d. keep an open mind ANSWER: b 57. Yeewon is trying to think critically about the issue of global warming. In order to do this, she will need to _____ to determine what factors are important to the issue of global warming. a. be skeptical b. tolerate uncertainty c. emotionally reflect d. ask questions ANSWER: d 58. Davion is presenting a global warming study to his class. Which question would Davion's classmates ask him if they're engaging in critical thinking? a. "Where was this study published and was it replicated?" b. "If global warming is such a pressing issue now, why didn't scientists predict it sooner?" c. "Do you personally believe that global warming is real?" Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice d. "Isn't it obvious that human activities are responsible for global warming?" ANSWER: a 59. An advertisement touts the muscle-building benefits of a new herbal supplement. Jana is a researcher who investigates the credentials of the individuals testifying to its benefits and performs some research on the company that manufactures the supplement. In addition, she searches the scientific literature for any research that might attest to the benefits of the supplement. What type of thinking is Jana is engaged in? a. psychological b. experimental c. high-level d. critical ANSWER: d 60. An approach that attempts to explain behavior but is without empirical support is labeled: a. critical thinking. b. astrology. c. pseudopsychology. d. psychology. ANSWER: c 61. Which individual is engaging in pseudopsychology? a. Rene, who is discussing the potentially harmful interactions of two prescription medications with a patient b. Andrei, who is spending the night stargazing through his telescope to observe celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies c. Kahanui, who is reading his daily horoscope to gather insights into his future and understand how planetary positions might influence his life d. Imani, who is conducting experiments to study how the human body responds to exercise and the effects of different diets on metabolism ANSWER: c 62. Jakub asks his friend, "What factors determine an individual's personality?" If Jakub's friend engages in pseudopsychology, how would they respond to Jakub? a. "An individual's personality is influenced by a combination of genetic factors, environmental experiences, and social interactions." b. "It is important to consider various perspectives and theories within psychology, which offer different explanations for personality development." c. "An individual's personality traits can be attributed to astrological signs or the positions of celestial bodies at the time of a person's birth." d. "Personality is shaped by the structure and function of the brain, as well as genetic predispositions." ANSWER: c 63. A feature of pseudopsychology is: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice a. the empirical evidence to support its findings. b. the critical thinking involved in it. c. its ability to predict and control future behaviors. d. its broad or vague assertions that cannot be refuted. ANSWER: d 64. What is the tendency for people to fall for statements that are sufficiently vague and complimentary that could apply to just about anyone? a. the confirmation bias b. critical thinking c. the Barnum effect d. the hindsight bias ANSWER: c 65. Professor Asusena is providing examples of the Barnum effect to her students. Which example would she share? a. "You avoid political debates with your parents because you know they won't change your mind anyway." b. "You recognize that your own biases and assumptions can influence your interpretation of information, so you strive to remain open-minded." c. "You knew the answer to that question as soon as you saw it on the exam." d. "You have a tendency to be hard on yourself but are also highly empathetic towards others." ANSWER: d 66. The MOST important lesson the authors hope to impart to you through the use of their textbook is: a. to decide to major in psychology. b. that psychology matters to all of us. c. that all psychologists do research. d. that psychology is only about therapy. ANSWER: b 67. Dr. Mutombo is a psychology professor giving a lecture on how specific learning techniques are used to train police K-9s. By explaining how the psychological concept of learning is being used in real-life, Dr. Mutombo is promoting which 21st-century skill identified in the text? a. critical thinking b. basic competencies c. higher education d. application of knowledge ANSWER: d 68. Dr. Miguel is in his first year of teaching. He knows that to enhance student learning, he should give: a. one exam at the end of the term. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice b. a midterm and final. c. weekly quizzes. d. an exam once a month. ANSWER: c 69. Research shows we remember information better: a. after we have been tested on it. b. before we have been tested on it. c. during a testing situation. d. only if we have reread the material. ANSWER: a 70. Rereading is an effective study strategy if you are: a. cramming for a comprehensive exam. b. studying for a test asking you to make inferences. c. studying for a test asking you to integrate knowledge. d. studying for a test involving a lot of memorization. ANSWER: d 71. Highlighting is an effective study strategy if you: a. highlight during your first read-through. b. focus on studying only the highlighted passages. c. highlight during your second read-through. d. highlight both main and secondary ideas. ANSWER: c 72. Note-taking can be an effective study strategy if you: a. use a laptop to take notes. b. take notes by hand. c. record everything verbatim. d. take notes only on your second read-through. ANSWER: b 73. Yin-Lee is taking notes from a textbook. You notice that the information she is writing down is copied word-for-word. Based on what you know about note-taking, what might you tell Yin-Lee? a. "This is considered plagiarism and the information you are writing down should be cited." b. "We actually remember information better when we paraphrase and put it in our own words." c. "You should use your computer to take notes because it is much faster." d. "It is a bad idea to take notes without receiving instruction on how to do so from the professor." ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice 74. Eric is planning on outlining information for the test. He will be MOST successful if he: a. outlines the entire chapter. b. creates his own outline. c. fills in an incomplete outline during class. d. outlines during the first read-through. ANSWER: c 75. Dzeid is presenting effective study strategies to his class. If he is citing evidence-based guidelines on how to use the strategies, one of Dzeid's slides would state: a. "Rereading is especially useful when you are cramming for a comprehensive exam." b. "Taking notes by hand is more effective than using your laptop." c. "Highlighting works well when you highlight during your first read-through." d. "Rereading works best on exams where you have to integrate knowledge." ANSWER: b 76. Dr. Ahmed is teaching a Foundations of Education class. She wants to make sure that her students are aware of the common study strategies and the research about using them effectively. Dr. Ahmed should emphasize that: a. rereading is especially useful when you are cramming for a comprehensive exam. b. taking notes by hand is more effective than using your laptop. c. highlighting works well when you highlight during your first read-through. d. rereading works best on exams in which you have to integrate knowledge. ANSWER: b 77. Introductory statistics students were asked to consider which resources they would find useful and how they would employ them prior to exam time. Compared to the control group, students in the experimental group: a. showed no differences in the use of resources. b. reported using resources more successfully. c. reported using resources, but not finding them helpful. d. actually had lower academic performance. ANSWER: b 78. Throughout the textbook, students will see sections titled "Career Connections." The purpose of these sections is to: a. point out how psychology relates to various career areas. b. tell students about careers in psychology. c. give students advice on how to find a job. d. help students understand what it is like to have a career. ANSWER: a 79. Ghali is a recruiter for a large tech company and is seeking an entry-level employee who has recently graduated from college. Considering what recruiters look for in college grads (Levy & Rodkin, 2015), which Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 0 - Multiple Choice candidate is Ghali likely to select? a. Nali, who has the highest GPA of the graduating class b. Kimbay, who has demonstrated creative problem-solving skills c. Conni, who has demonstrated strong mathematical skills d. Una, who participated in the most extracurriculars ANSWER: b 80. Pollsters asked over 1,300 recruiters from more than 600 companies what qualifications they seek in college grads. Which of these is one of the MOST desired qualities they seek? a. mathematical skills b. creative problem solving c. high GPA d. industry-specific software experience ANSWER: b 81. Jorge hears a friend make a remark about his older neighbor Ivana. His friend asserts, "That Ivana. She's so old . . . surely she is sad and lonely. How pathetic!" Jorge, using his knowledge of psychology, responds: a. "Actually, research indicates that people become happier with age." b. "Actually, research shows that older people have more friends than do younger people." c. "Yes, research shows that people are more depressed in old age than during any other time in their lives." d. "Yes, research shows that older people are less content with their lives than are younger people." ANSWER: a
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Chapter 1 - Essay 1. Use the example of Sam and Anaïs, the identical twins separated at birth, to explain the four goals of psychology. Explain how their story can be used to illustrate each goal of psychology. ANSWER: The first goal of psychology is to describe, which involves systematic observation of behavior and the reporting of the results of such observation. For Sam and Anaïs, Dr. Segal examined their habits, mental abilities, and personality dispositions. For example, individual variables such as their job satisfaction, visual-spatial skills, and memory were observed. A second goal is to explain, which involves the organization and understanding of behavioral observations. Because Sam and Anaïs share almost all of their DNA and they were raised in different environments, Dr. Segal can better understand the degree to which nature and nurture influenced their habits, abilities, and dispositions. For example, Anaïs' visual-spatial skills were stronger than Sam's visual-spatial skills. As a result, Dr. Segal knows that a difference in their environment, such as Anaïs' focus on fashion design, may have contributed to that skill. A third goal is to predict, which involves projecting or forecasting future behaviors and outcomes. Dr. Segal could use some of the differences and similarities that she found between Sam and Anaïs and predict similar results for other sets of identical twins who have been separated. A final goal of psychology is change, which is the use of research to shape and modify behavior. Dr. Segal could use some of her findings to help others develop better visual-spatial skills since she now knows that practice and experience impact this skill. 2. Describe the contributions of the philosophers Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes to nature–nurture and mind– body issues. Discuss how the nature–nurture issue and the mind–body problems are relevant to mental health. ANSWER: Plato believed in innate knowledge. He highlighted the importance of nature in human development, thought, and behavior. Aristotle suggested that all knowledge comes from experience (empiricism), which paved the way for the scientific method and study through observation. Descartes proposed that the mind and body were distinct (dualism), which paved the way for the scientific study of mental processes and emotion. Relevance to mental health: The nature-nurture issue suggests that mental health can be influenced by the individual's genetics (nature) and/or the individual's experiences and surroundings (nurture). The mind-body problem suggests that mental health is closely linked to how our thoughts and feelings (mind) affect our physical health (body). In addition, changes in the brain (body) can impact our emotions and thoughts (mind). Overall, understanding mental health involves looking at both nature and nurture factors and recognizing how our mind and body are connected in shaping our well-being. 3. Contrast the early views of structuralism and functionalism and identify one or two key people associated with each. ANSWER: The early view of structuralism aims to use introspection, the examination of one's own conscious activities, to determine the structure and elements of the mind. One person associated with structuralism is Edward Titchener, a student of Wilhelm Wundt. Titchener had research participants focus on their subjective experiences and describe them in detail. The early view of functionalism aims to determine how thoughts, feelings, and actions help us adapt to the environment. One person associated with functionalism is William James, whose ideas were inspired by Charles Darwin. James rejected introspection and structuralism. Instead, he believed that one should focus on the study of the purpose of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and their role in adaptation. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay 4. Identify two prominent women in psychology's early history. Briefly describe the achievements and contributions of the two women you select. ANSWER: Students should pick two women and identify at least two contributions or achievements of each: Mary Whiton Calkins was a student of William James and completed all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard University but was not allowed to graduate because she was a woman. She established a laboratory at Wellesley College and was the first female president of the APA. Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a PhD in Psychology (from Cornell University). Mamie Phipps Clark was the first Black woman to be awarded a PhD (from Columbia University). She examined the impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development, worked as a data analyst, and headed the child development center in New York City as the executive director of the Northside Center for Child Development (in Manhattan). 5. Manea is a sophomore in college living on campus with a roommate. Manea spends an unusual amount of time cleaning her room and Manea becomes exasperated when her roommate does not keep her things organized. Use three of the theories discussed in your book (e.g., psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, biological, sociocultural) to describe three possible reasons why Manea may feel the need to keep everything extremely clean and orderly. Finally, explain one contrast among your explanations and one comparison. ANSWER: Students should select three of these strategies: The psychoanalytic perspective suggested that behavior is influenced by conflicts between one's inner desires (such as sexual and aggressive impulses) and the expectations of society, and that these conflicts primarily occur unconsciously, or outside conscious awareness. Thus, Manea's need for having everything organized is probably closely tied to some inner and unconscious desire closely tied to her childhood. Perhaps Manea's parents were extremely clean and orderly or perhaps her cleanliness was tied to avoiding some negative consequence from her parents. The behavioral perspective focused on learning behaviors through consequences. Perhaps Manea learned to be orderly and clean from her parents, or from a friend, or from a television show. Once Manea engaged in the behavior, she may have received some kind of reward that made her feel good so she continued to clean. The humanistic approach suggested that humans are essentially positive in nature. In Manea's case, perhaps the extreme cleaning behavior is fulfilling for her personally. According to this perspective, Manea must be actively choosing this in a way that brings her fulfillment. The cognitive perspective suggested that mental processes direct human behavior. In Manea's case, perhaps she has a thought that replays again and again that directs her to clean in a compulsive manner. Manea's behavior could also be tied to a neurological process or dysfunction that directs her compulsive behavior. The evolutionary behavior focused on behaviors that are shaped by evolution. According to this perspective, Manea's compulsive cleaning may be tied to an evolutionary advantage. Perhaps having a clean living space has been tied to a survival or a reproductive advantage. The biological approach focused on underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes. Using this approach, the reason for Manea's behavior likely has a structural or chemical cause originating within her brain. The sociocultural approach focused on the importance of social and cultural factors. In this example, there may be factors specific to Manea's culture or upbringing that impacted her behavior. Perhaps cleanliness is highly valued in Manea's culture or perhaps her parents highly valued having a clean living space. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay For contrasts and comparisons, students could have a number of different ideas. The key here is that the contrast and comparison are clear and direct. For example, the psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives both suggest that this behavior may have originated in childhood. However, the behavioral approach suggests that this is just the result of a direct learning experience that could be observed, whereas the psychoanalytic approach argues that it would need to be the result of a conflict that is unconscious and cannot be observed. 6. Xuan is working on a class presentation in which he needs to draw a timeline of psychology's major theoretical perspectives from its founding to the perspectives used today. He needs to begin with the first perspective in psychology and include at least five other perspectives. As he draws the timeline, he'll include the perspective, the name of one psychologist associated with it, and a short description. When Xuan presents, he needs to discuss how many of the perspectives of psychology developed in part as a reaction to one of the previous perspectives. Map out his timeline with its required components, and then provide suggestions of how Xuan may discuss the different connections among the perspectives within the timeline. ANSWER: The student needs to map out a timeline that includes structuralism first and then five of the other perspectives covered in the book. Note that the biological and the biopsychosocial perspectives are not included here because there were no dominant psychologists discussed in the book with these perspectives. Structuralism (Wundt and Titchener)—identify the elements of the mind. Functionalism (James)—examine the function of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. "Functionalism was developed as a reaction to structuralism because James believed that just identifying the individual elements of the mind through introspection was meaningless since consciousness is changing all the time. He felt that a much more worthwhile pursuit of psychology would be to explain the purpose of the behavior." Psychoanalysis (Freud)—underlying unconscious conflicts influence behavior. "Psychoanalysis was developed to study the atypical aspects of human life. This is in contrast to structuralism and functionalism, which focused on the typical functioning of the mind." Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner)—behavior is learned through association, reinforcers, and observation. "Behaviorism developed in contrast to psychoanalysis because the behaviorists felt it was important to focus on what can be directly measured as opposed to trying to assess the unconscious, which cannot be directly observed." Humanism (Rogers and Maslow)—humans are naturally good and driven toward growth. "Humanism developed in reaction to both psychoanalysis and behaviorism, which both suggested that people have very little control over their own lives. In contrast, the humanists strongly emphasized the idea of free will and self-determinism." Cognitive (Miller)—behavior is driven by mental processes. "Cognitive psychology developed in part as a reaction against behaviorists and their unwillingness to study anything other than behavior. The cognitive psychologists believed that thought and emotion could be objectively studied." Evolutionary (Buss)—humans have evolved to have characteristics that increase their chances of survival and reproducing. "Although evolutionary psychology was not a direct reaction against another perspective of psychology, it did focus on genetics, which had not yet been a focus of study in psychology. The previous perspectives in psychology, with the exception of functionalism, mostly ignored the impact of genes on behavior and this perspective filled that hole." Sociocultural (Vygotsky)—the broader cultural context and other people influence behavior and Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay mental processes. "In other perspectives of psychology, most psychologists just assumed that their findings were representative of all people around the world, regardless of culture. With the sociocultural perspective the focus was placed on how culture does change behavior and cognition." 7. Describe the biopsychosocial perspective in psychology. Explain how the perspective integrates or synthesizes at least three other psychological perspectives. ANSWER: The biopsychosocial perspective explains behavior by examining the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that influence it. The perspective emphasizes the complex interaction between many factors. The biopsychosocial perspective integrates insights from many other perspectives in psychology, including: Biological/evolutionary: Traits and behaviors have been shaped by natural selection. Biological: Behavior is rooted in genes, hormones, and brain structure. Psychological/behavioral: Behavior reflects learning by association, reinforcement, and observation. Cognitive: Behavior is directed by such thought processes as memory and language. Sociocultural: Behavior is influenced by other people and by the larger culture. 8. Gia is giving a presentation in her Introduction to Psychology class about the scientific method. She needs to draw the cycle of the scientific method and then identify and explain each step of the process as it relates to psychology. She also needs to explain the cyclical nature of the process. Discuss the information that Gia would include in her presentation. ANSWER: Drawing the steps out in a circle would work best for the scientific method. Each step could be represented by a square or circle within the larger circle with arrows leading from each step to the next one. The arrows help to illustrate the cyclical nature of the whole process. Step One: The first step of the scientific method is to develop a research question about human behavior. Often the question comes from a researcher's own interests and/or observations of the world. With a tentative topic in mind, the researcher then reviews the scientific literature on this topic. Step Two: The second step is to develop a hypothesis, which is a specific testable prediction about the outcome of the research study. The hypothesis should be based on a theory, which is a general explanation of human behavior based on a sturdy foundation of scientific evidence. Step Three: The third step is to design a research study and collect data on human behavior. The researcher picks a research method, either descriptive or experimental, that will best test the hypothesis. The precise ways in which variables in the study will be manipulated or measured (operational definitions) must be specified. Data are then collected using controlled measurement techniques. Step Four: The fourth step is to analyze the data that has been collected. Descriptive statistics are used to organize and present the data, and inferential statistics are used to make inferences and determine the probability of events occurring in the future. The researcher determines whether the hypothesis is supported. Step Five: The fifth step is to publish the findings of the research study. The researcher writes a description of the study and submits it to an academic journal, where it will be reviewed by a group of subject-matter experts (peer review). If the study is approved, it will be published for other researchers to read when they are at step one of the scientific method. The scientific method begins again with these researchers, hence the cyclical nature of the process. 9. Describe the processes of peer review and replication. Explain why these processes are important to the Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay progress and ethics of psychological science. Use the Andrew Wakefield vaccines–autism study example to illustrate these important steps of the scientific method. ANSWER: Peer review—an article submitted for publication is sent to subject-matter experts for close examination; experts make recommendations with respect to acceptance, revision, or rejection; provides certainty that the research is sound and that the findings can be trusted; peer review helps to safeguard against fraud and inaccuracies, and to ensure that research is published based on merit rather than on favoritism. Replication—repeating a study with a different sample, and/or with other modifications to the procedures; when other researchers replicate research findings, it boosts confidence in those findings and the theories underlying the research; helps ensure that initial findings are reliable, and not just a fluke, the result of a poorly designed study, or the results of experimenter bias. The peer-review process is not foolproof and sometimes erroneous studies are reviewed and accepted for publication. This was the case with Andrew Wakefield's study, which was published in a peer-reviewed journal in the late 1990s. His study suggested that there was a connection between vaccines and autism. Later investigations revealed that Wakefield had fabricated the data of the study and eventually the study was retracted from the journal. Although the peer-review process failed to identify these fabrications, the second piece of the scientific method, replication, did succeed in protecting the integrity of the process. Over 10 years, many high-quality studies failed to replicate his original findings. Due to this failure to replicate the original study, many scientists were rightfully skeptical of the original study and this probably helped to drive the investigation into the original publication itself. 10. Ling is scrolling through social media and she comes across a post about a study. How could she use critical thinking to evaluate the validity of the study? Explain at least three things she can do to think critically when she is evaluating the study and her reaction to it. Then more specifically, list three questions she can ask about the source of the study that might be helpful in her evaluation of the study's validity. ANSWER: Critical thinking is the process of weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining the contributions of each. It involves disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, openminded, and informed by evidence. There are eight things that Ling could actively consider when she is evaluating the study. Students need to discuss three of them. (1) Ling could be skeptical of the original results and not just accept everything that the posting says. (2) Ling could think deeply about the conclusions of the study. (3) Ling could evaluate the claims of the study using her existing knowledge. (4) Ling could ask questions about the study and the conclusions it draws. (5) Ling could consider an alternative explanation for the results discussed by the study. (6) Ling could reflect on her own emotional reactions to the study. If she is overly emotional about the study this could cloud her ability to critically think about it. (7) Ling could try to tolerate uncertainty. She needs to remember that it is ok if she is uncertain about the veracity of the study. (8) Ling should remain open-minded. If the study concludes something that she disagrees with, she should not just dismiss it out of hand. Instead she can try to keep an open-mind. More specifically, there are five primary questions Ling could ask about the source of the study. Students need to discuss three of them. (1) Ling could ask who wrote the article. What is the professional background of the author(s)? (2) Ling could ask where the article was published. Was it peer-reviewed, open-source, or in the popular press? (3) Ling could ask what the study's findings are. Do the findings support the hypothesis? Are there limitations cited? What other variables might have influenced the outcome? (4) Ling could ask what methods were used to conduct the study. How big was the sample? How did the researchers collect the data? (5) Ling could ask whether the study has been replicated. Have other studies reported the same results? Have other studies tried different samples? Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay 11. Tamara is interested in studying people's attitudes toward immigration reform, so she surveys a sample of friends from her college in Chicago. In her study, Tamara finds that 63% of her friends favor immigration reform. Therefore, she concludes that "The majority of college students in the United States are in favor of immigration reform." Discuss why Tamara's conclusion is problematic. What could she do to improve her study? ANSWER: Tamara's conclusion is problematic because she did not have a representative sample. A representative sample is a subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics similar to those of the population of interest. Tamara's population of interest is all college students from the United States. However, her sample is a small group of her college student friends from Chicago. It is possible that the characteristics of her sample may have biased her findings. It is important that Tamara choose a representative sample, because this will allow her to generalize her findings to the population of all U.S. college students. In other words, immigration reform attitudes of her college student friends from Chicago may not generalize to the attitudes of all college students in the United States. One way Tamara could improve her study is by picking a random sample. This involves using a procedure that ensures that all members of the population of interest have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study. This means Tamara would have to find a database that includes contact information for all college students and then randomly select people from that database. Perhaps she could select people from SAT or ACT databases. Choosing the sample randomly ensures that she has a representative sample and can draw valid conclusions based on it. 12. Mitsu is working on his graduate thesis. He has decided to conduct a survey research project examining how exercise habits of undergraduates impact their reported mood. Explain what the advantages are for using the survey method. Explain three common problems with the survey method Mitsu will have to think about and then explain what he can do to try to avoid those problems. Be sure to also discuss what type of design this study is, correlational or experimental, and explain why. Finally, address the type of conclusion he will be able to draw with this kind of study. ANSWER: Survey research is straightforward. It is fast and efficient, and it will allow Mitsu to gather a large amount of data from a large group of people in a short time. However, there are several pitfalls with the survey method. First, he needs to be careful about how he words his questions on the survey. Simple wording changes can cause participants to give different kinds of answers. He should check his wording with other people before he finalizes his survey to be sure that the questions are interpreted the way he intends. Second, significant care must be taken to ensure that the sample is truly representative of the population (a random sample is ideal). This is extremely difficult in most survey studies, but he should try to get as representative of a population as possible. He should try to avoid taking a convenience sample of friends he knows or other students in his class. He should try to get a diversity of types of students involved in his study. Third, participants may not be honest in their responses or may not be consciously aware of their true behaviors, thoughts, and/or feelings. To try to reduce this limitation, he should be careful to make sure that the surveys are anonymous. Fourth, surveys tend to only "skim the surface" of people's beliefs, failing to tap into the complex issues underlying responses. To obtain a more precise solution he could use a scale that indicates the degree to which they agree or disagree as opposed to a more yes or no answer. This is a correlational study because he is not randomly assigning participants to experience either high or low stress. As a result, he cannot draw cause and effect conclusions, and instead he can only discuss how the variables are related. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay 13. Briefly explain the correlational method. Discuss the difference between a positive and negative correlation and provide an example of each. ANSWER: The correlational method examines relationships among variables and assists researchers in making predictions. When researchers collect data on many variables, it can be useful to determine if these variables are related to each other in some way. A correlation is a relationship or link between variables. A positive correlation is a relationship between two variables in which as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable increases. For example, there is probably a positive correlation between the amount of time identical twins Sam and Anaïs spend interacting and the amount of knowledge they possess about one another. The more they talk on the phone and visit, the more they learn about each other's lives. A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases. A good example would be the number of hours Sam and Anaïs talk and text on their cell phones during the day and the amount of battery power remaining on their phones. As phone usage increases, battery power goes down. Many correlations between variables can be identified in typical daily life. Increase the hours devoted to studying, and grades will likely go up (a positive correlation). The more a baby is held, the less the baby cries (a negative correlation). 14. Tran conducts a research study and finds a correlation of –.61 between the amount of stress participants report having experienced recently and participants' scores on an index of physical health. Tran needs to state his finding to his graduate thesis committee. What should he say based on the correlation coefficient? What possible third variable might he suggest that underlies the obtained correlation between stress and health? ANSWER: The interpretation should be similar to, "The more stress participants report having experienced, the lower their scores on a physical health index." A third variable is an unaccounted for characteristic of participants or the environment that explains changes in variables of interest. A third variable would produce changes in stress and health. One example of a third variable might be a person's socioeconomic status; low SES affects people's selfreported stress levels as well as their physical health. 15. Chenoa needs to complete her senior thesis by doing a psychological experiment. She decides to study the impact of violent video games on aggression. First, give an example of a hypothesis she might have. Second, identify her independent and dependent variables and explain why each one fits the label given. Third, identify what she could use as a control group and an experimental group. Fourth, give examples of how she could operationalize both her independent and dependent variables. Be sure to operationalize both the control and the experimental group as well. Finally, explain what advantage she has in the conclusions she can draw because she used an experiment as opposed to another kind of design. ANSWER: (1) A hypothesis is a statement that allows a prediction to be tested. An example of a hypothesis that Chenoa could test might be, "I predict that violent video games will increase aggression." Another example of a hypothesis she could test might be, "I predict that violent video games will not increase aggression." (2) Her independent variable here is "violent video games." This is the independent variable because it is the variable that is the predictor in this hypothesis. Her dependent variable here is "aggression." This is her dependent variable because it is the outcome and the variable that Chenoa is measuring. (3) Her control group could play a nonviolent video game and her experimental group could play a violent video game. An operational definition is a specification of how a variable is to be manipulated or measured. (4) Chenoa needs to operationalize both her independent and dependent variables. There is no one correct answer here because there are multiple Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay ways she could operationalize these variables. She could operationalize her experimental group of her independent variable (violent video games) as, "2 hours of playing a violent video game." She could operationalize her control group of her independent variable (non-violent video game) as, "2 hours of playing a non-violent video game." Her dependent variable, aggression, could be operationalized as the number of times the participant uses retaliation instead of cooperation in a subsequent game with another participant. (5) Finally, it is important to note that Chenoa is able to discuss cause and effect in this type of study because she used an experimental design instead of a correlational design. The random assignment that she will use to assign participants to groups allows her to remove potential confounding variables. 16. How does the experimental method allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Identify the critical elements of the experimental method and explain how each allows researchers to draw valid causal conclusions. ANSWER: The answer should mention both (a) the deliberate manipulation of an independent variable and (b) the random assignment of participants to groups. The independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates to see if it affects the dependent variable, which is the behavior the researcher measures. If the only difference between treatment groups in the experiment is in the level of the independent variable, and extraneous variables are minimized as much as possible, then it can be concluded that any changes across groups on the dependent variable must have been caused by the independent variable. One way to minimize the potential effects of an extraneous variable is using random assignment. This involves putting people in the control or experimental groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being assigned to any group. Random assignment ensures that characteristics of the participants are not influencing the results differently across treatment groups, and thus allows the researcher to draw cause-and-effect conclusions. 17. Malala wants to conduct an experiment on how taking daily vitamin D supplements affects memory performance. How should she conduct this experiment? Be sure to define and explain these terms in your response: random assignment, experimental group, control group, independent variable, and dependent variable. ANSWER: The independent variable, which is what Malala would manipulate in her experiment, is whether people take vitamin D supplements. She would start by randomly assigning her participants to the experimental or control group. Random assignment involves putting the participants into groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups. The experimental group would consist of participants who are exposed to the variable of interest—a daily dose of vitamin D. The control group would consist of participants who are not exposed to the manipulated variable, so they would not get a daily dose of vitamin D. The dependent variable, the characteristic of behavior that Malala would measure in her experiment, would be the participants' performance on a memory task. In the end, Malala would conduct statistical tests to see if the experimental and control groups differed in performance. 18. Describe each of these issues in experimental research and provide an example of each: (1) confounding variable, (2) experimenter bias, (3) placebo effect, and (4) the Hawthorne effect. ANSWER: When psychologists design experiments, there are many issues to consider in order to design a good experiment. (1) One issue is the issue of confounding variables. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that changes along with the independent variable. This makes it difficult to tell which variable is causing the changes in the dependent variable. For example, a researcher is testing the Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay effects of particular odors on mood. The researcher wears perfume or cologne in the lab, thus confounding whether it is the odor being tested or the perfume or cologne that is having the effect on mood. (2) Experimenter bias is when the researcher affects the study's outcome by something that they do or say. For example, a researcher could unknowingly shake their head or use some other nonverbal cue to influence the participant's reactions. (3) The placebo effect is essentially "thinking is believing." A placebo is an inert substance or fake treatment given to members of the control group. If the people who are in the placebo group respond in a similar way compared to the people in the treatment group, then it may be the "placebo effect." For example, taking a placebo for depression may relieve the depression in some individuals. (4) The Hawthorne effect occurs when people know they are being observed and their behavior changes. An example of the Hawthorne effect is in education. When teachers know that they are being observed by the principal, they may make extra effort on their performance. 19. Pietro is presenting on reliability and validity in research to his psychology class. Outline Pietro's presentation and be sure to include how Pietro should define reliability and validity, the types of validity, and the role representative samples play in validity. ANSWER: Pietro would first define reliability as the consistency or stability of a measure. Next, he would define validity as the measures actually measuring what they say they will measure. Following the definitions, Pietro would say that there are two types of validity to consider: internal validity and external validity. An experiment has internal validity if its design allows it to measure what it intends to measure. An experiment has external validity if the finding can be generalized to the population of interest. Studies that use representative samples are more likely to have external validity. 20. Identify and briefly describe three research methods used in psychology. Provide an original example of each. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of each method you describe. ANSWER: The answer should contain elements such as these: (1) Experimental research: A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest (independent variable) to uncover cause-and-effect relationships. Example: The effect of texting on driving. Advantage: It can help establish cause and effect. Disadvantage: Results may not generalize beyond laboratory settings; potential for extraneous variables; may not be ethical. (2) Correlational research: This is a type of research that shows whether two variables are related. Example: The relationship between odor and mood. Advantage: It can be used when an experiment is not possible. Disadvantage: The third variable problem can exist, and it cannot determine cause and effect. The direction of the relationship matters. (3) Descriptive research: This type of research can study things in the natural environment. Example: Watching children in the daycare with regard to altruistic behavior. Advantage: It is good for tackling new research questions. Disadvantage: There is very little control in descriptive research and it cannot determine cause and effect. There is increased experimenter/participant bias. 21. Define informed consent and debriefing. Explain how informed consent and debriefing contribute to the ethical conduct of research with human participants. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Essay ANSWER: Informed consent: Before a study begins, researchers explain to potential participants the basic methods of the study and any risks that may be involved in participating in the study. The potential participants then acknowledge that the researchers have provided this information to them, that their participation is voluntary, and that they understand any risks that participation may entail. Debriefing: After a study, researchers tell the participants the purpose of the study and of any deception to which they may have been exposed. These procedures ensure that participants in human research know what they are getting into, that participation is voluntary, and that research is conducted as honestly as possible.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 1. Psychology is the scientific study of: a. mental processes but not behavior. b. behavior and mental processes. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior but not mental processes. ANSWER: b 2. When Anaïs found out that she may have an identical twin she didn't know about, she wanted to find out where this other young woman was born and whether she was adopted as well. Anaïs was also feeling excited and nervous. These thoughts, feelings, and her search for answers are all examples of: a. mental processes but not behavior. b. behavior and mental processes. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior but not mental processes. ANSWER: b 3. When Sam was waiting to meet her identical twin for the first time, she heard a laugh coming from behind the door. It sounded just like her own laugh, but it was the laugh of her identical twin, Anaïs. This similarity in laughter is an example of a _____, which is one of the things studied in _____. a. mental process; psychology b. behavior; psychology c. sign of a mental disorder; psychoanalysis d. sign of introspection; psychoanalysis ANSWER: b 4. Raj is a neuropsychologist focused on mapping certain reward circuits in the brain. He is not concerned about how his work might be used to change behavior, but instead he is just trying to further knowledge about these circuits for the sake of knowledge. Raj's research can be described as: a. basic. b. survey. c. experimental. d. applied. ANSWER: a 5. Research with the goal of changing behaviors or outcomes is called: a. basic research. b. survey research. c. experimental research. d. applied research. ANSWER: d 6. General explorations of human memory and sensory abilities are examples of: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. basic research. b. applied research. c. clinical research. d. qualitative research. ANSWER: a 7. Aurelio is a psychologist who has conducted research on strategies that improve learning in a laboratory setting. Cassandra is a psychologist who has taken the findings of Aurelio's research and has used them to improve learning in a group of fifth graders at a public school. Which statement is correct regarding Aurelio's and Cassandra's research? a. Aurelio's research is applied, whereas Cassandra's is basic. b. Aurelio's research is basic, whereas Cassandra's is applied. c. Aurelio's research focuses on real-world applications, whereas Cassandra's does not. d. Both Aurelio's and Cassandra's research would be considered basic. ANSWER: b 8. Dr. Segal studied Sam and Anaïs, identical twins who were separated at birth. This research can be extended to important nature and nurture questions about disease and psychological processes for all individuals including twins and non-twins. Dr. Segal's research is: a. applied. b. basic. c. structural in nature. d. functional in nature. ANSWER: a 9. _____ research focuses on collecting data that can be summarized and analyzed with statistical methods, whereas _____ research focuses on collecting in-depth information from a subjective perspective. a. Quantitative; qualitative b. Qualitative; quantitative c. Basic; applied d. Applied; basic ANSWER: a 10. Which of these scenarios is an example of the use of quantitative data in psychological research? a. Dr. Hernandez conducts in-depth interviews to explore participants' personal experiences with stress. b. Dr. Lee observes and records the behaviors of children in a naturalistic setting to study their social interactions. c. Dr. Patel administers a standardized test to assess cognitive functioning of first-year college students. d. Dr. Robinson analyzes case studies to understand the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 11. Which of these scenarios is an example of the use of qualitative data in psychological research? a. Dr. Rodriguez conducts a survey to assess the correlation between sleep patterns and academic performance in college students. b. Dr. Kim observes and documents the unique expressions and emotions displayed by children during a storytelling session. c. Dr. O'Brian uses statistical methods to analyze the impact of a new therapy on reducing symptoms of depression. d. Dr. Eaddy administers a standardized intelligence test to measure cognitive abilities in a diverse sample of adults. ANSWER: b 12. The goals that lay the foundation for the scientific approach in psychology include: a. exploring past experiences and using common sense. b. logical reasoning and understanding historical foundations. c. describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior. d. surveying, observing, and interviewing people. ANSWER: c 13. As Chondra works on her final project in graduate school, called her doctoral dissertation, she is addressing the initial goal of psychology. What specific task is Chondra completing to fulfill this goal? a. Chondra monitors the participants of a mindfulness meditation program at a local grade school. b. Chondra searches the scientific literature for studies that suggest that yoga and meditation can reduce the symptoms of anxiety. c. Chondra considers that the implications of her study might lead to similar outcomes at other schools. d. Chondra helps other schools and organizations implement meditation programs into their curriculum. ANSWER: a 14. In a small, preliminary study of sixth graders, Kang and colleagues (2018) found that students who practiced _____ in school reported a greater improvement in emotional well-being than those who did not. a. mindfulness meditation b. musical instruments c. journaling d. yoga ANSWER: a 15. In a small, preliminary study of sixth graders, Kang and colleagues (2018) found that students who practiced mindfulness meditation in school reported a greater improvement in _____ than those who did not. a. social skills b. academic achievement c. physical well-being d. emotional well-being ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 16. A goal of psychology is to _____, which involves using research findings to shape or modify behavior, or to apply the findings in order to direct behavior in a beneficial way. a. explain b. survey c. predict d. change ANSWER: d 17. Organizing and making sense of behavioral observations is central to psychology's goal of: a. description. b. prediction. c. change. d. explanation. ANSWER: d 18. Dr. Prashar's goal is to change behavior. Dr. Prashar is a(n): a. industrial/organizational psychologist who is interested in understanding the communication patterns and interactions of employees in a workplace setting. b. cognitive psychologist who conducts a longitudinal study tracking the academic performance and study habits of high school students to speculate about their success in college. c. social psychologist who investigates the impact of social and cultural influences on specific behaviors to provide possible explanations for why individuals engage in the observed behaviors. d. biological psychologist who conducts research on the effects of different medications to see which is most effective for treating depression. ANSWER: d 19. Fredrica reads in the scientific literature that siblings have similar food preferences due to shared home environments. Fredrica is at the stage in her study where she is addressing the third goal of psychology. What specific task is Fredrica engaging in to fulfill this goal? a. Fredrica is using the knowledge gathered from her readings to anticipate that nonrelatives living in the same home will also have the same food preferences. b. Fredrica is collecting other scientific studies to find evidence to support or contradict the idea that siblings living in the same home share food preferences. c. Fredrica is sharing information with families in her community so that they can begin to make changes to their eating habits for the benefit of their children. d. Fredrica is monitoring the eating habits of several families to determine if siblings who share home environments have similar food preferences. ANSWER: a 20. Dr. Segal gave Sam and Anaïs, identical twins separated at birth and reunited at age 25, several psychological tests to measure personality traits. This part of Dr. Segal's research served the goal of: a. describing. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. explaining. c. predicting. d. changing. ANSWER: a 21. Dr. Segal's work with Sam and Anaïs, and other identical twins separated at birth, could potentially help her untangle the roles of nature and nurture in a variety of areas including intelligence and psychological disorders. This part of Dr. Segal's research serves the goal of: a. describing. b. explaining. c. predicting. d. changing. ANSWER: b 22. Identical twins Anaïs and Sam, who were separated from each other at birth and raised in different households, have some similar and some different characteristics. The characteristics that are similar are likely due to _____ factors, whereas the characteristics that are different are likely due to _____ factors. a. physical; psychological b. psychological; physical c. nature; nurture d. nurture; nature ANSWER: c 23. The inherited biological factors that shape an individual's behaviors, personality, and other characteristics refer to that individual's: a. nature. b. nurture. c. dualism. d. innateness. ANSWER: a 24. Two butterflies can belong to the same species yet look completely different due to environmental pressures in the seasons that they were born. This is an example of: a. nature. b. nurture. c. psychology. d. innateness. ANSWER: b 25. Esteban wants to explain the philosophical foundations of psychology to a group of his friends. He would be correct in stating, "_____ believed that humans possess some innate knowledge, but _____ believed that all knowledge is derived from experience." Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. Plato; Aristotle b. Aristotle; Plato c. Aristotle; Descartes d. Descartes; Plato ANSWER: a 26. While Plato believed that truth and knowledge are due to _____, Aristotle believed that truth and knowledge are acquired through _____. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. learning; observations d. empiricism; introspection ANSWER: a 27. Aristotle believed that people know their reality through their perceptions and that they learn through their sensory experiences. Today this is known as: a. dualism. b. individualism. c. empiricism. d. introspection. ANSWER: c 28. Identical twins Sam and Anaïs were raised apart during their childhood and adolescence, but were reunited in adulthood. Despite having grown up in different households and countries, they have the same laugh and they both deal with stress by taking a nap. This indicates that their _____ is responsible for their similarities, which is consistent with _____ theory. a. nature; Plato's b. nature; Aristotle's c. nurture; Plato's d. nurture; Aristotle's ANSWER: a 29. Medieval mathematician Ibn al-Haytham created a theory of vision by using systematically arranged experiments and geometrical proofs. Ibn al-Haytham embraced: a. dualism. b. individualism. c. empiricism. d. introspection. ANSWER: c 30. Descartes believed in dualism, the view that the mind and the body are: a. separate. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. the same thing. c. empirical. d. opposing physical entities. ANSWER: a 31. The saying "mind over matter" reflects a philosophical view that the mind and body are separate. What is this view called? a. dualism b. empiricism c. dualism d. empiricism ANSWER: a 32. What is considered the founding event of psychology? a. the establishment of the American Psychological Association (APA) b. the creation of psychoanalysis, the first type of therapy c. the opening of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory d. the introduction of behaviorism by John B. Watson ANSWER: c 33. The formal beginning of psychology is associated with: a. William James. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. Edward Titchener. d. Sigmund Freud. ANSWER: b 34. In 1861, Wilhelm Wundt used an apparatus with a swinging pendulum that would hit a bell. Wundt would ask people to report the position of the pendulum when they heard the bell. He discovered that there was a slight delay between when people heard the bell and when they noted the position of the pendulum, indicating one of the first measures of: a. mental processes. b. empiricism. c. introspection. d. dualism. ANSWER: a 35. Edouard is asked to engage in effortful reflection of his sensations, thoughts, and feelings in response to a stimulus. This procedure is known as: a. behaviorism. b. structuralism. c. dualism. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. introspection. ANSWER: d 36. "By conducting introspection experiments, his aim was to understand the most basic elements of the mind. He wanted to do for psychology what the periodic table of the elements did for chemistry," lectures Dr. Chekov. This would be part of an effective presentation about: a. Edward Titchener. b. William James. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Abraham Maslow. ANSWER: a 37. The structuralists played a significant role in the history of psychology because they: a. examined the most basic elements of the mind. b. were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the brain's structure. c. developed the concepts of classical and operant conditioning. d. focused on the application of psychological principles in education. ANSWER: a 38. What was an early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the most basic elements of the mind? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. humanism ANSWER: a 39. The focus of structuralism was to uncover the elements of the mind, while _____ focused on identifying what thoughts, feelings, and behaviors could be used for. a. behaviorism b. dualism c. functionalism d. humanism ANSWER: c 40. The focus of _____ was to uncover the elements of the mind, while functionalism focused on identifying what thoughts, feelings, and behaviors could be used for. a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. dualism d. humanism ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 41. With regard to the psychology of emotion, William James would be interested in the: a. contribution of unconscious memories to our emotional experience. b. observable behaviors associated with emotion. c. ways in which emotions aid our adaptations to the environment. d. basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience. ANSWER: c 42. Who was the first woman to complete all of the requirements for a PhD at Harvard University but was not allowed to graduate because she was a woman? a. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Mary Whiton Calkins c. Mamie Phipps Clark d. Karen Horney ANSWER: b 43. Margaret Floy Washburn had a huge influence on the field of psychology in that she was the first woman to: a. complete the requirements for a PhD at an all-male college. b. be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college. c. become president of the American Psychological Association. d. become a patient of Sigmund Freud. ANSWER: b 44. Not only was Margaret Floy Washburn the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology, but she also: a. contributed to the field's knowledge of comparative animal behavior. b. established the first college to offer PhDs in psychology to women. c. contributed to the field's knowledge of issues affecting African American children. d. helped to popularize the psychoanalytic perspective of psychology. ANSWER: a 45. Tomas is writing a paper about the women who were early influences in the field of psychology. When discussing the contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn, what would he include? a. "Because women were perceived as inferior to men in the late 1800s, Margaret Floy Washburn was not allowed to earn a PhD in psychology." b. "Margaret Floy Washburn was able to earn her PhD and publish scholarly work in the late 1800s because of her perseverance, despite society's belief that women are inferior to men." c. "Margaret Floy Washburn impacted the field of psychology because of her research on the treatment of mental illness." d. "Margaret Floy Washburn made an impact on the field of psychology because her teacher Edward Titchener allowed her to take credit for his work." ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 46. The first African American psychologist to earn a PhD was: a. Kenneth Clark. b. George Sanchez. c. Inez Beverley Prosser. d. Francis Sumner. ANSWER: d 47. Because of women like Margaret Floy Washburn and Mamie Phipps Clark, the field of psychology today: a. includes over 50 different divisions. b. is no longer dominated by men. c. centers on the humanistic perspective. d. is reluctant to recruit new male psychologists. ANSWER: b 48. In a presentation to the students in her psychology class, Tamara discussed women's roles in psychology's early days and compared them to their roles in psychology today. She said, "When psychology first started in the late 1870s, women: a. weren't allowed to earn master's degrees or PhDs in psychology, but today most who earn such degrees are women." b. dominated the field of psychology in every subfield, just as they do today." c. were encouraged to earn master's degrees and PhDs in psychology, but today women are discouraged from doing so." d. were considered suitable for psychology but not other sciences, while today women are considered suitable for other sciences but not psychology." ANSWER: a 49. Mamie Phipps Clark was the first Black woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology, and she raised awareness about the: a. effects of poor nutrition on childhood development. b. effects of discrimination on children's psychological issues. c. need for improving mental health facilities. d. need for improving the treatment of animals in research. ANSWER: b 50. Dr. Johannsen is a psychologist whose research is based on that of Mamie Phipps Clark, the first Black woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology. Her research would likely focus on: a. animals' abilities to learn new things. b. the symbolism of people's dreams. c. memory disorders in older adults. d. ways to improve education for children from minoritized communities. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 51. Who believed that behavior and personality are influenced by conflicts between one's inner desires and the expectations of society? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner d. John Watson ANSWER: b 52. Hans' therapist uses the psychoanalytic perspective when treating clients. Hans' therapist: a. focuses on understanding and addressing the thought patterns and beliefs that influence Hans' behavior and emotional experiences. b. suggests that his anxiety is the result of conflicts that primarily occur unconsciously, or outside of Hans' awareness. c. emphasizes techniques such as behavior modification to help Hans understand and change his behavior patterns. d. considers how Hans' behavior and mental processes have evolved over time to adapt to environmental challenges. ANSWER: b 53. Sigmund Freud pioneered a form of psychotherapy known as: a. psychoanalysis. b. cognitive psychology. c. behavioral psychology. d. humanistic psychology. ANSWER: a 54. Using the _____ perspective, the behavior and personality of identical twins Sam and Anaïs would be explained by conflicts of inner desires and the expectations of society. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral c. humanistic d. evolutionary ANSWER: a 55. A majority of psychologists are grounded in science and have distanced themselves from the _____ perspective because it is not supported by solid scientific evidence. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychoanalytic d. behavioral ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 56. A psychologist who focuses on studying people's observable and measurable actions rather than on sensations, feelings, and consciousness or unconsciousness takes the: a. psychoanalytic perspective. b. behavioral perspective. c. humanistic perspective. d. evolutionary perspective. ANSWER: b 57. If identical twins Sam and Anaïs were examined by a psychologist using the _____ perspective, then the focus would be on directly observable characteristics, such as their laugh, their body language, and their mannerisms. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral c. humanistic d. evolutionary ANSWER: b 58. Which pair is associated with the behavioral perspective of psychology? a. Freud and James b. Maslow and Rogers c. Titchener and James d. Watson and Skinner ANSWER: d 59. The behavioral perspective suggests that behaviors and personality are primarily determined by: a. positive psychology. b. learning. c. unconscious desires. d. evolution. ANSWER: b 60. The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the: a. psychoanalytic and cognitive perspectives. b. psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives. c. behavioral and cognitive perspectives. d. behavioral and sociocultural perspectives. ANSWER: b 61. Dr. Park is giving a lecture on the humanistic perspective. Which statement is she likely to make? a. "People are naturally positive and good natured. They have the desire to grow and change for the better." b. "People are not born good or bad. It is a combination of their genetics and their environment that Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice leads them to become either good or bad." c. "People are not naturally good natured. They must learn to become good and often resist personal growth." d. "People are naturally positive. However, unconscious thoughts create internal conflicts and negative attitudes." ANSWER: a 62. The _____ perspective would not be surprised at all about the positive outlook on the life of identical twins Sam and Anaïs. Their natural inclination to grow in a positive way and see the good in life is consistent with this perspective. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral c. humanistic d. evolutionary ANSWER: c 63. Dr. Petrovic's goal is to help his clients channel their motivation for positive growth and to realize their potential. What type of therapist is he? a. cognitive b. humanistic c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: b 64. The cognitive perspective may be said to represent a reaction to the _____ perspective of studying only what can be directly observed. a. humanistic b. behavioral c. biological d. evolutionary ANSWER: b 65. Which psychologist helped pioneer the cognitive perspective? a. George Miller b. John Watson c. Carl Rogers d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: a 66. George Miller's research on _____was an important catalyst for the cognitive perspective. a. emotion b. decision making Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. memory d. problem solving ANSWER: c 67. With the development of _____, cognitive neuroscience has flourished, interfacing with fields such as medicine and computer science. a. brain-scanning technologies b. psychotherapy c. positive psychology d. operant conditioning ANSWER: a 68. When exposed to the right antibiotic, a population of bacteria typically dies or weakens. However, some bacteria have traits protecting them from the antibiotic and they survive, reproduce, and become "superbugs." This is an example of: a. behaviorism. b. biological determinism. c. species preparedness. d. evolution. ANSWER: d 69. _____ is the process through which inherited traits in a given population either increase in frequency because they are adaptive or decrease in frequency because they are maladaptive. a. Classical conditioning b. Biological determinism c. Species preparedness d. Natural selection ANSWER: d 70. Dr. Lombardo is explaining the evolutionary perspective to his introductory psychology students. What statement is he likely to make? a. "Unconscious thoughts and internal conflicts govern an individual's behavior." b. "If a trait helps us survive, that trait will be passed along to future generations." c. "We are guided by our desire to grow and change for the better." d. "A combination of nature and nurture determines our personality and behavior." ANSWER: b 71. Which is an example of how a phobia might form based on the evolutionary perspective? a. Basden has a fear of dogs because he was bitten by a large dog when he was 5 years old. b. Sunny has a fear of snakes because this fear once helped her ancestors avoid the potential danger of being bitten by a poisonous snake. c. Jasper has a fear of bridges because he imagines the worst-case scenario that the bridge will collapse Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice as he crosses it. d. Joaquim is afraid of spiders because his sibling had to be hospitalized due to a spider bite. ANSWER: b 72. In focusing on their almost identical DNA as the explanation for many of Sam and Anaïs' similarities, Dr. Segal is using the: a. psychoanalytic perspective. b. behavioral perspective. c. biological perspective. d. evolutionary perspective. ANSWER: c 73. The differences between the identical twins separated at birth, Sam and Anaïs, may be partly due to the fact that Sam was raised in the United States and Anaïs was raised in France. This idea would be consistent with the: a. psychoanalytic perspective. b. behavioral perspective. c. sociocultural perspective. d. evolutionary perspective. ANSWER: c 74. What have Mamie Phipps Clark and Jennifer Eberhardt studied that impacts human behavior? a. racial bias and discrimination b. operant conditioning and classical conditioning c. unconscious conflicts and inner desires d. nature and nurture ANSWER: a 75. In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied universally. This research sparked the: a. cognitive perspective. b. biological perspective. c. sociocultural perspective. d. evolutionary perspective. ANSWER: c 76. Who asserted that parents, teachers, and peers play a critical role in how a child gains knowledge and skills, which was the beginning of the sociocultural perspective? a. John Watson b. Sigmund Freud c. Edward Titchener d. Lev Vygotsky Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: d 77. In many African and Asian markets, such as those in Cairo, Egypt, customers are expected to bargain with the seller, which affects their shopping behavior compared to shopping behavior in the United States. This exemplifies the importance of considering _____ when trying to understand human behavior. a. cultural context b. natural selection c. learning d. the brain ANSWER: a 78. Fernando is writing his doctoral dissertation on the impact of poverty and socioeconomic status on mental well-being. What psychological perspective is Fernando adopting in his research? a. sociocultural b. humanistic c. biopsychosocial d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 79. Hiroshi is presenting on the importance of the social and cultural contexts in studying psychology to his class. He uses the acronym WEIRD to describe one aspect of psychological bias. WEIRD refers to how psychological research focuses on: a. Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures. b. weak, educated, industrialized, rebellious, and developing cultures. c. Western, elusive, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures. d. Western, educated, industrialized, rebellious, and democratic cultures. ANSWER: a 80. Dr. Gayle studies behavior by considering people's brain chemistry, thoughts, feelings, and societal factors, and the ways in which these factors interact with each other. Dr. Gayle takes the: a. biological perspective. b. psychoanalytic perspective. c. humanistic perspective. d. biopsychosocial perspective. ANSWER: d 81. Professor Gomez explained that human mate selection is due to a tendency to seek out those who ensure reproductive success and, ultimately, human survival. Professor Gomez would associate himself with the: a. sociocultural perspective. b. biological perspective. c. evolutionary perspective. d. cognitive perspective. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 82. Mamie Phipps Clark conducted research on how prejudice, discrimination, and segregation impact the development of the self. Mamie probably would have associated herself with the: a. sociocultural perspective. b. behavioral perspective. c. evolutionary perspective. d. biopsychosocial perspective. ANSWER: a 83. Rekha is a person recovering from drug addiction. Her treatment program emphasizes an understanding of the reinforcers in the environment—the "people, places, and things"—that underlie her addiction. Rekha's program reflects the: a. sociocultural perspective. b. cognitive perspective. c. behavioral perspective. d. psychoanalytic perspective. ANSWER: c 84. Professor Yilmza explained that human behavior is influenced by underlying conflicts. He would associate himself with the: a. evolutionary perspective. b. biological perspective. c. psychoanalytic perspective. d. cognitive perspective. ANSWER: c 85. At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the: a. inclination for people to grow in a positive direction. b. idea that environmental factors control all of people's behaviors. c. tendency for people's behavior to be shaped by evolution. d. belief that unconscious conflicts underlie people's behavior. ANSWER: a 86. Jamal is working on a group presentation where the students are asked to examine the Covid-19 pandemic from multiple perspectives. He is supposed to explain how this situation may be shaped by factors such as biology, psychology, and culture. Jamal is examining the: a. biopsychosocial perspective. b. cognitive perspective. c. behavioral perspective. d. psychoanalytic perspective. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 87. Which individual is conducting a study on aggressive behavior from the biological perspective of psychology? a. Micah, a research assistant, is studying how patterns of aggression at home affect aggressive behavior at school. b. Deborah, a graduate student, is studying how levels of the hormone testosterone affect aggressive behavior. c. Yosef, a PhD candidate, is studying how levels of intelligence affect aggressive behavior. d. Ana, an undergraduate psychology student, is studying how sleep patterns affect aggressive behavior. ANSWER: b 88. The scientific method: a. removes experimenter bias from having an impact on research. b. removes participant bias from having an impact on research. c. helps to minimize the impact of human errors in thinking. d. ensures that all variables have full reliability and validity. ANSWER: c 89. The continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation that psychologists use to conduct research is called: a. common sense. b. informed consent. c. the scientific method. d. educated guessing. ANSWER: c 90. Dr. Nancy Segal, who studied the identical twins Anaïs and Sam, initially thought of the idea to develop a twin study due to a common research-generating experience that she had. The idea initially came to her because of: a. her own experience with observing twins. b. the operationalization of cooperation. c. some inferential statistics she ran on previous data. d. some descriptive statistics she ran on previous data. ANSWER: a 91. Dr. Segal, who studied the identical twins Anaïs and Sam, based her hypothesis that "when given a joint task, identical twins will cooperate more and compete less than fraternal twins" on the: a. evolutionary theory. b. behavioral theory. c. cognitive theory. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 92. Dr. Segal predicted that when given a joint task, identical twins will cooperate more and compete less than fraternal twins. This prediction was her: a. theory. b. operational definition. c. hypothesis. d. descriptive statistics. ANSWER: c 93. Ramiro is attempting to replicate a study by Kushlev and colleagues (2020) on how increases in happiness might affect health. The hypothesis of Kushlev's experiment is that participating in a program designed to increase happiness will: a. lead to improvements in physical health. b. lead to improvements in mental health. c. result in a decrease in body weight. d. lead to an increase in lung capacity. ANSWER: a 94. The first step in the scientific method is: a. developing a hypothesis. b. publishing findings. c. developing a question. d. designing a study. ANSWER: c 95. Dimitrova is explaining the scientific method to her undergraduate students. Dimitrova states that: a. "You first must develop a question, then a hypothesis, and then you can design your study." b. "You will first need a hypothesis, then you will need to collect your data, and then you analyze your data." c. "You need to develop a question first, then design your study, and then you can develop your hypotheses." d. "You first develop your hypothesis, then you will analyze your data, and finally you can publish your findings." ANSWER: a 96. In a study of attraction, Valentina predicts that "Opposites will attract." Kiana, however, predicts that "Birds of a feather will flock together." These predictions are competing: a. hypotheses. b. variables. c. statistics. d. operational definitions. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 97. Kushlev and colleagues (2020) hypothesized that participating in a program designed to increase happiness will lead to improvements in physical health. During data analysis, it was found that participants who completed the program felt happier and had fewer sick days. Kushlev's hypothesis was: a. proved. b. unsupported. c. supported. d. refuted. ANSWER: c 98. In a research study, Dr. Nancy Segal had identical twins and fraternal twins work together on a puzzle. She and her colleagues then rated the twins on different measures of "cooperative behavior." In this study, cooperative behavior was operationally defined as: a. whether identical twins or fraternal twins worked on the puzzle. b. the process of working together to the same end result. c. the twins' ratings of how much they enjoyed working together. d. the researchers' observations of how often the twins worked together. ANSWER: d 99. Which of these is an example of an operational definition? a. Kiesha indicates that she will measure happiness as the number of times an individual smiles per hour. b. Nicholi indicates that he will recruit 100 participants in his study on cognitive performance under stress. c. Zalan indicates that the population of interest are people that say they are feeling stressed out. d. Jiko indicates that she will recruit college students in her study on the impact of physical health on academic performance. ANSWER: a 100. The human resources department at a large corporation wants to know if the amount of time an employee spends working virtually affects employee productivity. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship? a. the number of hours per week an employee engages in virtual or remote work b. the number of employees who perform their jobs virtually c. the number of completed tasks or projects per employee within a specified time period d. the amount of time the employee spends in meetings ANSWER: c 101. Psychologist Jessica Eberhardt worked with the Oakland Police Department and analyzed data from police reports, neighborhood surveys, and footage from police body cameras. Her data analysis revealed officers behaved: a. the same toward individuals of different races. b. the same toward men and women. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. differently toward men and women. d. differently toward individuals of different races. ANSWER: d 102. After a researcher collects raw data from a study, the raw data must be analyzed using _____ to give it meaning. a. configuration b. statistics c. publication d. investigation ANSWER: b 103. The data collected in a research study will either support or refute the _____ that the study is designed to test. a. analysis b. hypothesis c. operational definition d. statistics ANSWER: b 104. Descriptive statistics: a. allow predictions beyond a data set. b. show how two or more variables are related. c. organize and present a set of data. d. indicate the significance of the results. ANSWER: c 105. In which scenario is Malik using descriptive statistics? a. Malik creates a pie chart to display the percentage of psychologists working in different fields. b. Malik calculates the average score on a cognitive test given to a sample of college students. c. Malik analyzes the correlation between educational backgrounds and career satisfaction. d. Malik summarizes the data collected on the effectiveness of a new teaching method. ANSWER: a 106. Inferential statistics help researchers: a. determine the probability of future events. b. know what mistakes were made in the research study. c. organize and present the data from the research study. d. operationally define their variables. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 107. In _____ review, other psychologists examine an article submitted for publication and make recommendations regarding its acceptance, revision, or rejection. a. peer b. creative c. scientific d. experimental ANSWER: a 108. Dr. Schiavo is an expert on adolescence and is reading an article submitted for publication in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. At the moment, she is examining the methods section for potential flaws in the design of the research. Dr. Schiavo is contributing to the process of: a. descriptive review. b. experimental review. c. peer review. d. scientific review. ANSWER: c 109. It is important during the _____ process that experts attempt to catch cases of fabricated data before it is published. a. peer-review b. hypothesis development c. statistical analysis d. replication ANSWER: a 110. In 1998, research conducted by Wakefield and colleagues was published that suggested vaccinations cause autism. The study was retracted from the journal years later because: a. the results of the study were fabricated. b. the study was not peer-reviewed. c. the study did not include statistics. d. autism was not operationally defined. ANSWER: a 111. One lesson of the Wakefield autism–vaccine study incident is that consumers of media should be skeptical of studies that: a. do not use inferential statistics. b. have not been peer-reviewed. c. cannot be replicated. d. have no operationally defined variables. ANSWER: c 112. Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results hold up in different conditions with new samples is Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice to: a. replicate. b. debrief. c. describe. d. peer-review. ANSWER: a 113. Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. She conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. Her research can be considered a: a. peer-review. b. replication. c. control study. d. double-blind study. ANSWER: b 114. What places importance on "the rules of logic and science" rather than popular beliefs? a. pseudopsychology b. critical thinking c. surveying d. experimentation ANSWER: b 115. What involves weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining how each contributes to the bigger picture? a. pseudopsychology b. critical thinking c. surveying d. experimentation ANSWER: b 116. An advertisement touts the muscle-building benefits of a new herbal supplement. Jana is a researcher who investigates the credentials of the individuals testifying to its benefits and performs some research on the company that manufactures the supplement. In addition, she searches the scientific literature for any research that might attest to the benefits of the supplement. Jana is engaged in: a. psychological thinking. b. experimental thinking. c. high-level thinking. d. critical thinking. ANSWER: d 117. Katrina is a high school teacher who would like to nurture critical thinking in her students. To do this, she Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice needs to nurture a balance between: a. behavioral and cognitive thinking. b. experimental and empirical thinking. c. high-level and low-level thinking. d. skepticism and open-mindedness. ANSWER: d 118. Hasan is evaluating a new piece of research he heard on the news. To think critically about this research, he should ask whether the research: a. is consistent with his point of view or not. b. sounds like "high-level" quality work. c. relies on the behavioral theory or the cognitive theory. d. is written by an author with a professional background. ANSWER: d 119. Identical twins Sam and Anaïs participated in research with Dr. Segal. This research was an excellent way to study: a. how nature and nurture interact. b. how correlation does not equal causation. c. the effects of genetic mutations on the characteristics of twins. d. the effects of evolutionary theory on human traits. ANSWER: a 120. A characteristic that can take on different values is called a(n): a. variable. b. theory. c. operational definition. d. hypothesis. ANSWER: a 121. Measurable characteristics that can change over time or across people are called: a. variables. b. theories. c. operational definitions. d. hypotheses. ANSWER: a 122. Personality can differ over time and across different people. In this regard, personality is a(n): a. sample. b. population. c. variable. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. outcome. ANSWER: c 123. One difference between identical twins Sam and Anaïs was that Anaïs scored higher than Sam on _____, which is consistent with her interest in _____. a. visual-spatial skills; fashion design b. memory; engineering c. visual-spatial skills; painting d. memory; math ANSWER: a 124. All members of an identified group a researcher is interested in studying are called the: a. control group. b. treatment group. c. sample. d. population. ANSWER: d 125. Karima is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her graduate thesis work. Karima distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology class at her university. In Karima's study, the 200 students are the: a. population, and the people to whom Karima assumes her results will generalize are the sample. b. experimental group, and the people to whom Karima assumes her results will generalize are the control group. c. sample, and the people to whom Karima assumes her results will generalize are the experimental group. d. sample, and the people to whom Karima assumes her results will generalize are the population. ANSWER: d 126. At a police checkpoint for drunk drivers, some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped. The cars that are stopped may be considered a _____ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint. a. sample b. variable c. cohort d. population ANSWER: a 127. Matias is interested in studying the effects of sleep on exam performance. If Matias randomly chooses a sample for his research study, then: a. all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study. b. only the most representative members of the population will be selected to participate in the study. c. the sample will have the same number of members as the population that he is interested in studying. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. some members of the sample will be studied at random, but some members will not. ANSWER: a 128. A subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics similar to those of the population of interest is called a(n): a. random sample. b. representative sample. c. operational definition. d. independent variable. ANSWER: b 129. Tamara is interested in studying people's attitudes toward immigration reform, so she surveys a sample of friends from her college in Chicago. In her study, Tamara finds that 63% of her friends favor immigration reform. Tamara concludes that "The majority of people in the United States are in favor of immigration reform." Which statement expresses the problem with Tamara's conclusion? a. Tamara's sample is not representative of the U.S. population. b. Tamara's sample is representative of college students, but not of the U.S. population. c. Tamara's sample is random, but it is not representative of the U.S. population. d. Tamara's sample is representative of the U.S. population, but not of college students. ANSWER: a 130. Dr. Musa is lecturing his undergraduate psychology students about research methods. He tells the class "if half of the population is female then half of the sample should be female." Dr. Musa is describing: a. a random sample. b. an operational definition. c. a representative sample. d. the hypothesis. ANSWER: c 131. Which individual is conducting descriptive research? a. Josiah measures the impact of room temperature on cognitive function. In his lab, Josiah instructs a group of students to take a standardized test while adjusting the temperature of the room. b. Reethi studies the effect of stress on physiological responses. Reethi measures heart rate and blood pressure while participants are giving a presentation in front of a large group. c. Srinidhi studies how memory retention is impacted by music. Srinidhi has a group of participants perform memory tasks while they listen to music. d. Sying watches children interact with other children in a preschool setting. Sying explores and makes note of the behavior of these children. ANSWER: d 132. Sam and Anaïs, the identical twins separated at birth and raised in different households, showed differences in their levels of extraversion. Sam's higher level of extraversion as compared to Anaïs' may be due to Sam growing up with brothers and Anaïs growing up as an only child. This difference between the twins is Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice likely due to: a. observer bias. b. the placebo effect. c. nature. d. nurture. ANSWER: d 133. As part of his research in graduate school, Qillaq wants to examine children's play behavior in a realistic setting. Qillaq decides to watch groups of children as they play at a playground and note whether boys or girls tend to engage in more risky behavior on a particular piece of equipment. What kind of descriptive research is Qillaq conducting? a. case study b. correlational method c. experiment d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: d 134. A research study using naturalistic observation entails: a. the systematic, detailed study of a single individual. b. asking a sample of individuals a set of questions. c. the manipulation of an independent variable. d. examining behavior in the setting where it typically occurs. ANSWER: d 135. DeAndre is a graduate student conducting research for his graduate thesis. For his study, he is recording instances of physical aggression as he watches children in a schoolyard at recess. DeAndre is undertaking: a. naturalistic observation. b. an experiment. c. a survey. d. a case study. ANSWER: a 136. A study conducted by McNeil and colleagues (2021) used video recording to observe the interactions of 32 families inside their homes. The study found that children were more likely to express feelings of gratitude and compassion when their parents do. This is an example of what kind of descriptive research technique? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. correlational method d. experiment ANSWER: b 137. A study conducted by McNeil and colleagues (2021) used video recording to observe the interactions of 32 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice families inside their homes to measure children's expression of emotion. What did this naturalistic observation study find? a. Children who expressed feelings of sadness in the home tended to have lower academic achievement. b. Children were more likely to express feelings of gratitude and compassion when their parents do. c. Children's emotional expressions were not influenced by their home environments. d. Children were more likely to express feelings of anger and frustration when their parents do. ANSWER: b 138. Naturalistic observation involves systematic observations of individuals in their natural environment. It is important that the researchers observe unobtrusively. However, an ethical issue involved in naturalistic observation is the fact that the: a. individuals being observed don't consent to participate in the research. b. researchers can't control unwanted variables that may appear. c. researchers don't know which variable they are observing. d. researchers must operationally define the variables before observing them. ANSWER: b 139. Dr. Inyang is conducting a naturalistic observation study of children and their use of playground equipment. She cannot control who is playing on the equipment and when. Because whoever shows up at the playground at the time of observation has become Dr. Inyang's participant, she will have difficulty: a. obtaining consent. b. replicating the study. c. demonstrating causation. d. demonstrating a correlation. ANSWER: b 140. Dr. Villatte is overseeing a naturalistic observation study of children's aggression. Dr. Villatte suspects the presence of observer bias because the: a. children alter their behavior when they notice they are being observed. b. research assistants vary in how they rate the aggressiveness of girls' behaviors. c. sample being used may not be representative of the population the researchers wish to study. d. researchers did not account for the possibility that some of the children may be more prone to aggression due to genetic factors. ANSWER: b 141. Multiple observers might be used in a naturalistic observation study to see whether they make similar observations. If they make different observations, this may be an indication of: a. actor bias. b. observer bias. c. biased sampling. d. random sampling. ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 142. Omer is conducting a case study. Omer is: a. watching shoppers in a supermarket to understand the impact of the music being played on consumer behavior. b. analyzing the effects of a new medication on symptoms of depression by randomly assigning participants to receive either the medication or a placebo. c. examining the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program in a workplace setting. d. reading a report that describes the harrowing experiences of 33 trapped Chilean miners. ANSWER: d 143. Sam and Anaïs are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different cultures. Sam was raised in the United States, and Anaïs was raised in France. Their rare circumstances made them good candidates for: a. naturalistic observation. b. an experiment. c. a case study. d. the correlational method. ANSWER: c 144. Dr. Lee, a clinical psychologist, is studying dissociative identity disorder. If she wanted to conduct a case study on this topic, what would Dr. Lee do? a. Dr. Lee will distribute questions to a sample of individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, as well as mental health professionals specializing in the disorder. b. Dr. Lee will observe individuals during therapy sessions, support group meetings, or everyday activities to gain insights into their experiences and behaviors associated with dissociative identity disorder. c. Dr. Lee will gather information about her participant from a variety of sources and immerse herself into their life. d. Dr. Lee will recruit a sample of participants diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder from mental health clinics, research centers, or online communities. ANSWER: c 145. Which is an example of a case study? a. Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband Kenneth examining the impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development b. Ivan Pavlov studying canine digestion, which led to dogs in his study inadvertently learning to salivate in response to stimuli or events in their environment c. researchers examining how social and cultural forces impact the cognitive development of children, based on the assertions of Lev Vygotsky d. researchers conducting an in-depth investigation of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis, also known as the "Jim Twins" ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 146. Which descriptive research technique relies on questionnaires or interviews of a large group of people? a. survey method b. naturalistic observation c. experiment d. case study ANSWER: a 147. Which of these researchers are using the survey method? a. Dr. Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask a large group of college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol. b. Dr. Mumbato conducts an in-depth investigation of a single patient's experience with schizophrenia over several years, documenting changes in symptoms and treatment outcomes. c. Dr. Nguyen investigates the long-term impact of trauma on mental health by conducting extensive interviews and psychological assessments of survivors of childhood abuse. d. Dr. Thompson observes interactions among preschool children in a daycare center to understand how peer relationships develop in early childhood. ANSWER: a 148. Which of these is an example of using the survey method to conduct scientific research? a. recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat b. observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school student c. comparing students' performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems d. asking a group of students questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors ANSWER: d 149. One potential problem with the survey method is that: a. researchers are able to gather data from a lot of people at once. b. participants are not always honest in their responses to survey questions. c. surveys can be used alone or with other research methods. d. it eliminates concerns about the effects of question wording on responses. ANSWER: b 150. Fincham and May (2017) found that when asked about infidelity, male and female college students who were led to believe their responses were being analyzed by a lie detector were equally likely to admit to cheating. If, however, the participants believed their self-reports were anonymous, then men were more likely to confess to cheating than women. Which issue may have influenced the results? a. social desirability b. observer bias c. experimenter bias d. confounding variables ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 151. Dr. Provenzano is investigating the study habits of his Introductory Psychology students by surveying them about their intentions to study for the final exam the day before. One potential issue with this approach is that: a. it is time-consuming to conduct surveys during class time and, as a result, Dr. Provenzano is taking time away from covering the material. b. students are unlikely to respond honestly since it is their professor who is administering the survey. c. it cannot be used effectively with other research methods like experiments or naturalistic observations. d. Dr. Provenzano might overlook potential confounding variables that could influence students' intentions. ANSWER: b 152. Which of these examples illustrates the general problem with getting a representative sample when using survey methodology? a. Kumiko examines the issue of burnout among physicians by sending her questionnaire out to 300 physicians in the local area, but she only receives 52 of them back. b. Indigo examines prosocial behavior in children by visiting a local park during the early afternoon to observe children playing. c. Mahmoud examines changes in memory function and daily living skills over time by observing patients with Alzheimer's disease in a community nursing home. d. Rafael examines a single individual who has an extreme phobia of spiders by spending extensive time interviewing and observing them. ANSWER: a 153. A descriptive research technique that permits examination of relationships among variables is: a. a case study. b. a survey. c. naturalistic observation. d. the correlational method. ANSWER: d 154. Judge and colleagues (2010) found that the correlation coefficient for the relationship between salary and job satisfaction is +.14. What does this mean? a. Higher salaries are strongly related to higher job satisfaction. b. As salary increases, job satisfaction decreases. c. The relationship between salary and job satisfaction is very weak. d. The relationship between salary and job satisfaction is negative. ANSWER: c 155. Which of these would BEST be studied using the correlational method? a. Angelique wants to determine the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student performance in mathematics. b. Sunni is interested in the demonstration of prosocial behavior by children playing on a playground. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. Taha has noticed that the more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to become. d. Samod has noticed that when he puts on his coat to go outside, his dog runs to him excitedly. ANSWER: c 156. Correlational research cannot provide information about _____, but it can provide _____. a. negative relationships; information about positive relationships b. relationships between variables; information about single variables c. causation; a description of a relationship d. empirical data; survey results ANSWER: c 157. Jakob suspects that the amount of time spent playing online games is negatively correlated with his grades in school. This means that: a. the more time Jakob spends playing online games, the lower his grades are. b. the more time Jakob spends playing online games, the higher his grades are. c. Jakob's school performance is caused by how often he plays games online. d. there is no relationship between Jakob's grades and the amount of time spent playing online games. ANSWER: a 158. Which statement BEST summarizes the results of a 2020 study conducted by Bzdok and Dunbar on the correlation between connectedness and health? a. There is a positive correlation between feeling socially connected and an individual's immune responses. b. People with larger social networks tend to produce fewer disease-fighting antibodies after receiving the flu vaccine. c. Feeling supported by others is positively correlated with the individual's levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). d. Individuals who are tightly embedded in a network of friends are less likely to experience frequent illness. ANSWER: d 159. Bzdok and Dunbar (2020) found that the tighter someone is embedded in a network of friends, the less likely they are to become ill. This is an example of: a. an experiment. b. no correlation. c. a positive correlation. d. a negative correlation. ANSWER: d 160. Studies suggest that immune responses may be stronger in people who are socially connected. This represents: a. a causal relationship. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. no correlation. c. a positive correlation. d. a negative correlation. ANSWER: c 161. As people's education level increases, their income also increases. This is an example of: a. a correlation coefficient. b. no correlation. c. a positive correlation. d. a negative correlation. ANSWER: c 162. Gemma works at a local coffee shop. She is curious if the number of iced coffees sold at the coffee shop decreases as the temperature outside decreases. Gemma conducts an informal study and finds that, in fact, iced coffee sales do decrease as the outside temperature decreases. Based on this information, which statement is accurate? a. There is a positive correlation between the two variables. b. There is a negative correlation between the two variables. c. The correlation between the two variables is not strong enough to be significant. d. Since the study was an informal one, Gemma's results are not reliable. ANSWER: a 163. Using a scatterplot, researchers can express the _____ two variables. a. cause between b. explanation between c. relationship between d. description of ANSWER: c 164. Which statement indicates a negative correlation? a. As people's education level increases, their income level increases. b. The more money people make, the less stressed they tend to be. c. The more people eat, the more they weigh. d. As people's level of attractiveness decreases, their happiness level decreases. ANSWER: b 165. The correlation coefficient ranges from: a. +1.00 to +100. b. –1.00 to +1.00. c. 0 to +1.00. d. –100 to +100. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 166. "What does a correlation coefficient tell us?" Abbas asks the members of his psychology study group. "The strength of a relationship between two variables," answers Yvonne. "The reason two variables are related," suggests Suha. "The causal relationship between two variables," answers Renata. "None of those things," exclaims Jordan. Who is correct? a. Yvonne b. Suha c. Renata d. Jordan ANSWER: a 167. If researchers found a strong negative correlation between the amount of time a caregiver holds a baby and the amount of time the baby cries, you should expect to see a correlation coefficient close to: a. +1.00. b. –1.00. c. –2.00. d. 0. ANSWER: b 168. A positive correlation would be predicted for which two variables? a. alcohol consumption and grade point average b. depression level and height c. grade point average and amount of studying d. grade point average and depression level ANSWER: c 169. A scatterplot of a perfect negative correlation would show: a. a diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right. b. a diagonal line from the top left to the bottom right. c. a horizontal line. d. plots that are all over the graph. ANSWER: b 170. A scatterplot of a perfect positive correlation would show: a. a diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right. b. a diagonal line from the top left to the bottom right. c. a horizontal line. d. plots that are all over the graph. ANSWER: a 171. If there is no relationship between two variables, then the correlation coefficient would be: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. +1.00. b. –1.00. c. 0. d. +2.00. ANSWER: c 172. In a survey project, Dr. Miyake finds a correlation of +.70 between people's reported levels of attachment security and their likelihood of engaging in prosocial behaviors. Which statement is consistent with this result? a. Attachment security causes people to behave antisocially while at work. b. Prosocial behavior at work can cause a feeling of attachment security. c. Decreases in attachment security cause an increase in prosocial behavior. d. As people's attachment security increases, their prosocial behavior increases. ANSWER: d 173. Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Based on this correlation alone, Dr. Nguyen can legitimately conclude that: a. uninvolved parenting is the cause of delinquency among adolescents. b. poverty is associated with both uninvolved parenting and juvenile delinquency. c. uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency among adolescents. d. uninvolved parenting is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior. ANSWER: d 174. Even if two variables are strongly correlated, it is important to consider whether there is a(n) _____ variable, an unaccounted-for characteristic of participants or the environment that explains changes in the variables of interest. a. positive b. negative c. experimental d. third ANSWER: d 175. If two variables X and Y are strongly correlated, it can be concluded that: a. X caused Y. b. Y caused X. c. as the value of X increases or decreases, the value of Y increases or decreases, respectively. d. a third variable is not likely to be responsible for the relationship between variables X and Y. ANSWER: c 176. Researchers consistently report a positive correlation between exposure to violence in the media and aggressive behavior. It is possible that the two variables caused each other, but it is also possible that a(n) _____ variable actually influences both exposure to violence and aggressive behavior. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. positive b. experimental c. third d. negative ANSWER: c 177. Ingraham (2020) stated that his research found: a. that masks don't prevent Covid-19. b. no correlation between masks and Covid-19. c. a positive correlation between masks and Covid-19. d. a negative correlation between masks and Covid-19. ANSWER: d 178. Which method manipulates an independent variable to reveal causal effects on a dependent variable? a. experimental b. correlational c. descriptive d. observational ANSWER: a 179. Which individual is conducting an experimental study? a. Dr. Goodnough observes shoppers in a mall to analyze consumer behavior and decision-making processes when selecting products. b. Dr. Till conducts interviews with individuals to explore their experiences with meditation practices. c. Dr. Ingram deliberately varies the sequence of items on a list and later measures the participants' ability to recall the items. d. Dr. Farrell examines the brain of an individual who had Alzheimer's disease to determine potential abnormalities in the structure of the brain. ANSWER: c 180. In an experiment, the process of random _____ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in either the control group or the experimental group. a. assignment b. selection c. sampling d. placement ANSWER: a 181. In an experiment, Casimer assigned all men to a group in which participants drank three glasses of fruit punch. All women were assigned to a group in which participants drank three glasses of wine. Casimer found that the participants who drank the wine made more errors on a simulated driving test than did the participants who drank the punch. An obvious problem with this experiment is that: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. participants were not randomly assigned to groups. b. there was no control group. c. there was an independent variable but not a dependent variable. d. there was no experimental group. ANSWER: a 182. A control group would be included in an experiment to: a. determine whether two variables are related. b. allow comparisons with the experimental groups. c. ensure that participants are similar across all groups. d. ensure the inclusion of confounding variables. ANSWER: b 183. _____ involves people being selected from a larger population. _____ involves how these people are put into different groups of an experiment. a. Independent assignment; Dependent assignment b. Random sampling; Random assignment c. Controlled sampling; Controlled assignment d. Independent sampling; Dependent sampling ANSWER: b 184. If Juan were to correctly explain the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in a presentation to his class, he would say, "In an experiment, the independent variable is _____, and the dependent variable is _____." a. measured; manipulated b. manipulated; measured c. manipulated; an unforeseen factor that could interfere with the results d. a behavior; the effect on this behavior ANSWER: b 185. One group of participants in an experiment texted on their cell phones while driving a car through an obstacle course, and another group did not text while driving through the course. Researchers recorded the number of objects each participant hit while driving through the course. What was the independent variable? a. the participants in the study b. the cell phones c. texting or not while driving d. the number of objects hit ANSWER: c 186. Raphael conducts an experiment in which participants text on their cell phones while driving a car through an obstacle course, or participants do not text while driving through the course. Raphael concludes from the results of the study that texting has a negative effect on participants' driving. What is the extraneous variable in Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice this study? a. the participants who did not use their cell phones b. the use of cell phones while driving through the course c. the potential bias of the researchers observing the drivers d. the participants' levels of driving experience ANSWER: d 187. Which individual is using random assignment? a. Zion, who sends his survey to every other address in a directory b. Pedro, who flips a coin to determine which participants will be in the control group of his experiment and which will be in the experimental group c. Farah, who designs a pop-up invitation that appears on social media platforms, that, when clicked, leads participants to an online questionnaire d. Vamshika, who puts all male participants in the experimental group and all female participants in the control group ANSWER: b 188. In a social psychology experiment, one group of participants is reminded of a social stereotype they are likely to believe, while another group is not. All participants then interact with a member of the group to which the stereotype applies, and the nature of their interactions is recorded. Which statement is TRUE? a. The reminded group receives the treatment and is the control group. b. The reminded group receives the treatment and is the experimental group. c. The non-reminded group receives the treatment and is the control group. d. The non-reminded group receives the treatment and is the experimental group. ANSWER: b 189. In an experiment, which type of variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher? a. control b. dependent c. independent d. third ANSWER: c 190. In an experiment, which type of variable is measured by the researcher? a. control b. dependent c. independent d. third ANSWER: b 191. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: a. applied to the treatment group. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. randomized across groups. c. measured by the researcher. d. deliberately manipulated by the researcher. ANSWER: c 192. A researcher gives the experimental group a nutritional supplement, and the control group is not given anything. In this example, what the groups are given is the: a. sample variable. b. independent variable. c. dependent variable. d. third variable. ANSWER: b 193. In an experiment to test the effects of throat lozenges on children with sore throats due to a cold, some of the children are given a medicated lozenge made of sugar and some of them are given a lozenge made of sugar that does not contain any medication. In this experiment, which children are in the control group? a. children who receive the medicated lozenge b. children who have a sore throat due to a cold c. children who receive the sugar lozenge d. children who have a sore throat due to an illness other than a cold ANSWER: c 194. A sports psychologist conducted an experiment on the effects of whey protein on people's muscle development. In this experiment, whether or not people consumed whey protein is: a. the dependent variable. b. the independent variable. c. a placebo. d. an extraneous variable. ANSWER: b 195. Characteristics of the environment or the participants that might interfere with an experiment's outcome are called: a. placebos. b. control variables. c. third variables. d. extraneous variables. ANSWER: d 196. Dr. Richards is studying the impact of the exposure to trauma on health-related outcomes. She finds that almost all of the participants in her trauma-exposed group also happen to smoke cigarettes. Which is a confounding variable in her study? a. participants who were exposed to trauma Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. the overall health of the participants c. whether or not the participants smoke d. participants who were not exposed to trauma ANSWER: c 197. Shayma is a graduate student in charge of an experiment for her research group at her university. Shayma has two of her friends, Renuka and Aldo, actually run the experiment with participants on campus. Renuka runs all of the participants getting the real treatment, and Aldo runs all of the participants getting the placebo. What error did Shayma make in setting up this study? a. Shayma inadvertently created a confounded variable. b. Shayma did not randomly assign participants to groups. c. Shayma did not randomly select participants from groups. d. Shayma accidentally ran a double-blind study. ANSWER: a 198. A good way to minimize the influence of extraneous variables is to use: a. random assignment. b. random selection. c. dependent variables. d. independent variables. ANSWER: a 199. Dr. Chopra conducted an experiment to test the effects of a new stimulant drug on a group of participants. In the experiment, she knew which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. However, the participants did not know which type of pill they were taking. Given this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Chopra conducted which type of study? a. single-blind b. double-blind c. triple-blind d. placebo-blind ANSWER: a 200. A pharmaceutical company wishes to test the effects of a new antidepressant using a double-blind study. Which alternative describes the procedure the company would use: The research assistants _____ which participants are receiving the new drug and which are receiving the placebo, and _____ know(s) which type of pill they are taking. a. know; each patient also b. know; each patient does not c. do not know; each patient does d. do not know; none of the patients ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 201. A placebo is given to members of which group? a. control b. dependent c. experimental d. independent ANSWER: a 202. Neuropsychologist Ling Chew gives half of the participants in her experiment a pill that contains a stimulant drug. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking pill that does not contain the drug. Dr. Chew is using a pill without the drug as a(n): a. random variable. b. extraneous variable. c. confound. d. placebo. ANSWER: d 203. A placebo is intended to minimize _____ expectations; a double-blind procedure is intended to minimize _____ expectations. a. participant; experimenter b. participant; participant c. experimenter; experimenter d. experimenter; participant ANSWER: a 204. Which scenario illustrates the placebo effect? Ling receives a(n) _____ pill while participating in an experiment on anxiety. After the treatment, Ling reports _____ anxiety. a. antianxiety; less b. sugar; more c. sugar; less d. antianxiety; more ANSWER: c 205. Dr. Ahmad is worried that his beliefs about the effectiveness of a drug might influence the behaviors of participants in his experiment. He is worried about: a. participant bias. b. experimenter bias. c. random assignment. d. random sampling. ANSWER: b 206. Which is an example of experimenter bias? a. Sarah knows she is being observed during a study on eating habits and, wanting to appear healthy, Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice consciously chooses to eat more fruits and vegetables than she normally would. b. Lo tells his participants who are participating in research on a new medication that is meant to reduce symptoms of anxiety that he "really has high hopes for this new treatment." c. Monna focuses mainly on instances of aggressive behavior in children during her study, while overlooking or minimizing instances of non-aggressive behavior. As a result, she concludes that the children displayed a higher frequency of aggressive behaviors than they actually did. d. Julio pays closer attention to errors made by employees who arrive late but overlooks errors made by those who arrive on time, leading to a skewed assessment of the effects of punctuality on job performance. ANSWER: b 207. "Clever Hans" was a horse who appeared to be able to solve math problems as well as performing a host of other cognitive tasks. However, it turned out that Hans was just a brilliant reader of human behavior because he was getting the correct answer by observing cues from the person asking the question. This is an example of: a. a single-blind study. b. a double-blind study. c. experimenter bias. d. the placebo effect. ANSWER: c 208. The consistency or stability of a measure refers to: a. standardization. b. the third variable. c. validity. d. reliability. ANSWER: d 209. What answers the question "Did the researchers measure what they intend to measure?" a. standardization b. the third variable c. validity d. reliability ANSWER: c 210. If the findings of a study can be generalized to the real world and the population of interest, it has: a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. standardization. d. reliability. ANSWER: b 211. Studies that use _____ are more likely to have external validity. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. random sampling b. a standard sample c. representative samples d. a double-blind design ANSWER: c 212. One advantage of the experimental method over the correlational method is that the experiment _____, but the correlational study does not. a. always generalizes beyond the lab setting b. determines cause and effect c. involves very little control over variables d. has third variables ANSWER: b 213. Correlational research can be an important tool: a. to determine cause-and-effect relationships between two variables. b. when the experimental method is not possible. c. to increase the control over variables. d. to prevent experimenter bias. ANSWER: b 214. While the experimental method may be preferable due to its ability to determine cause and effect, researchers often must use the correlational method because: a. it may be unethical to manipulate certain variables in the study. b. it is less time consuming than the experimental method. c. it is easier to convince participants to agree to be in the study. d. the researchers have greater control over extraneous variables. ANSWER: a 215. When people know they are being observed, their behavior changes. Researchers call this: a. the placebo effect. b. a confounding variable. c. the Hawthorne effect. d. experimenter bias. ANSWER: c 216. Lerato is observing a kindergarten classroom to determine the number of times the children engage in disruptive behavior. According to the Hawthorne effect: a. the boys will engage in disruptive behavior more often than the girls. b. during the first week of observation, the children will behave because they are being observed. c. the girls will engage in disruptive behavior more often than the boys. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. the research will not be valid due to the fact that the children being observed were not randomly assigned to the classroom. ANSWER: b 217. Annalise is a kindergarten teacher who read an experiment by Lillard and Peterson (2011) about the effects of watching fast-paced, fantastical cartoons on children's cognitive performance. Based on the results of the study, Annalise will: a. not allow her students to view such shows because of the negative effects on cognition. b. allow her students to watch such shows because of the positive effects on cognition. c. dismiss the results of the study because of the numerous extraneous variables in it. d. dismiss the results of the study because she likes the cartoon that was used in the study. ANSWER: a 218. Tiana is a skeptic of Lillard and Peterson's (2011) study. What would Tiana claim as a key criticism of the study? a. "Children are exposed to imaginative material elsewhere, even in classic children's books, which have been shown to have cognitive benefits." b. "Children who participated in the study could have been exposed to other forms of fantastical content due to its popularity." c. "Children who were exposed to fantastical content did not show significant cognitive decline compared to those who were not exposed; therefore the results of the study were not significant." d. "Children who participated in the study could have preexisting attentional issues or television watching habits; therefore the study cannot isolate one show as being the contributing factor." ANSWER: d 219. The ethical guidelines written by professional organizations encourage psychologists to: a. maintain accuracy in research, teaching, and practice. b. form their own internal review boards anywhere they are practicing or researching. c. never use deception no matter what the circumstances. d. never manipulate participants in research studies. ANSWER: a 220. If Kayla were writing a research ethics paper on the topic of confidentiality, she should write that "It is important for researchers to: a. protect research data from misuse as well as from theft." b. inform people what their participation in the study will entail." c. share the purpose of the study with participants after it has ended." d. reveal to participants any deception used in the study." ANSWER: a 221. Which factor is a component of informed consent? a. the disclosure of any deception that was used Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study c. information about whom to contact to get the results of the study d. information about the manipulations that were used in the study ANSWER: b 222. Dr. Segal told Sam and Anaïs before she began the research that their participation was completely voluntary and that they could stop taking part at any time. Dr. Segal is: a. debriefing her participants. b. obtaining informed consent. c. providing peer review. d. performing random assignment. ANSWER: b 223. Mari participated in a psychological research study. When it ended, Mari left not knowing the purpose of the study or the deception that was used. The ethical issue with this study involves: a. informed consent. b. debriefing. c. confidentiality. d. unnecessary harm. ANSWER: b 224. Bali serves on an Institutional Review Board (IRB) at his university. As a member of the IRB, he would: a. review research manuscripts that have been submitted for publication. b. edit research proposals for spelling and grammar. c. help researchers review research literature. d. review research proposals to protect the rights of participants. ANSWER: d 225. A researcher found that there was an association between meat avoidance and higher levels of anxiety and depression. The correct conclusion from this study would be: a. eating meat will cause lower levels of anxiety. b. eating meat will cause higher levels of anxiety. c. meat avoidance will cause decreases in anxiety and depression. d. meat avoidance is related to anxiety and depression. ANSWER: d 226. Sometimes the media incorrectly reports the findings of correlational psychology research studies because the media does not understand that if a correlation is found between two variables, X and Y, then: a. the only conclusion is that X caused Y. b. the only conclusion is that Y caused X. c. it must be concluded that X and Y are the same variable. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. it could be that X and Y are caused by a third variable. ANSWER: d 227. By giving equal attention to two viewpoints on an issue, the media promotes the misconception that people are split 50–50 on that issue. This is called: a. false consensus. b. false balance. c. confounding. d. double-blind. ANSWER: b 228. Sam and Anaïs are identical twins who were raised apart. Instead of lamenting the fact that they were separated for 25 years, they both focus on the brighter aspects of life and on helping others. Their approach to life would be of particular interest to _____ psychology, a relatively new approach that counters the field's more traditional focus on abnormality and maladaptive behavior. a. adaptive b. positive c. cognitive d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: b 229. Dr. Moyer is a practitioner of positive psychology. Which topic is he likely to investigate? a. the association between opportunities for workplace creativity and overall happiness b. effective strategies and techniques that improve memory retrieval in educational settings c. the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in addressing mental health issues d. the impact of socioeconomic status on social bonding and communication ANSWER: a 230. Positive psychology has its roots in the: a. cognitive perspective. b. humanistic perspective. c. sociocultural perspective. d. evolutionary perspective. ANSWER: b 231. Researchers studied the mental health of single mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic (Taylor, 2022). They found that moms who _____ were less likely to have mental health issues. a. counted their blessings (felt gratitude) b. participated in yoga classes c. ate a whole food, plant-based diet d. created a daily routine with their children ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 232. According to the results of Taylor's (2022) study on the mental health of single mothers during the Covid19 pandemic, which mother is involved in an activity that may decrease the chances of her experiencing mental health issues? a. Maggie, who is practicing meditation and yoga three times per week b. Juanita, who is keeping a gratitude journal that she contributes to daily c. Adina, who is working out at a community gym every day d. Amulya, who is engaging in mindful coloring on intricate coloring pages ANSWER: b
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Chapter 2 - Essay 1. Brandon sustained severe head trauma in Iraq. Numerous brain scans were conducted to get a better picture of what was happening in Brandon's brain. First, define what each of these scans do and explain how they differ from one another: CT, MRI, PET, EEG, and fMRI. Then describe what each type of scan could tell doctors about Brandon's brain. ANSWER: There are many ways that doctors can get a look at Brandon's brain. In general, both the CT scan and the MRI focus on structure, whereas the EEG, PET, and fMRI focus on function. The CT scan uses X-rays to provide multiple cross-sectional images of the brain. The MRI uses a magnet to provide the same kind of imagery. There are two primary differences between the CT scan and the MRI. The first difference focuses on how the image is produced (X-rays with CT and magnets with MRI). The second difference is that the MRI provides cross-sectional images of the brain with superior detail when compared to CT scan. Doctors could use the MRI to provide the same information if they needed greater detail or if they wanted to avoid X-rays. Doctors could use an EEG, PET, or fMRI if they wanted to examine the functionality of Brandon's brain. The EEG could give them information about the outer layer of Brandon's brain. A PET scan and an fMRI could provide doctors with information about Brandon's brain activity. They could use either technique to explore whether there were abnormal areas of activity in Brandon's brain. To give Brandon a PET scan, they would need to inject him with a radioactive tracer, whereas with the fMRI, they would need to use powerful magnets to track changes in blood-oxygen levels. 2. List and describe, in order, the parts of a typical neuron. Briefly, but comprehensively, describe the functions of each of these parts. ANSWER: The list should contain: (a) dendrites, which appear as clusters of branch-like extensions from the cell body; (b) the cell body, which appears as a roundish structure in the center; (c) the axon, which appears as a long tube extending from the cell body; (d) axon terminals, which appear as extensions projecting from the axon; and (e) the myelin sheath, which appears in portions along the length of the axon. These functions should be described. Dendrites—receive information from other neurons. Cell body—contains the cell's vital structures that nourish the cell. Axon—sends messages to axon terminals. Myelin sheath—insulates one axon from another and speeds neural transmission. Axon terminals—send messages to other neurons. 3. Dr. Santos would like to use an analogy to explain to her class the movement of the action potential down the axon. She explains that the axon is like a long hallway filled with doors on both sides and people on the outside of the doors waiting to get into the hallway. When one door opens and then closes at the beginning of the hallway, it makes the doorway to the right of it quickly open and close, which then triggers the quick opening and closing of the door to its right, and so on. Describe how she could use this analogy to explain these concepts: resting potential, action potential, the all-or-none principle, and myelin sheaths. ANSWER: Using this analogy, the resting potential would be equivalent to having all of the doors shut but ready to be opened. The potential for change comes from the possibility that the doors will open and let people into the hallway. Just as in the axon, the potential for change comes from the possibility that channels will open and let positively charged ions into the axon. The action potential within the axon is illustrated in the analogy by the successive opening and closing of the doors moving down the hallway with people flooding into the hallway from each opened door. This is similar to the channels opening and closing down the length of the axon and successively letting positively charged ions into the axon as the action potential moves down the axon. The all-or-none principle is explained in this analogy by the doors either being open or shut. In this example, doors are not partway open or shut. They open, letting people into the hallway and then quickly shut again. This is Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay similar to the all-or-none quality of action potentials in which once the action potential is triggered, it occurs all the way. There is no partial action potential. Finally, within the analogy, the myelin sheath could be represented by a stretch of hallway in which there are no doors (similar to a lack of accessible channels underneath the myelin sheath), followed by a stretch in the hallway in which there are some doors (like the nodes of Ranvier with accessible channels), which is then followed by a stretch in the hallway in which there are no doors, and so on. This alternating pattern means that the successive opening and closing of doors down the hallway can happen much faster when there are long stretches between doors, and thus, there are fewer doors to open. This is similar to an axon with myelin sheaths. The channels open and close in the nodes of Ranvier, and then the message travels within the axon underneath the myelin sheath until it reaches the next node of Ranvier in which there are channels to open and close once again and support the movement of the action potential down the axon. 4. Jorge is a neuroscience graduate student preparing to explain the roles of neurotransmitters to a class of introductory psychology students. He decides to focus on just three neurotransmitters. For each, he needs to explain how the neurotransmitter impacts thoughts and behavior and then include an example. Describe what information he should share with the class. Be sure to also explain what kinds of examples he could include for each to illustrate the impact of each neurotransmitter. ANSWER: Jorge could focus on any three of the seven neurotransmitters explained here. Note that the examples can be different from the answer shown here but should be consistent with one of the primary functions of each neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine—enables movement; involved in memory, arousal, and attention. For an example, Jorge could give an example of any kind of movement, such as riding a bicycle, walking, or texting a friend, for example, and then he could explain that this neurotransmitter enables this movement to occur. Glutamate—plays a role in learning and memory; promotes communication between neurons. For an example, Jorge could use an example of a student studying material for a test and could describe the process of studying and memorizing. GABA—an inhibitory neurotransmitter. For an example, Jorge could use the example of a person sleeping and explain that GABA is involved in sleep and wakefulness. Norepinephrine—helps prepare the body for stressful situations. For example, Jorge could describe a person stressed out because their boss yelled at them. He could then explain that norepinephrine seems to be connected to the stress response. Dopamine—involved in coordination of muscle movement, attention, learning, and pleasure. For example, Jorge could use an example of a person eating a piece of cake or enjoying a roller coaster, and then he could explain that dopamine is connected to the good feeling associated with doing something that feels good. Serotonin—regulates sleep, mood, aggression, and eating. For example, Jorge could talk about depression or anger and he could then explain that low serotonin activity seems to be connected to depressed mood and aggression. Endorphins—the brain's natural painkiller; may produce euphoric feelings. For example, Jorge could provide an example of a marathon runner and how brisk exercise increases the production of endorphins, reducing the experience of pain and elevating mood. 5. Describe how abnormal levels of specific neurotransmitters may be involved in each of these disorders: Alzheimer's disease, depression, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. ANSWER: The answer should include: Alzheimer's disease: Low levels of acetylcholine in the brain can lead to problems with memory, Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay language, and thinking, all of which are symptoms linked to Alzheimer's disease. Depression: Low levels of serotonin is thought to be one of the factors driving depression. Serotonin helps control appetite, aggression, and mood and regulates sleep and breathing, all of which are impacted in someone diagnosed with depression. Parkinson's disease: Low levels of dopamine, due to the deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons, impact the regulation of body movements, leading to the tremors and slow, stiff movements associated with Parkinson's disease. Schizophrenia: Underactivity of glutamate is theorized to be involved in inducing psychotic symptoms, one of the major factors of schizophrenia. 6. Shannon is a psychologist giving a lecture on the mental health benefits of exercise to a group of fitness instructors. Briefly discuss some of the information Shannon would include in the lecture. ANSWER: Shannon is discussing the impact of exercise on endorphins and serotonin, which are the neurotransmitters that are associated with mood. Brisk exercise increases the production of endorphins, reducing the experience of pain and elevating mood. In addition to increasing the level of endorphins, physical exercise may boost serotonin activity in the brain, leading to improved mood and decreased symptoms of depression. As a result, exercise has been known to reduce stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression. Exercise has also been linked to aiding in the brain's neuroplasticity, making it easier for the brain to grow new neural connections. This could be beneficial in helping to prevent cognitive decline. 7. Discuss the role that dopamine and oxytocin play in romantic relationships. How does this role make us susceptible to ignoring problematic behavior during the beginning phases of relationships? ANSWER: Dopamine and oxytocin are two key neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in the neurochemistry of romantic relationships. These chemicals influence various aspects of our emotional and behavioral responses, contributing to the intense feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship. Dopamine is associated with pleasure, reward, and attention. In the context of romantic relationships, dopamine levels tend to surge when we engage in activities that bring us joy or satisfaction, such as spending time with a new romantic partner. This surge creates a sense of euphoria and reinforces positive behaviors, strengthening the bond between individuals. In addition, neuroimaging research shows that areas of the brain where dopamine is active, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and parts of the caudate nucleus, become excited when newly in-love individuals look at pictures of their partners. These regions play "an essential role in our reward pathway" and their activity has also been associated with romantic love in couples that say they are still "madly in love" after decades. Oxytocin is often associated with complex romantic bonds. In the first months of a relationship, oxytocin levels are high, and during times of bonding, oxytocin seems to increase alongside chemicals involved in experiences of reward and stress. During the initial phases of a romantic relationship, the combination of elevated dopamine and oxytocin levels can have a powerful impact. This neurochemical cocktail contributes to the idealization of the partner and creates a sense of emotional attachment. However, this heightened state of emotional arousal can make individuals more susceptible to overlooking or ignoring problematic behaviors. The intense pleasure associated with elevated dopamine levels may lead individuals to focus primarily on the positive aspects of their partner while downplaying or rationalizing any red flags or problematic behaviors. The strong emotional bond facilitated by oxytocin can create a sense of trust Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay that may cloud judgment and contribute to the reluctance to acknowledge potential issues. 8. Amir is studying for his biopsychology final exam. It is 3 P.M. and Amir is thinking about brewing a coffee. First, explain how the caffeine would impact Amir's brain, specifically his synapses. Next, explain the pros and cons of drinking caffeine late in the afternoon to help Amir study for an exam. ANSWER: If Amir decides to drink caffeine, the caffeine would act as an adenosine antagonist. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that attaches to receptors and slows down the activity of those neurons. The end result is that adenosine makes people feel sleepy. Caffeine blocks the adenosine receptors without stimulating them and, as a result, adenosine cannot lock into the receptors and cannot slow down the response. Thus, when caffeine blocks the adenosine receptors, it is blocking the drowsiness normally caused by adenosine. Some research suggests that the right dose of caffeine helps students to maintain attentiveness, reasoning skills, and reaction times. And as a result, Amir may be able to be more attentive in his studying. Unfortunately, research also shows that caffeine can interfere with sleep and specifically with the deep stages of sleep that allow a person to feel refreshed in the morning. As a result, caffeine may interfere with Amir's ability to get a good night's sleep. 9. Explain in detail how neural messages are conveyed across synapses. Start your description with what must happen first in the sending neuron. Then explain what occurs in the synapse and then describe what occurs in the receiving neuron. Finally, explain how agonists and antagonists impact this process. ANSWER: An action potential reaches the end of the axon, known as the axon terminal. The action potential stimulates the movement of the vesicles that contain neurotransmitters toward the membrane of the axon terminal of the sending neuron. The vesicles then release the neurotransmitters from the axon terminal into the synapse. The neurotransmitter molecules float across the synaptic gap, the space between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron. Then the receiving neuron may or may not produce an action potential, depending on the type of neurotransmitter. Finally, neurotransmitters bind and are either reabsorbed by the sending neuron or are diffused out of the synaptic gap. An agonist will boost the activity of the neurotransmitter, typically by activating more receptor sites for the neurotransmitter or blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters by the sending neuron. On the other hand, antagonists block the activity of neurotransmitters by blocking the receptor sites. 10. Aisha has volunteered to help her professor demonstrate the reflex arc. The teacher taps Aisha's knee with a rubber mallet and Aisha's knee jerks immediately in response. How can the teacher explain Aisha's response to being tapped on the knee with a mallet using the concept of the reflex arc? ANSWER: The reflex arc describes the process whereby a sensory stimulus elicits an automatic response. In this case, the teacher tapped Aisha's knee with a rubber mallet. This resulted in sensory neurons carrying the signal to Aisha's spinal cord. In her spinal cord, the signal from the sensory neurons is received by interneurons. The interneurons immediately activate motor neurons, which sends a signal back down Aisha's leg. The motor neurons instruct muscles in Aisha's knee to contract, resulting in the knee jerk. This process is an example of the full reflex arc. Note also that the brain was not involved in the knee withdrawal, which is why the response to the tap on the knee is so sudden. 11. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. For each division, provide an example of a situation in which the respective division would become activated. Within each example, describe the effects of the activity of each division on at least three bodily processes. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay ANSWER: The answer should contain this information: The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in stressful situations by mobilizing the organism's resources to the "fight-or-flight" mechanism. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in a crisis. An example of a situation that would elicit the sympathetic nervous system includes anything that is immediately stressful such as spotting a threatening stranger in a desolate parking garage, being involved in a near-accident on the road, and so on. Signs of sympathetic activity include dilated pupils, increased respiration, increased heart rate, slowed digestion, and increased blood flow to the muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system acts to calm the body once a stressful situation or emergency has ended. The parasympathetic responses allow the body to store energy. The parasympathetic nervous system becomes active in calm, restful situations such as relaxing after dinner or resting in bed before falling asleep. Signs of parasympathetic activation include constricted pupils, decreased respiration, lowered heart rate, and increased digestive processes. 12. Describe two clear comparisons between hormones and neurotransmitters and two clear contrasts between hormones and neurotransmitters. ANSWER: The answer should contain two of these comparisons: First, both neurotransmitters and hormones are chemicals that convey messages in the body. Second, both neurotransmitters and hormones impact behavior. Third, both neurotransmitters and hormones must fit into receptor sites specially designed for one particular chemical. Fourth, both neurotransmitters and hormones impact mood and cognition. The answer should also contain two of these contrasts: First, neurotransmitters are released into a synapse, whereas hormones are released into the bloodstream. Second, neurotransmitters act within a short distance, whereas hormones act over long distances in the body. Third, neurotransmitters are fast-acting, whereas hormones take longer to make an impact. Fourth, neurotransmitters are used for messages in the nervous system, whereas hormones are used for messages within the endocrine system. 13. Describe the split-brain operation and why it is done. Also describe the split-brain experiment and what the split-brain experiment demonstrates. ANSWER: The split-brain operation disconnects the left and the right hemispheres by severing the corpus callosum. It is used as a last-resort surgery for seizures that do not respond to medication. This procedure has also taught us quite a bit about the brain. In the split-brain experiment, information is presented to the right visual field of a participant. This information is processed in the left hemisphere where language is processed. In this case, the participant can speak the answer (e.g., "I see an apple"). When information is presented to the left visual field, it is processed in the right hemisphere. In this case, the participant cannot say what was shown and cannot speak the answer (e.g., "I didn't see anything). If the participant is asked to identify the image nonverbally by either pointing or touching with the left hand, then the image can be identified. This experiment demonstrates lateralization, which is the idea that each hemisphere processes certain types of information. These studies demonstrated that there are clear functional differences between the two sides of the brain. 14. Describe the typical dysfunction associated with damage to Broca's area and then contrast that with the typical dysfunction associated with damage to Wernicke's area. Then use research exploring the role of the right hemisphere in language to explain why language is not solely a left-brained activity. ANSWER: Broca's area seems to be primarily involved in speech production. Thus, if a patient has damage to Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay Broca's area, then that patient typically has difficulty producing speech. In contrast, Wernicke's area seems to be primarily connected with understanding speech. Thus, if a patient has damage to Wernicke's area, then that patient typically has difficulty making sense out of what others are saying. These patients tend to have difficulty with speech comprehension. Even though there are several language centers in the left hemisphere and the left hemisphere does seem to be central to language for most people, especially right-handed people, the right hemisphere still contributes to language in meaningful ways. The right hemisphere is also important in processing information about expressions on other people's faces while one is interacting with others. This function plays a key role in communication and language. Even though the left hemisphere typically dominates language, the left and right hemispheres must work together to process language and communication. 15. At the age of 7, Christina began having seizures. Doctors recommended a hemispherectomy. Define what a hemispherectomy is and why it is done, and describe the outcome of Christina's hemispherectomy. Finally, explain why Christina's outcome may have been different if she had been an adult. ANSWER: Doctors determined that Christina's seizures were a result of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a rare disease that causes swelling in one side of the brain and impairs movement and thinking. This disease causes severe seizures that occur frequently. A hemispherectomy is a procedure that removes half of the brain. This is a last-resort operation that is done when medications or other interventions do not work to halt seizures. For Christina, the right side of the brain was affected and thus, the left side of her body was affected. Following the surgery, Christina's left side was partially paralyzed. Since the right side of her brain was removed, it did take Christina a bit longer to complete her schoolwork. Christina's brain demonstrated neuroplasticity, or the brain's ability to heal itself, grow new connections, and reorganize to adapt to the environment. If Christina had been an adult when she had the surgery, she likely would not have recovered to the same level of functionality that she did as a child. Younger children show greater brain plasticity than adults and so typically children have better outcomes than adults when recovering from damage to the brain. 16. To what extent is the brain capable of continued development during adulthood? In addressing this broad question, explain each of these points: (1) Distinguish between neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. (2) Discuss the potential implications of the neuroplasticity and neurogenesis processes for the treatment of sensory and nervous system problems and disorders. ANSWER: The brain undergoes substantial development and alteration during adulthood in response to new experiences, learning, and memory. The interconnections between neurons become more complex throughout life, and the brain shows a remarkable ability to repair and adapt throughout life. (1) Neuroplasticity is the process whereby the brain continually heals, grows new connections, and reorganizes itself to adapt to the environment. Neurogenesis also seems to be tied to adaptation to the environment because it seems to be tied to learning and creating new memories. Neurogenesis is the creation of new neurons. (2) There is significant evidence that neuroplasticity is important for those recovering from damage to the sensory systems or the brain. For example, brain scans showed that when people who are blind learn to read braille early in life, a region of the brain that normally specializes in handling visual information becomes activated. This suggests that visual processing centers are being used to process touch sensations. Researchers are currently evaluating the potential to treat nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injuries with neurogenesis. In this area of biomedical research, scientists are focusing on the possibility of using stem cells, cells responsible for creating new neurons, to repair tissue that has been damaged or lost. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay 17. Describe the function of the cerebral cortex. Then explain the function of the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, and occipital lobes. ANSWER: Cerebral cortex: the wrinkled, outermost layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher mental functions such as decision making, language, and processing visual information Functions: Frontal: higher-level cognitive functions such as language, emotions, control of social behavior, and decision making Parietal: integration of sensory information like touch and temperature Temporal: hearing and language comprehension Occipital: visual processing 18. Name two structures in the limbic system and describe each structure's general function. For each structure you name, write a brief case study of an individual demonstrating the effects of damage to the structure. ANSWER: Two of these structures should be named and described: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The amygdala is well known for processing aggression and basic emotions such as fear and the memories associated with them, but it also helps us to perceive positive emotions. A case study focused on damage to the amygdala should center on an individual who has a difficult time processing emotion. The hippocampus is primarily responsible for processing and forming new memories from experiences. It does not store the memories permanently, but it is key in the initial processing of new memories. A case study focused on damage to the hippocampus should concentrate on someone with a memory deficit, especially an individual who has difficulty forming new memories. The thalamus processes and relays sensory information to the appropriate parts of the cortex. The majority of information picked up from the senses, with the exception of smell, must pass through the thalamus before moving onto the cortex for processing. A case study focused on the thalamus should describe an individual who has difficulty processing sensation. The hypothalamus helps to keep the body's systems in a steady state, ensuring that things like blood pressure, heart rate, and fluid/electrolyte balance stay within a healthy range. The hypothalamus is also tied to basic kinds of motivated behavior such as sleeping, hunger, and sex. Finally, the hypothalamus also helps the brain and body to respond to stress. Thus, a case study focusing on damage to the hypothalamus could spotlight any of these systems, including system balance, sleep, hunger, sex drive, or stress response. 19. Identify one structure in the midbrain and describe its function. Then identify one structure in the hindbrain and describe its function. Finally, describe the cerebellum and its function. ANSWER: The midbrain includes the top portion of the brainstem. The book focuses on part of the reticular formation as located within the midbrain. The reticular formation controls arousal and quickly analyzes sensory information on its way to the cortex. The reticular formation also helps people to selectively attend to important information and ignore what's irrelevant. The hindbrain includes the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. The pons helps to regulate respiration and sleep–wake cycles and coordinates movement between the right and left sides of the body. The medulla oversees some of the body's most vital functions, including breathing and heart rate maintenance. The cerebellum sits behind the brainstem, and it looks like a small version of the brain itself. The cerebellum primarily controls body balance and muscle coordination, but it also influences such higher cognitive processes as reasoning and language production. 20. The stories of Brandon and Christina highlight the amazing changes the human brain can undergo. Describe Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Essay one example from your own life that illustrates how neuroplasticity is related to one of your experiences. Then explain what Brandon's and Christina's stories can tell us about the importance of perseverance when recovering from brain damage. ANSWER: The stories of Brandon and Christina provide examples of how the brain is able to recover, even after major trauma, such as being shot in the head or having half of your brain removed. However, neuroplasticity is an ongoing process. Every experience a student has, every test they study for, all the time they spend with their friends, and every moment of every experience are altering the structure and function of their brains. Christina and Brandon highlight the concept of hope and perseverance when recovering from brain damage. Their recoveries were long, and at many points along the way they experienced challenges and setbacks. Yet in spite of the obstacles they faced, they continued to show determination and perseverance in their rehabilitative efforts and they never lost hope.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 1. The _____ is a communication network that uses electrical and chemical processes to convey messages throughout the body. a. nervous system b. brain c. cerebellum d. cell body ANSWER: a 2. Specialized cells that communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals are known as: a. glands. b. neurons. c. organisms. d. spinal cord. ANSWER: b 3. Your ability to read this question, process the information, then move your hand to select the correct response are all made possible by your: a. neurons. b. temporal lobe. c. motor cortex. d. midbrain. ANSWER: a 4. The subfield of psychology concerned with understanding how the brain and other biological systems influence human behavior is called: a. biological therapy. b. social psychology. c. biological psychology. d. phrenology. ANSWER: c 5. Which field draws on multiple disciplines such as medicine, psychology, and engineering to understand the brain and nervous system? a. neuroscience b. phrenology c. social psychology d. ablation ANSWER: a 6. Yvette is majoring in psychology. She is about to graduate and has applied to several PhD programs. Yvette plans to specialize in biological psychology. Her interest is in understanding how: a. bumps on the skull influences personality. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice b. an individual's behavior is influenced by social situations. c. the brain influences human behavior. d. unconscious thoughts influence human behavior. ANSWER: c 7. As a researcher studying brain injuries in soldiers, Imani studies injuries like the one Brandon sustained to his brain while in combat. Because Imani's interests are in studying the brain and nervous system, which field does Imani work in? a. surgery b. language therapy c. neuroscience d. phrenology ANSWER: c 8. What was an early approach to explaining the functions of the brain by trying to link the physical structure of the skull with a variety of characteristics? a. Biopsychology b. Phrenology c. Behavioral neuroscience d. Ablation ANSWER: b 9. According to 19th-century _____, the answers to questions about personality characteristics such as secrecy and self-esteem could be answered by examining the surface of the skull. a. biological psychologists b. speech therapists c. phrenologists d. neuroscientists ANSWER: c 10. Dr. Jovanovic is looking for potential blockages of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain of a person with a mild traumatic brain injury. What new brain imaging technology would BEST be suited for this procedure? a. computed tomography b. 3-D amplified MRI c. positron emission tomography d. electroencephalogram ANSWER: b 11. Diagnosing a possible brain injury using an EEG, Dr. Garcia is placing electrodes on the patient's scalp to: a. create a cross-sectional image of the brain and look deep inside. b. record brain waves to determine changes in electrical activity. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice c. take high resolution pictures of deep tissue with the help of magnets. d. follow a radioactive tracer to record atypical metabolic activity. ANSWER: b 12. Which technique records the brain's activity through electrodes placed on the scalp? a. an electroencephalogram (EEG) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. computed tomography (CT) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ANSWER: a 13. To study the extent of structural damage resulting from a traumatic brain injury, what would be most appropriate? a. an electroencephalogram (EEG) b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. positron emission tomography (PET) d. phrenology ANSWER: b 14. By injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream of a person, behavioral neuroscientists sometimes use what to study the function of a brain? a. computed tomography (CT) b. an electroencephalogram (EEG) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET) ANSWER: d 15. Dr. Shadi is studying the living brain. She has some research participants who have metal in their bodies that prevents them from being placed in a magnetic field. These participants also indicated on their consent form that they are uncomfortable being injected with any substance. Given these constraints, which of these imaging techniques could be used? a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b. computed tomography (CT) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET) ANSWER: b 16. What detects blood-oxygen levels in brain regions, indicating heightened neural activity? a. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b. Positron emission tomography (PET) c. Computed tomography (CT) d. An electroencephalogram (EEG) Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 17. Oscar is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab on campus. The brain scanning technique used in this study is an EEG. Oscar is: a. solving a complex math equation while an X-ray takes cross-sectional images of his brain. b. silently reading rapid sequences of words while the electrical activity of his brain is recorded through electrodes placed on the surface of his skull. c. studying images of strangers as well as loved ones after receiving a painless injection of a small amount of radioactive material to track brain activity. d. engaging in a decision-making task designed to simulate a real-world risk scenario while blood-flow patterns are being tracked to capture brain activity. ANSWER: b 18. Researchers studying sleep examine electrical activity in the brains of their participants. What technique are they using? a. CT b. PET c. EEG d. fMRI ANSWER: c 19. Dr. Wang is monitoring blood-oxygen changes in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. From the description, Dr. Wang is using a technique called: a. computed tomography (CT). b. positron emission tomography (PET). c. an electroencephalogram (EEG). d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). ANSWER: d 20. Dr. Nakamura is using a new technology that observes the shifting of brain tissue in response to motion of cerebrospinal fluid. This technology is known as: a. an electroencephalogram. b. computed tomography. c. positron emission tomography. d. a 3-D amplified MRI. ANSWER: d 21. In _____, a computer creates cross-sectional images like those produced by computed tomography (CT), but with superior detail. This technique focuses on the structure of the brain as opposed to the function of the brain. a. 3-D amplified MRI b. magnetic resonance imaging c. an electroencephalogram Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice d. positron emission tomography ANSWER: b 22. In an early approach to understanding the brain, what was used to destroy parts of the living animal brain? a. ablation b. phrenology c. optogenetics d. magnetic resonance imaging ANSWER: a 23. Researchers can essentially create "on" and "off" switches for individual brain cells and then observe what happens when this activity is manipulated using: a. ablation. b. phrenology. c. optogenetics. d. magnetic resonance imaging. ANSWER: c 24. Scientists have found that individuals who have had Covid-19 show evidence of short-term cognitive decline (Douaud et al., 2022). In addition, they have identified regions of the brain that may be altered after infection with the coronavirus. One such region is: a. Broca's area. b. Wernicke's area. c. the corpus callosum. d. the parahippocampal gyrus. ANSWER: d 25. The _____ is where the nucleus containing DNA can be found in a typical neuron. a. cell body b. synapse c. myelin sheath d. axon ANSWER: a 26. What are branch-like fibers extending from the neuron's cell body that receive signals from other neurons and send information in the direction of the cell body? a. axons b. glial fibers c. dendrites d. nodes of Ranvier ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 27. The axon of a neuron is the: a. region of the neuron that includes structures that nourish the cell. b. sheath of fat that insulates the neuronal message so that it can travel faster. c. branch-like set of fibers extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body. d. long, tube-like structure extending from a neuron's cell body. ANSWER: d 28. What are found at the end of skinny tube-like structures of a neuron? a. vesicles b. dendrites c. axon terminals d. glial cells ANSWER: c 29. Axon terminals are the places where: a. vesicles are released from glial cells. b. sensory messages are converted into neural messages. c. messages are sent to other neurons. d. glial cells convert somatic messages into autonomic messages. ANSWER: c 30. The breaks between myelin segments are called: a. axon terminals. b. synapses. c. microglia. d. nodes of Ranvier. ANSWER: d 31. A synapse is a: a. chemical. b. signal. c. fiber. d. junction. ANSWER: d 32. After being shot in the head during the battle of Fallujah in Iraq, what type of cells of the nervous system defended Brandon's brain from both infection and inflammation? a. microglia b. astrocytes c. Schwann cells d. oligodendrocytes Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 33. After being shot in the head in Iraq during gunfire at the battle of Fallujah, what type of glial cells began to restore the barrier between Brandon's brain and blood? a. microglia b. astrocytes c. Schwann cells d. oligodendrocytes ANSWER: b 34. Although previously thought to simply hold neurons together, researchers now know that _____ defend the brain from infection, protect and restore the blood–brain barrier, and support communication between neurons. a. axons b. glial cells c. dendrites d. synapses ANSWER: b 35. Within the nervous system, Schwann cells: a. have action potentials. b. restore the blood–brain barrier. c. defend the brain from infection. d. provide the myelin that envelops the axons. ANSWER: d 36. What is the natural tendency of ions to spread out or disperse? a. tomography b. diffusion c. lateralization d. neurogenesis ANSWER: b 37. What causes oppositely charged ions to move toward each other like magnets and causes similarly charged ions to move apart? a. tomography b. diffusion c. lateralization d. electrostatic pressure ANSWER: d 38. A neuron is encased in a membrane that only allows some of the ions to pass in and out of its channels, making the membrane: Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice a. electrostatic. b. selectively permeable. c. excitatory d. inhibitory. ANSWER: b 39. When a neuron is not sending a message and is in its "natural state," the electrical potential created by the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron is called the neuron's: a. action potential. b. threshold potential. c. resting potential. d. electrostatic ANSWER: c 40. At rest, there are more _____ ions outside the neuronal membrane than there are inside. a. potassium b. sodium c. resting d. negative ANSWER: b 41. When the sodium channels in the neuron begin to open at the start of an action potential, what drive(s) positively charged ions into the cell? a. electrostatic pressure b. threshold potential c. resting potential d. microglia ANSWER: a 42. The role of the protein pump is to restore the: a. resting potential of the neuron. b. threshold potential of the neuron. c. action potential of the neuron. d. positive charge of the neuron. ANSWER: a 43. Action potentials are _____ signals _____ neurons. a. chemical; between b. chemical; within c. electrical; within d. electrical; between Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 44. During the first part of an action potential: a. positive ions flood into the cell. b. a wave of neurotransmitters flows up the axon. c. electrical messages are carried from the axon terminals to the axon hillock. d. the charge inside the cell becomes more negative than the outside of the cell. ANSWER: a 45. After an action potential, the neuron: a. is restored to resting potential. b. remains at threshold potential. c. is positively charged until the next action potential. d. remains flooded with sodium. ANSWER: a 46. Action potentials travel from the axon _____, down the _____ to the axon _____. a. hillock; axon; terminals b. terminals; myelin sheath; hillock c. terminals; axon; hillock d. hillock; dendrites; terminals ANSWER: a 47. As part of a laboratory experiment in his psychology course, Malik is observing the activity of a recording electrode on the axon of a neuron. At the very beginning of the action potential, what might Malik observe? a. The axon will release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. b. The axon will remain at threshold potential as negative ions continue to flood the cell. c. The electrical charge of the neuron will go from negative to positive. d. The negative resting potential of the neuron will become even more negative. ANSWER: c 48. Aoto is enrolled in a biological psychology course this semester. Last week, he had the opportunity to use a recording electrode to observe the electrical activity of a segment of an axon during an action potential. How might Aoto summarize his observations in a report? a. "The cell body released dopamine into the axon, which caused a decrease in the positive charge of the neuron." b. "The axon released serotonin into the cell body, which caused a decrease dip in the negative charge of the neuron." c. "The resting electrical charge of the neuron was negative and then became briefly positive before returning to being negative." d. "The resting electrical charge of the neuron was positive and then became briefly negative before returning to being positive." Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 49. As Haneen gets ready for school and eats breakfast, each of her neurons is firing at the typical rate of neurons, which is about: a. once or twice each second. b. several hundred times per second. c. around one hundred times per hour. d. hundreds of times per millisecond. ANSWER: b 50. For an action potential to occur, excitatory signals must exceed: a. the myelin sheath. b. inhibitory signals. c. the gray matter. d. the white matter. ANSWER: b 51. Action potentials are: a. the "glue" of the nervous system; they provide cohesion. b. chemical signals with varying intensities. c. a method of communication between neurons. d. all-or-none; they either happen or they don't. ANSWER: d 52. The strength of a neural message is partially determined by: a. how strong the action potential is. b. how often the action potential occurs. c. the amount of sodium ions inside the cell. d. the amount of potassium ions inside the cell. ANSWER: b 53. Both the frequency of firing and the number of neurons delivering the message determine the strength of the neural messages because the _____ of a single action potential always remains the same. a. strength b. myelin c. resting potential d. protein pump ANSWER: a 54. In a myelinated axon, the action potential _____ the segments of myelin, going from one node of Ranvier to the next. a. "skips" over Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice b. "slides" under c. travels through d. activates ANSWER: a 55. Compared to action potentials in unmyelinated neurons, action potentials in myelinated neurons: a. travel much slower. b. travel much faster. c. travel in the opposite direction. d. can vary in intensity. ANSWER: b 56. Cormac, a neuroscience graduate student, will be assisting one of his professors in their laboratory. In preparation, Cormac reads several research articles in which the participants have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Based on this information, it seems likely that these research articles are focused on: a. antagonists that block normal neurotransmitter activity. b. excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter serotonin. c. low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. d. damage to myelination. ANSWER: d 57. A person with multiple sclerosis may have damage to their myelin sheaths, resulting in symptoms such as: a. fatigue, trouble with vision, and cognitive disabilities. b. short-term memory loss, difficulty hearing, and shortness of breath. c. lack of coordination, tingling in extremities, and confusion. d. difficulty speaking, trouble concentrating, and vertigo. ANSWER: a 58. Dr. Yoshida focuses her work primarily on studying myelinated axons, while Dr. Shazma focuses most of her work on the neural cell bodies and glial cells. Dr. Yoshida studies _____, while Dr. Shazma studies _____. a. white matter; gray matter b. gray matter; white matter c. axon terminals; dendrites d. dendrites; axon terminals ANSWER: a 59. Dr. Gonzalez is studying the brain of an individual who was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What is he likely to observe? a. an enlarged temporal lobe b. damage to the brain's white matter c. enlarged cell bodies Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice d. damage to the brain's gray matter ANSWER: b 60. According to new research by neuroscientist Dr. Lipton, heading a soccer ball seems to be more dangerous for: a. men than it is for women. b. women than it is for men. c. neurons than it is for astrocytes. d. astrocytes than it is for neurons. ANSWER: b 61. The chemicals that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called: a. action potentials. b. neurotransmitters. c. dendrites. d. vesicles. ANSWER: b 62. Once the action potential gets down to the axon terminal, it causes what to unload neurotransmitters into the synapse? a. dendrites b. the axon hillock c. myelin d. vesicles ANSWER: d 63. The majority of neurotransmitters migrate across the synaptic gap and latch onto receptor sites of the receiving neuron's: a. myelin sheaths. b. axons. c. vesicles. d. dendrites. ANSWER: d 64. Jabari is giving a presentation on how neurons communicate with one another. Which analogy would make sense for him to use to explain how messages travel from one neuron to the next? a. a lock and key, with the key being the neurotransmitter and the lock being the receptor b. a dog and cat, with the dog being the sending neuron and the cat being the receiving neuron c. a fish in an ocean, with the fish being the sending neuron and the ocean being the receiving neuron d. birds flying south for the winter, with the birds being the agonist and winter being the antagonist ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 65. In his presentation for a biological psychology course, Abdullah will need to briefly summarize the current understanding of neurotransmitters within the field. Which of these statements should Abdullah include on a slide to be accompanied by a brief explanation during his presentation? a. "Acetylcholine is the most recent neurotransmitter to be discovered." b. "There are exactly five different neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin." c. "Researchers have identified approximately 100 neurotransmitters, with many more yet to be discovered." d. "Similar to action potentials, neurotransmitters typically follow the all-or-none law." ANSWER: c 66. How might the current release of acetylcholine in your brain influence your cognitive functioning or behavior at this moment? a. Your muscles move to select the correct response on the quiz. b. Your heart rate increases when you come across a question you do not know. c. Your neural communication is inhibited as you become anxious. d. Your stomach is growling because you are hungry. ANSWER: a 67. Alzheimer's disease has been linked to low levels of: a. acetylcholine in the brain. b. glutamate in the brain. c. serotonin in the brain. d. GABA in the brain. ANSWER: a 68. _____, which paralyzes facial muscles to decrease wrinkles, works by preventing the activity of acetylcholine. a. Botox b. Serotonin c. Glutamate d. Dopamine ANSWER: a 69. Tomas tells his friend Omar that he takes Xanax to treat a psychological disorder, but that he doesn't understand how the drug works. If Omar took an introductory psychology course, he would understand that Tomas is taking Xanax to treat _____ and he also might be able to explain to Tomas that Xanax works by enhancing the effects of _____. a. depression; serotonin b. an anxiety disorder; GABA c. Alzheimer's disease; acetylcholine d. schizophrenia; dopamine Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 70. Elsa tells her new therapist that she has been prescribed _____ for the past 5 years. Based on that information, the therapist suspects that Elsa had been previously diagnosed with _____. a. Prozac; a movement disorder b. Valium; a mood disorder c. Xanax; an anxiety disorder d. Botox; schizophrenia ANSWER: c 71. Abdulla tells his friend he has been feeling sad. His friend might suggest getting some exercise since physical exercise may boost: a. serotonin activity. b. GABA activity. c. glutamate activity. d. antagonist activity. ANSWER: a 72. Which neurotransmitter relays messages from neurons to muscles, thus enabling movement? a. norepinephrine b. GABA c. serotonin d. acetylcholine ANSWER: d 73. _____ promotes communication between neurons, whereas _____ inhibits communication between neurons. a. Acetylcholine; dopamine b. Dopamine; acetylcholine c. Glutamate; GABA d. GABA; glutamate ANSWER: c 74. What plays an important role in controlling sleep and wakefulness as well as fear and anxiety? a. acetylcholine b. GABA c. serotonin d. dopamine ANSWER: b 75. In which scenario is Henry's brain likely to release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine? a. having dinner with his friends at a new restaurant Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice b. going on a romantic date with his spouse at a local park c. attending his first yoga class with a few of his best friends d. driving at night in an unfamiliar, dangerous-looking neighborhood ANSWER: d 76. Antidepressants such as Prozac and Zoloft cause the neurotransmitter serotonin to remain in the synapse longer than it normally would. Prozac and Zoloft are among a class of antidepressants that inhibit the process called: a. recycling. b. reuse. c. reuptake. d. release. ANSWER: c 77. At this very moment, what are relaying signals across the synapses between neurons in your brain? a. action potentials b. neurotransmitters c. dendrites d. axons ANSWER: b 78. Communication within neurons is primarily _____, and communication between neurons is primarily _____. a. chemical; electrical b. electrical; mechanical c. electrical; chemical d. mechanical; chemical ANSWER: c 79. An advertisement for a new drug therapy claims that the drug will counteract the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Similar to previous drugs, this drug claims to work by acting as a(n): a. acetylcholine agonist. b. acetylcholine antagonist. c. serotonin agonist. d. serotonin antagonist. ANSWER: a 80. Once a neurotransmitter has already been bound to the receptor site on the receiving neuron, then it: a. travels back to the sending neuron, triggering a reverse action potential. b. is either reabsorbed or diffuses out of the synaptic gap. c. travels back to the sending neuron, boosting the effectiveness of the closest myelin. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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