TEST BANK For My Psychology 3rd Edition By Andrew Pomerantz. Complete Chapters

TEST BANK For My Psychology 3rd Edition By Andrew Pomerantz. Complete Chapters.

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Chapter 1 - Essay 1. Defend the statement, "Psychology is about normal people." Describe what psychology is as well as what it is not in your answer. ANSWER: To understand what psychology is, you have to understand what it is not. Psychology is not exclusively about people with mental disorders. Most of the research that psychologists do focuses on normal processes that occur in all of us, such as how we think, how we learn, how we develop, how we remember, how we speak, and how we interact. To be able to understand the abnormal, we must first have a solid understanding of the normal and have a standard to measure against. 2. Compare and contrast the fields of clinical psychology and counseling psychology. Describe each specialization. In what ways are they similar? In what ways do they differ? Include three similarities and three differences in your answer. ANSWER: Clinical psychology is a specialization that is applied and primarily focuses on psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists mostly engage in psychotherapy and assessments. Counseling psychology is also an applied specialization in which the psychologists focus on improving the daily functioning of people who might be going through difficult times in their lives. Counseling psychologists help people to adjust to temporary situations. Both specializations conduct psychotherapy, often in private practice, with individuals, groups, families, and couples. Clinical comes from the same root as recline, which can help you remember that the person is so impaired that they need bedside care. Counseling comes from the root word to consult, meaning a person needs guidance or advice. 3. Compare and contrast the fields of philosophy and psychology. Describe each field while listing their similarities and differences. Include three similarities as well as three differences in your answer. ANSWER: Philosophers talked and wrote about the inner workings of the mind and the reasons for human behaviors. Their answers to those questions traditionally came from their opinions and experiences, not scientific inquiry. Many of their questions could not even be tested using science. Thus, psychology has that advantage over philosophy. Psychologists study the human mind and human behavior that is grounded in science, rather than just speculation or opinion. 4. Describe psychoanalysis and briefly describe its founding father. Was psychoanalysis well received when it was originally founded? ANSWER: Psychoanalysis is a perspective in psychology that was created by Sigmund Freud. It focused on the unconscious mind and the long-lasting effects of childhood. Freud discovered the "talking cure," which paved the way for psychotherapy. He noticed in his medical practice that when people discussed their nervous disorders and symptoms, they began to reveal thoughts and feelings from childhood that had been previously hidden. Once they brought those experiences to the surface, the patient usually felt better. Freud talked about the existence of an "unconscious," which he described as thoughts and feelings of which the person is unaware but yet have the power to strongly affect the person's life. Then the person can go through the process of psychoanalysis to bring the unconscious thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind. Psychoanalysis drew a lot of attention from academia and physicians as well as the general public. Freud was elevated to a level of fame that was new to the field of psychology. This also elevated psychology to a new-found fame. Freud helped to spread his ideas beyond Europe to the United States. Psychoanalysis popped up in scholarly journals, training institutions, and professional associations. Freud's ideas and popularity continued to rise even after his death. 5. Describe the school of thought known as behaviorism, including its founding fathers. How did this particular .

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Chapter 1 - Essay school of thought change the field of psychology? ANSWER: Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behavior rather than on internal thought. Behavior can be observed and measured, whereas mental thoughts and processes cannot. Behaviorists pushed for psychology to be a science by focusing on observable behaviors rather than on the inner workings of the mind. John Watson was the founder of behaviorism, and he worked to discredit introspection and replace it with measuring observable behaviors. Thanks to Pavlov and Skinner, behaviorism flourished and continued to gain popularity for many years. In fact, Skinner became as famous and influential as Freud, if not more so, and helped to promote behaviorism. Behaviorists helped to establish psychology as a science by conducting experiments and relying on the environment for consequences that would increase or decrease behaviors. 6. Contrast the beliefs and approach of psychoanalysis to those of behaviorism. Who were the approaches' founding fathers? ANSWER: Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis as the "talking cure" that focused on bringing events that occurred in childhood out of the "unconscious" and back to a level of consciousness where the feelings surrounding the childhood event could be discussed. Once those experiences were brought to the surface, the patient usually felt better. While psychoanalysis paved the way for psychotherapy, the scientific method was not used during the practice. The behavioral perspective arose largely as a reaction against the psychoanalytic perspective. Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behavior rather than on internal thought. Behavior can be observed and measured, whereas mental thoughts can only be measured based on the objective behaviors they produce. Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner all helped usher in behaviorism. 7. Explain why humanism came about. Describe the main ideas of humanism, including its founding fathers. How does this school of thought differ from psychoanalysis and behaviorism? ANSWER: The humanistic perspective was born out of frustration. The humanists were fed up with Freud's negativity in his theories, and they were also frustrated with the mechanical nature of the behaviorists. Humanism wanted to shine a light on the personality and all that is good within a person. It is a perspective in psychology that focuses on the notion that human nature is generally good and people are naturally motivated to grow toward their fullest potential. Carl Rogers was the founding father of humanism, and he discovered in his experiences that most people who experienced psychological difficulties were not struggling with internal unconscious drives toward unrestrained aggression or self-gratification. Rogers believed people just wanted to grow and be the best versions of themselves, recognizing that sometimes there are obstacles preventing this from happening. Humanism focused on ideas like conditions of worth, which are imposed by others and force people to choose between being true to themselves and being someone their loved ones would accept. Humanism is in direct opposition to psychoanalysis and behaviorism as it truly focuses on the positive views about human nature. It provided a more positive approach to psychology and left people with hope and optimism. 8. Compare cognitive psychology to behaviorism. How are these perspectives alike? How are they different? How do they approach psychology differently? ANSWER: The cognitive perspective arose largely as a reaction against the behavioral perspective, which came first. Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behavior rather than on internal thought. Behavior can be observed and measured, whereas mental .

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Chapter 1 - Essay thoughts can only be measured based on the objective behaviors they produce. Behaviorists pushed for psychology to be a science by focusing on the behaviors rather than the mind. The behaviorists focused on issues outside of the mind, like observable behaviors and external conditions. Cognitive psychologists focus on the fact that what happens inside the mind is essential and necessary to understand humans and their behaviors. Cognitive psychologists tend to focus on inside-the-mind questions such as how we solve problems, how we make decisions, how we learn languages, what stimulates creative thought, and what influences intelligence. To really answer and examine these questions, a cognitive psychologist would need to consider the behaviors as well. 9. Multiculturalism challenges the strongly held belief found in older schools of psychology that an explanation of human behavior is equally true for all human beings. Describe how multiculturalism challenges this belief and provide an example to support your answer. ANSWER: Multiculturalism emphasizes the influence of culture on behavior and mental processes. Cultural variables, including race or ethnicity, gender, religion or spirituality, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, geographic region, and disability status, can have a powerful and valuable impact on what we think, feel, and do. This wider understanding of culture means that we all have quite a few cultural characteristics that make up who we are. Even American culture is comprised of many different cultures and exhibits increasing diversity in other areas. An example could be a transgender college student who might have depressive symptoms. When receiving treatment, the psychologist would have to take a multicultural approach and not just assume the demands of college are solely behind the depression. 10. Consider Darwin's assumption that getting our genes into the next generation is what drives us. Explain evolutionary psychology using this assumption. Then describe how being altruistic to a family member helps get a person's genes into the next generation. ANSWER: Evolutionary psychology explains psychological traits (and other things) as adaptations or functional products that have been sustained across evolutionary time. It is used to explain and predict behaviors. Altruism is when a person helps another despite receiving no immediate benefit. Evolutionary psychology would explain altruism by saying that people who helped others were more likely to receive help later on in life. This leads to a better chance of survival, especially if that help was life-saving. Helping a family member is even better because family members carry genes similar to your own. 11. Jasha has been diagnosed with anxiety. How would their psychiatrist who believes strongly in the biopsychosocial theory explain the possible causes of Jasha's diagnosis? ANSWER: The biopsychosocial theory is a comprehensive perspective that emphasizes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors as influences on behavior. In the case of Jasha, if the psychiatrist treating them believes in the biopsychosocial theory, they would explain that a wide range of factors could and should be considered as potential causes. Biologically, genetic inheritance and chemical imbalances in the brain could be contributing to the Jasha's symptoms of anxiety. Regarding Jasha's internal mental workings, Jasha may have a tendency to focus on the worst possible outcomes, even if they're not really realistic, which can cause and maintain elevated levels of stress. Socially, Jasha may be going through a period of their life where they have to make a lot of difficult and important decisions about their future, which would impact their family and other relationships. The culture in which they were raised may also not be supportive of indecision or seeking advice, adding to Jasha's stress about life choices. Other examples of biological, .

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Chapter 1 - Essay psychological, and social factors could be present in any given patient's case, and according to the biopsychosocial theory, not all three factors need to be given equal weight, and one factor may outweigh the others. 12. Why is critical thinking so important to the field of psychology? Explain three of the common errors in thinking that can be overcome with critical thinking, and provide examples of each from your own personal experience. ANSWER: Critical thinking is an inquisitive, challenging approach to ideas and assumptions. It is essential to any advancement in science because it questions ideas. Critical thinking helps to debunk pseudopsychologies and encourages psychologists to generate new ideas. Critical thinking allows us to become less dependent on "commonsense" ideas, especially when those ideas contradict each other. When we critically think about a subject matter, we can better avoid and/or overcome common errors in thinking, such as the confirmation bias, belief perseverance, bandwagon fallacy, emotional reasoning, authority fallacy, antiquity fallacy, and black-or-white fallacy. Confirmation bias is where someone tends to prefer and focus on information that confirms what they already believe. Belief perseverance is where someone maintains a belief even when there is ample evidence suggesting it is incorrect. Bandwagon fallacy is evident when someone believes something simply because many other people believe it. Sometimes, people may believe something because of how it makes them feel rather than how logical or factual it is; this is called emotional reasoning. When someone believes something simply because an expert or authority figure believes it, this is referred to as the authority fallacy. Antiquity fallacy occurs when someone believes something just because people have believed it for a long time. Last, the black-or-white fallacy is where someone takes an extreme belief or polarized position on a matter when a more moderate belief/position would be more accurate. Student examples will vary. 13. When psychologists conduct scientific studies, they have one of the three goals: to describe, to correlate, or to experiment. Describe each goal, including how they differ from one another. Include an example of each goal. ANSWER: Descriptive research is research in which the goal is simply to describe a characteristic of the population in terms of a particular variable. The researcher would specify a group of people and then measure some quality, behavior, or other feature within that group. In correlational studies the goal is to see how variables correlate (or relate) with each other. Whereas descriptive research focuses on variables in isolation, correlational research focuses on how variables interact. Experimental research is research in which the goal is to experiment by manipulating one variable while measuring how another variable responds. An example of descriptive research could be describing aggressiveness in 5-year-old males as opposed to aggressiveness in 10-year-old males. An example of a correlational study could be looking at the relationship between student attendance and student grades. An example of experimental research could be a double-blind experiment, testing out a new antidepressant medication versus the current leading medication with clinically depressed patients. 14. When would you use an experimental research design? Provide an example of an experiment, and be sure to identify the critical components such as the independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, and random assignment. ANSWER: An experimental research design would be used when the goal is to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing changes in the other. Here is .

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Chapter 1 - Essay an example: Let's say a researcher wanted to study the effects of violent video game playing on aggressiveness in children. The type of video game would be the independent variable (what is manipulated), and the levels of aggression would be the dependent variable (what is measured). The researcher could design an experiment with 100 children. The children would be randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group of 50 children who will play the violent video games, and the control group of 50 children who will play an educational video game. The dependent variable (aggression) would be measured at the beginning of the study and then again at the end to see if changes in the independent variable (type of video game—violent or educational) affected the dependent variable (level of aggression). 15. The scientific method is a way of asking and answering questions in psychology. List and describe the steps involved in the scientific method. Provide an example of a question that could be examined using the scientific method, and explain what would happen at each step. ANSWER: 1. Pose a question. 2. Conduct a literature review. 3. Develop a hypothesis. 4. Test the hypothesis by collecting data. 5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions. Let's say a researcher wanted to study the effects of violent video game playing on aggressiveness in children. 1. Does playing violent video games contribute to children's aggression? 2. The researcher would read journal articles written about this topic and see what other researchers have found. 3. The hypothesis could be: Playing violent video games increases aggression in children. 4. An experiment could be designed with 100 children. There could be an experimental group of 50 children (randomly selected) who are exposed to the independent variable (playing the violent video games) and a control group of 50 children who are exposed to a placebo (maybe playing an educational video game). The researcher would measure the dependent variable (aggression) at the beginning of the study and then again at the end to see if the independent variable affected the dependent variable. 5. The researcher would determine the results and share them with the psychological community. 16. Suppose you are a researcher proposing a new study in which you will have human participants. You are in the process of getting approval from the Institutional Review Board at your university. Describe at least three important things you must do and at least three important things you should not do to ensure that your research will be conducted in an ethical manner. ANSWER: According to the APA Code of Ethics, psychologists must conduct research that upholds ethical standards. Before beginning any study, researchers must get approval from their IRB and ensure that no participants will be harmed in any way. Standard "dos" include obtaining informed consent from participants before they participate in any study; allowing participants to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty if they feel uncomfortable; keeping any identifying information confidential; and debriefing the participants about the purpose of the study after they have finished their participation. There are also "don'ts" when it comes to research, such as not forcing people to participate, not fabricating any data, and not plagiarizing anyone else's ideas or words. Deception should be used only if doing so will not cause participants any harm or distress, is essential to the study, and is disclosed to the participants after the study is over.

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 1. Psychology is the scientific study of: a. the brain and observable behaviors. b. only observable behaviors. c. all behavior and mental processes. d. the brain and the mind. ANSWER: c 2. The definition of psychology includes two components. One component consists of thoughts and feelings, and the other component consists of: a. the brain. b. observable behaviors. c. the scientific method. d. movements. ANSWER: b 3. The definition of psychology includes two components. One component consists of observable behaviors, and the other component consists of: a. the brain. b. thoughts and feelings. c. the scientific method. d. actions. ANSWER: b 4. The word scientific is important when defining psychology because: a. it makes the definition sound more professional. b. experiments are always conducted in psychology. c. it makes the field of psychology less credible. d. the scientific method is used to verify psychological research. ANSWER: d 5. Swagata would like to improve his self-esteem. Swagata has learned in his psychology course that it is important to pay attention to his behaviors, such as how much he shies away from conversations in groups. Swagata also knows it is just as important to pay attention to his mental processes, such as: a. thoughts and feelings about his self-worth. b. his other social mannerisms. c. his inability to look people in the eyes. d. his self-destructive behaviors. ANSWER: a 6. Which of these statements is true? a. Psychology exclusively focuses on therapy. b. Psychology only studies people with mental disorders. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. Psychology and psychiatry are the same things. d. Enduring ideas in psychology are supported by research. ANSWER: d 7. Psychiatry, a medical specialization, focuses on: a. providing drug-free therapy. b. development of the mind. c. disorders of brain function. d. the limitations of psychology. ANSWER: c 8. Meeta was diagnosed with depression and was given a prescription for medication MOST likely by a: a. clinical psychologist. b. psychiatrist. c. clinical social worker. d. counseling psychologist. ANSWER: b 9. Dr. Assani went to medical school, has a medical degree, and works with patients with severe mental health disorders. What type of professional is Dr. Assani MOST likely? a. clinical psychologist b. psychiatrist c. clinical social worker d. counseling psychologist ANSWER: b 10. Siham started to have trouble focusing on their work after they began taking a mood-stabilizing medication. They are also experiencing more difficulty sleeping than before. Siham would MOST likely speak to a _____ about their new issues regarding the effects of their prescribed medication. a. clinical psychologist b. psychiatrist c. forensic psychologist d. counseling psychologist ANSWER: b 11. Psychiatrists focus on physical and biological systems, while psychologists focus on: a. behavior and mental processes. b. therapy and psychosurgery. c. medication and illnesses. d. medication and therapy. ANSWER: a .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 12. The training of psychologists focuses on behavior and mental processes, while the training of psychiatrists focuses on: a. physical and biological systems. b. therapy and counseling. c. mental and mood disorders. d. cognitive and emotional processes. ANSWER: a 13. Which statement about psychiatrists and psychologists is false? a. There exists controversy about prescription privileges for psychologists. b. Most psychiatric medications are prescribed by psychiatrists rather than other physicians. c. Some states have approved legislation for psychologists to prescribe medications. d. There is a shortage of psychiatrists in many states, particularly in rural areas. ANSWER: b 14. Dr. Zhao is studying whether intelligence comes from our genes or from our experiences with the environment. Which big question in psychology is Dr. Zhao trying to answer? a. cognitive or behavioral b. universal or unique c. change or stability d. nature or nurture ANSWER: d 15. Dr. Santos has a developmental psychology research program that asks whether a person's coping with death changes as they age. Which big question in psychology is Dr. Santos exploring? a. cognitive or behavioral b. universal or unique c. change or stability d. nature or nurture ANSWER: c 16. Dr. Mwangi is studying children and their tendency to create imaginary friends. Some researchers believe the creation of imaginary friends is a behavior most if not all children engage in, while other researchers feel it is abnormal or not common. Which big question in psychology is Dr. Mwangi addressing? a. cognitive or behavioral b. universal or unique c. change or stability d. nature or nurture ANSWER: b 17. Dr. Lopez is conducting research to compare the effectiveness of psychotherapy across different minority groups in America. Which big question in psychology is Dr. Lopez addressing? .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. nature or nurture b. cognitive or behavioral c. change or stability d. universal or unique ANSWER: d 18. Three big questions underlie the field of psychology. These questions include nature or nurture, change or stability, and: a. cognitive or behavioral. b. universal or unique. c. inherited or learned. d. cultural or social. ANSWER: b 19. Three big questions underlie the field of psychology. These questions include change or stability, universal or unique, and: a. cognitive or behavioral. b. nature or nurture. c. ethnic or cultural. d. cultural or social. ANSWER: b 20. Three big questions underlie the field of psychology. These questions include nature or nurture, universal or unique, and: a. cognitive or behavioral. b. change or stability. c. inherited or learned. d. cultural or social. ANSWER: b 21. When developmental psychologists discuss traits being inherited or learned, which big question are they addressing? a. cognitive or behavioral b. change or stability c. nature or nurture d. cultural or social ANSWER: c 22. The two major specializations in psychology are _____ specializations and basic research specializations. a. expert b. investigative .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. applied d. exploratory ANSWER: c 23. As a field and as a profession, psychology is _____ and _____. a. specialized; small b. immense; diverse c. opinionated; specialized d. specialized; judgmental ANSWER: b 24. What is the name of the largest organization of psychologists in the United States? a. American Psychiatric Association b. Psychologists of America c. Association of American Psychologists d. American Psychological Association ANSWER: d 25. According to a 2020 survey by the American Psychological Association, which of these statements is MOST accurate? a. There are far more women earning graduate degrees in psychology than men. b. People of color now comprise a majority of those earning doctoral degrees in psychology. c. Men continue to outnumber women as psychology graduate students. d. Psychology is a small field with few people earning doctoral degrees in any given year. ANSWER: a 26. Generally speaking, applied psychologists _____, whereas basic research psychologists _____. a. conduct real-world studies; conduct therapy b. practice; run studies c. prescribe medications; conduct assessments d. teach classes; practice counseling ANSWER: b 27. Psychologists who do psychological assessments and psychotherapy are called: a. industrial/organizational psychologists. b. community psychologists. c. clinical psychologists. d. forensic psychologists. ANSWER: c 28. Dr. Spivey spends the majority of his workday conducting psychotherapy with individuals and families. Dr. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice Spivey is MOST likely a: a. clinical psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. educational psychologist. d. industrial/organizational psychologist. ANSWER: a 29. Ibrahim is struggling with his grades, and he is at odds with his boyfriend. Ibrahim feels the stress he is experiencing is overwhelming, and he wants to seek out professional help. Ibrahim should make an appointment with a(n): a. educational psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. counseling psychologist. d. industrial/organizational psychologist. ANSWER: c 30. LaToria feels extremely depressed and is having a hard time functioning. She does not know what type of psychologist to make an appointment with. Because you are well-versed in the specializations within psychology, you recommend that she see a(n) _____ psychologist. a. developmental b. educational c. forensic d. clinical ANSWER: d 31. Carianne has started hearing voices that are not her own, and she is beginning to have delusions, such as thinking she is the princess of a country. The professional that is BEST suited to conduct her psychological evaluation is a: a. forensic psychologist. b. counseling psychologist. c. clinical psychologist. d. social psychologist. ANSWER: c 32. A _____ psychologist typically works as a consultant with a focus on the workplace. a. counseling b. industrial/organizational c. forensic d. educational ANSWER: b 33. A large corporation is trying to boost workplace morale and decrease employee turnover. The company .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice decides to hire a consultant to implement strategies to increase employee satisfaction. This company would MOST likely hire a consultant specializing in _____ psychology. a. clinical b. biological c. industrial/organizational d. forensic ANSWER: c 34. The CEO of a large corporation has hired a consultant to help her figure out why production has decreased. The type of psychologist she has MOST likely hired is a(n) _____ psychologist. a. industrial/organizational b. physiological c. clinical d. counseling ANSWER: a 35. _____ psychology is an applied specialization which focuses on the wellness of large segments of the population. a. Clinical b. Forensic c. Educational d. Community ANSWER: d 36. The local high school wants to present a program to the students and the local neighborhood about healthy eating and exercising. The psychologists who would MOST likely lead this type of program are _____ psychologists. a. clinical b. industrial/organizational c. community d. forensic ANSWER: c 37. The city recreation center wants to implement a new wellness program for their members and the people in the surrounding neighborhoods. They decide to consult with some psychologists to better understand different behaviors that would be considered "wellness." Those psychologists would MOST likely be _____ psychologists. a. forensic b. community c. industrial/organizational d. educational ANSWER: b .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 38. Psychologists who focus on legal and criminal justice issues are typically _____ psychologists. a. forensic b. clinical c. community d. educational ANSWER: a 39. A defense attorney hired Dr. Hidayat to assist with jury selection in a high-profile criminal case. Dr. Hidayat's specialty is MOST likely in _____ psychology. a. clinical b. forensic c. counseling d. physiological ANSWER: b 40. Child protective services hire psychologists to conduct evaluations on parents they are investigating, for example, during a custody dispute. These psychologists are MOST likely _____ psychologists. a. clinical b. forensic c. industrial/organizational d. educational ANSWER: b 41. Which psychological specialization focuses on learning and teaching? a. clinical b. community c. counseling d. educational ANSWER: d 42. Dr. Nguyen works with various school districts to determine effective teaching strategies. Dr. Nguyen is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist. a. community b. forensic c. educational d. clinical ANSWER: c 43. Psychologists who come into schools and determine which teaching styles and classroom arrangements are conducive to learning are MOST likely _____ psychologists. a. community .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. forensic c. educational d. clinical ANSWER: c 44. Psychologists who implement their expertise in a way that directly improves real-world problems would MOST likely fall into which area of psychology? a. basic research b. applied c. physiological d. exploratory ANSWER: b 45. Dr. Nilsen conducts experiments with mice specially bred to be used in the laboratory. They then publish their findings in journals to share what they have learned. Dr. Nilsen would MOST likely fall into which area of psychology? a. basic research b. applied c. therapeutic d. practicing ANSWER: a 46. In general, applied psychologists _____, while basic research psychologists run studies. a. practice b. experiment c. study d. teach ANSWER: a 47. In general, applied psychologists practice, while basic research psychologists: a. conduct therapy. b. run studies. c. write books. d. teach classes. ANSWER: b 48. Many psychologists hold academic jobs in universities and run studies to enhance the understanding of behavior and mental processes. Into which category of specialization in psychology would these educators MOST likely fall? a. education b. applied c. clinical .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. basic research ANSWER: d 49. The specialization that explores how the various parts of the brain communicate with each other and how the brain communicates with the rest of the body is called _____ psychology. a. physiological b. developmental c. health d. social ANSWER: a 50. Dr. Kovalenko studies the brain scans of psychiatric patients with severe disorders to gain insight into the biological conditions of the disorders. Dr. Kovalenko is MOST likely what type of psychologist? a. developmental b. personality c. physiological d. social ANSWER: c 51. The research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people change throughout the lifespan is known as _____ psychology. a. personality b. developmental c. industrial/organizational d. health ANSWER: b 52. Dr. Varga studies how resilience changes as people age. Dr. Varga's research MOST aligns with which basic research specialization? a. personality b. educational c. clinical d. developmental ANSWER: d 53. Dr. Homayoun is conducting a study in which they are addressing the question, "Do 10-year-olds watch more television than 8-year-olds?" Dr. Homayoun is MOST likely which type of psychologist? a. personality b. social c. health d. developmental ANSWER: d .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 54. When research psychologists focus on people's traits, they are MOST likely known as _____ psychologists. a. personality b. health c. developmental d. physiological ANSWER: a 55. Samira is in a psychology doctoral program and is focusing her research on the factors that influence people's traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Samira is MOST likely studying to become what type of psychologist? a. developmental b. physiological c. health d. personality ANSWER: d 56. Imani is about to graduate from college, but she is still unsure about what kind of occupation she should pursue. She visits a psychologist who administers a test to help determine her strengths, interests, and traits. What type of psychologist would MOST likely conduct a test like this? a. developmental b. physiological c. clinical d. personality ANSWER: d 57. _____ psychology is one of the research specializations where psychologists focus on how people relate to one another. a. Physiological b. Social c. Health d. Comparative ANSWER: b 58. Genji wants to study attitudes about racism and whether people's self-reported attitudes will be different in the presence of a group predominantly made up of people of color versus a group of predominantly white individuals. Genji would MOST likely be a _____ psychologist. a. social b. personality c. physiological d. comparative ANSWER: a .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 59. Jadyn is reading an article for their research paper on group work. The paper supports group work and states that college students learn better alongside their peers than they do when they work on a project alone. This article was MOST likely written by which type of psychologist? a. community b. personality c. physiological d. social ANSWER: d 60. Psychologists who focus on the relationship between body and mind, as well as on other issues such as eating, exercise, and stress-related diseases are MOST likely _____ psychologists. a. developmental b. comparative c. personality d. health ANSWER: d 61. Dr. Leu is conducting a study to determine if loneliness and lack of a support system could be contributing factors to a compromised immune system. Dr. Leu MOST likely has a research specialization in _____ psychology. a. health b. comparative c. developmental d. clinical ANSWER: a 62. When researchers focus on the psychological and physical effects of stress on the mind and body, they are MOST aligned with the focus of _____ psychology. a. health b. industrial/organizational c. comparative d. developmental ANSWER: a 63. _____ psychology strives to increase understanding about the behavior of animals and applying that understanding to other animals, including human beings. a. Clinical b. Developmental c. Comparative d. Physiological ANSWER: c .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 64. Dr. Pereira is developing strategies to teach chimpanzees to use basic hand signs to let them make requests. Dr. Pereira feels this will help her to understand how the basics of language can be taught to chimpanzees as well as to young children. Dr. Pereira is MOST likely a research specialist in _____ psychology. a. developmental b. social c. comparative d. physiological ANSWER: c 65. A psychologist studying a behavior, such as aggressiveness in monkeys, and researching to see how pervasive this behavior is across species would MOST likely be a _____ psychologist. a. health b. social c. comparative d. physiological ANSWER: c 66. Psychology emerged from two older academic fields: philosophy and: a. sociology. b. physiology. c. history. d. neuroscience. ANSWER: b 67. Psychology emerged from two older academic fields: physiology and: a. sociology. b. philosophy. c. history. d. neuroscience. ANSWER: b 68. Psychology emerged from two older academic fields. They are: a. philosophy and sociology. b. philosophy and physiology. c. sociology and science. d. history and sociology. ANSWER: b 69. Psychology is different from philosophy in that psychology: a. is grounded in opinions and insights. b. cannot be tested in objective experiments. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. does not ask questions about human behavior. d. is grounded in science rather than speculation. ANSWER: d 70. We need to study the human brain to understand the human mind. _____ is the contributing academic field that enables psychologists to do just that. a. Physiology b. Philosophy c. Physics d. Sociology ANSWER: a 71. The boundary or landmark event that separates old-school psychology from new-school psychology is: a. the formation of the American Psychological Association. b. not clear-cut or definable. c. Freud's discovery of psychoanalysis. d. the creation of behaviorism. ANSWER: b 72. Which statement is true about the history of psychology? a. Psychology is a global science with a global history. b. Psychology was confined to Europe until it traveled to the United States. c. Psychology is recognized in only a few countries around the world. d. Psychology historically has always been a small field. ANSWER: a 73. Which statement does NOT correctly match the person from a diverse population with their contribution to psychology in the United States? a. Inez Beverly Prosser became the first Black woman to earn a PhD in psychology. b. Mamie Phipps and Kenneth Clark's research revealed the harmful impact of racism on children. c. Robert Williams coined the term and pioneered the study of ebonics, the Black vernacular of English. d. Carolyn Lewis became the first Latinx person to earn a PhD in psychology. ANSWER: d 74. Which statement is true about Wilhelm Wundt? a. He was the founder of the American Psychological Association. b. He devoted his career to studying mental health needs among diverse communities. c. He became famous for introducing the approach known as functionalism. d. He is widely considered to be the father of psychology. ANSWER: d .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 75. _____ established the first psychology research lab and is widely considered to be the father of psychology. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: c 76. _____ created the first laboratory to be used for psychological experiments. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANSWER: a 77. _____ is defined as looking inside oneself and describing what is going on inside one's own mind. a. Investigation b. Introspection c. Discovery d. Psychology ANSWER: b 78. Dr. Long is conducting research with some of his patients. He asks them to keep a journal and write about mental activities that they participate in, as well as their reactions to certain events going on around them. This process is closely related to Wundt's approach known as: a. psychological confessions. b. literary analysis. c. journaling. d. introspection. ANSWER: d 79. As a school of thought, _____ focused on the breaking down of mental processes into their most basic parts. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. psychoanalysis d. behaviorism ANSWER: b 80. Which statement does NOT correctly describe the view on women's involvement in psychology around the time of structuralism? a. Women could take classes on psychology at universities but could not be granted a PhD. b. Women could teach psychology, but their names would not be listed alongside their male faculty colleagues. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. Only the career of Christine Ladd-Franklin was stifled by the chauvinistic attitude of a male psychologist. d. Societal norms pushed women away from higher education careers and toward marriage. ANSWER: c 81. Edward Titchener is to _____ as William James is to _____. a. functionalism; structuralism b. psychoanalysis; behaviorism c. structuralism; functionalism d. behaviorism; psychoanalysis ANSWER: c 82. Who is considered to be the father of American psychology? a. Sigmund Freud b. Wilhelm Wundt c. William James d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: c 83. _____ is a perspective that emphasizes the unconscious mind as well as the long-lasting influence of childhood experiences. a. Behaviorism b. Psychoanalysis c. Humanism d. Functionalism ANSWER: b 84. Psychoanalysis was created by: a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. William James. c. John Watson. d. Sigmund Freud. ANSWER: d 85. Juan Pablo asked his therapist why he seems to only be romantically interested in women who don't want to commit to a relationship. Juan Pablo's therapist told him he might be unaware of his choices and is possibly being controlled by his _____ mind. a. unconscious b. conscious c. introspective d. cognitive .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: a 86. _____ psychotherapy is another name for the "talking cure" that Freud emphasized. a. Subjective b. Psychoanalytic c. Behavioral d. Humanistic ANSWER: b 87. Which statement about psychoanalysis is false? a. It emphasizes the unconscious mind and the influences of childhood experiences. b. It is a psychological perspective created by Sigmund Freud. c. Its form of psychotherapy is designed to make the unconscious conscious. d. It is currently at its peak levels of popularity and interest worldwide. ANSWER: d 88. In which country were Freud's ideas MOST embraced? a. Argentina b. Turkey c. China d. the United States ANSWER: d 89. _____ is a psychological perspective that emphasizes measuring observable actions. a. Psychoanalysis b. Functionalism c. Humanism d. Behaviorism ANSWER: d 90. _____ was a professor who is credited for being the founder of behaviorism. a. William James b. John Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: b 91. _____ is the school of thought in psychology that paved the way for experimental research and further emphasized scientific roots. a. Psychoanalysis b. Behaviorism .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. Humanism d. Functionalism ANSWER: b 92. Which psychologists are MOST associated with the behaviorist perspective in psychology? a. William James and Edward Titchener b. John Watson and B. F. Skinner c. Sigmund Freud and Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b 93. _____ is a perspective in psychology that focuses on the idea that human nature is generally good and humans are naturally motivated to grow to their fullest potential. a. Humanism b. Psychoanalysis c. Behaviorism d. Functionalism ANSWER: a 94. One major founder of humanism was: a. B. F. Skinner. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Carl Rogers. d. William James. ANSWER: c 95. The need to be true to yourself to achieve ultimate happiness would be a belief of which school of thought? a. humanism b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 96. Also known as third force psychology, _____ was the school of thought that directly rivaled two other schools of thought that came before it. a. psychoanalysis b. humanism c. functionalism d. behaviorism ANSWER: b .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 97. A humanistic psychologist would MOST likely believe that children: a. should be raised with positive and negative reinforcement. b. should be loved unconditionally and without judgment. c. need to observe positive behaviors in order to grow into good people. d. need to have strict discipline to become good people. ANSWER: b 98. _____ is a psychological perspective that focuses on the influence of shared lifestyle and values on behavior and mental processes. a. Humanism b. Multiculturalism c. Neuroscience d. Behaviorism ANSWER: b 99. A shared lifestyle with its own unique norms, expectations, and values is called: a. ethnicity. b. religion. c. culture. d. cohort. ANSWER: c 100. Yawei recently moved to the United States from China and is struggling to adjust to his new workplace, so he begins seeking help from a psychologist. Yawei tells his psychologist that he is very stressed and anxious because he does not understand many of the social values of his new workplace, and he also fears that he may be offending some of his coworkers without even knowing it. Yawei's psychologist will MOST likely take a _____ approach to Yawei's therapy. a. humanistic b. behavioral c. psychoanalytic d. multicultural ANSWER: d 101. Maria's family is from Mexico, where they use art, such as community mural painting, as a form of stress relief and socialization. As a school counselor, Maria decides to implement a form of therapy that incorporates art and feels it will have very positive and successful results on the children. Maria's approach matches closest with which type of psychology? a. evolutionary b. multicultural c. neuroscience d. cognitive ANSWER: b .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 102. Which contemporary psychological perspective can be traced back to functionalism and is heavily influenced by Charles Darwin's ideas? a. multicultural b. neuroscience c. humanism d. evolutionary ANSWER: d 103. When Dakila went to a psychologist for help with his phobia of snakes, the psychologist explained that his phobia was a result of our ancestors' fears. This explanation would MOST likely come from what type of psychologist? a. behavioral b. humanistic c. evolutionary d. multicultural ANSWER: c 104. Dr. dela Cruz is conducting research on how our preferences for certain kinds of food can be traced back to our ancestors. Dr. dela Cruz is MOST likely what type of psychologist? a. multicultural b. evolutionary c. personality d. developmental ANSWER: b 105. As an evolutionary psychologist, Dr. Shein would MOST likely posit that aggression: a. is a trait that may have increased our ancestors' chances of survival. b. is learned from one's family and peers. c. results from conflict deep in one's unconscious mind. d. is due to unusually high activity of certain brain regions. ANSWER: a 106. When psychologists focus on thinking, language, attention, memory, and intelligence, they are probably _____ psychologists. a. multicultural b. personality c. cognitive d. evolutionary ANSWER: c 107. Which activity would MOST likely be studied by a cognitive psychologist? .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. studying the steps in problem solving b. exploring the role of the unconscious mind c. investigating attitudes toward diversity d. improving the well-being of communities ANSWER: a 108. Studying the link between behavior and the biological functions of the brain is MOST emphasized in: a. neuroscience. b. behaviorism. c. psychoanalysis. d. humanism. ANSWER: a 109. Dr. Solara uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) to look at the brain. Dr. Solara is MOST likely a: a. cognitive psychologist. b. evolutionary psychologist. c. neuroscientist. d. behaviorist. ANSWER: c 110. Hamid sustained a traumatic brain injury while riding their bicycle on an icy road. Hamid is working with a psychologist who monitors the activity levels within Hamid's brain to better understand the impact of their injury and to help improve Hamid's recall and recognition. Under which specialty would this psychologist's work MOST likely fall? a. social psychology b. evolutionary psychology c. neuroscience d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: c 111. _____ psychologists focus on using psychology to help people to flourish and be happy, instead of focusing on disorders, weaknesses, and failures. a. Clinical b. Evolutionary c. Cognitive d. Positive ANSWER: d 112. Marty describes himself as a positive psychologist. As such, he MOST likely sees psychology as a(n): a. field that recognizes the impacts of cultural variables on people's behavior. b. way to understand the adaptive nature of traits across people. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. opportunity to help people flourish and be happy. d. tool for helping people overcome misery and impairment. ANSWER: c 113. Susan decides to hire a life coach to help motivate her to engage in healthy relationships, make good decisions, and stay focused in her career. Her life coach MOST likely has a background in _____ psychology. a. health b. evolutionary c. positive d. clinical ANSWER: c 114. There is a theory in psychology that recognizes that your brain and genetic inheritance and your thoughts and feelings and your family and culture all interact to explain your behavior. This theory is called the _____ theory. a. neurological b. evolutionary c. biopsychosocial d. positive ANSWER: c 115. _____ theory enables psychologists to consider multiple factors when explaining anxiety, rather than just one. This enables a more accurate and complete explanation of the anxiety. a. Biopsychosocial b. Neurological c. Clinical d. Evolutionary ANSWER: a 116. Dr. Weis uses multiple tools to diagnose Alzheimer's disease, including MRI scans, behaviors reported by family, and social symptoms. This suggests that Dr. Weis uses a(n) _____ approach when diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. a. cognitive b. biopsychosocial c. evolutionary d. technological ANSWER: b 117. The pseudopsychology known as _____ attests that bumps on the skull revealed personality characteristics and mental abilities. a. spiritualism b. phrenology .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. physiognomy d. mesmerism ANSWER: b 118. Ideas that the general public believes, but that have no basis in science, are called: a. pseudopsychology. b. physics. c. psychology. d. sociology. ANSWER: a 119. The pseudopsychology known as _____ stated that features of the face such as your eyelids, cheekbones, and shape of your lips revealed personality characteristics and mental abilities. a. phrenology b. physiognomy c. mesmerism d. spiritualism ANSWER: b 120. _____ is the pseudopsychology in which a healer moves magnets or their hands over a person's body to adjust the balance of fluids or induce a hypnotic trance. a. Phrenology b. Physiognomy c. Mesmerism d. Spiritualism ANSWER: c 121. Layla decides to visit a fortuneteller to help her decide her major in college. Her parents should tell her this is not a great idea because fortunetellers: a. belong to a pseudopsychology and have no basis in scientific research. b. are paid to tell what the client wants to hear. c. are paid by universities and colleges to guide students with their future. d. are very expensive, although they are reliable in their findings. ANSWER: a 122. According to psychologists' research on academic success in college students, _____ is positively correlated with GPAs. a. time spent on social media b. engagement in extracurricular activities c. cramming for tests d. a focus on getting rich quick .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice ANSWER: b 123. When psychologists take an inquisitive, open-minded approach to assumptions and ideas, they are employing: a. confirmation bias. b. critical thinking. c. common sense. d. belief perseverance. ANSWER: b 124. Gaurikka heard her friends discussing how home schooling is more effective than public school. Gaurikka wanted to learn more about this and did some research before she came to a decision. Gaurikka used an approach fueled by _____ to help her decide. a. critical thinking b. confirmation bias c. common sense d. belief perseverance ANSWER: a 125. The tendency to prefer information that validates what a person believed in the first place is called: a. critical thinking. b. confirmation bias. c. common sense. d. belief perseverance. ANSWER: b 126. D'Shawna is in favor of gun control. Whenever she hears a media report about a shooting, she interprets the report in a way that reaffirms her beliefs. This is an example of: a. critical thinking. b. scientific evidence. c. confirmation bias. d. belief perseverance. ANSWER: c 127. As scientists, psychologists work hard to be open to ideas different from their own in order to overcome: a. critical thinking. b. common sense. c. judgmental bias. d. confirmation bias. ANSWER: d 128. The tendency to maintain a belief even when evidence suggests it is incorrect is called: .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. critical thinking. b. confirmation bias. c. belief perseverance. d. common sense. ANSWER: c 129. _____ is standing by a belief that is crumbling under the weight of evidence to the contrary. a. Confirmation bias b. Critical thinking c. Common sense d. Belief perseverance ANSWER: d 130. Which example illustrates the thinking error known as authority fallacy? a. While shopping for a new bicycle helmet, you start with a popular brand, and you seek out positive reviews of that brand. b. You change your beliefs about bicycle helmet laws in your state after hearing the opinion of an expert on the subject. c. You believe a particular bicycle helmet must be worth buying because lots of professional cyclists wear it. d. You decide it is safe to not wear a bicycle helmet while riding because your parents and grandparents never saw the need. ANSWER: b 131. You believe that using chemical pesticides labeled as toxic in your home garden is perfectly safe for the environment because that is what people in your parents', grandparents', and great-grandparents' generations believed. Your belief BEST exemplifies which kind of thinking error? a. antiquity fallacy b. bandwagon fallacy c. black-or-white fallacy d. emotional reasoning ANSWER: a 132. Taking an absolute or extreme belief about something when a more moderate belief would be more accurate is considered a thinking error known as: a. emotional reasoning. b. antiquity fallacy. c. black-or-white fallacy. d. confirmation bias. ANSWER: c 133. Which statement BEST exemplifies the bandwagon fallacy? .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice a. "This feels right, so don't try to confuse me with facts and logic." b. "Let's all listen to what the expert has to say." c. "It's been this way for ages, so it must be right." d. "Everyone in town believes it, so it must be true." ANSWER: d 134. Psychologists are conducting _____ research when they are conducting scientific studies simply to describe a characteristic of the population. a. correlational b. experimental c. descriptive d. nondescriptive ANSWER: c 135. Dr. Frkovic is conducting research on preteens and how much they play video games online. They are keeping track of how many hours per day the preteen spends playing online. This research is MOST likely an example of _____ research. a. descriptive b. nondescriptive c. correlational d. experimental ANSWER: a 136. A researcher trying to determine the relationship between two variables is doing _____ research. a. descriptive b. nondescriptive c. correlational d. case study ANSWER: c 137. Researchers have made the link that people who have higher levels of education tend to have fewer children. This was MOST likely discovered by doing _____ research. a. descriptive b. nondescriptive c. naturalistic observation d. correlational ANSWER: d 138. The statistic that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables is called the: a. standard deviation. b. correlation coefficient. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. absolute deviation. d. variation coefficient. ANSWER: b 139. A _____ correlation coefficient means that as one variable goes up, the other variable goes up with it. a. positive b. negative c. direct d. weak ANSWER: a 140. A _____ correlation coefficient means that as one variable goes up, the other variable goes down and vice versa. a. positive b. negative c. direct d. weak ANSWER: b 141. The correlation coefficient that represents the strongest relationship is: a. –0.92. b. –0.87. c. +0.87. d. +1.02. ANSWER: a 142. Dr. Gammal studied the effects of video game playing on attention deficits in children. They found a correlation coefficient of +0.72. This number MOST likely tells us that: a. as video game playing decreases, attention deficits increase. b. as video game playing increases, attention deficits decrease. c. as video game playing increases, attention deficits increase. d. there is no relationship between video game playing and attention deficits. ANSWER: c 143. If a study comparing height and sense of humor reveals a correlation coefficient of zero, what does this say about the relationship between height and sense of humor? a. As height increases, sense of humor increases. b. As height increases, sense of humor decreases. c. These variables are strongly related. d. There is no relationship between these two variables. ANSWER: d .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 144. Which example illustrates a positive correlation? a. The more you exercise, the lower your weight. b. The less you smoke, the better your health. c. The less you study, the lower your grades. d. The more you binge watch TV, the less you read. ANSWER: c 145. Which example illustrates a negative correlation? a. The more you eat, the more weight you gain. b. The fewer hours you work, the lower your stress. c. The less you socialize, the more you work on homework. d. The more you study, the higher your exam grades. ANSWER: c 146. _____ is the mistaken belief that when two variables correlate strongly with each other, one variable is responsible for the other variable changing. a. Confirmation bias b. Correlation–causation fallacy c. Authority fallacy d. Black-or-white fallacy ANSWER: b 147. The goal of _____ research is to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing changes in the other. a. correlational b. experimental c. descriptive d. nondescriptive ANSWER: b 148. A group of researchers is conducting a study to test if a specific type of therapy causes a reduction of anxiety symptoms. This type of research is: a. observational. b. psychodynamic. c. correlational. d. experimental. ANSWER: d 149. In experimental research, the _____ variable is manipulated and controlled by the experimenter. a. independent b. dependent .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. confounding d. correlational ANSWER: a 150. In experimental research, the _____ variable is measured to see if it changes due to changes in another variable. a. independent b. dependent c. confounding d. correlational ANSWER: b 151. In experimental research examining the effects of two different kinds of therapy for adults diagnosed with depression, which item would MOST likely serve as the independent variable? a. number of times depressive symptoms are measured b. level of depression before and after treatment c. age of the participants d. type of therapy given to the adults ANSWER: d 152. In experimental research examining the effects of two different kinds of therapy for adults with depression, which item would MOST likely serve as the dependent variable? a. change in depression pre- to post-treatment b. number of times therapy is provided c. age of the participants d. type of therapy given to the adults ANSWER: a 153. Dr. Nkosi is studying the effects of exercise on depression. He hypothesizes that people who exercise more experience fewer depressive thoughts throughout the day. He designs a study where one group of participants is instructed to exercise 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week, and the other group is instructed not to exercise. He then has the two groups journal their depressive thoughts throughout the day, and he compares the results. In this study, the independent variable is the: a. number of depressive thoughts a participant journals. b. amount of exercise a person engages in. c. time of day when the depressive thoughts happen. d. age of the participant. ANSWER: b 154. Dr. Nkosi is studying the effects of exercise on depression. He hypothesizes that people who exercise more experience fewer depressive thoughts throughout the day. He designs a study where one group of participants is instructed to exercise 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week, and the other group is instructed not to exercise. He .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice then has the two groups journal their depressive thoughts throughout the day, and he compares the results. In this study, the dependent variable is the: a. number of depressive thoughts a participant journals. b. amount of exercise a person engages in. c. time of day when the depressive thoughts happen. d. age of the participant. ANSWER: a 155. In experimental research, the group of participants who receive the treatment that is the focus of the study is the _____ group. a. independent b. dependent c. experimental d. control ANSWER: c 156. In experimental research, the group of participants who do not receive the treatment that is the focus of the study is called the _____ group. a. independent b. dependent c. experimental d. control ANSWER: d 157. Dr. Nkosi is studying the effects of exercise on depression. He hypothesizes that people who exercise more experience fewer depressive thoughts throughout the day. He designs a study where one group of participants is instructed to exercise 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week, and the other group is instructed not to exercise. He then has the two groups journal their depressive thoughts throughout the day, and he compares the results. In this study, the experimental group consists of the participants who: a. were not allowed to exercise. b. had the most depressive thoughts. c. did not have any depressive thoughts. d. were instructed to exercise. ANSWER: d 158. Dr. Nkosi is studying the effects of exercise on depression. He hypothesizes that people who exercise more experience fewer depressive thoughts throughout the day. He designs a study where one group of participants is instructed to exercise 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week, and the other group is instructed not to exercise. He then has the two groups journal their depressive thoughts throughout the day, and he compares the results. In this study, the control group consists of the participants who: a. were not allowed to exercise. b. had the most depressive thoughts. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. did not have any depressive thoughts. d. were instructed to exercise. ANSWER: a 159. In experimental research, a study when a participant is assigned to the experimental or the control group, entirely by chance, is called: a. random assignment. b. systematic assignment. c. varied procedure. d. systematic procedure. ANSWER: a 160. In experimental research, a study where neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group is called a _____ study. a. correlational–causation b. placebo effect c. double-blind d. random assignment ANSWER: c 161. There are instances when a patient's condition may improve after receiving an injection simply because the patient has the expectation that the injection will be helpful, even though the injected solution actually contains no active ingredient. This is an example of the: a. black-or-white fallacy. b. expectancy effect. c. placebo effect. d. double-blind belief. ANSWER: c 162. Dr. Su is conducting a study on a new antidepressant. Half of the participants are given the new drug and the other half are given a placebo. The participants are not told which treatment they receive, and neither are the nurses handing out the treatment, so that the nurses do not offer the participants any clues. As such, Dr. Su is using a _____ procedure to minimize the placebo effect. a. random selection b. double-blind c. confirmation d. limited exposure ANSWER: b 163. Dr. Suki was conducting a study on a new antidepressant. Half of the participants were given the new drug and the other half were given an inactive drug. Dr. Suki found that the group given the new antidepressant was reporting less depression, and the group given the inactive drug was also reporting less depression. That the .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice group given the inactive drug was also reporting less depression, MOST likely due to: a. a mistake. b. trickery. c. random assignment. d. the placebo effect. ANSWER: d 164. Psychologists employ the _____ method when conducting research. a. scientific b. pseudopsychological c. random control d. naturalistic ANSWER: a 165. When scientists use an organized way to answer a question and follow a predetermined series of steps when they conduct research, they are using what is BEST known as: a. the scientific method. b. an experiment. c. a psychological approach. d. the descriptive research process. ANSWER: a 166. _____ is the first step when following a predetermined series of steps to conduct research. a. Conducting a literature review b. Developing a hypothesis c. Testing the hypothesis d. Posing a question ANSWER: d 167. The steps of the scientific method follow a certain order. The correct order is: a. Conducting a literature review → Posing a question → Developing a hypothesis → Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions b. Posing a question → Developing a hypothesis → Collecting data → Drawing conclusions c. Posing a question → Conducting a literature review → Developing a hypothesis → Testing the hypothesis by collecting data → Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions d. Developing a hypothesis → Testing the hypothesis by collecting data → Posing a question → Conducting a literature review → Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions ANSWER: c 168. When a researcher wants to discover what other researchers have already learned about their topic, the researcher conducts a(n): a. operational review. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice b. random assignment. c. literature review. d. hypothetical development. ANSWER: c 169. When Dr. Rao decides they are going to do a study on the reasons for impulsivity in older adults, they decide to read what other researchers have previously studied and discovered. This is called a _____ review. a. research b. literature c. replication d. scientific ANSWER: b 170. A proposed explanation for observed events is called a: a. theory. b. review. c. idea. d. definition. ANSWER: a 171. A prediction, typically based on a theory, that can be tested in a study is known as a(n): a. idea. b. definition. c. hypothesis. d. observation. ANSWER: c 172. A specific, measurable definition of a variable for the purpose of a scientific study is known as a(n): a. idea definition. b. theory. c. hypothesis. d. operational definition. ANSWER: d 173. Dr. Tasuna is conducting a study to see if stories that have conflict in the plot cause fear in young children. Dr. Tasuna recruits 30 children to be in his study, and he has the parents of half of the children read them a story that has conflict in the plot. The other half of the children are read a book that summarizes different kinds of vehicles. Dr. Tasuna measures the heart rate of the children as an indication of fear. In this study, heart rate is: a. negatively correlated with fear. b. an independent variable. c. an operational definition of fear. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. a confounded variable. ANSWER: c 174. When conducting research, the whole range of people on which the research is focused is called the: a. participants. b. sample. c. population. d. patients. ANSWER: c 175. In psychological research, the subset of the population that actually participates in the research is called the: a. people. b. trials. c. sample. d. testers. ANSWER: c 176. In psychological research, the _____ consists of the individuals who actually participate in the research, whereas the _____ is the whole range of people on whom the research is focused. a. experimental group; control group b. sample; population c. independent selection; random sample d. dependent variable; independent variable ANSWER: b 177. A(n) _____ is when each person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a research study. a. random sample b. strategic sample c. clinical trial d. organized population ANSWER: a 178. Dr. Petroff conducted a study with 300 third-grade students. She wanted to see if watching episodes of a certain educational TV show would increase the critical thinking levels of the students. In this study, what is the independent variable? a. fourth-grade students b. levels of critical thinking c. episodes of the TV show d. time of day ANSWER: c .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 179. Restaurants often ask customers to go online and answer questions about their dining experiences and with their servers. This type of research is MOST likely a(n): a. experiment. b. survey. c. naturalistic observation. d. interview. ANSWER: b 180. A student answering questions about herself, including her opinions, feelings, and experiences, is called a _____ format. a. self-report b. self-analysis c. self-esteem d. self-diagnosis ANSWER: a 181. In psychological research, a study whereby the experimenter collects data from multiple participants by watching them in the real-world location where their behavior happens typically is called: a. naturalistic observation. b. a case study. c. laboratory observation. d. experimental observation. ANSWER: a 182. Sanjay wanted to study the behaviors of members of their university's cyber security team. In order to conduct this research, they decided to visit several meetings of the team and watch the members interact. This type of research would be considered: a. a case study. b. laboratory observation. c. naturalistic observation. d. experimental observation. ANSWER: c 183. Dr. McShane studies the eating patterns of individuals who have undergone weight-loss surgery. These patients stay for two full days and nights at the hospital where they are allowed to eat as much or as little as they want, and Dr. McShane monitors what, when, and how much the patients eat. This is an example of a(n): a. naturalistic observation. b. case study. c. laboratory observation. d. exploratory observation. ANSWER: c .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 184. In-depth research in which the sample consists of just one person, or a small group, is called a(n): a. naturalistic observation. b. case study. c. laboratory observation. d. experimental observation. ANSWER: b 185. When conducting research, the last step in the scientific method is: a. conducting the literature review. b. developing a hypothesis. c. analyzing the data and drawing conclusions. d. collecting the data to test the hypothesis. ANSWER: c 186. _____ is when a researcher conducts a study again for the purpose of confirming or disconfirming the results a. Reverification b. Theory verification c. Reanalysis d. Replication ANSWER: d 187. In psychological research, replication means: a. finding mistakes in the collected data. b. revising the results of the study. c. conducting the study again. d. collecting more support from the literature. ANSWER: c 188. The purpose of replication is to: a. modify one's thinking. b. add credibility to the results. c. publish the findings in a scientific journal. d. add variety to the study. ANSWER: b 189. The process when a researcher's results are reviewed by people who are experts in the field is known as: a. critical thinking analysis. b. peer review appraisal. c. replication studies. .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice d. critical review appraisal. ANSWER: b 190. After completing a 1-year-long research project, Dr. Singh is ready to make his research findings known to others. To determine whether Dr. Singh's research is worthy to be shared with the professional community, his next step would MOST likely involve the: a. peer review process. b. critical thinking analysis. c. hypothesis generation. d. critical appraisal. ANSWER: a 191. Psychologists can share their research with the psychological community in two main outlets. They can present their research at a professional conference or they can: a. publish it on a website. b. write an article for a peer-reviewed journal. c. send out emails to psychologists and other professionals. d. present to academic classrooms. ANSWER: b 192. Which statement about sharing research results is true? The peer review process: a. motivates researchers to produce high-quality studies. b. favors studies that are replication studies. c. attempts to discredit other psychologists. d. motivates researchers to use a statistical analysis. ANSWER: a 193. Which statement about sharing results is true? a. To present at a professional conference, a psychologist just shows up and claims a spot. b. To present at a professional conference, a psychologist must submit a proposal in advance. c. If a psychologist has presented at a professional conference once, he cannot present again. d. To present at a professional conference, a psychologist's research needs not be evaluated. ANSWER: b 194. Psychological research must be conducted ethically. This requirement comes from multiple sources, including the: a. psychologist conducting the research. b. American Psychological Association. c. peer review board. d. American Sociological Association. ANSWER: b .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 195. The name of the organization at each university or research center that protects research participants from harm is called the: a. American Psychological Association. b. Psychologists' Union. c. Institutional Review Board. d. American Psychiatric Association. ANSWER: c 196. In order for a researcher to get approval from an Institutional Review Board, the researcher must: a. have a hypothesis that has never been tested before. b. ensure that participants will not be harmed. c. have over 50 participants in the research study. d. create a double-blind study to conduct. ANSWER: b 197. Researchers tell their possible participants enough about the study beforehand to enable them to make an educated decision about whether to participate. This is an ethical requirement called: a. debriefing. b. voluntary participation. c. involuntary participation. d. informed consent. ANSWER: d 198. According to the American Psychological Association Code of Ethics, if a research participant becomes uncomfortable during the conduction of a study, that person: a. cannot do anything until the study is complete. b. withdraw without any penalty. c. withdraw but with a penalty. d. submit a request in order to withdraw. ANSWER: b 199. Which statement about ethical standards in research is true? a. Researchers can force people to participate if the study is for the good of science. b. Researchers can fabricate data as long as it supports the main desired findings. c. Researchers must keep personally identifying information confidential. d. Researchers must pay the participants for their service. ANSWER: c 200. _____ is when a researcher explains the real purpose of the study to the participants. a. Debriefing b. Informed consent .

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice c. Explanation process d. Consenting ANSWER: a 201. Which statement about the use of nonhuman animal subjects in ethical research is true? a. Nonhuman animals cannot be used for psychological research. b. If nonhuman animals are used as subjects, they have to be treated humanely. c. If nonhuman animals are used as subjects, it is no longer psychological research. d. There are no ethics for conducting research with nonhuman animals. ANSWER: b 202. Dr. Yim wants to assess in which situations do people help and not help others. Her study involves having actors pretend to suddenly faint as they enter a classroom and observing if the participants who are bystanders will come to their aid. In this study, the ethical concern Dr. Yim should keep in mind relates to: a. peer review. b. fabrication. c. deception. d. explanation. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Essay 1. Describe how Phineas Gage's brain injury and Paul Broca's discovery of language deficits after a patient's stroke provide evidence that certain traits or abilities are localized to specific brain areas. Provide specific examples from each case study. ANSWER: Phineas Gage was working on a railroad construction project and sustained a brain injury when an explosion sent a rod through the roof of his mouth and into his head. While he survived, his behavior changed dramatically; previously, he was very mild-mannered and responsible but, after the accident, he became hot-headed and impulsive. Paul Broca performed an autopsy on a patient who, after a stroke, could not speak fluently, and he found that the stroke had damaged a very specific part of the patient's left frontal lobe. Both of these behavior changes after brain injury suggest that these specific parts of the brain were necessary for certain behaviors or traits, and, in uninjured brains, control certain traits or behaviors. 2. What is a reflex? Define the roles of afferent and efferent neurons in a reflex. Provide an example to illustrate the roles. ANSWER: A reflex is an automatic motor response to a sensory event. Information from the outside environment is received by and travels from afferent neurons to the central nervous system (e.g., pain from touching a hot stove). Once the information is processed in the central nervous system, an efferent neuron carries the command to move the body away from the stimulus (e.g., pull hand away from stove). 3. Detail the functions of a neuron's dendrites, axon, and axon terminals to describe how information is received and sent by a neuron. Also describe the space between neurons that the message must cross. ANSWER: Information is received by the dendrites of a neuron. If this stimulates an action potential in that neuron, the message will be sent down the axon, which ends in the axon terminals. These terminals release neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers in the nervous system, that will be received by the next neuron in the communication chain. Neurotransmitters must cross the synapse to be received on receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron in line. 4. Explain how and why deterioration of the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis would impact sensation and movement. ANSWER: The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that helps electrical messages travel down a neuron's axon. When it breaks down, the message may not reach the next neuron. If this happens between the central nervous system and motor neurons, that means a command from the brain to move will not reach the muscles. If this happens between sensory neurons, it means a message received from the outside world will not make it to the brain to be perceived. 5. Describe the process of reuptake. Give an example of how drugs that affect this process can be used in the treatment of disease. ANSWER: Reuptake is the process through which a neurotransmitter that does not make it to receptor sites on the next neuron is returned to the neuron that released it. Drugs that block reuptake of certain neurotransmitters—mostly serotonin and norepinephrine—are often used in the treatment of depression. By allowing a neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse, rather than reuptake, the neurotransmitter is more likely to activate receptor sites on the next neuron. 6. What happens when a neuron at rest is stimulated to a level that reaches threshold? Can this process happen continuously? Why or why not? .

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Chapter 2 - Essay ANSWER: When a neuron's resting potential changes to the point that it reaches threshold, the neuron will fire an action potential. This cannot happen continuously because, after an action potential fires, the neuron enters a refractory period during which it cannot fire again until the resting potential resets. 7. Describe what it means that brain function is localized. Discuss the limitations of this localization. ANSWER: Localization of brain function means that specific parts are specialized to perform certain behaviors. Thus, a certain behavior may no longer happen if a certain part of the brain is damaged. However, this doesn't mean that a behavior or trait would still exist if the part of the brain specialized for it was the only part that was working. 8. Compare and contrast the locations and functions of the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebrum. Describe how this structural organization supports the notion that a larger proportion of brain material at the top and front of the head supports functions that make us "uniquely human." ANSWER: The brainstem is at the very bottom of the brain, and it performs functions that are basic but necessary for survival. It contributes to primarily automatic and unconscious responses. The thalamus caps the brainstem and performs the somewhat more complex function of processing and relaying sensory information. This information is sent to final processing in the cerebrum, where higher-order thinking, planning, and decision making occurs. The cerebrum—especially the outermost cortex of the frontal lobe—supports executive function and are things that make us "uniquely human." 9. Name the three main parts of the limbic system and their main functions. What is similar about all their functions? Why are they considered a single system? ANSWER: The three main parts of the limbic system are the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. The hypothalamus maintains steadiness of bodily function. The hippocampus is important in memory. The amygdala is necessary for emotion, especially fear. All parts of the limbic system work together to motivate behavior and contribute to emotional responses. 10. Compare and contrast the dominant functions of the left versus the right hemispheres of the cerebrum. What part of the brain controls movement on the right side of the body, and what part of the brain processes things you see in your left visual field? ANSWER: The right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for the recognition of objects and faces, whereas the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language tasks, such as word reading. The motor cortex in your left hemisphere would control movement of the right side of the body, whereas the occipital lobe of your right hemisphere processes information in your left visual field. 11. Why might a person have split-brain surgery, and what happens during this surgery? Give one example of a unique behavior that can occur after split-brain surgery. ANSWER: Split-brain surgery may be used to treat severe epilepsy. Because electrical signals in the brain can get out of control as they move from cerebral hemisphere to hemisphere, cutting the corpus callosum can stop the onset of seizures. However, because the ability of one hemisphere to talk to the other is removed, a person's hands may act independently of one another. One example is that, after a person puts an item from the grocery into a shopping cart, the other hand will remove it without the person's awareness. 12. The cerebrum is divided into 4 lobes—name them and describe their primary functions. Additionally, state .

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