TEST BANK for Lifespan Development (Canadian Edition) 7th Edition Denise Boyd; J. Paul Johnson; Hele by digitaldownload87

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS Chapter 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Developmental psychology is the scientific study of ________ in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships, and personalities. maturity and stability age-related changes social and cultural norms genetic and biological influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 1 01-1-01 2 Knowledge

Answer: age-related changes 2. The belief that humans must seek redemption and lead a disciplined life to reduce the influence of innate tendencies toward acting immorally is associated with the philosophical doctrine of innate goodness. original sin. empiricism. blank slate. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 1 01-1-02 3 Knowledge

Answer: original sin. 3. A developmental psychologist who espouses the ideas of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau would suggest that the basis for human development is life experiences and external environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. preprogrammed sequential stages and genetically inherited traits. the struggle between an individual's selfish/sinful nature and redemption. an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 2 01-1-03 3 Knowledge

Answer: an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. A developmental psychologist who espouses the ideas of the English philosopher John Locke would suggest that the basis for human development is the struggle between an individual's selfish/sinful nature and redemption. an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential. preprogrammed sequential stages and genetically inherited traits. environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 2 01-1-04 3 Knowledge

Answer: environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. 5. Which scientist contributed the concept of developmental stages to the scientific study of human development? Charles Darwin. John Watson. Arnold Gesell. G. Stanley Hall. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 1 01-1-05 3 Knowledge

Answer: Charles Darwin. 6. ______ are recognized as the first scientific studies of child development. Darwin's baby biographies. Gesell's studies of maturation. Hall's questionnaires and interviews. Piaget's cognitive theories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-06 5 Knowledge

Answer: Hall's questionnaires and interviews. 7. Early developmental psychology pioneer G. Stanley Hall believed that developmentalists should identify ________ to further the field's understanding of child development. milestones. norms. developmental stages. maturation processes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-07 5 Knowledge

Answer: norms. 8. ________ is the term used to describe the average age at which children reach developmental milestones. "Norms" "Maturation stage" "Psycho-social developmental stage" "Phenomenon" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-08 5 Knowledge

Answer: "Norms" 9. Piaget's landmark body of work defined our understanding of cognitive development in children. Piaget's work convinced him that logical thinking develops in _______ stages between birth and adolescence. two three four five Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 1 01-1-09 5 Knowledge

Answer: four 10. Arnold Gesell suggested the term ________ to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause. "stages" "maturation" "norms" "milestones" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: "maturation" 11. Genetically programmed patterns of change, such as the changes associated with puberty, exemplify the developmental process known as milestone attainment. maturation. developmental stages. individuation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-11 5 Comprehension

Answer: maturation. 12. Which of the following best describes Arnold Gesell's thoughts on maturation? Infants are taught how to walk. Infants do not have to be taught how to walk. Infants are taught how to use their fine motor skills. Infants model their parents in learning gross motor skills. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-12 5 Knowledge

Answer: Infants do not have to be taught how to walk. 13. Based on the work of Jean Piaget, which of the following developmental achievements does not belong in a description of children's cognitive development? Children learn through observation of role models and their environment. Children use their senses and motor abilities to explore the world and develop basic concepts of space and time. Children begin to use symbols, such as language, to think and communicate. Children use their logical thinking skills to solve problems in the everyday world. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-13 5 Comprehension

Answer: Children learn through observation of role models and their environment.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. How did the threat of war in Europe lead directly to the creation of a formal organization of practicing psychologists in Canada? Canadian psychologists were ordered to help with the British war effort. Canadian psychologists wanted to join the war effort. Canadian psychologists were recruited to help children in Britain. The military gave Canadian psychologists funding for child and family related research. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years. 1 01-1-14 6 Knowledge

Answer: Canadian psychologists wanted to join the war effort. 15. Canadian psychologists were very active during World War II, performing numerous consultation and training functions for the British government and the war effort that included all of the following EXCEPT personnel selection. recruitment. public opinion management. discipline strategies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years. 2 01-1-15 6 Knowledge

Answer: discipline strategies.

16. What are the three domains of development? metaphysical, metatarsal, metacognition. birth, puberty and life, death. physical, cognitive, social. genesis, development, deterioration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1 01-1-16 7 and 8 Knowledge

Answer: physical, cognitive, social.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. A qualitiative change is a change in characteristic, kind, or type. a change in amount. change triggered by becoming taller. the continuity side of the debate. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-17 8 Knowledge

Answer: a change in characteristic, kind, or type. 18. Which of the following most clearly represents a core belief of the lifespan perspective of developmental psychology? Due to aging population trends, older adulthood must become the primary focus of developmental psychology. Culture ultimately influences development more than any other factor. The capacity for plasticity in response to environmental demands is the most important force in determining developmental outcomes. All stages of development must be understood in terms of the culture and context in which they occur. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-18 7 Knowledge

Answer: All stages of development must be understood in terms of the culture and context in which they occur. 19. According to the "lifespan" perspective, _______ have/has helped psychology greatly enhance its understanding of human development. historical theories. input from many disciplines. significant increases in the lifespan. advances in biology. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-19 7 Knowledge

Answer: input from many disciplines.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. What is the term developmentalist Paul Baltes used to describe one's adaptive capacity for positive change in response to the environmental demands that are possible in one's lifespan? goal directed. plasticity. maximizing gain. compensating strategies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-20 7 Knowledge

Answer: plasticity. 21. Scientists who study age-related changes in development use three broad categories called ______ to classify developmental changes. "stages" "spheres" "zones" "domains" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1 01-1-21 7 Knowledge

Answer: "domains" 22. The three broad categories used by developmentalists to classify developmental changes include physical, social, and _______ domains. biological psychological cognitive maturational Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 2 01-1-22 8 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: cognitive 23. The central factors in the nature–nurture controversy are environmental continuity and psychological comfort. inborn biases and genetic predispositions. change triggered by social processes or change caused by cultural influences. biological processes and experiential factors. Learning Objective: 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. Difficulty: QuestionID: PageReference: Skill:

1 01-1-23 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: biological processes and experiential factors.

24. Today's developmental theorists have adopted a model that considers human development to be the result of complex reciprocal interaction between cultural biases and parenting. multiple personal and environmental factors. plasticity and maturational patterns. social factors and individual development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-24 11 Knowledge

Answer: multiple personal and environmental factors. 25. The theory that considers human development to be a complex reciprocal interaction between multiple personal and environmental factors is the inbornist model. the interactionist model. internalist model. the ecologicalist model. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-25 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: the interactionist model.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. The concepts of vulnerability and resilience coupled with environmental factors are key features of the ______ model of development. nature–nurture. lifespan. continuity–discontinuity. interactionist. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-26 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: interactionist. 27. Which of the following is not an illustration of the interactionist model of experience? Juanita has always found it easy and enjoyable to meet new people and make new friends. Her friends say, "Juanita has never met a stranger!" When one-year-old Roberto pinched his fingers in a closing door, he screamed and cried and could not be soothed for 10 minutes. Sally's family has always teased her about being so clumsy and "klutzy" that she falls over her own feet. So Sally avoids sports or activities such as dancing or tennis because she knows she would look foolish. Dimitri's family and co-workers have to be careful in their interactions with him. It seems he is always hearing criticism or hostility when none is intended. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 3 01-1-27 10 and 11 Application

Answer: When one-year-old Roberto pinched his fingers in a closing door, he screamed and cried and could not be soothed for 10 minutes. 28. Studies of Canadian children have shown that a combination of a highly vulnerable child and a poor or unsupportive environment produces the most negative developmental outcome. However, extensive data exists to support the possibility of a potential positive outcome. either of these two negative conditions alone, a vulnerable child or a poor environment, can be overcome. environment plays a lesser part in outcome because delinquent or highly aggressive behaviour is genetically predetermined. parent–child relationships and child developmental outcomes are independent of, and unaffected by, any factors other than those of the immediate family environment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 2 01-1-28 11 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: either of these two negative conditions alone, a vulnerable child or a poor environment, can be overcome. 29. Which of the following developmental outcomes would be most consistent with the vulnerability/resilience interactionist model of development? Positive developmental outcome is possible only for children with few vulnerabilities and many protective factors. Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a very low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. Normal birth weight infants born into upper socioeconomic status families invariably have superior levels of intelligence. Children born into caring, facilitative families have sufficient protective factors to overcome or offset any vulnerabilities that might potentially affect their development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 3 01-1-29 11 Comprehension

Answer: Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a very low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. 30. The _____ issue seeks to find out if age-related change is determined more by qualitative or quantitative factors. nature–nurture universal–individual continuity–discontinuity atypical–typical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-30 8 and 9 Comprehension

Answer: continuity–discontinuity 31. Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our biological clock. social clock. age norms. gender. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-1-31 9 Comprehension

Answer: social clock.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Hannah is thrilled that she has been accepted into an architecture program. All of her friends have also received letters of acceptance to their desired school programs; they all feel they are achieving in life what they need to. This is referred to as biological clock. social norms. developmental milestones. social clock. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-32 9 Comprehension

Answer: social clock. 33. Maria Ivosevic married for the first time at age 39, and at age 40 she is pregnant for the first time. She is now considering starting college to become a computer systems engineer. When Maria laughingly tells her friends, "I have never done anything when I was supposed to," she is referring to the social clock. the biological clock. the critical period. social norms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-33 9 Comprehension

Answer: the social clock. 34. ________ is a term describing a generally negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions. "Biological clock" "Discontinuity" "Ageism" "Plasticity" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-34 9 Comprehension

Answer: "Ageism"

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 35. The notion that job performance declines in older adults, leading to denied opportunities to work, is referred to as "the social clock." "cohort effects." "ageism." "group specific changes." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-35 9 Comprehension

Answer: "ageism." 36. Roberta is intelligent, works hard, and is 20 years old. She applies for a job at a bank to help pay for her college education. She does not get the job, because the bank feels she is not old enough. Roberta has experienced the social clock. cohort effects. ageism. discontinuity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-36 9 Comprehension

Answer: ageism. 37. Which of the following is an accurate summary of the influences of culture and cohort upon development? The cultural factors that affect individuals in our society today are the same factors that were influential in 1940 or will be influential in 2040. Most of the patterns of cohort development observed in our culture will appear in every other culture. Development is influenced by variations of culture and by the historical experiences of generations within each culture. The individuals within each culture are likely to have age-linked experiences that are similar for all cohorts within that culture. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 2 01-1-37 10 Comprehension

Answer: Development is influenced by variations of culture and by the historical experiences of generations within each culture.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. A system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations comprises the ________ of the group. age norms cohort culture collective identity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-38 9 Comprehension

Answer: culture 39. A cohort is a sequence of shared cultural experiences. everyone who belongs to a specific culture. a genetically programmed, sequential pattern of change. a group of individuals who are born within a fairly narrow time frame and who share historical experiences. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-39 10 Knowledge

Answer: a group of individuals who are born within a fairly narrow time frame and who share historical experiences. 40. Which of the following are members of the same cohort? an urban child in Europe and a rural child in Canada. a woman raising her children during World War II and a woman raising her children during the Vietnam conflict in the 1970s. a grandfather, his son, and his four grandsons. a high-school student in Alberta and a high-school student in Quebec. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 2 01-1-40 10 Application

Answer: a high-school student in Alberta and a high-school student in Quebec

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 41. The idea that there are significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of particular influences is referred to as critical period. on-time timing. off-time timing. sensitive period. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-41 10 Knowledge

Answer: critical period. 42. Which of the following illustrates the concepts of critical period or sensitive period? A 3-month-old infant cries when a new babysitter arrives. The period from 6 to 12 months of age is the important time for infants to start eating solid foods. In the months after birth, infants need to experience certain types of stimulation or experiences in order for their nervous systems to develop normally and completely. A 10-month-old infant cries when he is not allowed to throw food on the floor. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 01-1-42 10-11 Analysis

Answer: In the months after birth, infants need to experience certain types of stimulation or experiences in order for their nervous systems to develop normally and completely. 43. Developmental psychologists use the term "sensitive period" to mean a span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence. a time of psychological fragility, usually due to some type of loss, such as the death of a spouse, termination of employment, or deterioration due to aging. the period of time during which developmental norms for physical development are reached or achieved. the specific period in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some particular kind of experience. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-43 10 Knowledge

Answer: a span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 44. Which of the following is the BEST example of an "off-time" event that could have negative effects upon an individual's development? being divorced at the age of 25. the deaths of elderly parents. the death of one's spouse at the age of 30. experiencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 60. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-44 10 Comprehension

Answer: the death of one's spouse at the age of 30. 45. Atypical development can include all of the following except: exceptionalities. developmental delays. psychological disorders. death in late adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-45 10 Knowledge

Answer: death in late adulthood. 46. Which of the following is NOT a goal of developmental psychology? to explain. to improve. to describe. to predict. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-46 11 and 12 Knowledge

Answer: to improve. 47. Sets of statements that propose general principles to explain development are known as theories. the research design. research questions. hypotheses.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-47 12 Knowledge

Answer: theories. 48. Predictions that can be tested in an effort to explain human development are known as influences. theories. variables. hypotheses. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-48 12 Knowledge

Answer: hypotheses. 49. Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis about human development? All the children in the high-scoring group were breast-fed as infants, which explains their higher levels of achievement. If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, then on psychological tests, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better than children who were not breast-fed as infants. Human breast milk contains nutrients that are essential for the formation of neurons and synapses in an infant's developing brain. Cross-cultural studies have determined that human breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant brain development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 3 01-1-49 12 Application

Answer: If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, then on psychological tests, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better than children who were not breast-fed as infants.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. The Maple Leaf Elementary School counsellor, psychologist, and social worker and the parents of 8-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behaviour toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behaviour has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of a(n) correlational study. case study. ethnography. naturalistic observation. Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-50 12 Comprehension

Answer: case study. 51. Of the following, which is the best example of a naturalistic observation? A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behaviour. A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine on learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game. Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. A researcher is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on 20-year-olds in a sleep lab. Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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2 01-1-51 13 Application

Answer: Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. 52. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about correlations? A correlation of +.80 is stronger than a correlation of -.80. A correlation of +1.00 indicates a weak relationship between two variables. A correlation of zero indicates a strong relationship between two variables. Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-52 13-14 Comprehension

Answer: Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables. 53. The ________ research method would be effective in extensively studying a teacher who has superior skills in conflict resolution. survey case study naturalistic observation cross-sectional design Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-53 12-13 Application

Answer: case study 54. Researchers in Canada have established a negative correlation between the temperature and the use of heaters. This means that there is no relationship between temperature and use of heaters. as the temperature rises, the use of heaters increases. as the temperature rises, the use of heaters decreases. the relationship between temperature and use of heaters is ambiguous. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables. 2 01-1-54 13-14 Comprehension

Answer: as the temperature rises, the use of heaters decreases. 55. Which of the following is NOT a key feature of an experimental study? an independent variable. subjects in a control group. controls for cohort effects. subjects in an experimental group.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-55 14-15 Knowledge

Answer: controls for cohort effects. 56. A researcher who wants to study how radiation affects a developing human fetus might use a(n) ________ research design. case study. quasi-experimental. experimental. naturalistic observation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables. 1 01-1-56 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: quasi-experimental. 57. In a research study examining the effects of nutrition on the physical growth of children in early childhood, a researcher randomly assigns a group of children and their parents to meet with a dietician to receive proper dietary instruction. The other group of children do not receive proper dietary guidance. After two years of study, the researcher compares the average growth of the two groups by reviewing their height and weight. The independent variable in this study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. dietary instruction; height and weight. level of activity; height and weight. parental input; length of the dietary instruction. height and weight; dietary instruction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-57 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: dietary instruction; height and weight. 58. A researcher interested in the effects of test anxiety on math test performance finds 40 volunteer students who report high levels of test anxiety. The researcher randomly assigns 20 of the students to a workshop on relaxation techniques and the other 20 students to a workshop on basic computer skills. After four weeks of classes, the researcher compares the average math test scores of the two groups to see which group has better scores. The independent variable in this study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. type of workshop; math test scores. length of the workshop; test anxiety. test anxiety; length of the workshops. math test scores; type of workshop. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 19

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-58 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: type of workshop; math test scores. 59. A researcher is interested in determining the effects of a medication on high blood pressure. She administers treatment to one group and no special treatment to the remaining group. The group that receives no special treatment is referred to as the experimental group. the control group. the placebo group. the contrast group. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-59 14-15 Application

Answer: the control group.

60. In a(n) ________ design, subjects of different ages are studied at the same time and the results are compared. ethnographic longitudinal cross-sectional cross-cultural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-60 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: cross-sectional

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 61. Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study? Each year the five-year-olds of Ontario are given number and letter proficiency exams before they begin kindergarten. Dr. Sanchez assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in December 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007. A number of graduate students studied the playground interactions of two classes of fourth graders by secretly videotaping the playground activities from the third-floor window of an adjacent building. Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2001. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-61 15-16 Application

Answer: Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2001. 62. Beginning in 1976, Jane Ledingham and Alex Swartzman began studying children living in innercity neighbourhoods in Montreal, and they are still studying these same people, now grown adults, today. This is an example of a sequential study. a longitudinal study. a cohort effect. a cross-sectional study. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-62 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: a longitudinal study. 63. The National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth collects data on children every 2 years (1 cycle) as they grow into adulthood. A new sample of infants is added at the third cycle, and at each subsequent cycle. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. longitudinal cross-sectional experimental sequential Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-63 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: sequential

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

64. Dr. Rosalind Chiu has spent 5 years in northern Ontario studying children raised in either Anglophone or Francophone families to investigate differences in child-rearing practices. Dr. Chiu's work is an example of ________ research. longitudinal sequential ethnographic multi-cultural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-64 18–19 Comprehension

Answer: ethnographic 65. Dr. Jones requires the students in her developmental psychology class to participate in research on parenting style and childhood punishment. Each student completes a survey and responds to questions about these topics. When all data is collected, Dr. Jones condenses each student's responses and creates an alphabetized summary sheet of the student names with the data as a handout for the participants. Is there a problem with this strategy? Yes. The preferred methodology for this type of research is to conduct experiments. Yes. The ethical principle of participants' right to confidentiality has been violated. Yes. There is a problem because the classroom creates a cohort effect. No. The students completed the survey without complaint of confidentiality. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 1 01-1-65 19-20 Application

Answer: Yes. The ethical principle of participants' right to confidentiality has been violated. 66. The Canadian Psychological Association has published ethical standards for practitioners, researchers, and scientists that address protection of the rights of humans used in research. protection of the rights of humans and animals used in research. requirements to justify the benefits of research versus harm to human subjects. scrutiny of research methods by an appointed unbiased observer. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 1 01-1-66 19-20 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 67. Complete the list of research ethics endorsed by the Canadian Psychological Association: informed consent; confidentiality; knowledge of results; explanation for deception (if used); and respect for the dignity of humans. responsibility to society. protection from harm. responsibility to participants. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 2 01-1-67 19–20 Knowledge

Answer: protection from harm.

68. A detailed description of a single culture or context is known as ethnography. stenography. orthography. geography. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. 1 01-1-68 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: ethnography.

Chapter 1 True-False Questions 1. The original sin doctrine holds that a child is born with an innately good and competent nature. a b

True False

Learning 1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. Objective: Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-01 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

Charles Darwin and other evolutionists believed they could understand the developing human by keeping baby biographies. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-02 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

3. Darwin's baby biographies were the first scientific studies of child development. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-03 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Comprehension Answer: b. False

4. The concept of developmental stages came from Darwin's theory of evolution. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-04 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

5. Stanley Hall of Clark University used questionnaires to study large numbers of children. His article "The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School" represented the first scientific study of child development. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-05 Page-Reference: 4-5 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

6. G. Stanley Hall opposed Darwin's concept of developmental milestones related to age. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-06 4-5 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

7. Beginning to walk or beginning to menstruate are examples of development based upon maturation. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-07 5 Analysis

Answer: a. True

8. Piaget's description of the cognitive stages of development and the theory he proposed to explain them became the foundation of modern developmental psychology. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-08 5 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

9. Prior to World War II, there was no formal organization of practicing psychologists in Canada. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-09 6 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

10. The Canadian Psychological Association was founded in 1939. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-10 6 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

11. The term "development" now encompasses the entire lifespan rather than just childhood and adolescence. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-11 7 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

12. Modern developmental psychology practices a multidisciplinary approach known as the "lifespan perspective." a True b False Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-12 7 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

13. Puberty is an example of a quantitative change. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-13 8 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. In Canada, the belief that adults should retire at age 65 is defined by the social clock. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-14 9 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 15. The concept of the critical period would explain why many kindergartners are distressed during the first week of their kindergarten experience. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-15 10 Analysis

Answer: b. False

16. Examples of atypical development consist of developmental delay, mental illness, aggressiveness, and the like. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-16 10 Comprehension

Answer: a. True

17. The term "nature–nurture controversy" is used to describe the debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experience to individual development. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-17 10-11 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. According to the vulnerability and resilience view, tendencies toward emotional irritability or alcoholism is a exclusively a function of environmental influences. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-17 11 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

19. "Older adults make more memory errors than young and middle-aged adults do." This statement is an example of "prediction," one of the goals of psychology. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-19 11-12 Application

Answer: b. False 20. Although some research may be used to improve people's lives, this is not always the case with research involving developmental psychology because many variables may be involved that affect individuals differently, coupled with the fact that there are no concrete answers. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-20 11-12 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 21. Studying one woman over a two-year period to obtain information regarding her physical health and habits is a great example of survey research. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-21 13 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 22. If a control group is not used during an experiment, the researcher cannot rule out the possibility that something other than the treatment is creating the observed results. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-22 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 23. A researcher measures the impact of different types of activities at child-care programs upon the intellectual, emotional, and social well-being of economically disadvantaged preschool children. The independent variable in this experiment is the type of activity. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 24. A cross-sectional research study follows a group of subjects over a period of time. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-24 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 25. Because longitudinal studies require only single tests of subjects, practice effects and loss of subjects are not problematic for researchers who use this research strategy. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-25 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: b. False

26. "Ethnography" is a term that describes a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-26 18 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Research ethics exist to protect humans but are sorely lacking for the protection of animals used in research. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-27 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 28. The three domains of development are physical, cognitive, and biological. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-28 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Chapter 1 Short Answer Questions 1. Summarize the contributions made to developmental psychology by Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, Arnold Gesell, and Piaget. Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-01 3–5 Comprehension

Answer: 2. Briefly describe the historical roots of psychology in Canada. What role did World War II play in this process?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-02 5-6 Analysis

Answer: 3. Describe the lifespan approach to developmental psychology. What factors have enriched our understanding of development? What factors have contributed to the expansion in focus beyond childhood and adolescence? Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-03 7 Comprehension

Answer:

4. Discuss Paul Balte's concept of plasticity in development and its role in adjustment to aging.

Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-05 7 Comprehension

Answer: 5. Briefly list and explain the three (3) different domains of development.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-03 7–8 Knowledge

Answer: 6. Describe what is meant by a "social clock" and give an example.

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-06 9 Application

Answer: 7. What is a critical period? What is a sensitive period? Give examples to illustrate your answers.

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-07 10 Comprehension

Answer: 8. What is the nature–nurture controversy? If developmental psychologists have moved away from either/or approaches to the question of the relative contributions of biology and environment to development, what perspectives or approaches currently offer insight into the nature–nurture question? Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-08 10-11 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. What are the key features of the interactionist model of development?

Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-09 10-11 Comprehension

Answer: 10. A developmental psychologist who employs an interactionist model to study human development would examine which aspects of an individual's development? Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-10 10-11 Comprehension

Answer:

11. List and explain the four (4) goals developmental psychologists set out to achieve through the usage of the scientific method. Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-11 11-12 Comprehension

Answer:

12. Outline the primary differences between the experimental group and the control group in experiments. Why is a control group necessary for effective experimental research purposes?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-12 14-15 Knowledge

Answer:

13. Identify and explain the limitation of correlations in research. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-13 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: 14. What are the key features of longitudinal research design, cross-sectional design, and sequential design? What factors might determine which design a researcher will use? Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-14 15-18 Comprehension

Answer:

15. Describe the five ethical research standards outlined by the CPA. Explain how each standard offers protection to human and animal (where applicable) research participants. Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-15 19-20 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 16. Discuss the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Learning Objective:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-16 18 Comprehension

Answer:

Chapter 1 Essay Questions

1. Consider the three basic categories of age-related change: 1) universal changes common to all human beings; 2) group-specific changes shared by members of a culture or a cohort; and 3) individual differences resulting from unique, non-shared experiences. Provide an illustrative example for each of these categories of change. Discuss which of these categories, in your opinion, is the most powerful or influential source of developmental change. Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 01-4-01 9–10 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Explain the interactionist approach to development. What is the nature-nurture controversy and how does it impact child vulnerabilities and resiliency?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-02 10-11 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Identify the four goals of developmental psychology, and describe how developmental psychologists might use scientific methods to achieve each of the goals. Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-03 11-12 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 4. As a researcher, you are interested in studying the impact of mothers' behaviour in childhood upon their own children's psychosocial and health problems. Using the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential design methodologies, describe how you could develop research projects to study this issue. What ethical issues would you need to consider as you develop your research designs? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. 1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 2 01-4-04 15-18 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss a real or hypothetical experiment that is unethical. List and discuss the ethical standards that have been violated by this experiment and those that have been honoured by this experiment. Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-05 19-20 Application

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Knowledge of ________ is foundational to understanding evolutionary theories. genetics biological processes epigenetics developmental milestones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-01 23 Knowledge

Answer: biological processes 2. Evolutionary theorists propose that the genetic and physiological processes that underlie human behaviour changed gradually over time through _____________ and ____________ . genetic mutation; natural selection cognitive; social behaviour social; cultural behaviour nature; nurture Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-02 24 Knowledge

Answer: genetic mutation; natural selection 3. Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of the cell are called genes. chromosomes. deoxyribonucleic acid. amino acids. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-03 24 Knowledge

Answer: chromosomes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes. 15 23 30 46 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-04 24 Knowledge

Answer: 23 5. _____ are the genetic units responsible for determining traits such as a person's blood type. Genomes Chromosomes Genes Phenotypes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-05 24 Knowledge

Answer: Genes 6. The entire DNA that an individual human body possesses is called its genotype. genome. phenotype. genetic profile. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-06 25 Knowledge

Answer: genome. 7. An individual's own unique genetic blueprint is his or her genome. phenotype. genotype. genetic inheritance.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-07 25 Knowledge

Answer: genotype. 8. _______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle, brain, and bone in the human body. Genes Chromosomes Amino acids Proteins Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-08 25 Knowledge

Answer: Proteins 9. Describing one's self as male, 5'10", with brown eyes and brown curly hair provides details about appearance that would be called one's ______ in the scientific world. "genome" "phenotype" "polygenetic inheritance" "genotype" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-09 25 Comprehension

Answer: "phenotype" 10. Broad lips, nearsightedness, and freckles are produced by _______ in genetic transmissions. dominant genes two recessive genes polygenetic gene influences multifactorial gene influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-10 25-26 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: dominant genes 11. A pattern of inheritance in which a single gene strongly influences a person's outward appearance is called polygenetic inheritance pattern. dominant-recessive pattern. expressive gene pattern. silent gene pattern. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-11 25 Knowledge

Answer: dominant-recessive pattern. 12. Patrick and Mary both have brown eyes. If their child has blue eyes, then both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. both Mary and Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-12 25-26 Comprehension

Answer: both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. 13. Martha carries two genes for brown eyes (dominant gene) and John carries two genes for blue eyes (recessive gene). Their child will have a 50 percent chance of brown eyes. 75 percent chance of brown eyes. 100 percent chance of blue eyes. 100 percent chance of brown eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-13 25-26 Comprehension

Answer: 100 percent chance of brown eyes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Alexia, Sasha, and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father. Alexia has wavy hair, Sasha has medium coils, and Derek has tight curls. The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance. recessive gene homozygous gene carriers gene expressivity polygenetic influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-14 26 Comprehension

Answer: gene expressivity 15. Fumi has dark skin. Her husband Liam has pale skin. Their children will likely have dark skin (dominant-recessive). pale skin (dominant-recessive). blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance). Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-15 26-27 Comprehension

Answer: blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). 16. Height as a genetic trait is largely determined by dominant genes. environmental factors like nutrition and abuse/neglect. genes and environmental factors. race, culture, and gender. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-16 27 Knowledge

Answer: genes and environmental factors. 17. ________ are genes found only in the fluid that surrounds an unfertilized ovum. Miscreation genes Morphogen genes Mitochondrial genes Mutant genes Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 5

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-17 27 Knowledge

Answer: Mitochondrial genes 18. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression by altering the DNA structure and function of certain genes. signalling certain genes to be activated or "turned on". signalling certain genes to be either dominant or recessive. signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-1-18 27-28 Knowledge

Answer: signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. 19.

Which statement provides the best example of a core belief of ethology evolutionary theory? Human children, regardless of their environment, have the unique ability to learn language early in life without any specific instruction from adults. Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. Traits like intelligence, shyness, and aggressiveness are directly transmitted through heredity. Evolution has provided humans with genetic programming that helps us cooperate and survive in groups.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-19 28-29 Comprehension

Answer: Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. 20. The study of epigenetic changes related to the development of the brain, behaviour, and psychological processes in relation to environmental factors is known as _____________. behavioural epigenetics. ethology. nativism. evolutionary prenatal programming.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 2 02-1-20 28 Knowledge

Answer: behavioural epigenetics. 21. Ethology emphasizes genetically determined ________________ behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection. predictive-adaptive survival hereditary evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-21 28 Knowledge

Answer: survival 22. ____________ is defined as the study of genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics produced via natural selection to promote human adaptation and survival. Sociobiology Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary prenatal programming Evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-22 29 Knowledge

Answer: Evolutionary psychology 23. According to the predictive–adaptive response theory, a fetus will adapt its ____ to accommodate an anticipated future environment based on conditions in its prenatal environment. perception gestation length physiology calorie intake Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-23 30 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: physiology 24. Based on clues and conditions in its prenatal environment, a fetus will make changes geared to ensure its survival in a similar postnatal future environment. This survival process is called "natural selection." "survival of the fittest." "survival–adaptation response." "predictive–adaptive response." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-24 30 Knowledge

Answer: "predictive–adaptive response." 25. _______ is the branch of science involved in the study of human genetic make-up, including gene location and gene functioning. Epigenetics Human genomics Microbiology Evolutionary biology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions 1 02-1-25 31 Knowledge

Answer: Human genomics 26. According to newer research theories such as the predictive–response theory, to be most effective, early intervention strategies designed to prevent chronic diseases like diabetes must focus on the ____ stage of development. prenatal 0–2 yrs. 0–6 yrs. 0–puberty Learning Objective:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-26 31 Knowledge

Answer: prenatal

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Genetic diseases such as Hemophilia, Huntington's disease, and sickle-cell disease account for roughly ____% of all human disease in developed countries. 5 10 15 20 Learning Objective:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-27 30 Knowledge

Answer: 5 28. Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of relationships between the individual and his or her environment. assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli. manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish. the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-28 33 Knowledge

Answer: the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. 29. One of Freud's most important theoretical contributions is the idea that human behaviour is governed by conscious and ________ processes. self-actualizing unconscious sexual analytical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-29 33 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-30 33 Knowledge

Answer: id. 31. The instinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind all human behaviour is the libido. id. ego. superego. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-31 33 Knowledge

Answer: libido. 32. According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the id? restraining your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae. planning to seduce a sexual partner. stealing food to eat when you are hungry. learning from your mistakes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-32 33 Analysis

Answer: stealing food to eat when you are hungry. 33. Alejandro and Miguel were shopping and saw a CD that they both wanted. Alejandro did not have the money to buy the CD, so he decided to steal it. Miguel decided to wait until he had saved the money as he had been punished by his mother for previously stealing a CD. Miguel is acting on his id. ego. superego. libido. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: superego. 34. One-year-old Melanie has formed a secure attachment to her mother. Erik Erikson would claim that Melanie has mastered which of his psychosocial stages? trust versus mistrust identity versus role confusion autonomy versus shame and doubt industry versus inferiority Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-34 34-35 Comprehension

Answer: trust versus mistrust 35. Erikson argued that, in order to achieve intimacy, one must achieve an integrated sense of self. That is, the individual must master the _____________ stage before intimacy can be reached. autonomy versus shame and doubt initiative versus guilt identity versus role confusion generativity versus stagnation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-35 35 Comprehension

Answer: identity versus role confusion 36. According to Sigmund Freud, a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs. libido fixation defence mechanism conscious thought Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-36 33 Knowledge

Answer: fixation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 37. The psychosexual stages in which pleasure comes from touching the genitals are the latency stage and oral stage. oral stage and anal stage. anal stage and latency stage. phallic stage and genital stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-37 33 Comprehension

Answer: phallic stage and genital stage. 38. Which of the following represents the correct order in the progression of Freud's stages of psychosexual development? libido, personality structures, defence mechanisms, and identification genital, latency, phallic, oral, and anal oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-38 33 Knowledge

Answer: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 39. The theorist who developed the theory of psychosocial stages was Sigmund Freud. Erik Erikson. Jean Piaget. B. F. Skinner. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-39 34 Knowledge

Answer: Erik Erikson. 40. Erik Erikson believed that one must pass through eight _______ stages to develop a stable identity. psychosocial stages lifespan stages psychosexual stages cognitive–social stages Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-40 34 Knowledge

Answer: psychosocial stages 41. Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________. assimilation; accommodation psychosocial; psychosexual identity; cognition reinforcement; mental category Learning Objective:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-41 33-34 Comprehension

Answer: psychosocial; psychosexual 42. Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is based on the idea that development occurs from the interaction between changes in age and changes in cognitions. social demands. environmental reinforcements or punishments. defence mechanisms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-42 34 Knowledge

Answer: social demands. 43. What factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task? learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful and not sensitively treated by caregivers. becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents. learning to differentiate tasks that can be accomplished independently and tasks that require assistance to accomplish. being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-43 34–35 Analysis

Answer: being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust. 44. Sixteen-year-old Soo Ling is trying to decide what to do about her postsecondary education. She isn't sure what career she wants to pursue and she can't decide which postsecondary institution to choose. She is in which of the following stages of Erikson’s theory? identity versus role confusion. trust versus mistrust. industry versus inferiority. integrity versus despair. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-44 34–35 Application

Answer: identity versus role confusion. 45. According to Erikson, the foundation or prerequisite for resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation is self-esteem and self-efficacy. the formation of an identity. formal operational thought. self-acceptance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-45 34-35 Comprehension

Answer: the formation of an identity. 46. Which of the following is a way to achieve a sense of generativity? quitting your job because you are not able to get along with your new boss. caring for elderly parents. leaving your partner because he or she is abusive. retiring from a long-held occupation or career.. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: caring for elderly parents. 47. Reflecting upon one's life positively, without regrets, would place an individual on which side of the crisis in late adulthood? generativity identity integrity despair Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-47 35 Comprehension

Answer: integrity 48. The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of which of the following theories? Systems Psychoanalytic Humanistic Social learning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-48 33-36 Knowledge

Answer: humanistic 49. Which of the following most accurately represents Maslow's key concept in his theory of human development? Development is influenced by early childhood experiences and the development of a stable identity. Humans are motivated to develop schemes for understanding their worlds. These schemes further develop through equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation. Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth. Development is motivated by role models, intrinsic reinforcements, and cognitive elements in learning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-49 35-36 Knowledge

Answer: Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development? They focus only on the best in people. They de-emphasize physical needs. They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories. They view each person as having potential. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 3 02-1-50 35-36 Comprehension

Answer: They view each person as having potential. 51. Abraham Maslow used the term ________ to describe the ultimate goal of human life. "physiological needs" "esteem needs" "self-actualization" "deficiency motives" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-51 35-36 Knowledge

Answer: "self-actualization" 52. Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as psychoanalytic theories. learning theories. cognitive theories. evolutionary theories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-52 37 Knowledge

Answer: learning theories. 52. Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. social-cognitive conditioning.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-53 37 Knowledge

Answer: classical conditioning. 54. Classical conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by Jean Piaget. Ivan Pavlov. B. F. Skinner. Abraham Maslow. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-54 37 Knowledge

Answer: Ivan Pavlov. 55. Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth. In classical conditioning the food is the ________ and salivating is the ________. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-55 37-38 Application

Answer: unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 56. In classical conditioning, if the acidity of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the puckering of lips is the ________. conditional stimulus; unconditioned response. conditional stimulus; conditioned response. punishment; conditioned response. unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-56 37 Application

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. 57. Learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences refers to classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-57 38 Knowledge

Answer: operant conditioning. 58. Which of the following is an aspect of operant conditioning that would make a behaviour more likely to occur again? Negative reinforcement. Extinction. Intrinsic reinforcement. Positive punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-58 38 Knowledge

Answer: Negative reinforcement. 59. Marvin is pestering his mother for an advance on his allowance, whining for 10 minutes saying things like, "Please, Mom, can't I have my allowance early? Please? Oh, come on, Mom, I need it now. Mom!" His mother ignores Marvin's pleas for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Anything to stop your whining." If in the future the boy engages in more whining to get what he wants, and the mother gives in even more easily, then according to the principles of the learning theory, Marvin has been ________ and the mother has been ________. positively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; positively reinforced. positively reinforced; negatively reinforced. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-59 38 Analysis

Answer: positively reinforced; negatively reinforced.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 60. Eleven-year-old Madison is expected to keep her room clean and to empty all trash and garbage in the house. When Madison is too busy to complete her household chores, she is grounded. Her parents tell her that until her room is clean and the trash is emptied she is to remain at home, have no visitors, and may not use her iPod. In this situation, grounding serves as a ________ for Madison. negative reinforcement intrinsic reinforcement punishment positive reinforcement Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-60 38 Analysis

Answer: negative reinforcement 61. Roberta has been studying very hard and finds out that she has received an A+ on her English test. Her parents praise her and take her out to buy a new summer outfit. She is so happy that her parents are proud of her that she studies even harder for the next English test. This is an example of positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. partial reinforcement. extinction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2 02-1-61 38 Application

Answer: positive reinforcement. 62. A teacher succeeds in eliminating a student's undesirable behaviour by ignoring it. This is referred to as negative reinforcement. extinction. shaping. partial reinforcement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-62 39 Application

Answer: extinction.