Test Bank For Introduction to Mass Communication, 12th Edition Stanley Baran Chapter 1-15 Answer are at the End of Each Chapter
Chapter 1 Student name:__________ TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Communication requires a sharing of meaning. ⊚ ⊚
true false
2) When a professor lectures to a large class of students, this is an example of mass communication. ⊚ ⊚
3)
Evening news, documentary, horror film, and gossip magazine are examples of genres. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
If you explain an idea to a friend in a letter, you have encoded your message. ⊚ ⊚
6)
true false
From the beginning, newspapers have been an advertiser-supported medium. ⊚ ⊚
5)
true false
true false
Biases and predispositions are common forms of noise.
⊚ ⊚
7)
People rarely succeed in contesting the dominant culture. ⊚ ⊚
8)
true false
Different bounded cultures can share a common dominant culture. ⊚ ⊚
9)
true false
true false
Americans maintain a good deal of trust in their mass media system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
10) An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages is an important media literacy skill. ⊚ ⊚
true false
11) Genres are such things as choice of lighting, editing, special effects, camera angle, and size and placement of a headline. ⊚ ⊚
true false
12) You just watched 5 episodes ofStranger Things in one long Saturday night. You have engaged in binge watching. ⊚ ⊚
true false
13)
Media literacy is a skill that can be acquired and developed. ⊚ ⊚
true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 14) Communication is best defined as A) the encoding of a message intended for a recipient. B) conversation between two or a few people. C) the process of creating shared meaning. D) the product of large media industries.
15)
Which of the following is true of feedback? A) Feedback is the response to a given communication. B) Feedback is distortion typically attributed to electronic equipment. C) Feedback is sometimes present in communication. D) Feedback is rarely present in communication.
16)
Communication between two or a few people is A) mass communication. B) feedback. C) interpersonal communication. D) reciprocal communication.
17) When messages are transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system by a participant in the communication process, ________ is said to have occurred.
A) noise B) encoding C) decoding D) feedback
18) When signs and symbols are interpreted by a participant in the communication process,________ is said to have occurred.
A) noise B) encoding C) decoding D) feedback
19)
Anything that interferes with successful communication is said to be A) noise. B) encoding. C) decoding. D) feedback.
20)
In communication, the means by which messages are carried is A) the feedback loop. B) encoding. C) decoding. D) the medium.
21)
The process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences is
A) mass communication. B) feedback. C) interpersonal communication. D) encoding.
22)
In mass communication, feedback is typically A) instant and direct. B) quite powerful. C) absent. D) delayed and inferential.
23)
Large, hierarchically structured organizations are typical of A) mass communication. B) feedback. C) interpersonal communication. D) noise.
24)
Ongoing and reciprocal messages are characteristic of A) mass communication. B) feedback. C) interpersonal communication. D) noise.
25) "Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed" is
A) the cultural definition of communication. B) a sophisticated definition of feedback. C) interpersonal communication when it works well. D) the biological definition of communication.
26) No matter what the newspaper says about your favored candidate for mayor, you believe it is underselling her candidacy, including the articles that claim to support her. You may be suffering from A) the hostile media effect. B) confirmation bias. C) noise. D) negative feedback.
27)
Culture is A) opera, theater, and symphonic music. B) communication between two or a few people. C) the learned behavior of members of a given social group. D) the improvement of public tastes.
28) The culture that seems to hold sway with the majority of a given people is the ________ culture. A) primary B) bounded C) dominant D) transformed
29) Groups with specific but not dominant cultures that exist as part of those larger cultures are ________ cultures.
A) secondary B) bounded C) minority D) transformed
30)
Culture is constructed and maintained through A) the mass media. B) feedback. C) encoding and decoding. D) communication.
31)
The idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change is A) technological determinism. B) manifest destiny. C) technological despotism. D) latent destiny.
32) Lasswell's model of communication is expressed as "Who Says What in Which Channel ________ with What Effect." A) with How Much Noise B) to Whom C) Using Which Medium D) to Which Interpreter
33) The Osgood and Schramm conception of the mass communication process replaces source and receiver with
A) initiator and destination. B) interpreters. C) decoders. D) Participant A and Participant B.
34) Culture is the world made meaningful; it is socially constructed and maintained through communication. It limits as well as liberates us; it differentiates as well as unites us. It defines our realities and thereby A) shapes the ways we think, feel, and act. B) tells us what is true and false. C) creates a national togetherness. D) offers us hope for a unified future.
35) We can think of mass communication as a giant courtroom where, as a people, we discuss and debate our culture—what it is and what we want it to be. This view sees mass communication as a A) cultural storyteller. B) repository of cultural understanding. C) cultural forum. D) unrelenting agent of change.
36) If we apply the standard model of capitalism to prime-time television programming, the television network is the producer,________ are the product, and advertisers are the consumers.
A) the programs B) the commercials C) audiences D) the actors
37) In Schramm's model of mass communication, messages from media organizations to mass audiences are characterized as A) delayed and inferential. B) expertly decoded. C) many and identical. D) difficult to interpret.
38) The differences between the individual elements of interpersonal and mass communication change the________ the communication process.
A) purpose of B) noise in C) outcome of D) nature of
39) The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication is A) conversationalism. B) literacy. C) comprehensibility. D) media literacy.
40) A newspaper story mistakenly reports that the mayor was indicted for fraud, later correcting its account to say she was arrested, not indicted. This does not classify as fake news because A) there really isn’t much difference between the termsarrested andindicted. B) despite the error, the crux of the story is true. C) fake news applies only to online reporting that can be spread. D) there was no intentional effort to deceive.
41) When we read media content at a variety of different levels, we are said to be engaging the content A) intelligently. B) as the producers had intended. C) from multiple points of access. D) intuitively.
42)
Which of the following is true of media literacy? A) It is only necessary for communication scholars. B) It is a skill that can be improved through practice. C) It is impossible for young people to master. D) It is more advanced in the United States than abroad.
43)
The ability to comprehend and use written symbols effectively and efficiently is A) literacy. B) orality. C) learning. D) democracy.
44) People’s tendency to accept information that confirms their beliefs and reject information that does not confirm their beliefs describes A) illiteracy. B) aliteracy. C) confirmation bias. D) fake news.
45)
The Gutenberg printing press was an advance over earlier printing presses, because it
A) produced books in a widely understood language. B) used metal type and was designed for the production of large numbers of volumes. C) was developed in central Europe, giving more people access to it. D) used steam power.
46)
Gutenberg developed his press to produce A) books of maps. B) official government publications. C) political treatises. D) Bibles.
47)
Print helped foster the Industrial Revolution
A) because people who read books began to demand change. B) because it helped build and disseminate bodies of knowledge that led to scientific and technological development and the refinement of new machines. C) through its creation of leisure and entertainment. D) because it created jobs.
48) The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content; an understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives; and an understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners are elements of A) literacy. B) social responsibility. C) media literacy. D) ethics.
49)
The common assumption that others are influenced by media messages but you are not is
A) the third-person effect. B) a violation of the second principle of media literacy. C) the otherness effect. D) the CNN effect.
50) An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages, the development of heightened expectations of media content, a knowledge of genre conventions, and the ability to recognize when conventions are being mixed are examples of A) the third-person effect. B) impediments to media literacy. C) media literacy skills. D) good television-viewing skills.
51) Categories of expression within the different media—for example, the evening news and documentaries—are media A) conventions. B) production values. C) genres. D) formats.
52) The characteristic, distinctive, standardized style elements of a given form of media expression—for example, the upbeat music that introduces the local evening news—are media A) conventions. B) production values. C) genres. D) formats.
53)
Knowledge of media's conventions is important because
A) they keep us involved in the material. B) we can identify when a content producer is attempting to fool us. C) they cue or direct our meaning making. D) it enhances our experience of the media.
54) The specific internal language of a given medium—for example, the choice of lighting in a soap opera—is a media A) convention. B) production value. C) genre. D) format.
55) The casting of actors who do not fit traditional cultural notions of masculinity and femininity suggests that culture can be
A) confusing. B) reinforced. C) contested. D) controlled.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 56) Define communication.
57) What does it mean to say that there must be a "sharing of meaning" for communication to occur?
58)
Differentiate between encoding and decoding.
59)
Define culture.
60)
What does it mean to say that "media are cultural storytellers"?
61)
What does it mean to say that "mass communication serves as a cultural forum"?
62)
What is technological determinism?
63)
What was Gutenberg's advance over existing methods of mechanical printing?
64)
How did the mass production of printed materials foster the development of capitalism?
65)
Define literacy.
66)
Define media literacy.
67)
Define and explain multiple points of access.
68)
Define and explain the third-person effect.
69)
How do genre conventions and production values differ?
70)
What is the relationship between communication and culture?
71)
What is the impact of technology on communication?
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 72) How does culture limit and liberate?
73) Do you see the audience as the consumer or the product in our mass media system? Explain your answer.
74) What are the eight elements of media literacy as defined by Art Silverblatt and your textbook author? Describe each.
75)
What are the seven media literacy skills? Describe each.
76)
What threat to the practice of democracy does the hostile media effect pose?
Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) TRUE 2) FALSE 3) TRUE 4) FALSE 5) TRUE 6) TRUE 7) FALSE 8) TRUE 9) FALSE 10) TRUE 11) FALSE 12) TRUE 13) TRUE 14) C 15) A 16) C 17) B 18) C 19) A 20) D 21) A 22) D 23) A 24) C 25) A 26) A
27) C 28) C 29) B 30) D 31) A 32) B 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) C 37) C 38) D 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) B 43) A 44) C 45) B 46) D 47) B 48) C 49) A 50) C 51) C 52) A 53) C 54) B 55) C 56) Answers will vary.
57) Answers will vary. 58) Answers will vary. 59) Answers will vary. 60) Answers will vary. 61) Answers will vary. 62) Answers will vary. 63) Answers will vary. 64) Answers will vary. 65) Answers will vary. 66) Answers will vary. 67) Answers will vary. 68) Answers will vary. 69) Answers will vary. 70) Answers will vary. 71) Answers will vary. 72) Answers will vary. 73) Answers will vary. 74) Answers will vary. 75) Answers will vary. 76) Answers will vary.
Student name:__________ TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Many cable channels—for example, Nickelodeon and A&E—prosper through their ability to deliver demographically narrow audiences to advertisers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
2) Convergence refers to the collecting, or converging, of many media companies into a few large corporations. ⊚ ⊚
3)
Supporters point to economies-of-scale in their defense of media concentration. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
true false
News deserts are areas starved for news vital to their existences. ⊚ true ⊚ false
5) The general decline in revenues for the traditional media can be traced to overall declines in media consumption. ⊚ ⊚
true false
6) As a result of the changing process of mass communication, specifically the Internet, the audience has in many instances become the source. ⊚ ⊚
true false
7) Skeleton papers are once-prospering newspapers cut to bare bones in an effort to maximize profits. ⊚ ⊚
true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 8) The simultaneous consumption of many different kinds of media is known as A) media multitasking. B) multidimensional consumption. C) synergy. D) cross-platform interdiction.
9) The ownership of the vast majority of the media in the U.S. by only five companies is known as A) concentration of media ownership. B) globalization of media. C) audience fragmentation. D) erosion of distinctions among media.
10) The concentration of control of the media industries into ever-smaller numbers of companies is A) synergy. B) technological determinism. C) ritual bonding. D) oligopoly.
11) The ownership of several major U.S. media corporations by foreign companies is an example of
A) concentration of media ownership. B) globalization of media. C) audience fragmentation. D) erosion of distinctions among media.
12)
Audiences for specific media content becoming smaller and more defined is known as A) concentration of media ownership. B) globalization of media. C) audience fragmentation. D) erosion of distinctions among media.
13) Tailoring media content to specific audiences that possess characteristics of interest to specific advertisers is a strategy known as A) narrowcasting or niche marketing. B) subgroup marketing. C) synergy. D) message concentration.
14) Groups of people, or audiences, bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content are A) bounded cultures. B) content subcultures. C) synergy. D) taste publics.
15) The availability of USA Today—in the form of a newspaper, an iPad app, a YouTube channel, and a webpage—is an example of
A) concentration of media ownership. B) globalization of media. C) audience fragmentation. D) erosion of distinctions among media.
16) When a media company has content that it can use across a number of its different holdings, this is A) narrowcasting or niche marketing. B) subgroup marketing. C) synergy. D) message concentration.
17)
The means of delivering a specific piece of media content is referred to as a A) medium. B) subtechnology. C) platform. D) message carrier.
18)
Electronic sell-through is A) the decreased value of a company's stock. B) the buying of digital download movies. C) the simultaneous release of a movie in theaters, video on demand, and online. D) a Web-only television show.
19)
The integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content is
A) narrowcasting. B) in-content marketing. C) product placement. D) message corruption.
20) When brands are part of and essential to a piece of media content, proponents of the practice say it isn't a commercial, it is A) niche marketing. B) subgroup marketing. C) synergy. D) brand entertainment.
21) The explanation of how individuals make media and content choices based on expectations of reward and effort required is the A) fraction of selection. B) media-use model. C) synergy-to-effort equation. D) cost-benefit ratio.
22)
An online idea or image that is endlessly copied, manipulated, and shared is a A) virus. B) meme. C) snap. D) selfie.
23) In the fraction of selection formula, the cost of a babysitter when you want to go to the movies is part of the
A) expectation of reward. B) reason not to go. C) effort required. D) benefit.
24)
The ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere describes A) narrowcasting. B) subgroup marketing. C) synergy. D) consumption-on-demand.
25) Audiences consuming content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor is known as A) niche programming. B) schedule-making. C) media multitasking. D) appointment consumption.
26) When a feature film is simultaneously released in movie theaters and streamed online, _________ release has occurred. A) day-and-date B) green-light C) synergystic D) brand entertainment.
27) Increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and noncommercial content is known as
A) audience fragmentation. B) hypercommercialism. C) convergence. D) globalization.
28) The fact that people increasingly have no preference for where they access their media content suggests that they are becoming A) lazy. B) content-neutral. C) media literate. D) platform agnostic.
29) Several towns in your state have come together to propose a tax that would fund local journalism that would otherwise be lacking. They want to create a community information district because they believe
A) in a free press. B) that taxes in your area are too low. C) that journalism is a public service. D) in citizen journalism.
30) Homework's due tomorrow, so you're on your computer; to help you relax, you're streaming your favorite music on your phone; you check Facebook every few minutes to see what's happening with your pals; and in the corner, the TV shows you that the Celts lead the Bulls by 12 at the half. You are
A) media multitasking. B) overconsuming media material. C) a platform agnostic. D) a content surfer.
31) News reports stories that journalists discover on their own rather than written from press releases, the kind of reporting that goes beyond covering events to explore forces shaping those events is called
A) synergistic reporting. B) muckraking. C) enterprise reporting. D) biased reporting.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 32) How are the distinctions among traditional media being eroded?
33)
What is a platform?
34) How are the growth of news deserts and the drive for community information districts related?
35)
How would you describe contemporary levels of overall media consumption?
36)
What is convergence?
37)
What is media multitasking?
38)
Differentiate between concentration of media ownership and conglomeration.
39)
What is globalization?
40)
What is hypercommercialism?
41)
What is audience fragmentation?
42)
What are economies of scale and oligopoly? How are they related?
43)
What are product placement and branded content?
44)
What elements are fueling today's rampant media convergence?
45)
Differentiate between appointment consumption and consumption-on-demand.
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 46) What are the five major trends currently reshaping the mass communication process? How does each promise to do so?
47) What are the two major concerns of globalization's critics? Do you feel that concern? Why or why not?