Test Bank for Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley Chapter 1-14 Answers are at the End of Each Chapter Chapter 1 Student name:__________ 1) As discussed in your textbook, the list of calls for police service in Portland, Oregon, shows
which type of call for service to be the most common? A) burglar alarms B) unwanted persons C) violent offenses D) prisoner transportation
2) As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized
religion, the media, and the law in that it A) requires society to abide by passive social values. B) exists as a single system. C) is generally society's "last line of defense." D) is usually used along with other institutions of social control.
3) Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n) A) institution of social control. B) private response to crime. C) informal method of social control. D) subtle social control.
4) American criminal justice consists of three main agencies. Which of the following is NOT
one of those three main agencies? A) corrections B) prisons C) police D) courts
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5) Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States? A) libel B) a misdemeanor C) slander D) a felony
6) The term "jurisdiction," as used in your text, means A) the specific location in which a court is located. B) the loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country. C) a politically defined geographical area. D) the system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies.
7) During which of the following stages is an administrative record of an arrest made? A) Initial appearance B) Booking C) Preliminary hearing D) Arraignment
8) A suspect becomes a defendant after A) a grand jury issues a no bill against the suspect. B) a complaint has been made. C) an absence of probable cause has been established. D) one or more charges have been filed.
9) In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a(n) ________ may be held. A) summary trial B) information C) arrest warrant D) grand jury
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10) The purpose of a(n) ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to
believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged. A) preliminary hearing B) indictment C) arraignment D) initial appearance
11) The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to
allow the defendant to enter a plea. A) preliminary hearing B) indictment C) arraignment D) initial appearance
12) About ________ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them in an
arrangement called plea bargaining. A) 95 percent B) 75 percent C) 50 percent D) 25 percent
13) Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge
in a(n) A) B) C) D)
grand jury. indictment. bench trial. arraignment.
14) One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to A) outline the formal charge or charges against the defendant. B) allow the defendant to enter a plea. C) determine whether there is probable cause. D) ensure that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process.
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15) Currently, five general types of punishment are in use in the United States. Which of the
following is NOT one of these punishments? A) probation B) transportation C) intermediate punishments D) death
16) Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the
following is an example of a constitutional ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction? A) mistaken interpretations of law B) defects in jury selection C) improper admission of evidence at trial D) illegal search and seizure
17) Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the
following is an example of a legal ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction? A) defects in jury selection B) incompetent assistance of counsel C) improper questioning of the defendant by the police D) identification of the defendant through a defective police lineup
18) Which of the following statements is true of parole? A) It is unconditional in nature. B) It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences. C) It includes modifying the verdict of a lower court and reversing it. D) It is granted, by default, by all jurisdictions in the United States.
19) In the United States, the states that do not utilize preliminary hearings schedule an
arraignment date at the ________. A) initial appearance B) summary trial C) stage of booking D) stage of arrest
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20) Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal
justice, an accurate way of defining American criminal justice may be to call it A) a system. B) a nonsystem. C) extremely uniform. D) smoothly operating.
21) When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of
________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice. A) the crime control model B) obstacle-course justice C) fact-finding processes D) the due process model
22) According to the crime control model of criminal justice, the most important function of
criminal justice is A) the means by which crime is controlled. B) rehabilitation. C) the control of criminal behavior. D) human rights.
23) What is the key to the operation of the crime control model? A) The defense of personal freedom B) The doctrine of legal guilt C) A focus on due process D) A presumption of guilt
24) If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials, they have the right to A) declare a mistrial. B) appeal. C) retrial. D) request new counsel.
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25) Which of the following is used to increase efficiency—meaning speed and finality—in the
crime control model? A) a mistrial B) plea bargaining C) an appeal D) a bench trial
26) A major problem with the crime control model is that a presumption of guilt goes against
which of the oldest and most cherished principles of American criminal justice? A) Defendants have the right to counsel, even if they are indigent. B) Defendants have the right to a jury of their peers. C) Defendants are considered innocent until proven guilty. D) Defendants are protected against compelled self-incrimination.
27) Herbert Packer characterizes the due process model as A) "assembly-line justice." B) focused on speed and efficiency. C) more concerned with guilt than with innocence. D) "obstacle-course justice."
28) The due process model is based on the doctrine of A) legal guilt. B) factual guilt. C) presumptive guilt. D) legal innocence.
29) Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt? A) the right to counsel B) freedom from interrogation C) the right to double jeopardy D) freedom from all forms of searches and seizures
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30) One way in which state and local governments in the United States share the costs of
criminal justice is by making ________ primarily a local function. A) corrections B) juvenile justice C) police protection D) judicial services
31) In 2015, which level of government spent the most on police protection? A) federal B) state C) local D) Expenses were equally divided among all levels of government
32) In 2015, which level of government spent the most on corrections? A) federal B) state C) local D) Expenses were equally divided among all levels of government
33) In 2015, the federal government spent about ________ of the total expenditures on criminal
and civil justice. A) 20 percent B) 8 percent C) 16 percent D) 6 percent
34) How much did the state of Florida reportedly spend to administer justice to serial murderer
Ted Bundy in 1989? A) $10,000 B) $100,000 C) $1 million D) $10 million
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35) Overall, about how much of every tax dollar is spent on criminal justice? A) 4 cents B) 10 cents C) 1 cent D) 25 cents
36) Sensational crime news stories provide a fairly accurate image of the types of crime by which
the average citizen is victimized. ⊚ true ⊚ false
37) The calls police routinely respond to rarely involve the sensational crimes reported by the
media. ⊚ true ⊚ false
38) Usually, society turns to criminal justice only after other institutions of social control have
failed. ⊚ true ⊚ false
39) The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police. ⊚ true ⊚ false
40) A summary trial may be held in a felony case. ⊚ true ⊚ false
41) A prosecutor always reviews the case before an arrest is made. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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42) In the case of a felony, a hearing is held to determine whether the defendant should be
released or whether there is probable cause to hold the defendant for a preliminary hearing. ⊚ true ⊚ false
43) Probable cause is a standard of proof that requires trustworthy evidence sufficient to make a
reasonable person believe that, more likely than not, the proposed action is justified. ⊚ true ⊚ false
44) A grand jury is a group of citizens who hear a criminal case during trial and decide upon the
defendant's guilt. ⊚ true ⊚ false
45) Judges are limited by statutory provisions when passing a sentence. ⊚ true ⊚ false
46) Bail is the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences. ⊚ true ⊚ false
47) From a political standpoint, the crime control model reflects traditional liberal values. ⊚ true ⊚ false
48) The crime control model places a premium on speed and finality. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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49) The primary focus of the due process model is efficiency. ⊚ true ⊚ false
50) In the due process model, the factual guilt of suspects is not determined until the suspects
have had a full opportunity to discredit the charges against them. ⊚ true ⊚ false
51) The doctrine of legal guilt emphasizes the presumption of innocence. ⊚ true ⊚ false
52) Neither the crime control model nor the due process model is likely to completely control
criminal justice in the future. ⊚ true ⊚ false
53) Criminal justice is primarily a state and local function. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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54) Assume that an arrest is made and the defendant is found guilty. Number the following steps
in the order in which they occur in the criminal justice process. Numbers should be from 1 to 11.
____ possible appeal ____ either indictment by a grand jury followed by arraignment or arraignment on an information ____ formal charging of the suspect ____ arrest ____ preliminary hearing (for a felony) ____ sentencing ____ booking ____ investigation ____ initial appearance ____ punishment ____ either a plea bargain or a trial
55) Identify the two ways described in your textbook in which criminal justice differs from other
institutions of social control.
56) Defendants can appeal their convictions either on legal grounds or on constitutional grounds.
Your textbook identifies three examples of legal grounds and four examples of constitutional grounds. Name two of each.
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57) What are the four ways in which an appellate court can handle a case that has been appealed?
58) Explain the two reasons the American criminal justice system is a nonsystem.
59) Explain the doctrine of legal guilt.
60) Your textbook identifies nine due process rights that affect the determination of legal guilt.
Name five of them.
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61) You have just purchased a new home and planted some rosebushes in the front yard. Your
neighbor, Jack, claims that they are on his property. You try to discuss the situation calmly, but Jack threatens to destroy the bushes and the two of you begin shouting loudly at one another. The police are called and warn you both to calm down or be arrested for disturbing the peace. That evening, your security camera records Jack pulling the rosebushes out of the ground. You go to the police and file a complaint for larceny with regard to the cost of the roses.
Explain what is likely to happen to Jack by outlining the stages from arrest to the possible disposition of the case, using either the crime control or the due process model. Assume this is Jack's first offense and that he fully admits to taking the roses.
62) Using your local law enforcement jurisdiction as an example, gather the most recently
published crime statistics, as well as a review of recent headlines, and prepare an answer to the following scenario:
Mary, who has been charged with felony burglary, has been indicted by a grand jury and is facing trial next month. Given the history of your jurisdiction's key players in the police department, court, and corrections, will she likely experience the due process model or the crime control model? Why? How, if at all, will this vary from recent trends within the United States?
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) D 9) A 10) A 11) C 12) A 13) C 14) B 15) B 16) D 17) A 18) B 19) A 20) B 21) A 22) C 23) D 24) B 25) B 26) C 27) D 28) A 29) A 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) A 34) D 35) C 36) FALSE 37) TRUE
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38) TRUE 39) TRUE 40) FALSE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) FALSE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) Short Answer
10, 7, 4, 2, 6, 9, 3, 1, 5, 11, 8 55) Short Answer
The two ways are as follows: 1) The role of criminal justice is officially restricted to persuading people to abide by a limited range of social values: those whose violation constitutes crime. Behaviors are of no official concern to criminal justice unless they violate the criminal law. 2) Criminal justice is generally society's "last line of defense" against people who refuse to abide by dominant social values and commit crimes. 56) Short Answer
Examples of legal grounds include defects in jury selection, improper admission of evidence at trial, and mistaken interpretations of law. Four examples of constitutional grounds are illegal search and seizure, improper questioning of the defendant by the police, identification of the defendant through a defective police lineup, and incompetent assistance of counsel. 57) Short Answer
The appellate court can affirm the verdict of the lower court and let it stand; modify the verdict of the lower court, without totally reversing it; reverse the verdict of the lower court, which requires no further court action; reverse the decision and remand, or return, the case to the court of original jurisdiction for either a retrial or resentencing. 58) Short Answer
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The two reasons are as follows: 1) There is no single system but instead a loose confederation of many independent criminal justice agencies at all levels of government. 2) Rather than being a smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions, the agencies of the criminal justice system interact with one another but generally operate independently, often causing problems for one another. 59) Short Answer
According to the doctrine of legal guilt, people are not to be held guilty of crimes merely on a showing, based on reliable evidence, that in all probability they did in fact do what they are accused of doing. It is not enough that people are factually guilty; they must also be legally guilty. This means that the integrity of due process rights must be maintained. 60) Short Answer
Answers can include any of the following: freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, protection against double jeopardy, protection against compelled self-incrimination, a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury of the state and district where the crime occurred, notice of the nature and cause of the accusation, the right to confront opposing witnesses, compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses, the right to counsel, the prohibition of cruel, and unusual punishment. 61) Short Answer
Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the police, courts, and corrections. They should at least briefly identify the stages of the arrest, booking, preliminary hearing, arraignment, standard of proof, and the likelihood of plea bargaining. Answers about corrective measures will vary depending on whether the student applies the due process or the crime control model. 62) Short Answer
Answers will vary according to jurisdictions but should include a discussion of liberalism and conservatism as reflected in each of the two models and a likelihood of how the current presidential administration will impact these models. Discussions of these are reflected in the text under "Crime Control versus Due Process."
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Student name:__________ 63) Your friend is angry at your behavior and says that there should be a law against what you
did. Which of the following problems with a legal definition of crime is best represented by your friend's statement? A) Overcriminalization B) Undercriminalization C) Nonenforcement D) Criminal responsibility
64) Which of the following is a problem associated with finding an appropriate definition of
crime? A) Too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes. B) Crime should be defined only by the presence of a physical injury to a person. C) Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less
dangerous and less harmful behaviors are. D) Most behaviors defined as criminal are actually victimless crimes.
65) Overcriminalization is mainly a problem when addressing which types of crimes? A) Property crimes B) Violent crimes C) Federal crimes D) Victimless crimes
66) A typical ________ definition of crime is behavior that violates the norms or mores of
society. A) legal B) criminological C) social D) psychological
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67) A(n) ________ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not
think, say, or do under given circumstances. A) norm or social more B) law or commandment C) ethic or direction D) moral or adage
68) A typical ________ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or
penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state." A) psychological B) social C) criminal D) legal
69) The term ________ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally
negligent action or inaction that causes harm. A) ex post facto B) actus reus C) mens rea D) concurrence
70) If George did not want to commit a crime but was forced or coerced to do so against his will,
he may have committed the crime ________. A) under duress B) in entrapment C) in self-defense D) in defense of a third party
71) In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ________,
and the lower limit is usually ________. A) 16; 7 B) 16; 12 C) 18; 12 D) 18; 7
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72) Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility
used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime? A) necessity defense B) self-defense C) entrapment D) being underage
73) Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility
when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent? A) entrapment B) duress C) insanity D) self-defense
74) __________ refers to the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm. A) Negligence B) Duress C) Entrapment D) Actus reus
75) The Latin term ________ refers to criminal intent or a guilty state of mind. A) mens rea B) actus reus C) habeas corpus D) mala fide
76) Which of the following statements is true about an ex post facto law? A) It decreases the punishment for a crime after it is committed. B) It holds that for crime to occur there must be an external consequence. C) It does not allow altering the rules of evidence in a particular case after the crime is
committed. D) It declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed.
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77) _____________ is defined as mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense
against a criminal charge? A) Duress B) Entrapment C) Insanity D) Delinquency
78) ________ offenses are illegal because laws define them as such. A) Mala prohibita B) Mala fide C) Modus operandi D) Mens rea
79) Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule? A) It is outdated. B) It fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right
and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions. C) It fails to distinguish reliably between behavior that is uncontrollable and behavior that is simply uncontrolled. D) It is identical to the substantial-capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code.
80) Which of the following tests of insanity did the attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off
her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial? A) the M'Naghten rule B) the irresistible-impulse test C) Durham's rule D) the substantial-capacity test
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81) _________ crimes are considered to be "wrong in themselves" and are characterized by
universality and timelessness. A) Mala prohibita B) Mala in se C) Mala au gratin D) Mala fide
82) According to official statistics, about ________ of all crimes committed annually are violent
crimes. A) B) C) D)
1-5 percent 10-15 percent 15-25 percent 25-50 percent
83) _______ refers to crimes that are not officially recorded by the police. A) Crime index B) The dark figure of crime C) Crime rates D) Uniform Crime Reports
84) _____________ refers to an estimate of crimes committed. A) A crime index B) The dark figure of crime C) The true amount of crime D) A crime rate
85) A(n) ________ may be expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population. A) crime index B) index crime C) offense known to the police D) crime rate
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86) Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law
enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States? A) the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) B) a self-report crime survey C) the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) D) the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
87) Which of the following crimes is a Part I offense? A) buying stolen property B) forgery C) kidnapping D) arson
88) Which of the following types of single-bias hate crimes was reported most often to the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2017? A) crimes motivated by racial/ethnicity bias B) crimes motivated by sexual-orientation bias C) crimes motivated by religious bias D) crimes motivated by ethnicity bias
89) Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the
police in 2017? A) driving under the influence B) larceny-theft C) drug abuse violations D) simple assault
90) Which of the following sets of characteristics best describes the typical arrestee in 2017? A) young, male, and white B) young, male, and black C) young, female, and black D) young, female, and white
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91) What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2017? A) driving under the influence B) larceny-theft C) drug abuse violations D) simple assault
92) ________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an
adult. A) B) C) D)
An index offense A hate crime A bias crime A status offense
93) Which of the following statements highlights the most important difference between the
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the uniform crime reports (UCR)? A) Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime. B) Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS focuses extensively on victims and the annual costs of victimization. C) Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS helps streamline the study of crime statistics because it contains less data on each crime. D) Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS asks criminals to report their crime records in extensive detail.
94) For which of the following crimes could you find data in the UCR but not the NCVS? A) Murder B) Motor vehicle theft C) Larceny-theft D) Aggravated assault
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95) To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been
administered to ________. A) defendants B) school children C) victims of violent crimes D) victims of hate crimes
96) Which of the following statements is true about self-report crime surveys? A) They ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes. B) They are an accurate measure of the true amount of crime. C) They omit questions about less serious offenses, such as cutting classes. D) They ask questions about serious crimes such as robbery and burglary.
97) Which of the following is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has
been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution? A) crime index offenses cleared B) offenses known to the police C) the uniform crime reports (UCR) D) the dark figure of crime
98) A study by the National Institute of Justice found that __________ had the highest annual
victim costs. A) assault B) rape C) murder D) arson
99) For many crime victims, ________ is the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their
victimization. A) medical expense B) anger C) fear D) threat
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100)
Which of the following is an intangible cost of crime? A) Victim's property loss B) Lost productivity C) Insurance administration D) Fear of crime
101)
Which of the following statements is true about the fear of crime? A) Males worry more about crime than females. B) Nonwhites worry more about crime than whites. C) High income people worry more about crime than low income people. D) College graduate worry more about crime than people with less education.
102)
According to the 2017 national crime victimization surveys (NCVS), approximately how many crimes were attempted or completed against U.S. residents age 12 or older? A) 3 million B) 19 million C) 230 million D) 2 billion
103)
According to the 2017 national crime victimization surveys (NCVS), which of the following demographic groups had the highest rate of violent crime victimization? A) military veterans B) urban residents C) younger persons D) separated persons
104)
The object of criminal justice in the United States is to prevent and control crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
105)
Norms or social mores are consistent from group to group within a single society. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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106)
In general, norms do not change from time to time or from place to place. ⊚ true ⊚ false
107)
The major advantage of a social definition of crime, at least on the surface, is that it is narrower and less ambiguous than a legal definition of crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
108)
Norms or social mores are always subject to interpretation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
109)
The harm caused by crime may be physical or verbal. ⊚ true ⊚ false
110)
Slander is a physical harm, while libel is a verbal harm. ⊚ true ⊚ false
111)
The U.S. Constitution forbids ex post facto laws. ⊚ true ⊚ false
112)
Negligent action or inaction that causes harm amounts to criminal conduct. ⊚ true ⊚ false
113)
In most western European nations, legal insanity is determined by medical experts. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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114)
In most developed countries, children under 18 years of age are assumed to have a fully developed capacity to form mens rea and are considered entirely responsible for their criminal acts. ⊚ true ⊚ false
115)
Insanity is a medical term, not a legal one. ⊚ true ⊚ false
116)
A legal infant is protected by criminal law but not subject to it. ⊚ true ⊚ false
117)
Undercriminalization occurs when the criminal law prohibits some behaviors that arguably should not be prohibited. ⊚ true ⊚ false
118)
The "castle doctrine," or the "stand your ground law," provides that someone attacked in his or her home can use reasonable force, including deadly force, to protect his or another's life without any duty to retreat from the attacker. ⊚ true ⊚ false
119)
The year-and-a-day rule provides that a person cannot be prosecuted for murder if the victim dies more than a year and a day after the injury. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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120)
Any index of crime varies with changes in police practices, court policies, and public opinion. ⊚ true ⊚ false
121)
Offenses known to the police are probably the least inaccurate index of crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
122)
The farther a crime index is from the initial commission of crime, the more accurate it is as a measure of the true amount of crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
123)
Crime rates provide a more accurate indication of increases or decreases in crime indexes than do total numbers of crimes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
124)
According to the figures provided in your textbook, the rate of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter increased between 2000 and 2010. ⊚ true ⊚ false
125)
Clearance rates are a rough index of police performance in solving crimes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
126)
The biggest obstacle to the implementation of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is that it requires the use of extensive paper records. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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127)
Self-report crime surveys are not accurate measures of the true amount of crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
128)
Most people in American society have never committed a crime. ⊚ true ⊚ false
129)
According to your text, in order for a crime to have been committed, seven elements should be in place. Identify four of these elements.
130)
Identify three of the six legal defenses for criminal responsibility.
131)
Identify four of the eight index offenses.
132)
Your textbook identifies eight reasons why victims do not report all crimes to the police. Name four of them.
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133)
Your textbook lists six demographic factors that affect a person's fear of crime. Name four of them, and explain how each factor affects one's fear of crime.
134)
Mark broke into Laura’s home in the middle of the night intending to steal her flat-screen television, laptop, and whatever money he could find. During the burglary, Laura woke up and grabbed her gun to protect herself. As she entered the hallway, she saw Mark, screamed, and then shot him. Laura then dropped the gun and ran to her neighbor's home, where she called the police. When the police arrived, Mark had died. How is this incident likely to be reported under the Uniform Crime Reports? If Laura lives in a state participating in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), how differently would it be reported? Are there any other reporting mechanisms that will reflect this incident? What "costs" will Laura likely incur?
135)
Margaret and Herman went on their first date after meeting at a campus "get acquainted" party. Neither Margaret nor Herman were drinking. They went for a walk toward the campus pond and decided to go for a midnight swim, wearing only their underwear. As Margaret left the water, Herman tackled her to the ground and raped her. Afterward, he apologized, and Margaret ran back to her dorm where she told her roommate about the incident. Her roommate told Margaret to report the incident to the police, but Margaret was reluctant. What is the likelihood that this incident will be reported, how will it be reported (if it is reported), and what issues will Margaret likely weigh before she decides to report the incident?
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136)
Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack pushed Jill down, breaking her arm, and stole the water. Jill called the police on her wet cell phone and signed a complaint against Jack, who was subsequently arrested. Jack said he didn't know what he was doing because he fell down once before and suffered from recurring brain trauma. Is there a crime? What is it? Is there any defense? What could it be, and where will it likely be reported?
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) B 2) C 3) D 4) C 5) A 6) D 7) B 8) A 9) D 10) A 11) A 12) A 13) A 14) D 15) C 16) A 17) B 18) B 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) A 23) D 24) A 25) D 26) A 27) C 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) A 32) A 33) B 34) A 35) A 36) B 37) C
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38) D 39) B 40) B 41) D 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE 65) TRUE 66) FALSE 67) Short Answer
These seven elements are harm, legality, actus reus, mens rea, causation, concurrence, and punishment. Answers may include any four. 68) Short Answer
In the United States, an offender is not considered responsible or is considered less responsible for an offense if he or she, for example, (1) acted under duress, (2) was underage, (3) was insane, (4) acted in self-defense or in defense of a third party, (5) was entrapped, or (6) acted out of necessity. Those conditions are legal defenses or legal excuses for criminal responsibility. Answers may include any three. 69) Short Answer
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The eight index offenses are murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Answers may include any four. 70) Short Answer
Answers may include any four of the following: - Victims may consider the crime insignificant and not worth reporting. - They may hope to avoid embarrassing the offender, who may be a relative, school friend, or fellow employee. - They may wish to avoid the publicity that might result if the crime were reported. - They might have agreed to the crime, as in gambling offenses and some sexual offenses. - They may wish to avoid the inconvenience of calling the police (filling out a report, appearing in court, and so on). - They may be intimidated by (or afraid of) the offender. - They may dislike or fear the police or be opposed to the punitive policies of the legal system. - They may feel that the police are so inefficient that they will be unable to catch the offender even if the offense were reported. 71) Short Answer
The eight factors, and how they affect one's fear of crime are as follows: - gender (females are more worried about crime than males) - race/ethnicity (nonwhites are more worried about crime than whites) - age (people 55 and older are more worried about crime than people in other age categories) - education (people who graduated from high school or who had less education are more worried about crime than people who had some college or who graduated from college) - politics (Republicans and Independents are slightly more worried about crime than Democrats) - income (people whose annual income was less than $30,000 are more worried about crime than people with higher annual incomes). 72) Essay
Answers will vary, but students should discuss the crimes of burglary, larceny, and homicide, all as felonies. They should also discuss that the uniform crime reports (UCR) are likely to list this only as a homicide and an issue of the right to bear arms, self-defense, and the "castle doctrine." Students should also note that under the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this incident will address the burglary and larceny as well as the homicide and self-defense issues and that in both instances, the case is likely to be cleared exceptionally. Students should address the financial costs of crime as well as intangible costs such as the impact on Laura’s emotional well-being.
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