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Chapter 1 - Essay 1. What is industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology? What is the main difference between industrial and organizational psychology? Provide an example of how a topic associated with industrial psychology might be related to an organizational psychology topic. ANSWER: I/O psychology is the application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace. The main difference between industrial and organizational psychology is the topics they cover. Industrial psychology is associated with job analysis, training, selection, and performance measurement. Organizational psychology is associated with motivation, leadership, employer–employee relations, job attitudes, and organizational development. Examples may vary, but one example might be that if we select the wrong employees, they may experience low satisfaction in the workplace. 2. The separation of industrial and organizational psychology is generally considered to be a false dichotomy. Explain why this is, and provide an example that demonstrates why I/O psychologists are trained in both areas. ANSWER: This is considered a false dichotomy because there is no clear line that divides problems into either industrial or organizational problems. The problem in the industrial domain may be caused by attitudinal or motivational factors associated with organizational psychology. In addition, I/O psychologists are trained in both areas because they are interdependent, related areas. Examples will vary, but one example might be that an I/O psychologist, when addressing low performance in the organization, may also need to look at whether poor leadership is in place. 3. I/O psychologists are often described as being scientists/practitioners. Explain what this means and provide an example. ANSWER: I/O psychologist are often both the generators of knowledge (scientists) and the consumers of such knowledge (practitioners). Doctoral education in I/O psychology focuses on both theory and application. They are trained to be strong researchers and also know how to apply the knowledge from research in practical settings. This is why they are often described as being scientists/practitioners. Examples will vary, but one possible example is that an I/O psychologist in an organization may use data from an intervention that has been applied to write a research article. 4. How does the scientist/practitioner model affect the training of doctoral students in I/O psychology? What are three competencies that I/O psychology students develop in doctoral programs? ANSWER: Students must focus on both the theories and the applications of various content areas. Competencies include attitude theory, career development, consumer behavior, criterion development, ethical and legal issues, history and systems, human factors, individual assessment, individual differences, job evaluation, judgment and decision making, leadership, occupational health and safety, organizational development, organizational theory, performance appraisal, personnel recruitment, professional skills, research methods, training, and work motivation.

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Chapter 1 - Essay 5. Briefly describe the Hawthorne studies and how they are considered the birth of organizational psychology. ANSWER: The Hawthorne studies were conducted in an electric plant, where it was discovered that employee's productivity increased because they were being observed, not due to the amount of light being manipulated. This study highlighted the importance of psychological conditions at work rather than physical conditions. Questions about motivation, leadership, and human relations arose at this time and led to further research about organizational psychology topics. 6. Briefly define four of the given areas of focus in I/O psychology: selection, training and development, organizational development, performance appraisal, or quality of work life. ANSWER: Selection experts work on the development and administration of tests used for employee hiring. Training and development experts develop, deliver, and evaluate training programs. Organizational development experts analyze organizational structures, cultures, and climates. Performance appraisal experts develop measures of performance and use these measures to improve performance. Quality of work life experts assess and improve job attitudes such as satisfaction and commitment. 7. Choose two of these historical hallmarks: the Great Depression, World War I, World War II, or the civil rights movement. Describe how each event impacted the field and study of I/O psychology. ANSWER: World War I saw the development of Army Alpha and Army Beta mental ability tests, which allowed for the screening and classification of military personnel. The Great Depression led to an all-time high in unemployment, so the focus on I/O psychology was less on testing and more on the human condition. World War II led to continued selection, placement, and evaluation in the armed forces. It also led to the creation of research centers such as ARI and AFHRL. The civil rights movement led to a greater focus on the social, political, and legal climate, including the ethnic and racial differences on selection tests, fairness of those tests, and issues of discrimination in the workplace. 8. Explain how the development of I/O psychology in the United States differed from that in Europe. ANSWER: I/O psychology in Europe had more financial and governmental support. As a result, the field developed earlier and faster compared to that in the United States. There was also more collaboration among researchers in Europe as there were centers that funded research and brought experts together. In contrast, in the United States, research was mostly done by individuals and lone faculty members conducting their own studies. 9. The Hawthorne studies were integral to the advancement of I/O psychology. Briefly describe those studies. Explain what the researchers found as a result of their experiments and how their findings influenced I/O psychology. ANSWER: The Hawthorne studies were intended to study the influence of physical conditions (e.g., lighting) on employee productivity. Instead, researchers discovered that employees responded positively to the researchers paying attention to them. This led to more focus on the social aspects of the workplace, such as team development, supervision, worker morale, and group processes.

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Chapter 1 - Essay 10. Identify and explain two current trends in I/O psychology. ANSWER: COVID-19 brought attention to how global events can impact workers, and the changing nature of work. Artificial intelligence and machine learning is likely to be used more in I/O psychology and lead to questions about job replacement and ethics. Increased automation of tasks means that employees are likely to be replaced by machines and automated processes. The gig economy means that traditional jobs are being filled by contract and freelance workers, which changes the way we apply I/O principles. Meeting the diversity and equity needs of organizations includes addressing topics on race, ethnicity, age, ability, gender identity, sexual orientation, and neurodiversity. Thus, training I/O psychologists in diversity and anti-discrimination is important. 11. Make a presentation to the president of a large U.S. corporation. Discuss current business trends that may be affecting the corporation's employees and its practices. Briefly discuss in the presentation two current issues facing organizations. ANSWER: Examples will vary, but will likely include diversity, artificial intelligence/machine learning, the changing nature of work, algorithmic selection systems, leadership development, selecting training and retaining automation, and the gig economy. 12. Consider a problem an employee may encounter on the job. Which area of I/O psychology would be MOST relevant to that particular problem? ANSWER: Responses will vary, but one example might be if the employee has had conflict with a supervisor, the area of leadership might relate to this problem. 13. A company downsized its workforce and laid off many of its employees. Discuss two ways I/O psychologists can help employees that were let go and those currently working. ANSWER: I/O psychologists can help laid-off workers become more competitive for jobs and can help those who are left behind after downsizing deal with their more diverse jobs and heavier workloads. 14. Explain how technology is changing the workplace, and provide an example. ANSWER: Big data and analytics allow companies to collect large amounts of data to use in their decision making. Technology allows for telecommuting and virtual teams. Social media is becoming a potential way to recruit and select employees, but this comes with a number of problems. Technology and automation can also potentially put people out of work, leading to downsizing. Use of artificial intelligence and machine learning changes the way we assess employees and use data. Examples may vary.

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Chapter 1 - Essay 15. Explain how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted workers, and provide an example. ANSWER: Workers were impacted with decreases in happiness and increased depressive symptoms as the boundaries between home and work blurred. Examples will vary, but most office workers had the ability to work remotely, while others were required to work outside of their homes and deemed essential, which put their health at risk. Surveys comparing individual well-being before and after the COVID-19 pandemic showed a decrease in happiness and an increase in depressive symptoms. The workforce was divided into office or white-collar workers who went on to work virtually, essential workers who had to risk their health and step outside their home, and non-essential workers who were terminated. Employees working from home had more work–family conflict, boundary violations between work and home, and struggle between childcare and professional demands. There were also mental health concerns like increased depressive symptoms. 16. What is one example of an ethical issue an organization might face? How might I/O psychology help leaders in the organization address ethical issues? ANSWER: Examples will vary, but one example is that an employee could harass another employee. I/O psychologists do research on why individuals may behave unethically, and they can provide information on how best to approach this problem (e.g., harassment training, firing the employee). 17. What is the gig economy, and how does this affect the workplace? ANSWER: The gig economy is where companies depend more heavily on contract and freelance workers. Positions in many organizations are increasingly being filled by contract workers and freelancers, rather than full-time employees. Companies may sub an essential requirement to independent contributors. In addition, the gig economy includes the notion of the "side hustle," where individuals take on extra work to earn money for various purposes, often as a supplement to income from a full-time job. Organizations will need to accommodate these diverse employment options, and individuals need to balance between projects, side hustles, and their traditional job.

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 1. The subspecialty that involves the study of motivation, work attitudes, and the culture of companies is: a. industrial psychology. b. personnel psychology. c. performance psychology. d. organizational psychology. ANSWER: d 2. The subspecialty that involves the study of the assessment, measurement, and selection of people in their jobs is: a. personality psychology. b. industrial psychology. c. performance psychology. d. organizational psychology. ANSWER: b 3. Which is NOT likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of industrial psychology? a. training and development b. performance appraisal and job analysis c. work attitudes and behaviors d. selection and recruitment ANSWER: c 4. Which is likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of industrial psychology? a. leadership b. work attitudes c. motivation d. selection ANSWER: d 5. Which is unlikely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of organizational psychology? a. leadership b. work attitudes c. motivation d. selection ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 6. Which is likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of organizational psychology? a. performance appraisal b. selection c. job analysis d. leadership ANSWER: d 7. Which is likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of industrial psychology? a. leadership b. work attitudes c. motivation d. performance appraisal ANSWER: d 8. Which is likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of industrial psychology? a. leadership b. work attitudes c. motivation d. training ANSWER: d 9. Which is likely to be studied by an I/O psychologist whose emphasis is on the subspecialty of organizational psychology? a. performance appraisal b. selection c. job analysis d. job attitudes ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 10. Juro, an I/O psychologist, spends his time designing tests to help select new employees, train those new employees, and help managers conduct performance evaluations. Juro's work would fall under which subspecialty of I/O psychology? a. personality psychology b. industrial psychology c. organizational psychology d. selective psychology ANSWER: b 11. Kamal, an I/O psychologist, spends their time developing leaders, conducting surveys, gauging employee motivation and satisfaction, and ensuring their workers are safe. Kamal's work would fall under which subspecialty of I/O psychology? a. personality psychology b. industrial psychology c. organizational psychology d. counseling psychology ANSWER: c 12. The textbook notes that the division between industrial and organizational psychology is somewhat artificial. What is one reason the textbook provides for why this might be a false dichotomy? a. Nobody in the field can agree on what is meant by industrial versus organizational psychology. b. Few organizations are concerned with organizational psychology topics, so nearly all I/O psychology consultants address only industrial topics. c. When I/O psychologists earn their required licenses from the American Psychological Association (APA), they must be well-versed in both industrial and organizational topics. d. Issues faced by organizations encompass both industrial and organizational topics. ANSWER: d 13. The textbook notes that the division between industrial and organizational psychology is somewhat artificial. What is one reason the textbook provides for why this might be a false dichotomy? a. Nobody in the field can agree on what is meant by industrial versus organizational psychology. b. Few organizations are concerned with industrial psychology topics, so nearly all I/O psychology consultants address only organizational topics. c. When I/O psychologists take their licensure exams, they must answer questions about both industrial and organizational topics. d. I/O psychologists are trained in both topics, even though they may specialize in one or the other. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 14. The association with which I/O psychologists affiliate is: a. SIOP. b. JOOP. c. MPA. d. AIOP. ANSWER: a 15. A scientist/practitioner is both a generator and a consumer of knowledge. Therefore, their training should be focused on both: a. industrial and organizational psychology. b. theory and application. c. leaders and followers. d. SIOP and APA. ANSWER: b 16. In terms of their educational training, mostly I/O psychologists have: a. received training from the APA. b. obtained a PhD. c. earned a PsyD and not a PhD. d. attended graduate school outside of the United States and Canada. ANSWER: b 17. Gia considers herself to be both a consumer and a generator of knowledge. Gia is actively publishing research and applying her knowledge in a small consulting firm. Which model is Gia using the approach of? a. industrial/organizational b. consumer/creator c. top-down approach d. scientist/practitioner ANSWER: d 18. Which is an important area for an I/O psychologist to be competent in? a. marketing strategies b. research methods c. counseling distressed individuals d. graphic design ANSWER: b

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 19. What is the definition of a competency? a. whether an employee is willing to take a test of their skills b. whether an employee is popular among their peers c. whether an employee enjoys their job d. whether an employee has the skills, behaviors, and capabilities necessary to effectively perform their job ANSWER: d 20. What is a feature of the scientist/practitioner model? a. Practitioners must be educated by someone who is a scientist. b. Scientists must be educated by someone who is a practitioner. c. Scholars should understand both theory and application in their area. d. Effective scientists will have spent a fair amount of time working as practitioners. ANSWER: c 21. A doctoral student in I/O psychology will complete their training by reviewing the research literature and designing a study to answer a series of research questions, which is called: a. publication. b. dissertation. c. practicum. d. competency exam. ANSWER: b 22. A consultant develops interventions for companies when changes arise. They analyze cultural climates and employees' openness to the changes. Which area of I/O do they specialize in? a. organizational development b. selection c. training and development d. prosocial and humanitarian work ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 23. Ajani is an I/O psychologist who is responsible for overseeing tests used for employee hiring. Ajani also creates guides for managers to reduce possible biases when interviewing candidates. Which area of I/O does Ajani specialize in? a. performance management b. selection c. organizational development d. quality of work life ANSWER: b 24. Mayumi volunteers with a local organization to develop training for no compensation. She is involved in: a. performance management work. b. selection work. c. prosocial and humanitarian work. d. human factors work. ANSWER: c 25. Toward the end of the 20th century, the field of I/O psychology grew very rapidly with more work being done in which of these areas? a. quality of work life b. selection c. industrial engineering d. performance management ANSWER: b 26. The five areas that account for the largest portion of work conducted by I/O psychologists are training and development, organizational development, selection, quality of work life, and: a. compensation. b. human factors. c. performance management. d. consumer behavior. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 27. The five areas that account for the largest portion of work conducted by I/O psychologists are training and development, performance appraisal, selection, quality of work life, and: a. organizational development. b. compensation. c. human factors. d. consumer behavior. ANSWER: a 28. I/O psychologists who are mainly concerned with the measurement and improvement of job-related attitudes are primarily engaged in the area known as: a. performance appraisal. b. quality of work life. c. consumer psychology. d. organizational development. ANSWER: b 29. The five areas that account for the largest portion of work conducted by I/O psychologists are training and development, performance appraisal, organizational development, quality of work life, and: a. selection. b. compensation. c. human factors. d. consumer behavior. ANSWER: a 30. The five areas that account for the largest portion of labor conducted by I/O psychologists are training and development, performance management, selection, organizational development, and: a. quality of work life. b. compensation. c. human factors. d. consumer behavior. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 31. The five areas that account for the largest portion of work conducted by I/O psychologists are organizational development, performance management, selection, quality of work life, and: a. training and development. b. compensation. c. human factors. d. consumer behavior. ANSWER: a 32. One major area that I/O psychologists focus on in their work is quality of work life. What is the definition of what this work might involve? a. These psychologists develop assessments to help them choose qualified employees. b. These psychologists work with employees to help them deal with problems in their personal lives. c. These psychologists assess whether employees are satisfied with their jobs. d. These psychologists ensure that managers are using fair measures to assess employee performance. ANSWER: c 33. Dinah is helping a company change their culture to be more inclusive to diverse employees. She also devises interventions to help organizations work more effectively. Dinah's work primarily involves which area of emphasis? a. organizational development b. training and development c. performance appraisal d. quality of work life ANSWER: a 34. Sean is an I/O psychologist who conducts surveys in his organization to determine what types of things might frustrate or upset employees. His goal is to find ways to help employees feel satisfied and proud of their job. Sean's work primarily involves which area of emphasis? a. selection b. organizational development c. performance appraisal d. quality of work life ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 35. Anatoly is an I/O psychologist who spends his time designing surveys that supervisors can use to evaluate their subordinates. He also compiles results from these surveys and provides suggestions to supervisors about how to deal with employees who are underperforming. Anatoly's work primarily involves which area of emphasis? a. selection b. organizational development c. performance management d. quality of work life ANSWER: c 36. Shuo, an I/O psychologist who works at a large corporation, is in charge of performance management. Which activity would Shuo be likely to engage in? a. developing an intervention to redesign the organization's structure b. training new employees on how to do their jobs c. designing an appraisal measure for managers to use on their subordinates d. assessing employee satisfaction ANSWER: c 37. On December 20, 1901, which person gave a speech on the psychological aspects of advertising that marked the beginning of I/O psychology? a. Walter Dill Scott b. Kurt Lewin c. Laura Koppes d. Richard Hackman ANSWER: a 38. According to Moore and Hartmann (1931), I/O psychology in Europe: a. did not start developing until the 1950s. b. developed earlier and faster than it did in the United States. c. suffered from a lack of financial and governmental support. d. was hampered by researchers refusing to collaborate. ANSWER: b

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 39. Who wrote the book The Theory of Advertising? a. Kurt Lewin b. Hugo Munsterberg c. Walter Dill Scott d. Lillian Gilbreth ANSWER: c 40. Which book was written by Hugo Munsterberg? a. The Theory of Advertising b. Psychology and Industrial Efficiency c. The Psychology of Management d. The DSM-IV ANSWER: b 41. During World War I, the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests differed from previous intelligence tests in that they: a. were composed of multiple-choice questions and could be administered in groups. b. were meant to be administered to one individual at a time. c. rewarded employees for higher levels of intelligence. d. were used to assess personality. ANSWER: a 42. The Army Alpha test: a. helped the army determine which soldiers were too traumatized for active duty. b. was used to determine which soldiers had the mental toughness to be successful spies. c. was a mental ability test that helped the army select and place military personnel. d. was a physical ability test that all military personnel had to pass to be considered for combat duty. ANSWER: c 43. During which time period did I/O psychology begin to expand beyond the academic and military realms into government and private industry? a. pre–World War I b. from World War I through the 1920s c. from World War II to the mid-1960s d. from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s ANSWER: b

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 44. The first PhD in industrial psychology was earned in 1921 by whom? a. Bruce V. Moore b. Walter Dill Scott c. Hugo Munsterberg d. Lillian Gilbreth ANSWER: a 45. Frederick Taylor's approach to work motivation was known as: a. vocational interests. b. Army Alpha. c. scientific management. d. scientist/practitioner approach. ANSWER: c 46. Who discovered that employees could be differentiated for various jobs based on their interests, which led to the development of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men? a. Walter Dill Scott b. James Hawthorne c. Greg Oldham d. Bruce V. Moore ANSWER: d 47. Who argued that employees should be financially rewarded for doing their work as efficiently as possible? a. Edward Strong b. John Hawthorne c. Frederick Taylor d. Kurt Lewin ANSWER: c 48. Frederick Taylor's scientific management approach suggested that employees could be motivated to work effectively by means of: a. financial incentives. b. praise and recognition. c. seeing the practical importance of their work. d. a feeling of fairness. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 49. Who was often called the first lady of management and the mother of scientific management? a. Beverly von Haller Gilmer b. Elsie Bregman c. Marion Bills d. Lillian Gilbreth ANSWER: d 50. Who wrote the book The Psychology of Management? a. Walter Dill Scott b. Hugo Munsterberg c. Lillian Gilbreth d. Frederick Taylor ANSWER: c 51. Which occurred during the period between World War I and the 1920s? a. Organizational psychology became a more equal partner with industrial psychology. b. The Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests were administered for the first time. c. The Hawthorne studies were conducted. d. The civil rights movement led to a greater focus on fairness and discrimination issues. ANSWER: b 52. The birth of organizational psychology has been viewed by many as marked by: a. World War II. b. Army Alpha and Army Beta testing. c. the Hawthorne studies. d. the civil rights movement. ANSWER: c 53. In the Hawthorne studies, researchers attempted to manipulate which of these variables to see if it affected job performance? a. light b. noise level c. room temperature d. worker experience ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 54. The Hawthorne studies illustrated that which of these were more important than the physical aspects of work? a. social and psychological conditions b. financial incentives c. leaders d. competencies ANSWER: a 55. The Hawthorne studies illustrated that which of these conditions were more important than physical conditions? a. individual b. societal c. economic d. psychological ANSWER: d 56. Which occurred during the time period between the 1930s and World War II? a. The first I/O PhD was awarded to Bruce V. Moore. b. The Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests were administered for the first time. c. The Hawthorne studies were conducted. d. The civil rights movement led to a greater focus on fairness and discrimination issues. ANSWER: c 57. Which occurred during the time period between World War II and the mid-1960s? a. Organizational psychology became a more equal partner with industrial psychology. b. The Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests were administered for the first time. c. Bruce V. Moore received the first PhD in I/O psychology. d. Hugo Munsterberg published The Psychology of Management. ANSWER: a 58. One of the university-based I/O psychology training programs that emphasized organizational issues rather than industrial issues was the: a. Research Center for Group Dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. b. Human Resources Lab at Carnegie Tech. c. Human Resources Lab at Pennsylvania State University. d. Quality of Work Life Center at the University of Maryland. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 59. What is the research center developed after World War II to continue military-related I/O research? a. SIOP b. CISS c. ARI d. IAAP ANSWER: c 60. Which occurred during the time period between the 1960s and the mid-1980s? a. The first I/O PhD was awarded to Bruce V. Moore. b. The Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests were administered for the first time. c. The Hawthorne studies were conducted. d. The civil rights movement led to a greater focus on fairness and discrimination issues. ANSWER: d 61. During which time period did Division 14 of the APA change its name to the Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology? a. pre–World War I b. World War I through the 1920s c. the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s d. the mid-1980s to the present day ANSWER: c 62. The concern with ethnic and racial differences on selection tests and the fairness of those tests resulted from the: a. need to match military recruits to jobs. b. social, political, and legal climate of the 1960s. c. "flattening" of organizations. d. emphasis on the scientist/practitioner model in I/O psychology training programs. ANSWER: b 63. What was one impact the civil rights movement of the 1960s had on I/O psychology? a. At-will employment was deemed illegal. b. Organizations were encouraged to embrace a flatter organizational structure. c. I/O researchers began to focus more heavily on the importance of organizational development. d. There was an increased focus on racial differences in employment tests. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 64. From the mid-1980s to 2000, much I/O research has been focused on: a. the human condition. b. scientific management. c. matching military recruits to jobs. d. cognitive processes. ANSWER: d 65. Between 1986 and 2004, I/O doctoral programs increased by 50% and master's programs increased by: a. 50%. b. 100%. c. 200%. d. 500%. ANSWER: c 66. In a 2023 study by Cropanzo et al., positions were increasingly filled by which of these rather than full-time employees? a. contract/freelance workers b. part-time employees c. retirees d. student workers ANSWER: a 67. Jessi takes on extra work to earn money by mystery shopping in their free time. What is Jessi's mystery shopping classified as? a. machine learning b. side hustle c. subbing d. automation ANSWER: b 68. In 2018, the California Supreme Court ruled that gig workers ought to be presumed to be which of these rather than independent contractors? a. side hustlers b. gig workers c. employees d. exempt workers ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 69. What is a benefit of side hustles? a. increased flexibility b. extra income c. living in a locale they otherwise couldn't afford d. These are all benefits ANSWER: d 70. The process by which artificial intelligence uses algorithms, pattern recognition, and feedback to acquire new tasks and behaviors is known as: a. competency selection. b. gigging. c. machine learning. d. automated erudition. ANSWER: c 71. In a study by Wanberg et al. (2016), researchers found that age was negatively correlated with the: a. quality of work. b. applications for reemployment. c. fears of being laid off. d. speed of re-employment. ANSWER: d 72. Artificial intelligence (AI) allows I/O psychologists to have the opportunity to do which of these? a. Analyze jobs with AI. b. Select and hire employees with AI. c. Cut learning budgets by replacing learning with AI. d. All of these are opportunities for I/O psychologists. ANSWER: d 73. The use of contract workers and freelancers to fulfill roles traditionally held by full-time employees is known as: a. the gig economy. b. right-sizing. c. work miniaturization. d. micro working. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 74. The gig economy refers to: a. the tendency for organizations to implement many short-term projects rather than a few long-term projects. b. increased use of contract and freelance workers. c. the necessity for workers to create their brand to be appealing to organizations. d. the increased interest in using cryptocurrency like Bitcoin to pay employees. ANSWER: b 75. One emerging issue in workplace diversity is value differences among: a. people from different educational institutions. b. employees of different generations. c. parents and nonparents. d. telecommuters and traditional workers. ANSWER: b 76. Which of these aligns with the author's description of the importance of I/O psychology in the context of layoffs? a. streamlining tasks to increase overall efficiency b. providing emotional support to laid-off workers c. implementing advanced technology to automate tasks and reduce the need for human labor d. assisting remaining employees to adapt to a heavier workload ANSWER: d 77. Companies conduct mass layoffs to be more competitive, efficient, or lean, but they often result in: a. fewer employees asked to do more with less. b. fewer employees asked to do less with more. c. more employees asked to do less with more. d. more employees asked to do more with less. ANSWER: a 78. A recent conceptualization of leadership that focuses on followers' perceptions of leader behaviors as ethically right is known as: a. good apples. b. alpha leadership. c. moralized leadership. d. beta leadership. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 79. When Kish-Gephart et al. (2010) talk about bad apples in terms of organizational ethics, they are referring to: a. characteristics of people who make poor ethical choices. b. characteristics of situations that lead to unethical decisions. c. organizational characteristics that are defined by poor ethics. d. individuals who convince others to make poor ethical choices. ANSWER: a 80. When Kish-Gephart et al. (2010) talk about bad cases in terms of organizational ethics, they are referring to: a. characteristics of people who make poor ethical choices. b. characteristics of situations that lead to unethical decisions. c. organizational characteristics that are defined by poor ethics. d. particularly egregious examples of ethical lapses on the part of a company. ANSWER: b 81. When Kish-Gephart et al. (2010) talk about bad barrels, they are referring to: a. characteristics of people who make poor ethical choices. b. characteristics of situations that lead to unethical decisions. c. organizational characteristics that are defined by poor ethics. d. individuals who convince others to make poor ethical choices. ANSWER: c 82. Another term for industrial psychology is: a. personality psychology. b. personnel psychology. c. performance psychology. d. organizational psychology. ANSWER: b 83. One association many I/O psychologists join that focuses on the professional practice of human resource management is: a. AHRM. b. HARM. c. HRAA. d. SHRM. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 84. The skills, behaviors, and capabilities that allow employees to perform specific functions are known as: a. proficiencies. b. talents. c. competencies. d. knacks. ANSWER: c 85. A unique piece of scholarly research that is usually the last hurdle before obtaining a PhD is known as a: a. treatise. b. dissertation. c. publication. d. novella. ANSWER: b 86. Tinotenda administers tests to job applicants to help them choose who should be hired. Tinotenda's work primarily involves which area of emphasis? a. organizational development b. training and development c. performance appraisal d. selection ANSWER: d 87. One major area that I/O psychologists focus on in their work is performance management. What is the definition of what this work might involve? a. These psychologists counsel employees and give them advice on how to deal with problems in their work lives. b. These psychologists develop tests to help them choose effective and qualified employees. c. These psychologists assess whether employees are satisfied with their jobs. d. These psychologists ensure that managers are using fair measures to assess employee effectiveness. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 88. One major area that I/O psychologists focus on in their work is selection. What is the definition of what this work might involve? a. These psychologists counsel employees and give them advice on how to deal with problems in their work lives. b. These psychologists develop tests to help them choose effective and qualified employees. c. These psychologists assess whether employees are satisfied with their jobs. d. These psychologists ensure that managers are using fair measures to assess employee performance. ANSWER: b 89. One major area that I/O psychologists focus on in their work is training and development. What is the definition of what this work might involve? a. These psychologists counsel employees and give them advice on how to deal with problems in their work lives. b. These psychologists develop tests to help them choose effective and qualified employees. c. These psychologists assess whether employees are satisfied with their jobs. d. These psychologists teach employees how to use new equipment. ANSWER: d 90. Who wrote the book Psychology and Industrial Efficiency? a. Kurt Lewin b. Hugo Munsterberg c. Walter Dill Scott d. Lillian Gilbreth ANSWER: b 91. Which book was written by Walter Dill Scott? a. The Theory of Advertising b. Psychology and Industrial Efficiency c. The Psychology of Management d. The DSM-IV ANSWER: a

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 92. Bruce V. Moore's claim to fame is that he: a. is thought to have earned the first PhD in industrial psychology. b. wrote The Theory of Advertising. c. wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency. d. founded the APA. ANSWER: a 93. During the early development of I/O psychology, women primarily contributed through their work in industry, rather than academia. Why was this? a. Women in academia tended to focus more on teaching than on conducting research. b. Women in academia were more focused on issues that had little real-world relevance. c. Opportunities for women in academia were limited. d. Women were not interested in joining academia. ANSWER: c 94. What is the research center developed after World War II to continue military-related I/O research? a. SIOP b. Scientific Management c. AFHRL d. IAAP ANSWER: c 95. According to a 2018 LinkedIn article, from 2008-2018, what is one of the fastest-increasing trends in I/O psychology? a. training methods b. inclusion/diversity c. globalization d. physical ability tests ANSWER: b 96. According to a 2018 LinkedIn article, from 2008-2018, what is one of the fastest-increasing trends in I/O psychology? a. training methods b. big data c. stress/occupational health d. physical ability tests ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 97. According to a 2018 LinkedIn article, from 2008-2018, what is one of the fastest-increasing trends in I/O psychology? a. training methods b. big data c. globalization d. research methods ANSWER: d 98. Which of these aligns with the author's description of the importance of I/O psychology in the context of layoffs? a. helping laid-off workers become competitive for other job opportunities b. authoring communication plans for layoffs c. creating competitive role openings d. implementing hiring restrictions ANSWER: a 99. The COVID-19 outbreak created what kind of response in the workforce? a. peaceful b. divided c. simplistic d. uniform ANSWER: b 100. Cubrich and colleagues (2022) characterized the pandemic as leading to working arrangements that were: a. stable. b. long-term. c. part-time. d. flexible. ANSWER: c 101. Cubrich and colleagues (2022) characterized the COVID-19 pandemic as leading to working arrangements that were: a. legal. b. supportive. c. insecure. d. all of these. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice 102. Cubrich and colleagues (2022) characterized the COVID-19 pandemic as leading to working arrangements that were typically: a. focused on safety. b. lacking in legal protections. c. temporary. d. supportive of health. ANSWER: c 103. What is the topic in I/O that receives the highest media attention? a. statistics b. ethics c. training d. legislation ANSWER: b 104. Research of moral licensing theory demonstrates that when people in positions of power perceived to wield their authority responsibly, are accused of harassment, then they will receive: a. characteristics of the situation surrounding the ethical choice. b. shaming by the community. c. the benefit of the doubt. d. accusations of wrongdoing. ANSWER: c 105. One emerging issue related to layoffs is that older individuals who are laid off: a. are more likely to receive a leadership position when they are rehired. b. opt not to rejoin the workforce and retire instead. c. take longer to find a new job than younger applicants. d. tend to have a lighter workload when they are re-employed. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Essay 1. Identify and describe the four main goals of science. ANSWER: Description: the accurate portrayal of the phenomenon of interest. Explanation: the identification of one or more conditions that occur prior to the phenomenon. Prediction: the ability to anticipate an event prior to its actual occurrence. Control: the manipulation of antecedent conditions to affect behavior. 2. Identify the five criteria of a good theory and describe any three of the five. ANSWER: The five criteria of a good theory are: parsimony, precision, testability, usefulness, and generativity. Parsimonious—explaining a lot as simply as possible; precise—specific and accurate in its wording and conceptual statements so that everyone knows what its propositions and predictions are; testability—the propositions presented in the theory must be verifiable by experimentation; usefulness —practical and helpful in describing, explaining, and predicting an important phenomenon; generativity —stimulating research that attempts to support or refute its propositions. The answer may include any three of the five criteria. 3. What are the main differences between the inductive and deductive approaches to science? ANSWER: Induction involves working from data to theory. Deduction involves starting with a theory and propositions and collecting data to test those propositions. 4. Provide an example of a deductive approach to a research question and an inductive approach to the same research question. ANSWER: Responses will vary. A deductive approach starts with a theory and collects data to test the theory. An inductive approach starts with data and devises a theory based on those data. 5. Describe the components of the cyclical inductive–deductive model of research. ANSWER: Theory development: where deduction starts; coming up with a theory to explain human behavior. Data collection: where induction starts; collecting data to test hypotheses based on a theory. Theory refinement: comparing data to theory, determining if it is supported, or if the theory needs to be refined based on the data. Additional data collection: where more data are collected to test new aspects of a theory. 6. Describe two ways in which I/O psychologists can control for extraneous variables in research. ANSWER: Holding extraneous variables constant. Manipulating different levels of extraneous variables. Using statistical control.

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Chapter 2 - Essay 7. Briefly explain both internal validity and external validity. What can be done in research to improve internal validity and external validity? ANSWER: Internal validity is the extent to which one can draw causal inferences about variables. It is likely that the result of the experiment is due to the independent variable that is being manipulated, not due to extraneous variables. External validity is the extent to which the results of an experiment generalize to other people, settings, and times. This can be improved by using representative samples to collect additional data. 8. Provide an illustration of how a researcher might increase internal validity at the expense of external validity. ANSWER: Studies that have high internal validity often take place in labs or under other artificial conditions, and thus lack external validity. A lab study will allow the researcher to control many elements of the experiment, but the participants might not be a representative sample of the population due to the time commitment. Responses will vary. 9. Identify and describe the steps involved in the research process. Be sure to explain what happens at each step in the process. ANSWER: Formulate the hypothesis by determining a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Design the study by determining the participants and variables to be measured. Collect data. Analyze the data. Write up the results and report the findings. 10. How are experimental methods of research different from other research methods? ANSWER: They use random assignment, and they manipulate variables. These techniques allow us to draw causal inferences. 11. Explain the difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment. Which approach has higher internal validity? Why? ANSWER: Experiments have random assignment to conditions, while quasi-experiments do not. Experiments have better internal validity because they have more control over extraneous variables. 12. What is the difference between a field experiment and a lab experiment? How do they differ in terms of internal validity and external validity? ANSWER: Field experiments take place in an environment outside a laboratory, such as a workplace. Laboratory experiments take place within research labs. Field experiments have high external validity but low internal validity. Laboratory experiments have high internal validity but low external validity.

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Chapter 2 - Essay 13. Identify and describe two observational methods of research. For each method, discuss an advantage of its use. ANSWER: Naturalistic observation, which allows us to see people in their natural environment. Case studies, which are examinations of a single individual, group, company, or society. This method provides detailed information. Archival research, which receive rich data that have already been collected. Surveys, which involve selecting a sample of respondents and administering questionnaires. They are faster and cheaper to administer. 14. Describe two ways in which technology has changed the way researchers conduct surveys. ANSWER: Researchers can use online surveys. Researchers can more easily use experience sampling methodology, in which people are randomly signaled to fill out a short survey. Researchers can obtain panels of participants through websites. 15. Describe two statistical ways researchers can assess the reliability of a scale. ANSWER: Split-half reliability and Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The two statistical ways used are split-half reliability and Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Split-half reliability divides the scale in half and correlates the two halves. If they both highly correlate, the scale is reliable. Cronbach’s alpha assesses if all the questions in a scale are measuring the same construct (internally, there is consistency among a set of items by looking at the correlations among all the items—a measure of inter-item reliability). If all pairs correlate, the scale is reliable. A high score means that items are closely related to another and the scale is reliable. 16. Briefly describe the differences between predictive validity and concurrent validity. Then, for one of these types of validity, briefly describe how to conduct a relevant study to provide this evidence. ANSWER: Concurrent validity assesses how well a new test measures up against an existing (and validated) test at the same time, while predictive validity looks at whether a test taken at one point can accurately predict future outcomes or behaviors. For example, if you wanted to study intelligence and determine if it had concurrent validity, you would have your participants take your new measure and an existing measure of intelligence. You could then compare the results of the two assessments to see if scores are similar. Predictive validity can be determined by testing participants and then measuring them at a later point in time. For example, if you created a measure to determine retention levels, you could see if this was correlated to employee data at a later time. 17. Briefly identify and describe three measures of central tendency and three measures of variability. ANSWER: Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and mode. Mean is the arithmetic average of a group of scores; mode is the most frequent single score in a distribution; median is the score in the middle of the distribution. Measures of dispersion include range, variance, and standard deviation. Range is the simplest measure of variability, reflecting the spread of scores from the lowest to the highest. Variance is a measure of variability reflecting the sum of the squared differences between each score and the mean of the group divided by the number of total scores. Standard deviation is the measure of variability that is calculated as the square root of the variance.

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Chapter 2 - Essay 18. Identify and describe two of the additional stipulations set forth by the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (beyond the five general principles). ANSWER: Research studies must be approved by the supporting institution (usually through an Institutional Review Board). Research participants are to be treated fairly and their decision to participate must be an informed one. 19. Draw a normal distribution, including the standard deviations and the percentage of observations within the standard deviation units. ANSWER: Students should draw a curve with 34% between the mean and ±1SD, 13.5% between ±1SD and ±2SD, and 2% between ±2SD and ±3SD. 20. Assume that a .80 correlation exists between class attendance and class grades. Graph this correlation, putting class grades on the y-axis and class attendance on the x-axis. Also, compute the coefficient of determination for this relationship. ANSWER: Students should create a graph that has data in an oval pattern that goes from the lower left-hand corner of the graph to the upper right-hand corner of the graph. They should square .80 to obtain the coefficient of determination (.64). 21. Asif wants to measure creativity, a characteristic that we expect will remain stable across time for an individual. Asif administers the test to a group of 100 participants. Six weeks later, Asif administers the same test to the same participants, and observes that their scores between the first and second administration are correlated .20. What kind of reliability has Asif measured, and what do the results suggest? ANSWER: Asif has measured test–retest reliability. Their results suggest their test is reliably measuring creativity, because their participants' scores are not similar across administrations. 22. Fu wants to measure curiosity. Fu administers two versions of the test to a group of 100 participants. Participant scores on the first and second version of the test are correlated .85. What kind of reliability has Fu measured, and what do the results suggest? ANSWER: Fu has measured parallel forms reliability (i.e., equivalent forms reliability). Their results suggest that the two versions of the test are equivalent. 23. Nomiki wants to measure friendliness. She administers her test to a group of 100 participants. She calculates a Cronbach's coefficient alpha and finds that it is .30. What kind of reliability has Nomiki measured, and what do her results suggest? ANSWER: Nomiki has calculated internal consistency. Her findings suggest it is not very good, so for some reason her items are not hanging together very well. This may indicate she is measuring several constructs instead of a single construct of interest.

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Chapter 2 - Essay 24. Dagan is interested in studying aggressive behavior in cartoons. Dagan has two research assistants watch a 30minute cartoon, and asks them to tally how many times they witness aggressive acts. Both researchers say they counted 21 acts of aggression in the cartoon. What kind of reliability has Dagan investigated, and what do the findings suggest? ANSWER: Dagan has investigated inter-rater reliability. This suggests that his raters are marking the same things down as aggression, which means they are judging the cartoons in a similar way. 25. Evgeny is creating a new measure of friendliness. Evgeny asks participants to complete the friendliness measure, another measure of friendliness that has already been published, and a measure of an unrelated construct, diligence. Evgeny finds that the correlation between scores on the friendliness measures is quite high (.80). Meanwhile, the correlation between the friendliness measure Evgeny created and the diligence measure is somewhat low (.30). What kind of validities has Evgeny investigated, and what do the findings suggest? ANSWER: Evgeny has investigated convergent validity (the correlation between the friendliness measures) and divergent validity (the correlation between her friendliness measure and the diligence measure). Her findings suggest that she has good convergent and divergent validity, because similar constructs should be more highly related than dissimilar constructs. Evgeny is also investigating concurrent validity between her friendliness measures. 26. Describe how predictive validity is used in college admissions. ANSWER: College admissions use standardized testing (e.g., SAT, ACT, GRE) and other scores such as GPA, as these scores can predict future success in college.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 1. Which of these is the key characteristic of science? a. It involves formal and systematic observation. b. It involves the use of laboratories. c. It is taught by professors. d. It results in technological advances. ANSWER: a 2. Which of these is a goal of science? a. inquiry b. internal validity c. description d. anticipation ANSWER: c 3. The goals of science include description, explanation, control, and: a. expectation. b. prescription. c. confirmation. d. prediction. ANSWER: d 4. A researcher notes that employees are more productive when they have flexible working hours at their organization. They gather knowledge and articles about this phenomenon to understand what causes it. Which goal of science are they demonstrating? a. Control b. Explanation c. Prediction d. Evaluation ANSWER: b

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 5. An I/O psychologist observes that employees are more productive when they have strong social connections at their organization. They make note of this phenomenon and detail their observations. Which goal of science are they demonstrating? a. Control b. Explanation c. Description d. Evaluation ANSWER: c 6. The goal of science that involves learning about how and why a phenomenon exists is known as: a. control. b. explanation. c. description. d. proving. ANSWER: b 7. Which of these is a goal of science? a. confirmation b. internal validity c. control d. external validity ANSWER: c 8. The goals of science include description, explanation, prediction, and: a. proscription. b. prescription. c. prevention. d. control. ANSWER: d 9. The goal of science that involves the manipulation of antecedent conditions to affect behavior is called: a. control. b. explanation. c. prediction. d. disconfirmation. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 10. A scientist who believes that the best way to understand behavior is to generate predictions based on theory, gather data, and use the data to test their predictions believes in: a. discoverability. b. empiricism. c. descriptivism. d. determinism. ANSWER: b 11. A scientist who believes that behavior is orderly and systematic and does not happen by chance holds the assumption of science known as: a. discoverability. b. empiricism. c. descriptivism. d. determinism. ANSWER: d 12. Dr. Le believes that humans behave in orderly ways, and it is possible to detect this orderliness. Dr. Le believes in an assumption of science known as: a. parsimony. b. precision. c. discoverability. d. generativity. ANSWER: c 13. Professor Fisk has developed a theory that contains statements that are verifiable by experimentation. The professor's theory has met the criterion for a "good" theory which is known as: a. parsimony. b. precision. c. discoverability. d. testability. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 14. The scientific philosopher Karl Popper stated that science is really about: a. generating as many theories as possible to advance science. b. proving that theories are true based on experimental data. c. ruling out alternative explanations until one explanation or theory fits the data. d. creating new theories, even if no one ever tests them. ANSWER: c 15. Olonga develops the theory that students learn better from lectures than from reading. Anouk believes that this theory is not very good because it is unclear what Olonga means by "better." Anouk believes that Olonga's theory lacks: a. precision. b. discoverability. c. parsimony. d. generativity. ANSWER: a 16. Ting believes that if you die in a dream you will also die in real life. Bingyi points out that if people died in their sleep, we could never find out what happened in the dream. Thus, there is no way to demonstrate support for Ting's theory. Ting's theory lacks: a. precision. b. parsimony. c. testability. d. determinism. ANSWER: c 17. Which of these is a criterion of a good theory? a. Usefulness b. Empiricism c. Entropy d. Pseudoscience ANSWER: a

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 18. This criterion of a good theory states that it should be practical and help to describe, explain, and predict an important phenomenon. Thus, a good theory must be: a. parsimonious. b. useful. c. deterministic. d. testable. ANSWER: b 19. The approach to science that involves starting with a theory and propositions and then collecting data to test those propositions is: a. description. b. induction. c. production. d. deduction. ANSWER: d 20. Researchers are using induction when they start with data and create a theory to explain it, and they are using which of these when they start with a theory and collect data to support or refute that theory? a. deduction b. quasi-experiment c. description d. case studies ANSWER: a 21. Professor Sandhurst collects data from employees before developing a theory of job satisfaction. This approach is known as: a. description. b. deduction. c. induction. d. manipulation. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 22. Mohsina develops a theory that suggests filling out a job application in crayon will lead to a lower probability of being hired. However, few people fill out an application in crayon, so this finding will not affect anyone in a meaningful way. Mohsina's theory lacks: a. precision. b. parsimony. c. usefulness. d. determinism. ANSWER: c 23. Dr. Omari develops a theory that suggests that paying interviewers for each interview they conduct will improve their performance. However, no other researchers seem to be interested in this theory, and nobody has tested this theory. Dr. Omari's theory lacks: a. precision. b. parsimony. c. generativity. d. determinism. ANSWER: c 24. Sofia has heard about a theory that suggests that when people are in a group they tend to put forth less effort than when they work alone. She decides to collect some data to see if it supports this theory. Sofia is using: a. deduction. b. manipulation. c. parsimony. d. induction. ANSWER: a 25. Darnell works in HR. He notices in his HR data that managers who speak more than one language have more satisfied employees. He proposes the theory that language skills relate to better communication skills with subordinates. Darnell is using: a. deduction. b. manipulation. c. parsimony. d. induction. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 26. When considering whether to begin scientific research with data or with theory, it is important to know that the approach taken by most scientists is one that: a. combines both inductive and deductive processes. b. uses only the deductive process. c. uses only the inductive process. d. uses only the qualitative process. ANSWER: a 27. What is the cyclical inductive–deductive model of research? a. It is the idea that inductive processes are superior to deductive processes. b. It is the idea that deductive processes are superior to inductive processes. c. It is the idea that testing theories is a continuous process that uses both induction and deduction. d. It is the fact that the more inductive studies we do on a topic, the less appropriate deductive methods become. ANSWER: c 28. Professor Sanchez has data from an experiment that indicates that being treated rudely by a boss leads to employees missing work more often. With such data, the professor can draw a(n): a. causal inference. b. deductive inference. c. inductive inference. d. conclusive inference. ANSWER: a 29. By basing examinations on a single organization, a case study can have limited: a. manipulation. b. random assignment. c. external validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 30. Dr. Applesmith conducts a study in which he manipulates the light in a room while assessing participants' performance on a counting task. In this example, the light is the independent variable, and the performance on the counting task is the: a. independent variable. b. extraneous variable. c. dependent variable. d. control variable. ANSWER: c 31. The variable the experiment is designed to assess is known as the: a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. causal variable. d. internal variable. ANSWER: b 32. Independent variables are frequently referred to as: a. predictors. b. criteria. c. confounds. d. outcomes. ANSWER: a 33. "Predictors," "precursors," and "antecedents" are all words we might use to describe: a. extraneous variables. b. independent variables. c. dependent variables. d. criterion variables. ANSWER: b 34. "Criteria," "outcomes," and "consequences" are all words we might use to describe: a. extraneous variables. b. independent variables. c. dependent variables. d. predictor variables. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 35. Dependent variables are frequently referred to as: a. predictors. b. criteria. c. confounds. d. manipulations. ANSWER: b 36. The type of variable that can contaminate the results of an experiment and may be an alternative to a causal relationship is known as a(n): a. predictor variable. b. criterion variable. c. extraneous variable. d. antecedent variable. ANSWER: c 37. In an experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of two types of rewards on employee motivation and employee performance. The independent variable in this experiment is: a. the type of rewards. b. employee motivation. c. employee performance. d. employee salary. ANSWER: a 38. Dr. Keerat wants to examine how light affects two groups of participants' performances on a counting task. One group works under dim lights and one works under bright lights. They find that those in the dim-light condition perform better. However, one of their research assistants admits that they gave those in the dim-light condition extra time to complete the task. Now Dr. Keerat is not sure whether those in the dim-light condition did better because of the lighting or because of the extra time they received. The extra time on the test is an example of which variable? a. independent b. dependent c. criterion d. extraneous ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 39. Dr. Xiong conducts a study examining whether people feel more motivated when music is playing versus when there is silence. At first, his findings appear to indicate that those in the music condition do better. However, he learns that his research assistant encouraged the participants in the music condition but did not encourage those in the silent condition. Now, Dr. Xiong doesn't know whether the better performance was due to the music or the encouragement. Dr. Xiong's study has rates low on: a. external validity. b. extraneous validity. c. content validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: d 40. Dr. Chinua is conducting a lab study. The situation is very artificial, and participants may not always behave normally. However, Dr. Chinua can very carefully control the conditions so that he can be certain that the effects that he sees on the dependent variable result from changes in the independent variable. Dr. Chinua's research is low in: a. external validity. b. internal validity. c. extraneous validity. d. both extraneous and internal validity. ANSWER: a 41. Dr. Begley is conducting a study in a factory in which she is examining whether having employees wear uniforms affects their job satisfaction. In this study, her sample is very representative of other factory workers; however, because the employees work in an actual workplace, she cannot control other things that might affect their satisfaction. Her research is high in: a. external validity. b. internal validity. c. extraneous validity. d. both extraneous and internal validity. ANSWER: a 42. What validity is the extent to which we can draw causal inferences about the variables in an experiment? a. External b. Extraneous c. Content d. Internal ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 43. The extent to which results in an experiment generalize to other people, settings, and times is referred to as: a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. empirical validity. d. experimental control. ANSWER: b 44. When an experiment uses college students as participants, some people may raise concerns that the results are not generalizable to employees in the real world. This represents a concern about: a. content validity. b. construct validity. c. external validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: c 45. One way to demonstrate the external validity of an experiment is to: a. replicate the results with different participants, in different settings, and at different times. b. rule out all extraneous variables affecting the independent variable. c. implement statistical control to minimize variability in the experiment. d. manipulate different levels of the independent variable. ANSWER: a 46. Extraneous variables can damage which type of validity? a. external b. content c. independent d. internal ANSWER: d 47. Claudette has read a theory and writes a tentative statement between two of the variables. What research stage is Claudette engaged in? a. designing a study b. collecting data c. writing up results d. formulating a hypothesis ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 48. The first step in any research project is to: a. design the study and consider validity. b. formulate testable hypotheses. c. decide how data will be collected from participants. d. use statistical analysis to make sense of the data. ANSWER: b 49. Shoaib is conducting research to explore the differences between happiness and job performance. Shoaib designs the study, gathers participants, and then collects data from a large sample. He begins to analyze the results when he discovers there are interesting findings within the data. Shoaib formulates his study to align with the findings. Which of these errors did Shoaib make in his research process? a. Participants were recruited after designing the study. b. Previous research has been conducted on this topic. c. The hypothesis was formulated after the study was conducted. d. The data was collected from a large sample. ANSWER: c 50. When research participants have an equally likely chance of being associated with an experimental condition or the control condition, the experimenter has: a. manipulated the independent variable. b. demonstrated external validity. c. employed random assignment. d. set up a quasi-experiment. ANSWER: c 51. A researcher is conducting an experiment to test the effect of feedback on job performance. The researcher can exercise control over extraneous variables, such as intelligence, by: a. using participants with the same level of intelligence. b. using participants with the same level of job performance. c. giving all participants the same type of feedback. d. randomly assigning participants to feedback conditions. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 52. Laboratory experiments are typically: a. high in internal validity and low in external validity. b. low in internal validity and high in external validity. c. generalizable to any workplace situation. d. conducted in real-world work settings. ANSWER: a 53. A construction company is conducting an experiment. All the employees in the quality department are assigned to the training condition (experimental), and all the employees in the safety department of the same organization are assigned to the no-training condition (control); then performance is measured. What research methodology is being conducted? a. naturalistic observation b. quasi-experiment c. field experiment d. archival research ANSWER: b 54. What is the key difference between a field experiment and a quasi-experiment? a. Quasi-experiments do not include dependent variables. b. Quasi-experiments do not include independent variables. c. Quasi-experiments do not include random assignment. d. Quasi-experiments cannot be used in a real-world setting. ANSWER: c 55. Quasi-experiments, rather than laboratory experiments, tend to have lower: a. external validity. b. extraneous validity. c. content validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: d 56. Studies using observational methods are also called: a. correlational designs. b. regression designs. c. archival designs. d. meta-analyses. ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 57. What can you conclude from observational methods? a. Results are reliant on random assignment. b. Results indicate a true experiment. c. Results either do or do not indicate a relationship between variables of interest. d. Results indicate a partial relationship between variables of interest. ANSWER: c 58. By basing examinations on a single organization, a case study can have limited: a. manipulation. b. random assignment. c. external validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: c 59. Which of these would NOT be a type of data collection one would use for an observational method of research? a. a lab experiment b. a survey c. a case study d. archival research ANSWER: a 60. A consultant enters a company meeting to observe and note the interactions and behaviors that take place by individuals. Which data collection technique is being used? a. naturalistic observation b. longitudinal data c. case study d. experience sampling methodology ANSWER: a 61. A case study is an example of a(n): a. observational method. b. field experiment. c. lab experiment. d. true experiment. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 62. Sonali, using an archival data set for their research, notices that the data were collected on March 1, 1999, from a group of army leaders. This data set is: a. longitudinal. b. cross-sectional. c. normally distributed. d. unobtrusive. ANSWER: b 63. Meena, using an archival data set for her research, notices that the data were collected from the same group of children when they were in first, second, and third grade. This data set is: a. longitudinal. b. cross-sectional. c. normally distributed. d. unobtrusive. ANSWER: a 64. What is a tool that involves selecting a sample of respondents and administering a questionnaire? a. an unobtrusive naturalistic observation b. an experience sampling methodology c. a survey d. an application ANSWER: c 65. What is one drawback of using self-administered mail surveys in research? a. It is difficult to administer them. b. They cannot be administered to large groups of people. c. Response rates can be low. d. There is a lack of respondent anonymity. ANSWER: c 66. Tenoch is conducting a study about emotions at work. They use smartphone apps to signal participants at predetermined times to answer questions. Tenoch is using the data collection approach known as: a. longitudinal design. b. organizational network analysis. c. experience sampling methodology (ESM). d. unobtrusive naturalistic observation. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 67. If a practitioner gives a math question paper to the same group of participants at two points in time, and finds that the high scorers on the first attempt are also the high scorers on the second attempt by participants, the test has demonstrated: a. content validity. b. test–retest reliability. c. interrater reliability. d. internal consistency. ANSWER: b 68. Professor Lang has created a new measure of intelligence. She administers the assessment to a number of participants. Two weeks later, she administers the same test to the same people. Professor Lang is examining: a. content validity. b. interrater reliability. c. test–retest reliability. d. parallel forms reliability. ANSWER: c 69. Test–retest reliability is often called a: a. coefficient of equivalence. b. coefficient of stability. c. Cronbach's coefficient alpha. d. split-half reliability. ANSWER: b 70. The two approaches of criterion-related validity are predictive validity and: a. criteria validity. b. construct validity. c. content validity. d. concurrent validity. ANSWER: d 71. The extent to which items on a test are interrelated and seem to be measuring the same thing is referred to as: a. parallel forms reliability. b. content validity. c. divergent validity. d. internal consistency. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 72. Cronbach's coefficient alpha and Kuder-Richardson 20 are measures of: a. interrater reliability. b. parallel forms reliability. c. internal consistency. d. criterion-related validity. ANSWER: c 73. In I/O psychology, a rule of thumb for the reliability of measures is to have reliability levels of at LEAST: a. .45. b. .50. c. .60. d. .70. ANSWER: d 74. Chatna is a math teacher. She teaches two sections of math and wants to make sure her students don't cheat on the test. She creates two different versions of a math test and ensures that they measure the same thing and are equally difficult. Chatna has established: a. content validity. b. parallel forms reliability. c. internal consistency. d. concurrent validity. ANSWER: b 75. Rani obtains a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of .20. Rani's measure has: a. low test–retest reliability. b. excellent test–retest reliability. c. low internal consistency. d. excellent internal consistency. ANSWER: c 76. What is the degree to which a test or predictor covers a representative sample of the quality being assessed? a. Criterion-related validity b. Parallel-forms reliability c. Content validity d. Internal consistency ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 77. Mika has created a test to measure high school students' math ability. However, they include only questions on addition and subtraction, even though most high school students also know other procedures (such as division and multiplication). Because their test does not measure everything that should be considered as part of math ability in this group, their test has low: a. predictive validity. b. concurrent validity. c. content validity. d. interrater validity. ANSWER: c 78. Aneen wants to know which students will succeed in a gifted program, so she administers a test at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year, she finds that the test results correlate with those students' overall grades. The test has demonstrated: a. content validity. b. predictive validity. c. concurrent validity. d. divergent validity. ANSWER: b 79. Jerome wants to determine whether a test can identify employees who will be top performers. He administers his test to his employees, and he finds that its results correlate with their current performance. Jerome has demonstrated: a. content validity. b. predictive validity. c. concurrent validity. d. divergent validity. ANSWER: c 80. If Fatima develops a new measure of employee motivation and demonstrates that the measure is not related to measures of dissimilar constructs, then Fatima has demonstrated: a. concurrent validity. b. predictive validity. c. divergent validity. d. internal consistency. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 81. Ayumu has a new measure of charisma. They find that their measure correlates .75 with another measure of charisma and correlates .45 with a measure of kindness. Based on this information, which statement is true about their kindness measure? a. They have a convergent validity of .45. b. They have a divergent validity of .45. c. They have a content validity of .45. d. They have a predictive validity of .45. ANSWER: b 82. Robbi has a new measure of dutifulness. She finds that her measure correlates .62 with another measure of dutifulness and correlates .35 with a measure of orderliness. Based on this information, which statement is true about her dutifulness measure? a. She has a convergent validity of .62. b. She has a divergent validity of .62. c. She has a content validity of .62. d. She has a predictive validity of .62. ANSWER: a 83. Which of these is true of the APA ethical code for conducting research? a. Researchers cannot use any form of deception even if they debrief the participants about the deception. b. Research studies must be approved by the APA. c. Research participants' data must be held confidential. d. There are no ethical requirements for the care and use of animals in research. ANSWER: c 84. What involves providing research participants with details about the purpose of the study, their right to decline participation, the potential risks and benefits to participants, and where to direct questions about the research? a. Informed consent b. Ethical consent c. Participant code of conduct d. Deception consent ANSWER: a

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 85. Before starting an experiment, Dr. Cortez asks a participant to read a detailed description of a study and its risks and benefits and sign a statement indicating he agrees to participate in the research. This procedure is known as: a. test validation. b. participant code of conduct. c. informed consent. d. ethical objection. ANSWER: c 86. The most frequent single score in a distribution is called the: a. mode. b. mean. c. median. d. variance. ANSWER: a 87. In the data set 3 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 15 17 20 20, what is the mode? a. 8 b. 9 c. 10 d. 20 ANSWER: c 88. Jai wants to calculate how closely scores are grouped around a measure of central tendency. Jai subtracts scores from the mean, adds the squared differences, and divides the sum by the total number of scores. What measure is Jai calculating? a. Standard deviation b. Variance c. Mean d. Range ANSWER: b 89. In the data set 3 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 15 17 20 20, what is the median? a. 5 b. 9 c. 10 d. 20 ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 90. In the data set 3 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 15 17 20 20, what is the range? a. 8 b. 10 c. 15 d. 17 ANSWER: d 91. In a normal distribution, 99% of observations fall within: a. two standard deviations above the mean. b. three standard deviations above the mean. c. two standard deviations above and below the mean. d. three standard deviations above and below the mean. ANSWER: d 92. What provides information about the direction and magnitude of the relationship between two or more variables? a. a median b. a correlation coefficient c. a standard deviation d. a mean ANSWER: b 93. One would expect that someone who has a high SAT score will also earn a high GPA in college. In this case, one would expect what kind of correlation between SAT scores and GPA? a. positive b. negative c. zero d. perfect negative ANSWER: a 94. Johanna's correlation coefficient indicates that the higher a GPA that someone has, the fewer classes they skip. Johanna would expect what kind of correlation between GPA and classes skipped? a. positive b. negative c. zero d. perfect positive ANSWER: b

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 95. Which correlation indicates the strongest relationship? a. 0.0 b. –.23 c. + .53 d. –.76 ANSWER: d 96. Which correlation indicates the weakest magnitude? a. 0.0 b. –.23 c. + .53 d. –.76 ANSWER: a 97. If the correlation between variable A and variable B is .20, then the variance in variable B and variable A is what? a. .02 b. .04 c. .20 d. .40 ANSWER: b 98. When squaring a correlation coefficient (r2), the resulting value tells how much variance in the criterion is accounted for by the predictor. This statistic is also known as the coefficient of: a. explanation. b. determination. c. alpha. d. equivalence. ANSWER: b 99. In a data set, we note a strong relationship between motivation and happiness: Individuals with low motivation also demonstrate low happiness. Which correlation would MOST likely describe this relationship? a. +.50 b. +.05 c. .00 d. –.50 ANSWER: a Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 100. Which statistical and methodological technique is used for conducting quantitative literature reviews? a. meta-analysis b. deduction c. experience sampling methodology d. correlation coefficient ANSWER: a 101. Kailing prepares for her exam for hours and becomes knowledgeable about the material. After receiving her exam, Kailing suddenly becomes ill and completes the test. Kailing receives a 29% on the exam. Which of these impacted Kialing's test score? a. Test-retest reliability b. Measurement error c. Coefficient of equivalence d. Interrater reliability ANSWER: b 102. What provides a way to combine many literature review findings, which allows researchers to quantify the relationship between the two variables? a. a coefficient of equivalence b. a survey c. a quasi-experiment d. a meta-analysis ANSWER: d 103. Which of these is a criterion of a good theory? a. utility b. empiricism c. parsimony d. pseudoscience ANSWER: c 104. Which of these is a criterion of a good theory? a. utility b. empiricism c. pseudoscience d. generativity ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 105. Which of these is a criterion of a good theory? a. precision b. empiricism c. pseudoscience d. desirability ANSWER: a 106. Which of these is a criterion of a good theory? a. utility b. testability c. pseudoscience d. relativity ANSWER: b 107. Miras creates a complicated theory that suggests people prefer a certain soft drink based on cost, marketing, peer pressure, and socioeconomic status. His friend, Meela, suggests that maybe people prefer a soft drink because of the way it tastes. In this case, Miras's theory seems to lack: a. generativity. b. parsimony. c. testability. d. determinism. ANSWER: b 108. Vera devises a theory that predicts what color of notepad employees will prefer. Her friend, Siv, says "Who cares? This theory doesn't really address an important problem." Siv is suggesting Vera's theory lacks: a. precision. b. parsimony. c. testability. d. usefulness. ANSWER: d

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 109. Osmund develops a theory about how to predict which stall someone is apt to use in a restroom. Unfortunately, no researchers seem interested in this theory, and as a result, nobody ever tests it. In this example, Osmund's theory lacks: a. precision. b. parsimony. c. testability. d. generativity. ANSWER: d 110. Typically, science involves both inductive and deductive processes. This concept is known as the: a. recursive inductive–deductive model of research. b. regressive inductive–deductive model of research. c. cyclical inductive–deductive model of research. d. circumplex inductive–deductive model of research. ANSWER: c 111. In an experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of two types of rewards on employee motivation. The dependent variable in this experiment is: a. two types of rewards. b. employee motivation. c. employee performance. d. employee salary. ANSWER: b 112. In an experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of two types of meditation exercises on employee stress levels and how it affects their motivation levels. The independent variable in this experiment is: a. stress. b. employee motivation. c. type of meditation exercise. d. employee salary. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 113. Which of these is NOT an outcome of big data for I/O practitioners? a. lowered requirements of research methods b. lowered costs of data collection c. larger amount of data collected d. faster data collection time ANSWER: a 114. Examinations of a single individual, group, company, or society are known as: a. naturalistic observations. b. archival research. c. surveys. d. case studies. ANSWER: d 115. There are three ways to use a more diverse and controlled sample for the study: holding extraneous variables constant in a study, manipulating different levels of a suspected extraneous variable purposefully, and: a. using statistical control. b. using a more diverse sample for the study. c. adding more dependent variables to the study. d. conducting the study in a field setting instead of in a lab. ANSWER: a 116. There are three ways someone can control for adding more dependent variables to counter extraneous variables in a study: statistical control, manipulating different levels of a suspected extraneous variable purposefully, and: a. holding potential extraneous variables constant. b. using a less diverse sample for the study. c. adding more dependent variables to the study. d. conducting the study in a field setting instead of in a lab. ANSWER: a 117. There are three ways someone can control for adding more dependent variables to counter extraneous variables in a study: holding extraneous variables constant in a study, statistical control, and: a. conducting the study in a field setting instead of in a lab. b. using a more diverse sample for the study. c. purposefully manipulating levels of potential extraneous variables. d. using a less diverse sample for the study. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 118. The last step in any research project is to: a. report the findings of the project. b. formulate testable hypotheses for the project. c. decide how data will be collected from participants. d. use statistical analysis to make sense of the data. ANSWER: a 119. Field experiments are typically: a. high in internal validity and low in external validity. b. low in internal validity and high in external validity. c. a poor choice for conducting research. d. conducted outdoors. ANSWER: b 120. Research comparing electronic surveys to paper-and-pencil surveys has indicated: a. there are large differences between the formats, so researchers should use electronic surveys with caution. b. most differences are minor, with the exception of gender differences. c. differences between the survey formats are small and infrequent. d. most differences are minor, with the exception of religion. ANSWER: c 121. One would expect that someone who spends a lot of time studying will also earn a high score on their test. In this case, one would expect what kind of correlation between study time and test score? a. positive b. bilateral c. negative d. null ANSWER: a 122. One would expect that the more time Harun spends running each week, the less time it will take him to run a mile. In this case, one would expect what kind of correlation between minutes of running per week and the time it takes to run a mile? a. positive b. negative c. oblique d. nondirectional ANSWER: b Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice 123. Which correlation indicates the weakest relationship? a. .03 b. –.17 c. .67 d. –.82 ANSWER: a 124. In a data set, we note a strong relationship between motivation and satisfaction: Individuals with high motivation also demonstrate high levels of satisfaction. Which correlation would MOST likely describe this relationship? a. +.40 b. +.07 c. .00 d. –.40 ANSWER: a 125. In a data set, we note a strong relationship between hours worked and life satisfaction: Individuals who work many hours each week also demonstrate lower life satisfaction. Which correlation would MOST likely describe this relationship? a. +.45 b. +.10 c. .00 d. –.45 ANSWER: d 126. By basing examinations on a single organization, a case study can have limited: a. manipulation. b. random assignment. c. external validity. d. internal validity. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 3 - Essay 1. Explain the relationship between elements, tasks, positions, and jobs. ANSWER: Jobs are made of a collection of positions, positions are made of a collection of tasks, and tasks are made of a collection of elements. 2. What are the main differences among the task-oriented, worker-oriented, and hybrid approaches to job analysis? ANSWER: Task-oriented techniques focus on describing the various tasks or activities that are performed on the job. Worker-oriented techniques examine broad human behaviors involved in work activities, or the attributes that a worker needs to do the job. Unlike task-oriented approaches, which focus on specific levels of tasks, worker-oriented job analyses focus broadly on general aspects of the job, such as the physical, interpersonal, and mental factors necessary for completion of the job and the related worker attributes. 3. Describe one way in which technology has changed the way we do job analysis. ANSWER: The development of O*NET allows organizations to more quickly look up and use job analysis information for a job. Technology has also changed the nature of work as tasks become automated and responsibilities shift. Job analysis also must adjust to the changing nature of work and become more flexible as roles evolve. 4. Compare and contrast using a job incumbent versus a supervisor as a subject matter expert. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of using an incumbent? A supervisor? ANSWER: Advantages of using an incumbent: intimate knowledge of the job, remembering menial tasks, knowledge of tasks that others may not see or notice. Disadvantages of using an incumbent: may be a poor performer or not know the job well, may exaggerate the importance of one's own tasks. Advantages of using a supervisor: may know what superior performance looks like, may be able to compare across jobs, will be more honest about the job's importance. Disadvantages of using a supervisor: may not know all the details of the job, may miss menial tasks that they cannot directly observe. 5. Identify and define the three approaches to job analysis. For two of the three approaches, describe a relevant jobanalysis technique. ANSWER: Task-oriented (Task Inventory Approach, Functional Job Analysis, DOT), worker-oriented (Job Element Method, Position Analysis Questionnaire, Common-Metric Questionnaire), and hybrid approaches (a combination of task-oriented and worker-oriented approaches, O*NET). 6. What is a subject matter expert (SME)? Describe when it is appropriate to use the SME in job analysis. ANSWER: The SME is someone who participates in a job analysis based on their expertise. It is appropriate to use SMEs in either a task-oriented or worker-oriented job analysis, as long as the SME has expertise in that area of work.

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Chapter 3 - Essay 7. How would one conduct a job analysis using the Functional Job Analysis approach? ANSWER: Functional job analysis is a highly structured task-oriented approach in which data are obtained about what tasks a worker does and how those tasks are performed. It is a series of task statements that are developed that are believed to be relevant for the job in question. Incumbents or SMEs rate each of these task statements on a series of dimensions: data, people, and things. 8. Identify three of six major classes of information in an O*NET entry, and provide an example of what that class might include. ANSWER: Worker characteristics, which might include abilities, interests, values, or work styles. Worker requirements, which might include skills, knowledge, or education. Experience requirements, which might include experience, training, entry requirements, or licensing. Occupational requirements, which might include general work activities, detailed work activities, organizational context, or work context. Occupational characteristics, which might include occupational outlook or labor market information. Occupation-specific information, which might include tasks, tools, or technology. 9. What are the criticisms of task-oriented approaches to job analysis? ANSWER: Task-oriented approaches are potentially too narrowly focused on the tasks for a particular job, so similarities in jobs may be missed because these statements are too specific. 10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a worker-oriented approach to job analysis? ANSWER: Worker-oriented job analysis tends to be broader, so that similar jobs can be compared. However, it is not as specific as task-oriented techniques and, thus, does not provide clear statements about what is to be done on the job. 11. Select one of the worker-oriented approaches to job analysis and describe that approach. ANSWER: Job Element Method (SMEs list job elements and provide work examples of each); Position Analysis Questionnaire (a standardized instrument that workers fill out); Common-Metric Questionnaire (a computer-based measure that asks workers about the skills needed for a job). 12. Describe the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). What are the three major criticisms of this approach? ANSWER: The Position Analysis Questionnaire is "a standardized instrument that focuses on general work behaviors" (McCormick et al., 1972). The PAQ consists of 195 items, 187 of which describe general work behaviors, work conditions, and job characteristics. The incumbent employee or SME decides whether each item pertains to the job in question. The reading level of the PAQ is at least college level. It is not well suited for managerial positions. The items themselves are too abstract.

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Chapter 3 - Essay 13. What have been the major recent advances in job analysis? ANSWER: O*NET has replaced the DOT. Research on SMEs has suggested they may have certain biases. Strategic job analysis allows analysts to consider organizational strategic context in job analysis. Tools like machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing, and qualitative data analysis are making job analysis faster, simpler, and more automated. 14. What is the difference between a job description and a job specification? ANSWER: Job descriptions explain what job holders do, how they do it, and why they do it. Job specifications describe the KSAOs and "people requirements" necessary to perform the job. 15. What is the difference between a job analysis and competency modeling? ANSWER: Competency modeling is broader in focus and tries to build a framework about the KSAOs that are relevant for an organization as a whole, while a job analysis focuses on the specific tasks, duties, and requirements for a specific role. Competency models can be applied to several roles while a job analysis cannot. Competency modeling is considered more worker oriented compared to the more task-oriented job analysis. 16. Why is job analysis considered the foundation of industrial psychology? ANSWER: It is necessary to the success of HR functions, and an increased focus on laws makes it desirable for companies to use job analysis as a first line of defense against prosecution. 17. How does job analysis facilitate (a) criterion development and performance appraisal, (b) selection, and (c) job design and redesign? ANSWER: (a) Job analysis provides criteria upon which employees can be evaluated; (b) the job analysis can identify what KSAOs are needed for the successful performance of the job and provide guidelines for what the organization should look for in an applicant; (c) job analyses are used to make alteration in the work process to help the company run more efficiently. 18. Describe the steps involved in conducting the point system to job evaluation. ANSWER: Managers or SMEs use a job analysis to identify compensable factors. Each job is assigned points by a compensation committee. The points assigned to each job are summed across the factors to arrive at a total score. These points are used to assign wages and determine if a job is adequately compensated. 19. What is job evaluation, and how does it relate to wage equity? ANSWER: Job evaluation attempts to determine the value of jobs. Knowing the value of a job prevents overpayment or underpayment, given the demands and requirements of the job.

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Chapter 3 - Essay 20. How has the idea of comparable worth evolved from the Equal Pay Act of 1963? ANSWER: The act stipulates that men and women should be paid the same for equal work. The doctrine of comparable worth maintains that jobs of equal (or comparable) worth to the organization should be compensated equally. It suggests that job evaluation should play a larger role, and competition within the labor market should play a smaller one, in setting compensation. This is based on the belief that the market artificially sets the compensation for jobs dominated by women lower than for jobs dominated by men because of bias that views jobs dominated by women as less valuable. 21. In general, women are paid less than men for the same work. What are two possible reasons for this pay gap? ANSWER: Women tend to receive lower starting salaries than men. The cultural norm that women are expected to shoulder most of the household and child-rearing responsibilities is one of the factors in the gender pay gap. The market artificially sets the compensation for jobs dominated by women lower than for jobs dominated by men because of bias that views jobs dominated by women as less valuable. The textbook notes there is no support for the idea that female-dominated jobs are more flexible, nor is there support for the notion that women leave the workplace once they have children. 22. Describe how a job analysis can inform learning and development (L&D) initiatives and training programs. ANSWER: Job analysis can identify which work behaviors are critical and which can be updated, upskilled, or improved. This information can be used to develop and target training programs to help their employees increase new skills.

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 1. Turning a key to start an engine is an example of a unit of work activity known as a(n): a. position. b. task. c. element. d. job. ANSWER: c 2. A collection of positions similar enough to one another to share a common title is referred to as a(n): a. element. b. task. c. hybrid. d. job. ANSWER: d 3. KSAOs suggest that some characteristics required for successful job performance are knowledge, skills, and: a. attitudes. b. aptitudes. c. abilities. d. assignments. ANSWER: c 4. Job analysis is the process of: a. developing a job. b. defining a job. c. adding a job. d. eliminating a job. ANSWER: b 5. KSAOs constitute that some attributes required for successful job performance are knowledge, skills, abilities, and: a. opportunities. b. objectives. c. other characteristics. d. obsessions. ANSWER: c

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 6. A collection of similar positions is a(n): a. job. b. task. c. elements. d. job analysis. ANSWER: a 7. A job is a collection of: a. positions. b. tasks. c. roles. d. elements. ANSWER: a 8. What is the process of defining a job in terms of its component tasks or duties and the knowledge or skills required to perform them? a. a position b. a task c. a job analysis d. a job element ANSWER: c 9. A task is a collection of: a. elements. b. positions. c. jobs. d. roles. ANSWER: a 10. What is defined as a collection of tasks someone performs? a. position b. job c. occupation d. element ANSWER: a

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 11. Priti is a social media manager. Priti clicking a mouse is an example of an element; Priti being able to write captions, edit videos, and upload content across platforms would be a form of a(n): a. task. b. element. c. job. d. role. ANSWER: a 12. Hector is conducting a job analysis, during which Hector observes that several elements are involved when a restaurant server takes a customer's order. These include asking for the order, writing down the order, and retrieving the customer's menu. Collectively, these elements constitute a: a. position. b. job. c. task. d. domain. ANSWER: c 13. Selena has several tasks she must complete, such as working with customers, taking inventory, and managing her team. These tasks define Selena's: a. element. b. occupation. c. position. d. career. ANSWER: c 14. The MOST basic level of work activity is made up of the elements of work, which combine to form: a. aspects. b. tasks. c. occupations. d. roles. ANSWER: b

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 15. Conducting a job analysis with both the task-oriented and worker-oriented approaches together is known as a: a. hybrid approach. b. functional job analysis. c. job element method. d. competency model. ANSWER: a 16. When an I/O psychologist focuses broadly on the general aspects of a person on the job—including the physical, interpersonal, and mental factors necessary to complete that job—the psychologist is using a: a. functional approach to job analysis. b. worker-oriented approach to job analysis. c. task-oriented approach to job analysis. d. hybrid approach to job analysis. ANSWER: b 17. To conduct a job analysis for the job of a truck driver, Joshua is gathering information about the work of truck driving as well as about the truck drivers who perform the work. Which approach to job analysis is Joshua employing? a. organizational b. comparable worth c. point system d. hybrid ANSWER: d 18. To conduct a job analysis for the job of a cook, Alan is gathering information about the work that cooks do as well as about the cooks who perform the work. Which approach to job analysis is Alan employing? a. organizational b. comparable wealth c. point system d. hybrid ANSWER: d

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 19. Arynn is conducting a job analysis for the job of a veterinarian. Arynn focuses on describing the various activities (e.g., treating animals and interacting with human customers) that are performed on the job. Which of these describes Arynn's approach to job analysis? a. position-oriented b. task-oriented c. worker-oriented d. hybrid ANSWER: b 20. Jayson is conducting a job analysis for the job of kindergarten teacher. Jayson focuses on describing the various employee characteristics (e.g., playful, patient, observant) that are necessary for the completion of the job. Which of these describes Jayson's approach to job analysis? a. personality-oriented b. task-oriented c. element-oriented d. worker-oriented ANSWER: d 21. Zuri is conducting a job analysis for the job of pizza delivery driver. Zuri focuses on describing the various activities (e.g., driving a car to a delivery address, giving customers correct change) that are performed on the job. Which of these describes Zuri's approach to job analysis? a. task-oriented approach b. competency-oriented approach c. worker-oriented approach d. hybrid approach ANSWER: a 22. In one job analysis approach, experts generate task statements that are then given to incumbents of that job, who check off which tasks they do on the job. This technique is known as the: a. Task Inventory Approach. b. Task Checklist Approach. c. Job Element Method. d. Common-Metric Questionnaire. ANSWER: a

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Chapter 3 - Multiple Choice 23. Individuals who participate in a job analysis as a result of their expertise are known as: a. PAQs. b. FJAs. c. SMEs. d. KSAOs. ANSWER: c 24. In the Task Inventory Approach to job analysis, task statements may be generated by: a. the candidates who apply for the job of interest. b. the CEO of another company. c. students of I/O psychology. d. anyone with knowledge of the job, including supervisors, incumbents, and I/O psychologists. ANSWER: d 25. Karl is interested in conducting a job analysis that will provide very specific information about what duties a particular job will involve. Karl should use: a. task-oriented techniques. b. worker-oriented techniques. c. a common-metric method. d. the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). ANSWER: a 26. In the 1930s, the U.S. Department of Labor developed the DOT, which was a resource that listed job tasks and duties attached to a job; this has since been replaced by the: a. PAQ. b. DOT 2.0. c. O*NET. d. CIT. ANSWER: c 27. Task Inventory Approach and Functional Job Analysis are examples of: a. task-oriented techniques. b. worker-oriented techniques. c. KSAOs. d. job elements. ANSWER: a

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