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Human Anatomy, 9e Marieb Test Bank Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The smallest living unit is A) a cell. B) an organ. C) a human being. D) a molecule. Answer: A Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? A) developmental anatomy B) pathological anatomy C) regional anatomy D) surface anatomy Answer: A Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.1 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 3) Morphology is A) a measuring technique B) the study of form C) an imaging technology D) the study of disease E) a type of microscopy Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.5 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

4) How many centimeters are there in a meter? A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 1,000,000 Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.4 Global LO: G4 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 5) A histologist examines a specimen that has an epithelium overlying some smooth muscle. This specimen is part of A) a molecule. B) a cell. C) a tissue. D) an organ. Answer: D Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.2 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 6) An example of a tissue in the body is A) the stomach. B) a muscle cell. C) epithelium. D) a macromolecule. Answer: C Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.2 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 7) An example of an organ is A) a fat cell. B) the intestine. C) epithelium. D) the cardiovascular system (but not the circulatory system). Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.2 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

8) Which organ system consists of vessels that do not carry blood, but pick up fluids (and some cells) that are leaked from the blood? A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: D Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 9) Large molecules such as proteins are called A) cells. B) macromolecules. C) multi-atom units. D) cellular organelles. Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.5 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 10) Which organ system covers the external surface of the body, but not the internal surface of the mouth? A) lymphatic B) digestive C) integumentary D) cutaneous Answer: C Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which organ system includes the spinal cord? A) skeletal B) muscular C) nervous D) integumentary Answer: C Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

12) The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from body fluids is regulated by the ________ system. A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: A Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 13) The dimensions of cells and organelles would best be described using which units of measurement? A) mg B) cm C) µm D) m E) ml Answer: C Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.4 Global LO: G4 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 14) Which organ system includes the pancreas, thymus, testes, and pituitary gland? A) integumentary B) endocrine C) reproductive D) lymphatic Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 15) The roots of anatomical terminology lie mainly in A) German and French. B) Latin and Greek. C) Esperanto. D) Russian and Old English. Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.5 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

16) Hormones are regulatory proteins that are secreted by the ________ system. A) urinary B) endocrine C) integumentary D) lymphatic Answer: B Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 17) Which organ system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and contains many air tubes? A) urinary B) endocrine C) circulatory D) respiratory Answer: D Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.3 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 18) The ________ cavity contains the heart and lungs. A) abdominopelvic B) dorsal C) thoracic D) lateral Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 19) A coronal section through the human body can A) pass through both the nose and the occipital region. B) pass through both ears. C) provide mirror right and left images. D) lie in a horizontal plane. Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 20) Which letter indicates the mental region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

21) Which letter indicates the umbilical region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 22) Which letter indicates the hallux? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which letter indicates the inguinal region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which letter indicates the femoral region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 7 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

25) Which structures are evidence of the vertebrate characteristic of segmentation? A) branches of the blood vessels B) multiple joints of fingers C) subdivisions of the gastrointestinal tract D) vertebral column Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.8 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which statement about visceral serosa is false? A) It clings to the surface of organs. B) It is continuous with the membrane that covers the outer body wall. C) It is deep to the parietal serosa. D) It lines the internal surface of hollow organs. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 27) The buccal region is the A) cheeks. B) waist. C) calf of the leg. D) underside of the foot. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 28) The popliteal region is A) the side of the leg. B) in the cervical region. C) the posterior surface of the knee. D) the inferior part of the gluteal region. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

29) The coxal region is A) the same as the inguinal region. B) the skin over the "tailbone." C) the hip. D) the posterior surface of the wrist. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 30) Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? A) appendix B) gallbladder C) spleen D) stomach Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.10 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? A) heart B) liver C) spinal cord D) urinary bladder Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 32) The ankle lies ________ to the thigh. A) distal B) proximal C) lateral D) inferior Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

33) The axillary artery is found in the region of the A) posterior surface of the knee. B) vertebral column. C) armpit. D) long axis of any limb. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 34) The extremities are the same as A) the ears. B) the fingers and toes. C) the limbs. D) all structures in the head. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 35) Which of the following pairs of organs/structures is located ipsilateral? A) cecum : sigmoid colon B) descending colon : spleen C) mouth : navel D) right lung : left lung Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.10 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 36) A physician viewing an injury to the back would look at the patient's ________ side. A) lateral B) posterior C) cranial D) ventral Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

37) The ________ body cavity contains the brain. A) dorsal B) ventral C) serous D) lateral Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 38) As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to A) the infero-medial aspect of the back. B) part of the lower limb. C) the wrist. D) the breast. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 39) Which letter indicates the lumbar region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

40) Which letter indicates the acromial region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 41) Which letter indicates the scapular region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 42) Which letter indicates the popliteal region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which letter indicates the occipital region? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 13 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

44) The chest is ________ to the abdomen. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 45) The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 46) Which of these terms refers to the head? A) cranial B) caudal C) medial D) frontal E) sacral Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

47) The brain is ________ to the skull. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: E Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 48) The thumb is ________ to the index finger. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 49) Muscles are ________ to the skin. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: E Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 50) The axillary region is ________ to the sternum. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 15 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

51) The lip is ________ to the chin. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 52) The eye is ________ to the occipital region. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 53) The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing

54) The femoral region is ________ to the plantar region. A) superficial B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 55) The heart is ________ to the sternum. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: E Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 56) The pubic area is ________ to the gluteal region. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 57) The perineal region is the A) side of the leg. B) region between the external genitals and the anus. C) point of the shoulder. D) superior part of the gluteal region. Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 17 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

58) Which structure is not present in the mediastinum? A) esophagus B) heart C) lung D) trachea Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 59) A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. A) midsagittal B) transverse C) coronal D) sagittal Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 60) Another name for the midsagittal plane is A) parasagittal. B) oblique. C) coronal. D) median. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 61) The umbilical region is ________ to the lumbar region. A) superior B) lateral C) anterior D) proximal E) deep Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing

62) The cervical region is the A) thigh. B) calf. C) neck. D) head. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 63) What is the function of serous membranes? A) They act like wrapping paper to hold visceral organs together. B) They contain gland cells that secrete mucus. C) They halt the spread of infection. D) They reduce friction so that viscera move freely. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 64) The dorsal hollow nerve cord A) develops into the brain and spinal cord. B) is a primitive supporting rod. C) contains the notochord. D) is the same as the human backbone. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.8 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 65) Which statement concerning the anatomical position is false? A) The palms face anteriorly. B) The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly. C) The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent). D) The person is lying down, as straight as possible. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

66) Bilateral symmetry can apply to objects as well as to animal bodies. Which of the following capital letters of the alphabet is not bilaterally symmetrical? A) A B) M C) L D) O Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.8 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 67) Which structure is not covered by visceral serosa? A) lungs B) ribs C) stomach D) uterus Answer: B Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 68) The femoral region is the A) buttocks. B) hip. C) thigh. D) toes. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 69) The inguinal region lies A) anterior to the elbow joint. B) on the anterior neck. C) where the thigh joins the trunk. D) on the external genitals. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

70) What point or structure in the body is located farthest laterally? (Hint: Questions always refer to the body in the anatomical position.) A) the coxal region B) ear C) little toe D) tip of thumb Answer: D Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 71) Although transmission electron microscopy is usually used for high-magnification viewing, it is certainly possible to use it at low magnification as well. That is, one can produce similar micrographs of tissues taken by light microscopy and electron microscopy at the same magnification. Even at the same magnification, however, you can easily tell the two kinds of micrographs apart. How? A) The image in the electron micrograph is still sharper. B) Tissue viewed by electron microscopy is colored, whereas light micrographs are always black and white (and shades of gray). C) Tissue for light microscopy cannot be fixed (no fixation). D) Tissue for electron microscopy cannot be sectioned. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Book LO: 1.12 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 72) During the process of ________, noncellular artifacts can be introduced into histology samples. A) time B) observation C) staining D) photography Answer: C Section: 1.3 Book LO: 1.11 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

73) The main purpose of fixation is A) to preserve the tissue. B) to mend breaks in tissue sections. C) to make an organ easier to section. D) to stick tissue sections to a glass slide. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Book LO: 1.11 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 74) The "CT" in "CT scanning" stands for A) cut transversely. B) Charles Thorgaard, the inventor's name. C) correlated thickness. D) computed tomography. Answer: D Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 75) What is the main advantage of MRI as a medical imaging technique? A) It is safe. B) The patient feels less pain during the procedure than with any other imaging technique. C) It is very inexpensive. D) It shows soft tissues very clearly. Answer: D Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

1.2 True/False Questions 1) Pathological anatomy deals with structural changes caused by disease. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.1 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 2) Most adults are between 1.5 and 2 meters tall. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.1 Book LO: 1.4 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 3) All vertebrate embryos have a dorsal hollow nerve cord. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.8 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4) Serous cavities include the pleural cavity. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 5) Serous cavities contain air. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 6) A transverse plane could cut the head off the body! Answer: TRUE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

7) In anatomical position, the palms of the hands face medially toward the thighs. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 8) The mediastinum contains the trachea and lungs. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 9) The peritoneal cavity is a serous cavity. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.2 Book LO: 1.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 10) EM has much greater resolution than LM. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.3 Book LO: 1.12 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 11) A CT scan produces an image of a transverse section of the body. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 12) MRI techniques can show only images that are hard and deflect the X-rays. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

13) Ultrasound techniques are used to image a fetus because they are less damaging than other techniques. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 14) Angiography imaging is used primarily in the study of blood supply to the heart wall and brain. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G7 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 15) A CT scan is used to detect regions of high metabolic activity. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.4 Book LO: 1.13 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 1.3 Short Answer Questions 1) Describe the terms proximal and distal. Answer: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment to the main part of the body; distal is farther from the point of attachment. 2) Describe the location of the femoral region in relation to the crural region. Answer: The femoral region is proximal to the crural region. 3) Describe the location of the brachial region in relation to the pollex. Answer: The brachial region is proximal to the pollex. 4) In humans, what term is synonymous with posterior? Answer: dorsal 5) Clinicians refer to ________ anatomy when locating blood vessels to draw blood, feeling pulses, and avoiding nerves while giving injections. Answer: surface 6) In humans, the region between the anus and the external genitals is the ________ region. Answer: perineal 7) The olecranal region is posterior to what region? Answer: antecubital 25 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

8) The head, neck, and trunk comprise the ________ region. Answer: axial 9) What is the anatomical term for the thumb? Answer: pollex 10) One could say that the forearm is ________ to the brachial region. Answer: distal 11) Cutting the body along the median plane produces a(n) ________ section Answer: midsagittal 12) One could describe the scalp as being ________ to the skull. Answer: superficial 13) A(n) ________ plane separates the body into equal left and right halves. Answer: midsagittal (or median) 14) Which type of imaging technology uses radioactive isotopes to detect regions of high metabolic activity? Answer: PET scan 15) The ________ system is involved in immunity. Answer: lymphatic 1.4 Essay Questions 1) Identify each of the systems that are found in the arm. Answer: The arm contains elements of the skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular, lymphatic, and integumentary systems. 2) Which of the organ systems found in the arm are not found in the leg? Answer: None 3) List the six unique features found in all vertebrates at some stage of their life. Answer: Tube-within-a-tube body plan, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord and vertebrae, segmentation, and pharyngeal pouches. 4) In adult humans, what remnants of segmentation remain? Answer: The ribs and the vertebrae, with their segmental spinal nerves, are remnants of segmentation.

5) Select from the following techniques the best method for assessing brain function in a stroke patient: X-ray imaging, sonography, MRI. Explain why the other choices are not the best choice. Answer: MRI is the best method of assessing brain function. X-rays do not image soft tissues well or with high resolution. They also produce only two-dimensional images of a structure. Sonography cannot be used to study the brain because sound waves cannot pass through the skull.

Human Anatomy, 9e, Marieb Test Bank Chapter 2 Cells: The Living Units 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Each cell performs all of the function necessary to sustain life. Those functions include all of the following except A) obtaining nutrients from the surrounding body fluids. B) dispose of wastes. C) replicate itself. D) use nutrients to make the molecules it needs. E) phagocytosing other cells. Answer: E Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.1 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 2) Which letter indicates the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

3) Which letter indicates the nucleolus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which letter indicates the plasma membrane? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 5) Which letter indicates the mitochondrion? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which letter indicates the Golgi apparatus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 2.1 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

7) Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) protect the internal aspect of the cell from substances outside the cell. B) breaking down and digesting unwanted substances within the cell. C) binding specific molecules arriving from outside of the cell. D) selectively controlling the substances that enter or leave the cell. E) moving specific substances from outside the cell to inside the cell. Answer: B Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 8) The plasma membrane is A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. B) a single-layered membrane enclosing the plasma. C) the membrane surrounding the cell. D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae. E) a double-layered membrane surrounding the mitochondria of the cell. Answer: C Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 9) The plasma membrane is important for all the following reasons except A) it determines what substances enter and exit the cell. B) it separates the extracellular fluid from the intracellular fluid. C) it acts as a site for cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. D) it is an important site for DNA transcription. Answer: D Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 10) The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except A) glycoproteins. B) tubulin protein. C) cholesterol. D) phospholipids. E) integral proteins Answer: B Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

11) Embedded in the plasma membrane of cells, cholesterol molecules act to A) stabilize the membrane. B) make the membrane more resistant to freezing. C) destabilize the membrane, leading to heart attacks. D) participate in pinocytosis. E) allow water to easily pass through the plasma membrane. Answer: A Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 12) Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged A) around a central layer of cholesterol. B) in a single layer with polar heads facing outwards. C) as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. D) as a bilayer with their polar heads sandwiched between the nonpolar tails. E) as a bilayer with the polar heads facing the nonpolar tails. Answer: C Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 13) Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? A) Most extend all the way through the membrane. B) Some attach to the glycocalyx. C) They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. D) They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. E) They are involved in the transport of some water-soluble or charged molecules across the membrane. Answer: D Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

14) Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited disease in which the body's cells lack protein receptors that bind to cholesterol-delivering low-density lipoproteins. Based on your knowledge of cell anatomy, what do you think a consequence of the lack of this receptor may be? A) Cholesterol will not bind to the receptor and enter the cell. B) Cholesterol will not exit the cell via exocytosis. C) The lipids in the plasma membrane will break down, resulting in death of the cell. D) Ribosomes will not be able to make proteins. E) Rough endoplasmic reticulum will not be able to break down lipids. Answer: A Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 15) The endocytotic process in which small vesicles of fluid are brought into the cell is called A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) xenocytosis. E) receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer: B Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 16) Which type of endocytosis ingests the most specific type of molecule? A) fluid-phase endocytosis B) phagocytosis C) pinocytosis D) receptor-mediated endocytosis E) vesiclcytosis Answer: D Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

17) Hormones are secreted by A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) osmosis. E) receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer: C Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 18) Materials that are to be exocytosed by cells are enclosed in vesicles synthesized by the A) nucleosome. B) ribosome. C) Golgi apparatus. D) mitochondrion. E) lysosome. Answer: C Section: 2.2 Book LO: 2.3 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 19) Membrane-bound organelles have the same type of membrane as the plasma membrane except A) for the absence of a glycocalyx. B) for the absence of cholesterol. C) the nonpolar tails face outward. D) they are all covered with ribosomes. Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 20) Which of the following is associated with protein synthesis? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) chloroplasts D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) Golgi apparatus Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 7 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

21) Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the A) Golgi apparatus. B) microtubule organizing center. C) cytoskeleton. D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) plasma membrane. Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 22) Which membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: C Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which membranous organelle stores calcium and is a primary site of lipid metabolism? A) Golgi apparatus B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondrion D) peroxisome E) rough endoplasmic reticulum Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing

24) Which of the following statements about the rough endoplasmic reticulum is false? A) It consists of stacked envelopes called cisternae. B) It makes the digestive enzymes contained in the lysosomes. C) It stores lipids as inclusions. D) It makes the integral proteins of the cell membrane. E) It contains ribosomes on the external face of its membranes. Answer: C Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 25) Which organelle has both a cis and a trans face? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 26) Functions of the Golgi apparatus include all of the following except A) preparing proteins for inclusion in lysosomes. B) DNA replication. C) plasma membrane formation. D) production of secretory granules. E) modifying proteins created by the endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 27) Which organelle sorts, processes, and packages products made by the rough ER? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 9 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

28) The ________ face of the Golgi apparatus is ________ to receive spherical vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A) cis; convex B) trans; concave C) cis; flattened D) trans; convex Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 29) Which organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 30) When a phagocytic white blood cell ingests a foreign bacterial cell, which organelle fuses with the vesicle? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing

31) In the process of phagocytosis, the organelles whose enzymes break down ingested foreign cells are the A) nucleoli. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) peroxisomes. D) lysosomes. E) centrosomes. Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 32) Which of these organelles is involved in production of cellular energy? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 33) Which organelle is characterized by folded inner membranes called cristae? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

34) Which organelle produces ATP molecules? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 35) Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the A) centriole. B) Golgi apparatus. C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) mitochondrion. E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 36) Which organelle contains some DNA and is capable of self-replication? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 37) Which membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: E Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 12 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

38) Which organelle is numerous in cells of the liver and kidney, organs involved in removing toxic substances from the body? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: E Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 39) Peroxisomes function to A) synthesize and degrade hydrogen peroxide. B) store cellular free radicals. C) produce pigments. D) regulate membrane permeability. E) synthesize integral proteins. Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 40) Peroxisomes A) are the toxic waste removal system of the cell. B) are involved in the production of ATP. C) contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication. D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell. E) provide support to the cell skeleton. Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

41) Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? A) microtubules B) microfilaments C) intermediate filaments D) centrioles E) actin Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 42) Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? A) microtubule B) microfilament C) intermediate filament D) centriole E) myosin Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 43) The elements of the cytoskeleton that are stiff but bendable, analogous to the bones of the human body, are the A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) the cytosol. Answer: A Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 44) The cytoskeletal elements which generate pseudopodia and contractile forces in conjunction with myosin are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) integral proteins. Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 14 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

45) Dyneins and kinesins are motor proteins that A) enable a cell to send out and retract extensions called pseudopods. B) move organelles along microtubules through the cytoplasm. C) are molecular components of telomeres. D) resist pulling forces that are placed on cells. E) stabilize the cell in its location in the tissue. Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 46) Which organelle is important in neutralizing free radicals? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) mitochondrion D) peroxisome E) centrioles Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 47) The mitotic spindle forms from the A) nucleus. B) Golgi apparatus. C) centrosome matrix. D) nucleolus. Answer: C Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 48) Which of the following is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) lysosome B) microtubule C) mitochondrion D) glycosome E) peroxisome. Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.5 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 15 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

49) The temporary structures in the cytoplasm include all of the following except A) pigments. B) glycosomes. C) lipid droplets. D) the Golgi apparatus. E) protein crystals. Answer: D Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.5 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 50) Which of the following is true regarding cytoplasmic inclusions? A) Lipid droplets are found in all cells in the body. B) Glycosomes store sugar in the form of glycogen. C) Crystals of protein contain enzymes that degrade glycogen into glucose subunits. D) Lysosomes are considered cytoplasmic inclusions. E) Pigments are cytoplasmic inclusions that store fat. Answer: B Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.5 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 51) Which letter indicates the DNA molecule? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

52) Which letter indicates the chromatid? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 53) Which letter indicates a nucleosome? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 54) Which letter indicates histones? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 55) Which letter indicates the metaphase chromosome? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 18 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

56) The nuclear envelope is continuous with which organelle? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: C Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 57) Which of the following does not pass through nuclear pores? A) chromatin B) messenger RNA C) proteins D) ribosomal RNA Answer: A Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 58) Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the nuclear envelope? A) separation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm B) regulation of passage of substances into and out of the cell membrane C) transcription of DNA D) protein synthesis E) waste removal from the nucleus Answer: A Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 59) The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, but it differs from the rough ER in that it A) is not associated with ribosomes. B) has unique pores. C) consists of two membranes separated by a space. D) consists of tubes, like the smooth ER. Answer: B Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 19 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

60) In chromatin, the DNA molecule wraps around proteins called A) nucleotides. B) codons. C) integral protein. D) histones. E) SNARE proteins Answer: D Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 61) Transcription of DNA requires the presence of A) centrosomes. B) extended chromatin. C) histones. D) nucleosomes. Answer: B Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 62) The cytoskeletal elements that form a ring to "squeeze" the two daughter cells apart during cytokinesis are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) the microtrabecular lattice. Answer: B Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 63) In the cell life cycle, DNA is replicated during A) interphase G1. B) interphase S. C) prophase I. D) prophase II. E) interphase G2. Answer: B Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 20 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

64) Which is not part of interphase? A) G1 B) G2 C) M D) S Answer: C Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 65) During what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA duplicated? A) metaphase B) anaphase C) interphase D) prophase Answer: C Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 66) During what phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle break down and disappear? A) metaphase B) anaphase C) telophase D) late prophase Answer: C Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 67) Mitosis refers only to nuclear division. Separation of the entire cell following mitosis is ___. A) meiosis. B) karyokinesis. C) cytokinesis. D) telophase. E) anaphase Answer: C Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

68) During mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules of the mitotic spindle A) attach to chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate. B) push on the chromatids. C) anchor the centriole to the cell membrane. D) push the two poles of the cell apart. Answer: A Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 69) The longest arrays of microtubules that assemble from each centrosome during prophase form filaments called A) mitotic spindles. B) kinetochores. C) asters. D) the nuclear envelope. E) histones. Answer: A Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 70) During anaphase, motor proteins attached to mitotic spindle fibers serve to A) pull the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. B) pull together the replicated chromosomal strands. C) re-form the nuclear envelope. D) form the aster. Answer: A Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 71) The cell that gathers information and controls body functions is a A) macrophage. B) fat cell. C) sperm cell. D) neuron. E) muscle cell. Answer: D Section: 2.6 Book LO: 2.8 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 22 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

72) Which cell type is correctly matched with its function? A) erythrocyte — cell that produces movement B) epithelial cell — cell that covers and lines organs C) macrophages — cell that stores nutrients D) fibroblast — cell that fights disease E) neuron — cell of reproduction Answer: B Section: 2.6 Book LO: 2.8 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 73) The theory proposing that aging results from the effects of free radicals is the A) mitochondrial theory of aging. B) genetic theory of aging. C) immunity theory of aging. D) cross-linking of glucose theory of aging. Answer: A Section: 2.6 Book LO: 2.9 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 74) The process of cellular aging may involve all of the following except A) accumulated damage by free radicals. B) decreased production of lysosomes. C) excessive metabolic rate. D) progressive shortening of telomeres. Answer: B Section: 2.6 Book LO: 2.9 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing

2.2 True/False Questions 1) Ribosomes consist of two subunits, each surrounded by a membrane. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 2) The smooth ER contains its own molecules of DNA. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 3) Peroxisomes are important in detoxification of a number of toxic substances, for instance, hydrogen peroxide. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4) Microtubules are composed of actin. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.3 Book LO: 2.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 5) Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around proteins known as actin. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 6) Extended chromatin is tightly wound around histones. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

7) DNA is a long double-helix composed of four distinct nucleotides. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 8) The nucleolus serves as the cell's ribosome-producing machine. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Book LO: 2.6 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 9) An example of a type of cell with high rates of mitosis is a cell of the skin. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.8 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 10) During the G1 phase, DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 11) During the S phase, cells are characterized by rapid growth. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 12) A mitotic spindle develops during early telophase of mitosis. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

13) During anaphase, the chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 14) Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.5 Book LO: 2.7 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 15) Telomeres are structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Book LO: 2.9 Global LO: G1 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 2.3 Short Answer Questions 1) Name the smallest living units in the body. Answer: cells 2) The outermost continuous boundary of a human cell is the ________. Answer: plasma membrane (plasmalemma) 3) What is the name of the currently held theory describing the plasma membrane structure? Answer: fluid mosaic model 4) The phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane are primarily composed of ________. Answer: a non-polar tail comprised of 2 fatty acid chains attached to a polar head 5) Identify the two different types of membrane-associated molecules that comprise the glycocalyx. Answer: glycolipids and glycoproteins 6) This is the type of protein involved in transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane. Answer: integral proteins (transmembrane proteins) 7) This is the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter a cell. Answer: endocytosis

8) This is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. Answer: osmosis 9) What is the transport mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell? Answer: exocytosis 10) Cell aging may be related to production of what charged molecules produced by the mitochondria? Answer: free radicals 11) This network of rods running throughout the cytosol acts as a cell's "bones," "muscles," and "ligaments." Answer: cytoskeleton 12) What would extended chromatin wrapped around a group of eight histones be called? Answer: a nucleosome 13) Name the phase in which a cell grows and carries on all its usual metabolic activities. Answer: G1 phase of interphase 14) Which phase involves the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis. Answer: cytokinesis 2.4 Essay Questions 1) Differentiate phagocytosis from receptor-mediated endocytosis. Answer: In phagocytosis, the cell extends pseudopods and engulfs the foreign protein/foreign cell, which is often degraded after the phagocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome. In receptormediated endocytosis, specific membrane receptors bind specific extra-cellular molecules. Once bound, the membrane deforms inward, creating a vesicle with the receptors and molecules inside. The vesicle contents are released into the cytoplasm or fuse with a lysosome, with the receptors recycled back to the membrane. 2) Describe the mitochondria. Answer: These are long, thin organelles, that have their own DNA molecule which allows for self-replication. They produce ATP molecules, which are the equivalent of cellular energy. They are bound by two membranes. The inner one is highly folded into cristae, where many of the critical molecules involved in ATP production are imbedded.

3) Describe the three major types of cytoskeletal elements. Answer: Microtubules are the largest in diameter and are formed by the protein tubulin. They are stiff, but bendable. Microtubules are important in the trafficking of organelles within the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are the smallest in diameter. They are strands of the protein actin, are contractile proteins, which are typically very labile. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter. They are very stable and permanent, functioning to resist shearing forces within and between adjacent cells. 4) Describe how cellular differentiation results in structural variation among cells in the human body. Answer: Cellular differentiation is the result of highly regulated gene activation/inactivation in the developing embryo. The products of gene activation are proteins. As the embryo develops, certain cells will begin to produce proteins that neighboring cells do not produce. As development progresses, these unique protein "signatures" lead to differences in cellular function. For example, in muscle cells actin and myosin proteins predominate which results in their unique contractile properties. 5) Describe the two checkpoints that occur during interphase. Answer: The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell has reached a maximum size and has replicated the necessary organelles and enzymes to synthesize DNA. The G2 checkpoint, checks to see whether replication errors or DNA damage has occurred during DNA synthesis.

Human Anatomy, 9e, Marieb Test Bank Chapter 3 Basic Embryology 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Approximately ________ percent of all children have some birth defect. A) 0.01 B) 1 C) 3 D) 20 Answer: C Section: 3.0 Book LO: 3.1 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 2) The embryonic period of prenatal development is the first ________ weeks. A) two B) four C) eight D) twelve Answer: C Section: 3.1 Book LO: 3.2 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding

3) Which letter indicates the blastocyst? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: D Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which letter indicates the uterus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: E Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 5) Which letter indicates the oocyte? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: A Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which letter indicates the zygote? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: B Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.4 Global LO: G2 2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 7) Which letter indicates the morula? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.4 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 8) Quickening occurs (mother feels fetus moving). A) 8 weeks (end of embryonic period) B) 9-12 weeks (month 3) C) 13-16 weeks (month 4) D) 17-20 weeks (month 5) E) 21-30 weeks (months 6 and 7) Answer: D Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.12 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 9) Limbs are complete. A) 8 weeks (end of embryonic period) B) 9-12 weeks (month 3) C) 13-16 weeks (month 4) D) 17-20 weeks (month 5) E) 21-30 weeks (months 6 and 7) Answer: A Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.12 Global LO: G2 Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding 10) Sex can be determined from the genitals. A) 8 weeks (end of embryonic period) B) 9-12 weeks (month 3) C) 13-16 weeks (month 4) D) 17-20 weeks (month 5) E) 21-30 weeks (months 6 and 7) Answer: B Section: 3.3 Book LO: 3.12 3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.