A) sociology B) economics C) political science D) all of these
10)
Criminology is the scientific study of
A) the making of laws. B) the breaking of laws. C) society's reaction to the breaking of laws. D) all of these
11)
Natural-law philosophers believed that
A) some forms of behavior are innately criminal. B) homicide and theft should not be universally condemned. C) criminology is narrowly focused on crime. D) none of these
12) All early societies imposed punishment for acts that were detrimental to their existence, such as
A) homicide. B) treason. C) theft. D) vandalism.
13)
Research has revealed that society's reaction to lawbreaking has often been
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A) productive. B) irrational. C) nonarbitrary. D) impassive.
14) the
According to Emile Durkheim, an act can be considered criminal if it violates or offends
A) criminal law. B) civil law. C) collective conscience. D) natural law.
15)
The consensus model of law assumes that
A) the members of a society by and large agree on what is right and wrong. B) the appropriate object of criminological investigation is the conflict within society. C) the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power. D) the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society.
16)
The conflict model of law assumes that
A) certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society's survival that they are designated crimes. B) the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society. C) members of a society by and large agree on what is right. D) society is a stable entity in which laws are created for the general good.
17)
Conflict theorists claim that the basic feature of human existence is
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A) a struggle for power. B) consensus. C) a sense of belonging. D) turbulence.
18)
Scientists who study the criminal justice system are referred to as
A) sociologists. B) criminologists. C) criminalists. D) criminal justice specialists.
19)
Criminology generally focuses on the study of
A) decision-making processes. B) the efficiency of the criminal justice system. C) correctional systems. D) crime and criminality.
20)
Criminal justice generally focuses on all of the following areas except
A) the just treatment of offenders. B) the needs of victims. C) crime. D) the effect of sentencing philosophy.
21)
A common characteristic of the criminal justice systems in the United States is that
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A) they are based on constitutional principles. B) they are unrelated to the heritage of the common law. C) they are based on the assumption that crime is a universal event calling for a federal response. D) they are based on the assumption that crime is unrelated to opportunity.
22)
At the turn of the twentieth century, criminal behavior was attributed to
A) opportunity. B) feeblemindedness. C) economic hardship. D) social conditions.
23)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrorism?
A) It involves the use or threat of violence. B) It is politically motivated. C) It is generally local in nature. D) It is related to a host of transnational crimes.
24) Which of the following transnational crimes is not related to the financial support of terrorism?
A) illicit drug trafficking B) destruction of cultural property C) money laundering D) infiltration of legal business
25)
Who generated the most widely accepted definition of criminology?
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A) Cesare Beccaria B) Edwin H. Sutherland C) Cesare Lombroso D) Raffaele Garofalo
26) Criminologists distinguish between which two conflicting perspectives on the origin of criminal law?
A) political and scientific B) sociological and psychological C) criminological and criminal justice D) conflict and consensus
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 27) Explain the seven forms of transnational criminality that are in the wheel of terrorism, and explain their relationship to terrorism.
28) Explain the similarities and differences between deviance and crime, and provide examples.
29)
Contrast the consensus model and conflict model of law and crime.
30) Discuss Edwin H. Sutherland's definition of criminology and why criminology can be described as a multidiscipline.
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) TRUE 2) FALSE 3) FALSE 4) FALSE 5) FALSE 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) D 10) D 11) A 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) D 19) D 20) C 21) A 22) B 23) C 24) B 25) B 26) D 8
27) 28) 29) 30)
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
Student name:__________ TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) The facts and observations that researchers gather for the purpose of a particular study are called secondary data. ⊚ ⊚
true false
2) Investigators who engage in participant observation take part in many of the activities of the groups in order to gain acceptance, but they generally make clear the purpose of their participation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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3) For the purposes of research, individuals that are under penal supervision are considered to be members of a "vulnerable population," and special provisions regarding informed consent and the protection of privacy must be taken when involving them in research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
4) All law enforcement agencies in the United States are required to contribute information on crime in their jurisdictions to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). ⊚ ⊚
5)
true false
Eighty-five percent of prison inmates are blue-collar workers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 6) _____ allows scientists to test hypotheses about how two or more variables are related.
A) Experimentation B) Case study C) Survey D) Nonparticipant observation
7) A(n) _____ is an analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study, such as an individual, an institution, a group, or a community.
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A) experiment B) case study C) survey D) participant observation
8)
For the purposes of research, which group is not considered a vulnerable population?
A) the mentally ill B) children C) adult females D) those with low social status
9) _____ are severe crimes, subject to punishments of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment.
A) Felonies B) Misdemeanors C) Violations D) Torts
10) According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), which of the following crimes is considered to be a crime against property?
A) motor vehicle theft B) robbery C) vandalism D) traffic violations
11)
Which of the following statements is not true about the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?
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A) They include data on reported crimes. B) They provide crime rates. C) They include the number of offenses cleared by arrest. D) They differentiate between completed acts and attempted acts.
12) Which of the following offenses is measured by the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
A) rape B) homicide C) arson D) commercial burglary
13) Part II offenses of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are excluded from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) for all of the following reasons except
A) Many of them are considered victimless. B) They are not that serious. C) Often the victims are willing participants. D) The victims do not know that they have been victimized.
14)
What are some of the limitations of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
A) The NCVS includes only seven offenses. B) The data reported suffers from the fact that memories may fade over time. C) Some individual variations in interviewing and recording style occur, resulting in variation in the information recorded. D) All of the answers are correct.
15)
Self-report surveys reveal that
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A) there is no relationship between school failure and violent offenses. B) boys and girls commit the same number of offenses. C) unrecorded offenders commit a wide variety of offenses, rather than specializing in one type of offense. D) there is no relationship between violence and educational levels.
16)
Which of the following is a limitation of self-report surveys?
A) The questionnaires represent too broad a range of criminal acts. B) Many self-report measures lack validity. C) They reinforce the assumption that only a small percentage of the general population commits crimes. D) Most self-report surveys yield information that applies only to old people.
17)
Which of the following is true of criminal acts?
A) Nationwide crime rates vary by season. B) Most crimes are committed in small cities and suburbs. C) Most personal thefts are committed at night. D) Juvenile violent crime mostly occurs during early hours of the morning.
18)
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between age and crime?
A) In any given year, approximately half of all arrests are of individuals above age 30. B) Gang membership is ordinarily confined to individuals under age 14. C) People age 65 and over account for less than one percent of all arrests. D) Juveniles account for over 40 percent of arrests for Index crimes.
19)
The decline in criminal activities with age is known as _____.
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A) the crime-cohort phenomenon B) the aging-out phenomenon C) life-course-persistent offending D) the age effect
20)
The life-course perspective argues that
A) the factors that influence people's entrance into criminal activity and the factors that induce them to give up criminal activity are the same. B) all offenders commit fewer crimes as they grow older because they have less strength, less mobility, and so on. C) the frequency of criminal involvement depends on such social factors as economic situation, peer pressure, and lifestyle. D) the decrease in crime rates after adolescence implies that the number of crimes committed by all individual offenders declines.
21) To learn how the causes of crime vary at different ages, Alfred Blumstein and his colleagues suggest that criminologists study
A) age. B) gender. C) socioeconomic status. D) criminal careers.
22)
Which of the following crimes is more likely to be committed by males than females?
A) prostitution B) shoplifting C) welfare fraud D) aggravated assault
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23) What type of data source suggests that the gender differences in crime may be narrowing?
A) self-report surveys B) police statistics C) victimization surveys D) Uniform Crime Reports
24) _____ states that the actor of a crime must achieve the result (the harm) through his or her own effort.
A) The act requirement B) The legality requirement C) The harm requirement D) The causation requirement
25)
_____ states that the criminal act must be accompanied by an equally criminal mind.
A) The punishment requirement B) The concurrence requirement C) The guilty mind requirement D) The causation requirement
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 26) American criminal law scholar Jerome Hall has developed the theory that a human event, in order to qualify as a crime, must meet seven basic requirements. Describe each of these requirements.
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27) Explain what "typologies of crime" are, why typologies of crime are important, and provide examples that are discussed in the text.
28) Describe the three major reasons for measuring the characteristics of crime and criminals. Then discuss three of the five methods of collecting data noted in the text, mentioning each method's strengths and weaknesses.
29) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and various self-report surveys in estimating the nature and extent of crime in the United States.
30) Explain how age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level are related to offending and their representation in the criminal justice system.
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) FALSE 2) TRUE 3) TRUE 4) FALSE 5) TRUE 6) A 7) B 8) C 9) A 10) A 11) D 12) A 13) B 14) D 15) C 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) B 20) C 21) D 22) D 23) A 24) D 25) B 26) Answers will vary. Version 1
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27) 28) 29) 30)
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
Student name:__________ TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Classical criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains. ⊚ ⊚
2)
true false
Cesare Beccaria's work was governed by utilitarian principles. ⊚ ⊚
true false
3) Jeremy Bentham proposed the "felicific calculus" to explain how people decide whether to commit a crime or not. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
According to Lombroso, criminal women are the same as criminal men. ⊚ ⊚
true false
5) Raffaele Garofalo suggested that the death penalty could rid society of its maladapted members, just as the natural selection process eliminated maladapted organisms. ⊚ ⊚
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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 6) The classical school of criminology is based on the assumption that
A) criminals are born, not made. B) individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. C) body build is related to various mental disorders. D) criminals are distinguishable from noncriminals by atavistic stigmata.
7)
The positivist school of criminology posits that
A) human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control. B) individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. C) all human actions are determined in accordance with the felicific calculus. D) anomie is a breakdown of social order, which causes people to commit crimes.
8)
Who wrote On Crimes and Punishment?
A) Emile Durkheim B) Cesare Lombroso C) Jeremy Bentham D) Cesare Beccaria
9)
_____ is known as the "father of modern criminology."
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A) Emile Durkheim B) Cesare Lombroso C) Cesare Beccaria D) Jeremy Bentham
10)
Whose work was governed by utilitarian principles?
A) Jeremy Bentham B) Cesare Beccaria C) Raffaele Garofalo D) Emile Durkheim
11) What provided the next generation of criminologists with the tools they needed to challenge classical criminology?
A) Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment B) Bentham's utilitarianism C) Lombroso's The Criminal Man D) Darwin's Origin of Species
12)
Physiognomy is the study of _____ and their relation to human behavior.
A) bumps on the head B) body types C) facial features D) ear types
13)
_____ posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities.
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A) Physiognomy B) Phrenology C) Atavistic stigmata D) The somatotypes school
14) Cesare Lombroso's The Criminal Man replaced the concept of free will with the concept of _____.
A) determinism B) rationality C) science D) utilitarianism
15) Cesare Lombroso argued that the "born criminal" was distinguishable from the noncriminal by
A) bumps on the head. B) small jaws and teeth. C) atavistic stigmata. D) a large nose.
16)
The theory of the born criminal by Cesare Lombroso defines atavistic stigmata as
A) psychological anomalies that drive an individual to commit acts that offend the basic moral sentiments of probity and piety. B) genetically inherited delinquent behavioral traits. C) physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development, before they became fully human. D) changes in the brains that interfere with people's ability to distinguish between right and wrong.
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17)
The major challenge to Lombrosian theory came from the work of
A) Emile Durkheim. B) Enrico Ferri. C) Charles Buckman Goring. D) Cesare Beccaria.
18) The somatotype school of criminology differentiated three principal types of physiques. Which of the following is not one of those types?
A) the asthenic B) the athletic C) the pyknic D) the ascetic
19) William Sheldon brought the somatotype school to the United States. Which of the following is not one of the three somatotypes that Sheldon formulated?
A) the andromorph B) the ectomorph C) the endomorph D) the mesomorph
20) According to William Sheldon, which of the following somatotypes is most likely to be involved in illegal behavior?
A) the andromorph B) the ectomorph C) the endomorph D) the mesomorph
21)
After World War II, somatotyping fell into disfavor because
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A) the approach was based on the grounds that genetic and environmental influences could not be separated. B) the approach seemed too close to eugenics. C) the approach focused exclusively on the psychological characteristics of criminals. D) the approach contradicted the concept of moral insanity.
22)
The science of controlled reproduction to improve hereditary qualities is called _____.
A) dysgenics B) epigenetics C) genealogy D) eugenics
23)
_____ is acknowledged as America's first forensic psychiatrist.
A) Sigmund Freud B) Philippe Pinel C) Isaac Ray D) Henry Maudsley
24) The term _____ was used to describe persons who were normal in all respects except that something was wrong with the part of the brain that regulates affective responses
A) born criminal B) moral insanity C) synnomie D) neuroticism
25) Among the first scholars to disclaim the free-will doctrine of the classical school of thought were
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A) Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. B) Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck. C) Gabriel Tarde and Emile Durkheim. D) Adolphe Quételet and André-Michel Guerry.
26)
One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior was formulated by
A) Michel Guerry. B) Cesare Beccaria. C) Gabriel Tarde. D) Jeremy Bentham.
27) Gabriel Tarde formulated his theory of criminal behavior in terms of _____, principles that governed the process by which people became criminals.
A) laws of imitation B) laws of inheritance C) laws of segregation D) law of conformity
28) The most important of Emile Durkheim's numerous contributions to contemporary sociology is his concept of
A) anomie. B) moral insanity. C) atavistic stigmata. D) moral anomalies.
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 29) Discuss the principles of classical criminology, making reference to the works of both Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
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30)
Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools of thought.
31) Differentiate between psychological determinism and sociological determinism, including the scholars associated with each perspective.
32) Discuss the various forms that biological determinism has taken, from the earliest belief that criminals are born to the discovery of an extra sex chromosome in some criminal samples in the 1960s.
33) Emile Durkheim had a powerful influence on contemporary criminology. Discuss Durkheim's influence on criminology, making sure to discuss his most important contribution.
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