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BANK for American History A Survey 14e Alan Brinkley. VOLUME 1 & VOLUME 2.

Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began A. with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. B. with the explorations of Christopher Columbus. C. as a result of the development of the wheel. D. long after the last ice age ended. E. from the southern tip of South America. Answer: A Page: 3 2. Scholars estimate that human migration into the Americas over the Bering Strait occurred approximately A. 2,000 years ago. B. 5,000 years ago. C. 9,000 years ago. D. 11,000 years ago. E. 18,000 years ago. Answer: D Page: 3 3. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the A. Mayas. B. Aztecs. C. Incas. D. Pueblos. E. Olmec. Answer: E Page: 3 4. The early South American civilizations of Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs all shared the following characteristics EXCEPT A. the use of wheeled vehicles. B. economies primarily based on agriculture. C. substantial cities. D. complex political systems. E. elaborate religious and cultural systems. Answer: A Page: 6

5. The pre-Columbian American peoples in the Pacific Northwest A. did not have permanent settlements. B. developed political systems as sophisticated as those of the Mayas and Aztecs. C. fished salmon as their principal occupation. D. were the most peaceful of pre-Columbian societies. E. were known as the Inuit. Answer: C Page: 6 6. The pre-Columbian North American peoples in the Southwest A. were primarily hunters of small game. B. built large irrigation systems for farming. C. lived in small, nomadic tribes. D. created an economy exclusively based on trade. E. primarily pursued moose and caribou for sustenance. Answer: B Page: 7 7. In the Great Plains region, most pre-Columbian societies A. engaged in sedentary farming. B. lived in small nomadic tribes. C. hunted buffalo for survival. D. used horses. E. developed a harsh religion that required human sacrifice. Answer: A Page: 7 8. Prior to European contact, the eastern third of what is today the United States A. was politically controlled by the Cahokia Indians. B. contained no permanent settlements. C. had the most abundant food resources of any region of the continent. D. was populated by tribes that engaged in hunting and gathering but did not yet farm. E. remained for the most part uninhabited. Answer: C Page: 7 9. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? A. St. Louis B. Memphis C. New Orleans D. Baton Rouge E. Detroit Answer: A Page: 7

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10. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by A. extensive irrigation systems. B. the development of metal-tipped plows. C. a sacred respect for trees that kept people from cutting them down. D. a rapid exploitation of the land. E. an emphasis on tobacco cultivation. Answer: D Page: 7 11. Many pre-Columbian tribes east of the Mississippi River were loosely linked by A. the shared use of a series of forts. B. common linguistic roots. C. economic compacts. D. intertribal religious festivals. E. the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: B Page: 7 12. Native American religions were closely linked to A. the idea of apocalypse. B. human sacrifice. C. ideas of male dominance. D. visions from the world of spirits. E. the natural world. Answer: E Page: 8 13. Which statement best describes the role of women in pre-Columbian North American tribes? A. In some tribes, men took care of the children as the women tended the fields. B. In all tribes, women cared for the children and prepared meals. C. In no tribes did women participate in the social and economic organization of the tribe. D. In all tribes, both women and men engaged in hunting. E. In all tribes, women were responsible for farming. Answer: B Page: 9 14. Regarding knowledge of the Americas prior to the fifteenth century, most Europeans A. were aware of the travels of the Norse seaman Leif Eriksson in the eleventh century. B. believed the Americas consisted of little more than several small islands. C. were entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas. D. assumed that the Americas were largely unpopulated. E. had only heard of America from the travels of Marco Polo. Answer: C Page: 9

15. In the late fifteenth century, the desire in Europe to look for new lands was spurred by A. significant population growth. B. the absence of a merchant class. C. the declining political power of many monarchs. D. the expansion of feudalism. E. a desire to escape the Black Death. Answer: A Page: 10 16. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was A. Spain. B. Portugal. C. France. D. the Netherlands. E. England. Answer: B Page: 11 17. Christopher Columbus A. was trained as a sailor through his long service to Italy. B. was a man of little ambition. C. believed that Asia could only be reached by sailing east. D. believed the Americas consisted of a few islands. E. thought the world was much smaller than it is in reality. Answer: E Page: 12 18. In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus A. sailed along the coast of what is present-day Virginia. B. mistook Cuba for China. C. was briefly captured by natives he encountered. D. was forced to put down a mutiny on the Santa Maria. E. crossed the Atlantic Ocean in six weeks. Answer: B Page: 12 19. Christopher Columbus called the native people he encountered on his voyages “Indians” because A. he believed they came from the East Indies in the Pacific. B. it is what the natives called themselves. C. he mispronounced their actual name. D. Norse seamen had previously used the term. E. he wanted to hide his discovery from rival explorers. Answer: A Page: 12

20. As a result of his third voyage in 1498, Christopher Columbus concluded that A. all of the lands he had seen were in Asia. B. he had never come even remotely close to Asia. C. he had encountered a continent separate from Asia. D. Asia could not be reached by a ship traveling west from Europe. E. the lands he had discovered offered great mineral wealth. Answer: C Page: 12 21. Amerigo Vespucci A. sailed on the voyages with Christopher Columbus. B. was a leading critic of Columbus’s claims. C. hailed from Portugal. D. never traveled to the New World. E. helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. Answer: E Page: 12 22. Who was the first known European to look westward upon the Pacific Ocean, in 1513? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: B Page: 13 23. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: D Page: 13 24. In 1518, Hernando Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs was made possible largely due to A. political divisions within the Aztec leadership. B. the exposure of the Aztecs to smallpox. C. the brutality of the Spanish conquistadores. D. Spanish alliances with enemies of the Aztecs. E. the Spanish co-opting of the Aztec religion. Answer: B Page: 13

25. Which statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is FALSE? A. Spanish gold and silver mines were enormously productive. B. Spanish colonies would form one of the largest empires in the history of the world. C. The Catholic Church was very interested in spreading Christianity in Mexico. D. The first Spanish settlers were mostly interested in farming. E. Many helped establish elements of European civilization permanently in America. Answer: D Page: 15-16 26. An encomienda was a A. special title given to Spanish explorers of the New World. B. religious ceremony. C. Spanish-run community of assimilated Indians. D. uniform worn by conquistadores. E. license to exact tribute and labor from natives. Answer: E Page: 18 27. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was A. New Orleans. B. St. Augustine. C. Santa Fe. D. St. Louis. E. San Francisco. Answer: B Page: 16 28. In 1680, the Pueblo Indians rose in revolt against Spanish settlers after the Spanish A. attempted to convert the Pueblos to Catholicism. B. made efforts to suppress Indian religious rituals. C. demanded tribute from the Indians. D. began to export Pueblos out of the colony to be sold as slaves. E. banned intermarriage between Spaniards and Pueblos. Answer: B Page: 18 29. To reduce conflicts, Spanish policy toward the Pueblo Indians in the eighteenth century involved all of the following EXCEPT A. intensified efforts at assimilating the Pueblos. B. a willingness to permit the Pueblos to own their own land. C. toleration of tribal religious rituals. D. an expansion of the encomienda system. E. a stop to the commandeering of Indian labor. Answer: D Page: 18

30. What factor is believed to have dramatically reduced New World native populations after contact with Europeans? A. war B. disease C. starvation D. enslavement E. religious conversion Answer: B Page: 19-20 31. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A. Food prices sharply rose as new crops flooded the European market. B. Health care improved as Indian medical practices were widely practiced in Europe. C. A large number of new crops became available in Europe. D. Trade with the Americas ended future food shortages in Europe. E. Forced immigration of Indian slaves reduced labor shortages in Europe. Answer: C Page: 20 32. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World? A. bananas B. pigs C. sugar D. horses E. corn Answer: E Page: 20 33. In Spanish colonial societies, mestizos A. were considered to be at the top of the social hierarchy. B. came to make up the largest segment of the population. C. were officially illegal but generally tolerated. D. were usually sold into slavery. E. was the name given to Catholic priests, friars, and missionaries. Answer: B Page: 20

34. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding African immigrants to the Americans between 1500 and 1800? A. Almost all came against their will. B. They made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. C. Almost all came against their will, and they made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. D. Almost all came voluntarily, making up somewhat less than half of all immigrants to the New World. E. Almost all came voluntarily. Answer: C Page: 21 35. The portion of West Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century A. was a primitive region dominated by warring tribal societies. B. had little commercial contact with the Mediterranean world. C. was dominated by the Christian faith. D. had well-developed economies and political systems. E. had no important cities or trading centers. Answer: D Page: 21 36. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means A. people traced their heredity through their mothers. B. only women would be the heads of families. C. men could not inherit property. D. women were in control of the social institutions. E. only mothers could act as political leaders. Answer: A Page: 22 37. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa A. was considered a permanent condition for the enslaved individual. B. proscribed that children born of enslaved parents were also slaves. C. was introduced by Europeans. D. was made up of an exclusively African slave population. E. generally allowed certain legal protections for the enslaved. Answer: E Page: 23

38. In what chronological order did European countries control the African slave trade? A. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English B. the English, the Spanish, the Dutch C. the Dutch, the English, the Spanish D. the English, the Dutch, the Portuguese E. the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch Answer: A Page: 23 39. What condition(s) in England in the sixteenth century provided incentive for colonization? A. The availability of farmland was declining while the population was growing. B. The demand for wool was declining while the population was growing. C. Pasture land was being converted to crop production while the population was declining. D. Both the food supply and the population were declining. E. Both the food supply and the population were increasing. Answer: A Page: 25 40. Which statement regarding the economic theory of mercantilism is FALSE? A. It presumed that the world’s wealth was finite. B. It increased competition among nations. C. It reduced the desire for nations to acquire and maintain colonies. D. It assumed that exporting goods was preferable to importing goods. E. Its principles spread throughout Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Answer: C Page: 25 41. In England, during the early sixteenth century, mercantilism thrived mostly on the basis of trade in which commodity? A. spices B. slaves C. lumber D. corn E. wool Answer: E Page: 25 42. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? A. These two men would help found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. B. Luther and Calvin encouraged the Puritans to leave England for the New World. C. Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. D. They were the most influential English Puritans of the seventeenth century. E. Luther and Calvin helped to break the hold of predestination on the Puritan mind. Answer: C Page: 25-27

43. The teachings of John Calvin A. produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. B. were most rapidly accepted in southern Europe. C. were officially adopted by the Church of England. D. were at odds with Catholic doctrines, but not with Catholic practices. E. helped to promote the doctrine of free will so vital to encouraging exploration. Answer: A Page: 27 44. The English Reformation resulted from A. the threat of war between England and France. B. a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. C. the rise of Lutheranism within the English church. D. the persecution by King James I of liberal priests. E. the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Answer: B Page: 27 45. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, English Puritan discontent was increased by A. the suppression of English Catholics. B. the end of rule by the Stuarts. C. the rising influence of Quakers within the English church. D. Queen Elizabeth’s promotion of English theater. E. the death of Queen Elizabeth. Answer: E Page: 28 46. England’s first experience with colonization came in A. North America. B. the Caribbean. C. Canada. D. Ireland. E. Africa. Answer: D Page: 28 47. From their colonial experiences in Ireland, the English concluded that A. they should not try to convert indigenous peoples to English religious beliefs. B. English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from an indigenous population. C. military expenditures were fiscally wasteful. D. indigenous populations were essential as the major colonial labor source. E. harsh treatment of indigenous populations could lead to rebellion. Answer: B Page: 29

48. Which statement about French colonization in the New World is FALSE? A. French settlers exercised an influence disproportionate to their numbers. B. The French, like the English, tried to remain separate from native peoples. C. The French were more likely than the English to press inland. D. The French colonial economy was based on an extensive fur trade. E. The French often lived among the natives and married Indian women. Answer: B Page: 30 49. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established in A. Boston. B. Raleigh. C. Roanoke. D. Plymouth. E. Jamestown. Answer: E Page: 30 50. An important consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada was that A. France came to dominate Spain. B. Catholicism was swept from western Europe. C. England found the seas more open to their control. D. the Reformation extended into Spain. E. Spain was forced to relinquish its New World empire. Answer: C Page: 31 51. The colony of Virginia was named in honor of A. Virginia Dare. B. Walter Raleigh. C. Humphrey Gilbert. D. Elizabeth I. E. Queen Mary. Answer: D Page: 31 52. The cause of the failure of the Roanoke colony A. was a severe food shortage. B. is historically inconclusive. C. deterred the English from another colonizing effort for forty years. D. was the death of the colony’s governor. E. was a virulent malarial epidemic. Answer: B Page: 32

True/False Questions 53. The civilizations and political systems of pre-Columbian Native Americans north of Mexico were less elaborate than those of the peoples to the south. Answer: True Page: 6 54. When Europeans arrived in North America, native tribes were generally able to unite in opposition to white encroachments on their land. Answer: False Page: 13 55. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the population of the native peoples living in what is now the United States is estimated to be 50 million. Answer: False Page: 10 56. Some historians have suggested that European diseases virtually exterminated many native tribes. Answer: True Page: 19 57. The eleventh-century explorations and discoveries of Leif Eriksson were common knowledge in the European world of the fifteenth century. Answer: False Page: 9 58. Portuguese exploration in the late fifteenth century concentrated on finding a route to the Orient by sailing around Africa. Answer: True Page: 11 59. Christopher Columbus spent his early seafaring years in the service of the Portuguese. Answer: True Page: 12 60. On his first voyage to the New World, Columbus realized that he had not encountered China. Answer: False Page: 12 61. By 1550, Spaniards had explored the coast of North America as far north as Oregon in the west. Answer: True Page: 13

62. The early Spanish settlers were successful at establishing plantations, but not at finding gold or silver. Answer: False Page: 16 63. Spanish mines in America yielded ten times as much gold and silver as the rest of the world’s mines together. Answer: True Page: 16 64. The Pueblo Indians continued to practice their native religious rituals, even though many of them converted to Christianity. Answer: True Page: 18 65. By the seventeenth century, the Spanish had given up their efforts to assimilate the Indians to Spanish ways. Answer: False Page: 18 66. European life was relatively unchanged by the biological and cultural exchanges that took place after discovery of the New World. Answer: False Page: 20 67. As of the sixteenth century, Europeans had generally built up a greater immunity to smallpox than had the Native Americans. Answer: True Page: 19 68. Owing to their commitment to Catholicism, male Spanish immigrants had very little sexual contact with Indian women. Answer: False Page: 20 69. Spanish colonists both enslaved Indians and forced them into indentured servant status. Answer: True Page: 21 70. Cattle, sheep, and sugar were three New World products introduced to Europe. Answer: False Page: 20 71. In contrast with the European tradition, African families tended to be matrilineal. Answer: True Page: 22

72. The internal African slave trade did not become prominent until Europeans began to demand slave labor for the New World. Answer: False Page: 23 73. During the sixteenth century, England was experiencing a decline in food supply and population. Answer: False Page: 25 74. Mercantilists promoted colonization as a means to acquire the inexhaustible wealth of the New World. Answer: False Page: 25 75. The preaching of John Calvin led his followers to lead both anxious and productive lives. Answer: True Page: 27 76. Puritans were the first English colonizers. Answer: False Page: 31 77. The Roanoke disaster virtually killed the colonizing impulse in England for a long time. Answer: False Page: 32

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 78. The significant Indian trading center near present-day St. Louis was called ________. Answer: Cahokia Page: 7 79. The first country to sponsor exploration by sea to the Orient was ________. Answer: Portugal Page: 10-11 80. The first known European to gaze westward across the Pacific was ________. Answer: Vasco de Balboa Page: 13

81. The Spanish Empire at one point claimed the whole of the western world, except for a piece of what is today ________. Answer: Brazil Page: 13 82. The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States was ________. Answer: St. Augustine Page: 16 83. The licenses granted to Spaniards to exact labor and tribute from natives in specific areas were called ________. Answer: encomiendas Page: 18 84. On his first voyage, Columbus established a short-lived settlement on an island that he named ________. Answer: Hispaniola Page: 12 85. The Spanish referred to peoples of mixed race as ________. Answer: mestizos Page: 20 86. ________ was a native of Genoa sailing in the employ of England near the end of the fifteenth century. Answer: John Cabot Page: 23 87. Those who believed that the world’s wealth was finite were called ________. Answer: mercantilists Page: 25 88. John Calvin introduced the doctrine of ________. Answer: predestination Page: 27 89. The most radical Puritans were called ________. Answer: Separatists Page: 27 90. Puritan discontent in England grew rapidly after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the ________. Answer: Tudors Page: 28

91. England’s first experience with colonization came in ________. Answer: Ireland Page: 28 92. The only clue to the fate of the Roanoke colony was the cryptic inscription “________” carved on a post. Answer: Croatoan Page: 32 93. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at ________. Answer: Jamestown Page: 30 94. King ________ of Spain sent a fleet to invade England near the end of the sixteenth century. Answer: Philip II Page: 31 95. The pioneer of English colonization who was lost at sea while in the service of Queen Elizabeth I was ________. Answer: Humphrey Gilbert Page: 31

Essay Questions 96. Compare the North American Indian civilizations with those in Mexico and South America. 97. How has recent scholarship regarding evidence of widespread Indian deaths caused by European diseases affected the contemporary perception of European contact with the New World? 98. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks for European and American societies resulting from contact and the trade that developed after 1500. 99. What motivated Europeans to establish settlements in the New World? What made it possible for them to undertake those settlements? 100. How did Spanish settlements and attitudes toward native populations in the New World differ from those of the English? 101. Discuss the economic and religious factors critical to English colonization. 102. Why did the Spanish Empire rise and fall between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Chapter 2 Transplantations and Borderlands Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Seventeenth-century English colonial settlements A. were essentially business enterprises. B. were tightly controlled by the English government. C. were effectively isolated from contact with other nations. D. were well-planned and generally quite successful from the start. E. maintained the political and social institutions of England. Answer: A Page: 36 2. Which of the following does NOT describe the site chosen for the Jamestown settlement? A. It was low and swampy and subject to outbreaks of malaria. B. It was inland so as to offer security from natives. C. It bordered the territories of powerful Indian tribes. D. It was surrounded by thick woods. E. It was inaccessible by ship. Answer: E Page: 37 3. In London, the initial promoters of Jamestown encouraged colonists to focus on A. the long-term success of the settlement. B. building a family-centered community. C. developing peaceful relations with the Indians in the area. D. the search for gold. E. converting the local Indians to Christianity. Answer: D Page: 37 4. Between 1608 and 1609, Captain John Smith strengthened the Jamestown settlement by A. improving relations with the local Indians. B. dividing the decision-making authority among the colonists to improve morale. C. imposing work and order on the colonists. D. introducing tobacco to the colonists. E. importing African slaves to rebuild the fort. Answer: C Page: 37

5. The “starving time” in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610 was partly the result of A. colonists being kept barricaded in their palisade by local Indians. B. the extermination of the Indians who used to grow crops. C. an influx of rats from settlers’ ships that ate much of the stored grains. D. a drought that led to crop failures. E. the sinking of the colonists’ supply ship in the Atlantic. Answer: A Page: 37-38 6. The first important economic boom in Jamestown resulted from A. the discovery of gold and silver. B. fur trade with the Indians. C. the production of tobacco. D. a development of fisheries and lumber. E. the cultivation of cotton. Answer: C Page: 38-39 7. The cultivation of tobacco around Jamestown resulted in all the following EXCEPT A. the rapid wearing out of the soil. B. the search for new sources of labor. C. rising prosperity for the colony. D. improved relations with the local Indians. E. the expansion of European settlement into the interior. Answer: D Page: 38-39 8. The Virginia Company developed the “headright” system to A. attract new settlers to the colony. B. discourage poor people from moving to the colony. C. require families to migrate together. D. raise revenue from the sale of land. E. cause conflict among the neighboring Indian tribes. Answer: A Page: 38 9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the first years of Jamestown’s existence? A. A majority of its colonists enjoyed significant economic success. B. The settlement was often assaulted by Spanish invaders. C. The settlement was notable for its peaceful relations with local Indians. D. The settlement was notable for its toleration of political freedom. E. The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life. Answer: E Page: 38

10. When the House of Burgesses was created in Virginia in 1619, A. it gave settlers the full political control of their colony. B. landowning women colonists were allowed to vote. C. colonists were given a share of local political representation. D. it put an end to a violent uprising by disgruntled colonists. E. it recommended that Virginia declare independence from England. Answer: C Page: 39 11. The first blacks imported to Virginia in 1619 A. were most likely indentured servants. B. began a rapid stream of African slaves to the British colonies. C. were preferred to European indentured servants. D. followed Indians into slavery. E. arrived as independent landowners. Answer: A Page: 39 12. The Powhatan Indian Pocahontas A. married Englishman John Smith. B. was kidnapped by John Rolfe. C. created an interest in England in “civilizing” Indians. D. was the cause of a war between the Powhatan Indians and Virginian colonists. E. refused to convert to Christianity. Answer: C Page: 39 13. Warfare between Englishmen and Powhatan Indians in Virginia A. continued without interruption until the early eighteenth century. B. was first triggered by the kidnapping of Pocahontas. C. was primarily a result of religious tensions between natives and settlers. D. was uncommon until the early eighteenth century. E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists. Answer: E Page: 39-40 14. The Virginia Company A. never sanctioned military action against the Native Americans of Virginia. B. deeply opposed the importation of Africans to the colonies. C. was absorbed by the crown because it was becoming too powerful. D. had its charter revoked by James I. E. found most of its Virginia ventures to be very profitable. Answer: D Page: 40

15. In which area of technology were Indians more advanced than the Virginia colonists? A. agriculture B. ocean-going vessels C. weaponry D. tools E. animal husbandry Answer: A Page: 40 16. In the seventeenth century, English colonists recognized that corn A. could only be grown in the New World. B. was their most financially valuable crop. C. produced yields greater than any of the European grains. D. was a particularly difficult crop to cultivate. E. could not be grown in the swampy land around Jamestown. Answer: C Page: 40 17. In its beginning, the Maryland colony A. experienced tremendous warfare with local Indians. B. allowed no Protestant settlers. C. was a refuge for English Catholics. D. was led by Captain John Smith. E. experienced considerable conflict with nearby French settlers. Answer: C Page: 40 18. Which the following statements regarding Sir William Berkeley is FALSE? A. He was a dominant political figure in Virginia for more than three decades. B. He encouraged Virginia to develop westward. C. His relations with Indians were violent and bloody. D. He extended political representation for frontier settlers. E. He sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains. Answer: D Page: 41-42 19. By 1670, political representation for colonists in Virginia A. saw elections take place every two years. B. was open to all white men over the age of twenty-one. C. had grown more restrictive. D. favored western counties over eastern counties. E. expanded to include landholding black men. Answer: C Page: 42

20. Bacon’s Rebellion A. spelled the demise of the Virginia Company. B. saw the royal governor of Virginia forced to resign. C. spread throughout several colonies. D. carried on for several years. E. was a conflict between eastern and western Virginia. Answer: E Page: 42 21. The suppression of Bacon’s Rebellion helped spur A. tobacco production. B. slavery in Virginia. C. European investment. D. the triangular trade. E. calls for independence from England. Answer: B Page: 42 22. In 1608, Puritan Separatists who wished to leave England A. began to seek refuge in Virginia. B. emigrated quietly to northern France. C. were encouraged by the Church of England to emigrate. D. chartered a colony in Plymouth. E. could not legally do so without the king’s permission. Answer: E Page: 43 23. In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims who came to North America A. intended to settle at Cape Cod. B. came over the objections of the Virginia colony. C. were seeking to escape military service in England. D. were Christian missionaries. E. enjoyed a particularly mild winter their first year. Answer: D Page: 48 24. During the early years the survival and growth of the Plymouth colony A. was due in large part to the assistance of the natives. B. led the colonists to grow rich from the surrounding productive farmlands. C. saw the colonists carry out warfare that wiped out much of the local Indian population. D. nevertheless saw two-thirds of its population die. E. was critically important for trade routes with Jamestown to the south. Answer: A Page: 43

25. As compared with that of King James I, King Charles I’s treatment of Puritans was A. more tolerant. B. more hostile. C. little different. D. more likely to advance Puritan thought in England. E. less likely to involve imprisonment for religious beliefs. Answer: B Page: 44 26. The Puritan merchants who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony A. established their capital in Salem. B. took over what had been a royal colony. C. were led by Miles Standish. D. were given their colonial charter by Charles II. E. carried out the largest single migration in the seventeenth century. Answer: E Page: 44-45 27. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans A. lived as grim and joyless people. B. took vows of poverty as evidence of their commitment to their faith. C. created a colonial “theocracy.” D. fought with the surrounding Indians almost immediately. E. introduced freedom of worship to the New World. Answer: C Page: 46 28. The Puritan founders in Massachusetts who described their colony as a “city upon a hill” A. felt they were creating a holy community that would be a model for the world. B. wanted to construct their community on high ground to save it from Indian attacks. C. wanted to create a community that would be open to all peoples of all faiths. D. sought to create a community in which all people were treated as equals. E. wanted to differentiate their community from the materialism and acquisitiveness of New Haven. Answer: A Page: 45 29. Thomas Hooker is associated with establishing the colony of A. Rhode Island. B. Vermont. C. New Hampshire. D. Connecticut. E. Maine. Answer: D Page: 46

30. One reason Roger Williams was deported from the Massachusetts colony was that he A. was a confirmed Separatist. B. argued that the colony should maintain allegiance to the Church of England. C. said the land occupied by the colonists belonged to the Indians. D. attempted to take over the leadership of the colony. E. advocated the principle of plural marriage. Answer: A Page: 46 31. When it was established in 1644, the colony of Rhode Island A. had strong ties to the church in the Massachusetts colony. B. organized the first fully democratic government in North America. C. had no ties to the Massachusetts colony. D. was notable for its religious toleration. E. banned Jews from immigrating. Answer: D Page: 46 32. In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from the Massachusetts colony because she A. was accused of practicing witchcraft. B. argued that only the “elect” were entitled to any religious or political authority. C. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society. D. was a single mother who refused to marry. E. preached against what she called the “Antinomian heresy.” Answer: C Page: 46 33. Which New England Puritan could LEAST accurately be described as a religious dissenter? A. Anne Hutchinson B. John Winthrop C. Roger Williams D. John Wheelwright E. Thomas Hooker Answer: B Page: 46-47 34. Over time in the seventeenth century, an increasing number of New England Puritans came to view Indian society A. with condescending admiration. B. with fear and contempt. C. as worth preserving. D. as part of the godly community. E. as helpful neighbors and partners in commerce. Answer: B Page: 49

35. In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and which local Native American tribe? A. the Seminoles B. the Powhatans C. the Sioux D. the Wampanoags E. the Pequots Answer: E Page: 49 36. In King Philip’s War, Indians made effective use of a relatively new weapon, the A. flintlock rifle. B. matchlock rifle. C. repeating revolver. D. Gatling gun. E. artillery cannon. Answer: A Page: 50 37. In the 1640s, during the English Civil War, the Cavaliers were A. the forces of Parliament, who were largely Puritans. B. supporters of King Charles I. C. Scottish and Irish gentry desiring to secede from England. D. both the forces of Parliament and supporters of King Charles I. E. neither the forces of Parliament nor supporters of King Charles I. Answer: B Page: 50 38. The English Restoration began with the reign of A. James II. B. Oliver Cromwell. C. George I. D. Elizabeth I. E. Charles II. Answer: E Page: 50 39. The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony A. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. B. rejected the headright system. C. ruled the colony with dictatorial powers. D. quickly made it a financial success. E. banned the importation of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 51

40. The Fundamental Constitution for the Carolina colony A. sought to create a society of general equality among Englishmen. B. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke. C. initially did not include slavery. D. made no provisions for a colonial parliament. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 51 41. The development of the Carolina colony was notable in that A. the colony was able to attract large numbers of settlers from nearby colonies. B. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other. C. its economy was grounded in tobacco production. D. its founders had discouraged the use of slaves. E. it advocated independence from England well before any other mainland colony. Answer: B Page: 51 42. The New York colony A. had its founding proprietors from the Carolina colony. B. made a commitment to representative assemblies. C. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch. D. saw its population grow slowly for its first fifty years. F. banned slavery from its inception. Answer: C Page: 52 43. Like New York, the New Jersey colony A. quickly developed a strong local government. B. had few slaves during its early existence. C. was characterized by a unified and generally peaceful society. D. had great ethnic and religious diversity. E. developed an important class of large landowners. Answer: D Page: 53 44. Which of the following was NOT a Stuart Restoration colony? A. Maryland B. Carolina C. New York D. Pennsylvania E. New Jersey Answer: A Page: 50

45. Unlike Puritans, the Quakers A. accepted the concept of predestination. B. rejected the doctrine of original sin. C. were not persecuted by the English government. D. paid their clergy handsomely. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 53 46. In the seventeenth century, English Quakers A. had a disregard for class or gender distinctions. B. had no paid clergy. C. were pacifists. D. believed all could attain salvation. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 54 47. William Penn A. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism. B. established a moderately successful but never cosmopolitan colony. C. suppressed the local Indians in Pennsylvania with a strong military presence. D. never visited Pennsylvania. F. used unscrupulous and deceptive advertising to attract settlers. Answer: A Page: 54 48. The colony established by people seeking to separate from Pennsylvania was A. Maryland. B. New Jersey. C. Delaware. D. New York. E. Kentucky. Answer: C Page: 54 49. The English colonial settlements in the Caribbean A. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned. B. developed their settlements along the same lines as those of the Chesapeake. C. developed significant economic success through the production of tobacco. D. had a smaller percentage of slaves than held by the North American colonies. E. were forced to deal with larger native populations than settlements on the mainland. Answer: A Page: 57

50. Which of the following was NOT an agricultural technique used for improving the soil? A. burning B. planting beans C. planting tobacco D. planting corn and beans together E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 38, 40, 47-48 51. Regarding the origins of slavery in the North American English colonies, A. the practice of using slave labor in England was carried over into the colonies. B. royal colonies were required by their government to use slaves. C. English racism prevented blacks and whites from working together on equal terms. D. many colonies gradually embraced slavery as a solution to their labor troubles. E. proprietary colonies were required by their charters to use slaves. Answer: D Page: 59 52. By 1700, the Spanish colonies north of Mexico A. had attracted considerable interest from the Spanish government. B. were being developed through a string of Catholic missions. C. added little economic value to the Spanish Empire. D. contained more than one million Spanish citizens. E. included the largest Spanish city in the Americas. Answer: C Page: 57 53. Georgia was founded A. to provide a refuge for Catholics. B. to create a military barrier against the Spanish. C. to quickly make money for its investors. D. by Quaker missionaries. E. as a haven for religious dissenters. Answer: B Page: 59 54. Originally, the Georgia colony excluded A. free Africans. B. slaves. C. indentured servants. D. both free Africans and slaves. E. neither free Africans nor slaves. Answer: D Page: 59

55. In colonial North America, the “middle grounds” refers to a region in which A. no one European or Indian group held a clear dominance. B. Indian tribes were largely able to keep European colonists out. C. English colonists quickly became the dominant power. D. Spanish colonists were long the dominant power. E. French colonists managed to hold the balance of power. Answer: A Page: 59-60 56. Which of the following statements regarding the Navigation Acts (1660s) is FALSE? A. English colonies were closed to all trade except that carried by English ships. B. Certain colonial products could be exported only to England. C. All European goods sent to the colonies had to pass through England and were subject to taxes. D. English colonists could only produce products that were also sold in England. E. Duties were imposed on the coastal trade among the English colonies. Answer: D Page: 63 57. The English Parliament enacted the Navigation Acts primarily to benefit A. colonial American tobacco plantations. B. British business and merchants. C. New England merchants. D. Virginian planters. E. business and planters in the British Caribbean. Answer: B Page: 63 58. The Dominion of New England A. preserved existing colonial legislative assemblies. B. was called into being by King Charles II. C. was limited to what now constitutes New England. D. declared the Navigation Acts null and void. E. called for a single royal governor. Answer: E Page: 63 59. Leisler’s Rebellion took place in A. Rhode Island. B. New Jersey. C. Massachusetts. D. New York. E. Connecticut. Answer: D Page: 63

60. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 A. saw an English king, James II, flee to the European continent. B. enhanced the influence of Catholicism in England. C. helped put in place the Dominion of New England. D. kept the English crown among Englishmen. E. had no effect on colonial governments. Answer: A Page: 63

True/False Questions 61. English colonies in the Chesapeake were first and foremost business enterprises. Answer: True Page: 36 62. The Jamestown settlement was an instant success. Answer: False Page: 37 63. John Smith imposed order on the Jamestown settlement, but he thought it wise not to antagonize local Indians. Answer: False Page: 37 64. The tobacco culture of Virginia created great pressure for territorial expansion. Answer: True Page: 38 65. The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were probably servants rather than slaves. Answer: True Page: 39 66. The survival of Jamestown was largely a result of the English borrowing from the agricultural knowledge of the Indians. Answer: True Page: 40 67. Virginia did not become a royal colony until the eve of the American Revolution. Answer: False Page: 40 68. The Englishmen who founded Maryland were Puritans, but not Separatists. Answer: False Page: 40

69. The founders of Maryland encouraged both Protestants and Catholics to migrate to the colony. Answer: True Page: 41 70. Like Virginia, Maryland became a center for the cultivation of tobacco. Answer: True Page: 41 71. During the middle of the seventeenth century, the right to vote in Virginia was becoming more restricted. Answer: True Page: 42 72. Bacon’s Rebellion was undertaken to do away with slavery in Virginia. Answer: False Page: 42 73. Bacon’s Rebellion accelerated the development of slavery in Virginia. Answer: True Page: 42 74. White settlers learned crucial agricultural techniques such as annual burning and the planting of beans to keep insect infestations at bay. Answer: False Page: 47-48 75. England’s Caribbean settlements were the main source of slaves for the English colonies of North America. Answer: True Page: 57 76. The Mayflower Compact set forth the principles of the Puritan religion. Answer: False Page: 43 77. James I of England may have believed in the divine right of kings, but he was not particularly harsh in his treatment of Puritans. Answer: False Page: 44 78. Charles I dissolved Parliament and was later beheaded. Answer: True Page: 50

79. Residents of Massachusetts generally had greater freedom of worship than the Puritans had had in England. Answer: False Page: 45-46 80. Unlike the colonists of Jamestown, the Puritans of Massachusetts established settlements based on families. Answer: True Page: 45 81. Thomas Hooker and Roger Williams were both exiled and executed for their dissent on the major tenets of Puritanism. Answer: False Page: 46 82. Both the Pequot War and King Philip’s War ended disastrously for the Indians. Answer: True Page: 49 83. Indians using bows and arrows often bested English settlers using matchlock rifles. Answer: True Page: 50 84. In the English Civil War, the Cavaliers captured King Charles I and beheaded him. Answer: False Page: 50 85. One result of the Stuart Restoration was the development of new colonies in North America. Answer: True Page: 50 86. Philosopher John Locke helped draw up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. Answer: True Page: 51 87. The New Jersey colony developed no significant class of large landowners. Answer: True Page: 53 88. Quakers is a term applied to a dissenting English Protestant sect, the Society of Friends. Answer: True Page: 53 89. During its early years, the Pennsylvania colony often faced financial ruin. Answer: False Page: 54

90. Like Pennsylvania, Georgia was founded as a religious colony. Answer: False Page: 59 91. California was first colonized by Spain, which used local Indians as its main source of labor. Answer: True Page: 58 92. The “middle grounds” refers in part to areas on the western edges of English colonial settlements. Answer: True Page: 59 93. The Navigation Acts were designed primarily to control migration into the Americas. Answer: False Page: 62-63 94. The Navigation Acts were a part of the English mercantile system. Answer: True Page: 62 95. The Dominion of New England supported the colonists’ claims for the “rights of Englishmen.” Answer: False Page: 63 96. The Glorious Revolution helped to solidify the Dominion of New England. Answer: False Page: 63

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 97. Captain ________ is associated primarily with the colony of Jamestown. Answer: John Smith Page: 37 98. In Jamestown, the winter of 1609-1610 was known as the “________.” Answer: starving time Page: 37 99. The first truly marketable crop in Virginia was ________. Answer: tobacco Page: 38

100. To entice new workers to the colony, the Virginia Company put in place what it called the ________ system. Answer: headright Page: 39 101. The first meeting of an elected legislature in what is now the United States took place in the Virginia House of ________. Answer: Burgesses Page: 39 102. The Englishman who documented the arrival of the first Africans to British North America was ________. Answer: John Rolfe Page: 40 103. The first English colony to establish the principle of religious toleration was ________. Answer: Maryland Page: 41 104. The royal governor of Virginia who clashed with Nathaniel Bacon was ________. Answer: William Berkeley Page: 41-42 105. The conflict between tidewater Virginia and a rising elite to its west was called ________. Answer: Bacon’s Rebellion Page: 42 106. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth wrote the ________ Compact. Answer: Mayflower Page: 43 107. ________, the leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony, sought to have his people serve as a “city upon a hill.” Answer: John Winthrop Page: 45 108. The minister ________ is associated with the establishment of Connecticut. Answer: Thomas Hooker Page: 46 109. Anne Hutchinson preached the ________ heresy. Answer: Antinomian Page: 46

110. King Philip was known among his people as ________. Answer: Metacomet Page: 49 111. The European weapon quickly appropriated by Indians was the ________ rifle. Answer: flintlock Page: 50 112. The founding of Carolina was aided by the English philosopher ________. Answer: John Locke Page: 51 113. The duke of York became King ________. Answer: James II Page: 53 114. The most cosmopolitan of all the English colonies was ________. Answer: Pennsylvania Page: 54 115. The English colony established as a buffer north of Spanish colonial holdings on the Atlantic Ocean was ________. Answer: Georgia Page: 59 116. The founder of Georgia was ________. Answer: James Oglethorpe Page: 59 117. The most concerted attempt by King James II to consolidate control in North America was called the ________. Answer: Dominion of New England Page: 63 118. The Glorious Revolution brought ________ to power in England as joint sovereigns. Answer: William and Mary Page: 63

Essay Questions 119. Compare the experiences of the Roanoke colony with those of the Jamestown colony, and explain what factors led to the failure of the former and the eventual success of the latter. 120. What were the critical differences between the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts?

121. Why did slavery emerge as a major labor source in the North American colonies by the end of the seventeenth century? 122. What role did the Caribbean colonies play in the development of British North America? 123. Describe how the relationship between Europeans and Indians changed as a result of colonization. 124. Which people, Europeans or Indians, enjoyed greater benefit from the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century exchange of technology of weaponry and agriculture? 125. Compare the similarities and differences between Massachusetts Puritans and Pennsylvania Quakers. 126. What were the major characteristics of the Stuart Restoration colonies? 127. What steps did England take to establish greater control over her North American colonies? Why were these steps not always successful? 128. Compare the colonization efforts of England, Spain, and France in the New World.

Chapter 3 Society and Culture in Provincial America Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Most seventeenth-century English migrants to the North American colonies were A. aristocrats. B. religious dissenters. C. laborers. D. commercial agents. E. landowners. Answer: C Page: 68 2. In the seventeenth century, the great majority of English immigrants who came to the Chesapeake region were A. slaves. B. women. C. convicts. D. indentured servants. E. religious dissenters. Answer: D Page: 68 3. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the English indenture system? A. Most indentured servants received land upon completion of their contracts. B. Contracts for indenture generally lasted four to five years. C. The presence of indentured servants was a source of social unrest. D. Female indentured servants were typically not allowed to marry while under contract. E. Female indentured servants constituted one-fourth of the total arrivals. Answer: A Page: 68 4. By 1700, English colonial landowners began to rely more heavily on African slavery because A. of a declining birthrate in England. B. of worsening economic conditions in England. C. indentured servants generally refused to work in the southern colonies. D. the English government had come to discourage the practice of indenture. E. colonial parliaments passed laws improving the status of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 69

5. Regarding colonial life expectancy during the seventeenth century, A. backcountry settlers had a similar life expectancy to that of settlers in coastal areas. B. life expectancy was highest in the southern colonies. C. one in two white children in the Chesapeake died in infancy. D. men had a shorter life expectancy than women. E. life expectancy in New England was unusually high. Answer: E Page: 70 6. During the seventeenth century, English colonists in the Chesapeake saw A. women significantly outnumber men. B. a life expectancy for men of just over forty years. C. few single adults. D. eight out of ten children dying in infancy. E. an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. Answer: B Page: 70 7. By 1770, the non-Indian population of the English colonies was just over A. 1 million. B. 2 million. C. 4 million. D. 6 million. E. 8 million. Answer: B Page: 69 8. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, medical practitioners A. became increasingly professionalized. B. had little or no knowledge of sterilization. C. grew to understand the link between bacteria and infection. D. were nearly all males. E. rejected purging and bleeding as medical techniques. Answer: B Page: 70 9. The seventeenth-century medical practice of deliberately bleeding a person was based on A. Calvinist religious doctrine. B. scientific experimentation and observation. C. evidence that it helped in the recovery from illness. D. practices acquired from Indians. E. the belief that a person needed to maintain a balance of different bodily fluids. Answer: E Page: 71

10. In the seventeenth century, white women in the colonial Chesapeake A. generally married later than in England. B. generally had a longer life expectancy than their husbands. C. rarely engaged in premarital sex. D. averaged one pregnancy for every two years of marriage. E. bore an average of four children apiece. Answer: D Page: 71 11. Compared to women in colonial Chesapeake, New England women A. were more likely to become widows. B. were more likely to have their family remain intact. C. had fewer children. D. had much less legal authority in their marriages. E. lost their husbands earlier in life. Answer: B Page: 72 12. In colonial New England, A. strict parental control made premarital sexual relations almost nonexistent. B. choosing a spouse independent of a parent’s wishes was common. C. dowries were a common feature of marriage. D. widows tended not to remarry. E. gender equality was reinforced by the prevailing culture. Answer: C Page: 72 13. In colonial New England Puritan communities, women A. were not highly valued. B. were considered to be socially equal to males. C. were expected to be major contributors to the family. D. could not be official members of the church. E. were more likely to become pregnant before marriage than in the South. Answer: C Page: 72 14. In colonial New England Puritan communities, the family was A. highly valued. B. expected to be under the authority of women. C. marked by relatively loose parental supervision. D. both highly valued and expected to be under the authority of women. E. neither highly valued nor expected to be under the authority of women. Answer: A Page: 72

15. The term “middle passage” refers to the movement of enslaved Africans A. from the coastal regions of colonies to their interiors. B. from Africa to Europe. C. from the Caribbean to the mainland colonies. D. between individual North American colonies. E. from Africa to the New World. Answer: E Page: 73 16. The estimated total number of Africans forcibly brought to all of the Americas as slaves is A. 4 million. B. 7 million. C. 11 million. D. 19 million. E. 26 million. Answer: C Page: 73 17. During the seventeenth century, the Royal African Company of England A. deliberately restricted the supply of slaves to the North American colonies. B. lowered the prices of slaves, to increase their sale in the North American colonies. C. sent the majority of its enslaved Africans directly to the Chesapeake colonies. D. would only ship adult African men in the slave trade. E. stopped importing slaves directly from Africa. Answer: A Page: 73 18. What statement regarding slavery in English North America in 1700 is FALSE? A. There were about 25,000 slaves in the colonies. B. Blacks outnumbered whites in some colonies. C. There were twice as many black men as black women. D. The demand for slaves led to a steady rise in the prices paid for them. E. Blacks were heavily concentrated in a few southern colonies. Answer: D Page: 73 19. In English North American colonies, the application of slave codes was based on color and A. nothing more. B. religion. C. laboring skills. D. origin of birth. E. economic status. Answer: A Page: 74-75

20. In comparing the colonial societies of Spanish America and English America, people of mixed races had a A. higher status than pure Africans in Spanish America. B. higher status than pure Africans in English America. C. lower status than pure Africans in Spanish America. D. higher status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. E. lower status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. Answer: A Page: 75 21. New England, for all its belief in community and liberty, was far from an egalitarian society. “Some must be rich and some poor,” is a statement attributed to which seventeenth-century colonial? A. George Whitefield B. Charles Wesley C. Jonathan Edwards D. John Locke E. John Winthrop Answer: E Page: 90 22. The largest contingent of immigrants during the colonial period were the A. French Huguenots. B. Scots-Irish. C. Moravians and Mennonites. D. Irish Catholics. E. Palatinate Germans. Answer: B Page: 76 23. The seventeenth-century tobacco economy of the Chesapeake region A. was concentrated on many small farms with few slaves. B. went through numerous boom-and-bust cycles. C. often saw production not meet demand. D. saw planters cut back on production as a way of raising prices. E. saw prices rise steadily throughout the period. Answer: B Page: 78

24. Rice production in colonial America A. was very difficult and unhealthy work. B. relied largely on free white labor. C. was a new crop to most Africans. D. was found mostly in the Chesapeake colonies. E. mostly occurred in inland regions. Answer: A Page: 78 25. Which statement about the economy of the northern colonies is true? A. Conditions for farming were more favorable than in the southern colonies. B. Planters were more likely to rely on slave labor. C. Agriculture was not the dominant industry of the economy. D. New England was able to develop several major export crops. E. Agriculture was more diverse than in the southern colonies. Answer: E Page: 79 26. The first significant metals industry in the colonies was developed for A. steel. B. iron. C. gold. D. silver. E. brass. Answer: B Page: 80 27. Industrialization in colonial America was hampered by A. English parliamentary regulations. B. a small domestic market. C. an inadequate labor supply. D. an inadequate transportation network. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 80 28. In the seventeenth century, most colonial families A. owned spinning wheels or looms. B. were self-sufficient. C. did not own a plow. D. grew and processed their own grain. E. used wagons to transfer goods to market. Answer: C Page: 81-82

29. Commerce in colonial America relied in large part on A. barter. B. paper currency. C. gold. D. silver. E. credit. Answer: A Page: 83 30. The “triangular trade” in the Atlantic dealt with which commodity? A. rum B. sugar C. slaves D. molasses E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 83 31. By the mid-eighteenth century, a distinct colonial merchant class came into existence because of A. the abolishment of the British Navigation Acts. B. the development of a substantial colonial manufacturing industry. C. illegal colonial trade in markets outside of the British Empire. D. ready access to manufactured goods. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 83 32. During the eighteenth century, rising consumerism in the American colonies was encouraged by A. increasing class distinctions within society. B. the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. C. the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists. D. both increasing class distinctions within society, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. E. both the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. Answer: D Page: 83

33. Seventeenth-century southern plantations A. enabled planters to control their markets. B. tended to be rough and relatively small. C. used many more slaves than indentured servants. D. rarely saw the landowner do any manual labor. E. created few new wealthy landowners. Answer: B Page: 84 34. The first plantations in colonial North America emerged in the tobacco-growing areas of A. New York and New Jersey. B. North Carolina and South Carolina. C. Georgia and South Carolina. D. Delaware and Pennsylvania. E. Virginia and Maryland. Answer: E Page: 84 35. The percentage of blacks living on a plantation of at least ten slaves was approximately A. one-fourth (25%). B. one-third (33%). C. one-half (50%). D. three-fourths (75%). E. nine-tenths (90%). Answer: D Page: 85 36. Which statement regarding the lives of slaves in colonial North America is true? A. Most slaves worked as house servants. B. Whites rarely intruded upon the conventions of black society. C. Slaves had no opportunity to develop their own society or culture. D. Slave religion was a blend of Christianity and African folk tradition. E. Slaves hardly ever resisted their masters. Answer: D Page: 86 37. In the North American colonies, mulatto children were A. regarded as white by the white society. B. rejected by the rest of the slave community. C. rarely produced. D. rarely recognized by their white fathers. E. freed at birth. Answer: D Page: 86

38. The Stono Rebellion A. led to the death of dozens of white Virginian colonists. B. saw slaves in South Carolina attempt to escape from the colony. C. led to the banning of the slave trade in Maryland. D. prompted Georgia to strengthen its laws on slavery. E. led planters to resume hiring indentured servants for their labor needs. Answer: B Page: 86 39. The most common form of resistance by enslaved Africans to their condition was A. arson. B. destruction of crops. C. running away. D. subtle defiance or evasion of their masters. E. poisoning food. Answer: C Page: 86 40. Which of the following statements about slave work is FALSE? A. Field hand was the predominant occupation of both male and female slaves. B. Some slaves on larger plantations learned trades and crafts. C. Skilled slaves were at times hired out to other planters. D. A few slaves were able to buy their freedom. E. Colonial slave codes forbade teaching slaves skilled trades and crafts. Answer: E Page: 86 41. In Puritan New England, participation in town meetings was limited to A. all land-owning adults. B. “selectmen.” C. adult males who were church members. D. all church members. E. land-owning males. Answer: C Page: 87 42. “Primogeniture” refers to the A. right to vote. B. passing of property to the firstborn son. C. tending of a servant’s indenture. D. arrangement of authority within New England assemblies. E. practice of granting land only to those assured of salvation. Answer: B Page: 88

43. Over time, tensions in Puritan New England communities developed as a result of A. population growth. B. the practices of land inheritance. C. calls for gender equality. D. both population growth and the commercialization of society. E. both population growth and calls for gender equality. Answer: D Page: 88 44. In the outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria that marked New England colonial life, those accused were most commonly A. not members of the church. B. criminals. C. indentured servants. D. women of low social position. E. Indians or slaves. Answer: D Page: 89 45. The witchcraft trials in Salem A. were unique in the history of colonial New England. B. saw the original accusers recant their charges. C. led to prison terms, but no executions. D. provided evidence of a decline in religious fervor. E. almost resulted in the revocation of Massachusetts’s charter. Answer: B Page: 89 46. By the 1770s, the two largest port cities in colonial North America were A. Philadelphia and New York. B. Boston and Newport. C. Philadelphia and Charleston. D. New York and Boston. E. Boston and Charleston. Answer: A Page: 89 47. Class divisions in colonial North American cities were A. sharper than in corresponding European cities. B. more real and visible than in rural places. C. essentially nonexistent. D. weaker in the North than in the South. E. smoothed over by church and social registers. Answer: B Page: 90

48. In the 1760s, the revolutionary crisis in English North America began in cities because A. the majority of the population lived in urban areas. B. cities were the centers of intellectual information. C. rural populations had few grievances with the crown. D. city inhabitants tended to be rowdier than their rural counterparts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 90 49. In the eighteenth century, religious toleration in the American colonies A. flourished due to the diversity of practices brought by settlers. B. was unmatched in any European nation. C. was enhanced because no single religious code could be imposed on any large area. D. grew despite laws establishing the Church of England as the official colonial religion. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 91 50. The Church of England was the official faith of A. New Jersey. B. Massachusetts. C. Virginia. D. Connecticut. E. all of the colonies. Answer: C Page: 91 51. In the English colonies, Roman Catholics A. suffered their greatest persecution in Maryland. B. made up a large minority population of most colonies. C. were officially illegal. D. were generally well treated. E. suffered their greatest persecution in the Carolinas. Answer: A Page: 92 52. In the English colonies, Jews A. had their largest community in Rhode Island. B. did not live in most of the colonies. C. enjoyed considerable toleration. D. could not practice their religion openly anywhere. E. could not vote or hold office. Answer: E Page: 92

53. “Jeremiads” were A. a measurement of wealth. B. community experiments. C. sermons. D. witchcraft. E. town meetings. Answer: C Page: 92

54. In the mid-1600s, New England Puritan ministers began preaching against the decline of A. family. B. piety. C. community. D. freedom. E. tolerance. Answer: B Page: 92 55. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s A. began as a call for young men to become ministers. B. had particular appeal with women and young men. C. alienated traditional New England Puritans. D. failed to take root in southern colonies. E. helped to smooth differences within existing congregations. Answer: B Page: 92 56. George Whitefield is associated with the A. growth of American Catholicism. B. founding of the American Baptist Church. C. Quakers. D. Great Awakening. E. Enlightenment. Answer: D Page: 92 57. A leading figure of the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards preached A. highly orthodox Puritan ideas. B. the possibility of easy salvation. C. that women should join the ministry. D. that the ideas of predestination were outmoded for the times. E. salvation through good works. Answer: A Page: 93

58. Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought A. emphasized the importance of religious faith. B. rejected most religious thought. C. had little influence on American intellectual thought. D. challenged concepts such as “natural laws.” E. suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives. Answer: E Page: 93 59. All of the following Americans made important contributions to Enlightenment thought EXCEPT A. James Madison. B. Benjamin Franklin. C. Thomas Jefferson. D. John Locke. E. Thomas Paine. Answer: D Page: 93 60. After the Bible, the first widely circulated publications in colonial America were A. political pamphlets. B. hymnals. C. almanacs. D. historical writings. E. drinking songs. Answer: C Page: 94 61. By 1776, what proportion of white males were literate in colonial America? A. less than a quarter B. about a third C. just less than half D. more than half E. almost all Answer: D Page: 94 62. The Church of England was established as the official religion in all of the following colonies EXCEPT A. Virginia. B. New York. C. Maryland. D. Georgia. E. Massachusetts. Answer: E Page: 91

63. Which statement regarding colonial higher education is true? A. Most colleges were founded by religious groups. B. Colonists placed a low value on any formal education. C. Parliament regulated the establishment of American colleges. D. Most colonial colleges accepted female students. E. Most colonial leaders after 1700 went abroad to study. Answer: A Page: 95 64. The first American college was A. Columbia. B. Harvard. C. Yale. D. William and Mary. E. Princeton. Answer: B Page: 95 65. The verdict of the 1735 libel trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger A. increased freedom of the press in the colonies. B. restricted the ability of the press to report on government affairs. C. resulted in the closure of several colonial newspapers. D. ruled that criticisms by the press, even if factually accurate, were libelous. E. banned all printed attacks on the king or Parliament in the colonies. Answer: A Page: 96

True/False Questions 66. By the late seventeenth century, European and African immigrants outnumbered natives along the Atlantic coast. Answer: True Page: 69 67. Most indentured servants came to the colonies voluntarily. Answer: True Page: 69 68. Indentured servitude developed out of practices in England. Answer: True Page: 68

69. Immigration was the most important factor for long-term English colonial population growth. Answer: False Page: 70 70. Life expectancy in New England was higher than in England and in the rest of British North America. Answer: True Page: 70 71. Indentured servants were forbidden to marry until their terms of service were over. Answer: True Page: 71 72. In the seventeenth century, it was easy for women to enter the medical field as midwives. Answer: True Page: 70 73. Medical evidence suggests that bleeding a patient could assist in recovery from an illness. Answer: False Page: 71 74. In the Chesapeake region, traditional patterns of male authority gradually took root during the seventeenth century. Answer: True Page: 72 75. Fewer than five percent of African slaves imported to the Americas arrived first in the English colonies. Answer: True Page: 73 76. Black workers did not become generally available in British North America until the early part of the eighteenth century. Answer: False Page: 73 77. Skin color was the only factor in determining whether a person was subject to slave codes. Answer: True Page: 74-75 78. In the seventeenth century, most blacks who came to the English colonies in North America came directly from Africa. Answer: False Page: 73

79. In the early seventeenth century, the legal status of slaves was ambiguous and fluid. Answer: True Page: 73 80. English America recognized no distinctions between pure Africans and people of mixed race. Answer: True Page: 75 81. The first large group of non-English European immigrants to British North America was the Huguenots. Answer: True Page: 75 82. The most numerous of the non-English European immigrants to British North America were the Scots-Irish. Answer: True Page: 76 83. African slaves engaged in the cultivation of rice, but they were not very adept at it. Answer: False Page: 78 84. Colonial agriculture in the northern colonies was more diversified than in the southern colonies. Answer: True Page: 79 85. Parliament passed the Iron Act in 1750 to encourage colonial production of this metal. Answer: False Page: 80 86. The most commonly owned tool on colonial American farms was the plow. Answer: False Page: 81 87. The British Navigation Acts were designed to protect England from foreign competition in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83 88. There were sharp social distinctions in the colonies, but the English class system did not take root in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83

89. Seventeenth-century colonial plantations were actually relatively small estates. Answer: True Page: 84 90. Because of their concentration on cotton, most southern plantations grew highly reliant on small towns and cities for their supplies. Answer: False Page: 85 91. Some enslaved Africans became skilled crafts workers. Answer: True Page: 86 92. Very little slave resistance took the form of open rebellion. Answer: True Page: 86 93. The characteristic social unit in New England was the nuclear family living on a farm. Answer: False Page: 87 94. New Englanders did not adopt the English system of primogeniture. Answer: True Page: 88 95. The Salem girls who accused people of being witches never recanted their stories. Answer: False Page: 89 96. Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were women of low social position. Answer: True Page: 89 97. Belief in witchcraft was not a common feature of Puritan religious life. Answer: False Page: 89 98. Religious toleration was more pronounced in America than anywhere in Europe. Answer: True Page: 91 99. Puritanism in New England was confined to a single religious denomination. Answer: False Page: 91

100. The revival that was the Great Awakening was rooted in a desire to reinvigorate family life. Answer: False Page: 92 101. The Enlightenment was the product of seventeenth-century scientific and intellectual discoveries. Answer: True Page: 93 102. Enlightenment thought encouraged people to reject their religious faith. Answer: False Page: 93 103. Eighteenth-century literacy among American men was higher than in most European countries. Answer: True Page: 93 104. Harvard College was created by Great Awakening ministers as a school for future ministers. Answer: False Page: 95 105. The case of John Peter Zenger saw the courts rule that criticisms of the government were not libelous if actually true. Answer: True Page: 96 106. During the course of colonial history, colonial legislatures grew increasingly accustomed to operating on orders from Parliament. Answer: False Page: 87

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 107. Most women who entered into the medical profession did so as ________. Answer: midwives Page: 70 108. The dreaded journey in which captured Africans were transported to the Americas to be sold as slaves was called the ________. Answer: middle passage Page: 73

109. French Calvinists were referred to as ________. Answer: Huguenots Page: 75 110. The exchange of rum, slaves, and sugar has been called the ________. Answer: triangular trade Page: 83 111. The most serious colonial slave revolt, called the ________, took place in South Carolina in 1739. Answer: Stono Rebellion Page: 86 112. The first significant colonial metals industry was established in ________, Massachusetts. Answer: Saugus Page: 80 113. Those Puritans who could give evidence of grace, being among the elect, and were admitted to full church membership were called “________.” Answer: visible saints Page: 87 114. The English system of passing property to the firstborn son is called ________. Answer: primogeniture Page: 88 115. The largest outbreak of suspected witchcraft persecution in British North America took place in the community of ________. Answer: Salem Page: 88 116. Puritan sermons of despair were called ________. Answer: jeremiads Page: 92 117. The most outstanding Great Awakening preacher was New England Congregationalist ________. Answer: Jonathan Edwards Page: 93 118. Francis Bacon and John Locke were influential in the ideas of the ________. Answer: Enlightenment Page: 93

119. The first American college, established in 1636, was ________. Answer: Harvard Page: 95 120. Founded in 1755 by a group of laymen, the Academy and College of ________ was a completely secular institution. Answer: Philadelphia Page: 96 121. Cotton Mather promoted the use of inoculation against the disease ________. Answer: smallpox Page: 96 122. In England, a printed attack on a public official, whether true or false, was considered ________. Answer: libelous Page: 96

Essay Questions 123. Discuss the differences between the demographics of the colonial South and those of the colonial North. 124. Characterize colonial medical practices by examining their positive and negative features. 125. Assess the beginnings of slavery in North America (in the main text) and make an argument for which historical explanation for its origins—from the section “Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery”—seems most accurate. 126. How did the English colonists’ attitudes toward Indians compare with their views toward Africans? 127. How did immigration affect social and economic life in the colonies? 128. What were the critical differences between a southern plantation and a New England town? 129. Assess the character and nature of religion in colonial America. 130. Describe the technological status of eighteenth-century Americans by examining the development and limits of technology. 131. What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America?

Chapter 4 The Empire in Transition Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the years after the Glorious Revolution, political power in England increasingly shifted toward A. the monarchy. B. Parliament. C. the citizens. D. the Anglican Church. E. the colonial governors. Answer: B Page: 102 2. During the first half of the eighteenth century, England’s administration of the colonies A. was primarily concerned with checking the growth of New France. B. began to assert greater authority over newspapers and public expression. C. sought new means to tax American merchants. D. was notable for its strict enforcement of trade policies. E. was loose, decentralized, and inefficient. Answer: E Page: 102 3. During the first half of the eighteenth century, royal officials in America A. began to increase the presence of British troops in the colonies. B. contributed to England’s overall lax control of the colonies. C. had no significant influence on colonial finances. D. were generally able and honest administrators. E. chose Philadelphia as the capital of the colonies. Answer: B Page: 102 4. By the 1750s, American colonial assemblies A. exercised a significant degree of authority to levy taxes. B. existed only to implement the policies of the English Parliament. C. felt little loyalty to the English government. D. consisted of colonists all approved by royal governors. E. were petitioning the king to charter new colonies to the west. Answer: A Page: 102