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TEST BANK for America and Its Peoples A Mosaic in the Making Volume 1 (Study Edition) Fifth Edition

Chapter 1 The Peopling and Unpeopling of America Multiple Choice Questions 1) The Patuxet Indian Squanto A) was raised by English Pilgrims. B) taught the Pilgrims how to grow Indian corn. C) after being captured and taken to England, preferred to remain there. D) demonstrated by his experiences that the fusing of Native-American and European customs, values, and ideals was possible. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Topic: Introduction Skill: Descriptive

2) Where did the prehistoric Paleo-Indians, who first migrated to the Americas, come from? A) Eastern Siberia B) the Mediterranean Basin C) Scandinavia D) Polynesia Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Factual

3) The "agricultural revolution" in the New World A) had little effect on Native-American cultures. B) led to the establishment of permanent villages. C) stabilized Native-American population growth. D) first occurred among the Eastern Woodland tribes of North America. Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Relational

4) Mayan society was ruled by A) powerful nobles and priests. B) elected officials. C) a strong chief. D) a council of elders. Answer: A Page Ref: 6 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Factual

5) By current estimates, at the time of Columbus's discovery in 1492, the New World's population was ________ that of Europe. A) about 25 percent B) about 50 percent C) about equal to D) about twice as large as Answer: C Page Ref: 7 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Factual

6) Historians generalize that by 1500 the Native-American peoples of North America were A) developing essentially similar economies. B) racially inferior. C) carelessly exploiting the continent's natural resources. D) linguistically and culturally diverse. Answer: D Page Ref: 7 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Interpretive

7) Eastern Woodland tribes in North America believed A) human life was superior to animal life. B) plant and animal life were spiritually alive. C) human affairs were guided by a single, omnipresent god. D) God gave men the power of reason to understand nature. Answer: B Page Ref: 8 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Interpretive

8) Which one of the following concepts was most valued by North America's Eastern Woodland tribes around 1500? A) cooperation among tribal members B) male dominance C) intertribal alliances D) individual material acquisition Answer: A Page Ref: 8 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Factual

9) Europeans regarded Native Americans as A) physically hardy. B) hard-working people. C) equals. D) inferiors. Answer: D Page Ref: 8 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Interpretive

10) The Iroquois nation's tribal organization could be described as A) matrilineal. B) patrilineal. C) democratic. D) autocratic. Answer: A Page Ref: 8 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Interpretive

11) Before the arrival of the Europeans, North American native peoples developed all the following EXCEPT A) the planting and harvesting of food crops. B) living in villages. C) hunting on horseback. D) intertribal trade networks. Answer: C Page Ref: 8 Topic: The First Discovery of America Skill: Interpretive

12) From the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries, Europe's population A) increased rapidly. B) remained constant. C) decreased slowly. D) decreased rapidly. Answer: A Page Ref: 9 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Factual

13) The term "Black Death" refers to A) the bubonic plague that swept away nearly one-third of Europe's population in the fourteenth century. B) syphilis epidemics that killed thousands of Europeans who migrated to the New World in the sixteenth century. C) the ruthless destruction of New World populations by Spanish conquistadores. D) the malaria infection brought to the New World by African slaves. Answer: A Page Ref: 10 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Factual

14) Prospects for successful worldwide exploration by Europeans in the mid-fifteenth century were heightened by new developments in all the following areas EXCEPT A) knowledge of New World geography. B) navigational instruments. C) ship design. D) printing. Answer: A Page Ref: 10-11 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Interpretive

15) The preconditions for successful European expansion around 1500 included all the following EXCEPT the A) growth of geographical knowledge. B) unification of nation-states. C) rise of merchants and their alliance with monarchs. D) growing separation of church and state. Answer: D Page Ref: 10-11 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Interpretive

16) A modern nation-state was created in fifteenth-century Spain by A) Henry VII. B) Louis XI, the "Spider King." C) Ferdinand and Isabella. D) Prince Henry the Navigator. Answer: C Page Ref: 11 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Factual

17) Portugal's Prince Henry was known as A) a "sea dog." B) the Spider King. C) Admiral of the Ocean Sea. D) "the Navigator." Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Factual

18) Although well-educated and experienced, Christopher Columbus miscalculated the A) shape of the Earth. B) size of the Earth. C) exact location of the Americas. D) value of Oriental markets. Answer: B Page Ref: 14 Topic: Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion Skill: Factual

19) The Spanish monarchs who sponsored Christopher Columbus were most excited by Columbus's A) discovery of an all-water route to the Indies. B) report of his friendly reception by Native Americans. C) extraction of gold from the lands he discovered. D) discovery of new continents. Answer: C Page Ref: 15 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Interpretive

20) The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided the undiscovered lands of the world between A) Spain and England. B) England and France. C) Spain and Portugal. D) Portugal and France. Answer: C Page Ref: 15 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

21) Spain's conquistadores were generally motivated by all the following EXCEPT A) converting New World peoples to Christianity. B) stimulating the mass migration and settlement of Spanish colonists in the New World. C) acquiring great wealth for themselves and for Spain. D) achieving personal distinction and national greatness for Spain. Answer: B Page Ref: 15 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Interpretive

22) Which of the following was most responsible for the cultural disintegration of many Native-American tribes in North America? A) their infection by European-carried diseases B) their ready adoption of European cultural values C) their attraction to evangelical Protestantism D) their common intermarriage with Europeans Answer: A Page Ref: 15 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Interpretive

23) Which one of the following conquistadores did NOT explore a portion of what is now the United States? A) Balboa B) Coronado C) Ponce de Leon D) De Soto Answer: A Page Ref: 15-17 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

24) The Spanish conquistadore Hernan Cortes was able to conquer the Aztec Empire for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) the Aztec emperor Montezuma believed Cortes was a god. B) Cortes received the assistance of various tribes that had been subjugated by the Aztecs. C) a smallpox epidemic decimated the Aztec population. D) Cortes's troops vastly outnumbered the Aztec warriors. Answer: D Page Ref: 15 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Interpretive

25) What was the highest political unit in the administrative system that governed the Spanish Empire? A) locally-elected representative assembly B) encomienda C) audiencias D) Council of the Indies Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

26) The Spanish encomienda system rewarded Spanish conquistadores with A) land titles to Native American villages. B) a yearly salary. C) appointments to the royal court. D) estates in Spain. Answer: A Page Ref: 17 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

27) Although it was harsh, the Spanish system of African slavery was moderated somewhat by all the following EXCEPT A) Spanish law. B) Roman Catholic doctrine. C) common intermarriage between Spaniards, Indians, and Africans. D) the fact that slaves constituted a very small part of the population. Answer: D Page Ref: 18 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Interpretive

28) Whose writings resulted in the "Black Legend" that described the inhumane atrocities the Spanish conquest brought to the Native Americans? A) the Spanish priest, Bartolomé de las Casas B) the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama C) the Italian merchant, Amerigo Vespucci D) the Pueblan leader, Popé Answer: A Page Ref: 18 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

29) Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, and Giovanni da Verrazzano were all A) lost at sea. B) circumnavigators of the globe. C) "sea dogs." D) native Italians. Answer: D Page Ref: 14, 18 Topic: Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain Skill: Factual

30) French claims in North America were based on the expeditions of A) John Cabot. B) Jacques Cartier. C) Henry Hudson. D) Vasco da Gama. Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Factual

31) One of the primary goals of early sixteenth-century European explorers in North America was to A) bring Native Americans back to Europe as slaves. B) establish permanent settlements for religious dissenters. C) find an all-water route to the Orient. D) attack Spanish outposts on the North American continent. Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

32) The Protestant Reformation in Europe A) created peace throughout the continent. B) destroyed the unity of the Roman Catholic Church. C) allowed for religious toleration in England. D) had no significance for settlement in America. Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

33) The Act of Supremacy making the Protestant Anglican Church the established church in England was the direct consequence of A) Henry VIII's desire to perpetuate the Tudor monarchy. B) the publication of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. C) "Bloody" Mary's relentless persecution of English Protestants. D) the return of the "Marian exiles" to their English homeland. Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

34) In which one of the following pairs are the two items NOT directly related? A) Martin Luther-"Ninety-Five Theses" B) John Calvin-Defense of the Seven Sacraments C) Henry VIII-"Defender of the Faith" D) Richard Hakluyt-Discourse of Western Planting Answer: B Page Ref: 19-20, 22 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

35) Social and economic conditions that produced problems and tensions in sixteenth-century England included all of the following EXCEPT A) the enclosure movement. B) price inflation. C) the collapse of the woolens industry. D) a population explosion. Answer: C Page Ref: 22 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

36) England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 did all of the following EXCEPT A) establish England's reputation as a naval power. B) led England to challenge Spain in the New World. C) led to an English victory in its war against Spain. D) allowed for a successful surprise Spanish invasion of England. Answer: D Page Ref: 21-22 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Interpretive

37) Who was Sir Francis Drake? A) an English freebooter who sailed around the world and raided Spanish ports B) an English nationalist who led an expedition to colonize North America and locate the "Northwest Passage" C) an explorer whose voyages laid the basis for English territorial claims in North America D) the courtier who sponsored the expedition that founded the "lost colony" of Roanoke Answer: A Page Ref: 21 Topic: Challengers for North America: France and England Skill: Factual

38) Richard Hakluyt argued that England's colonization of the New World would do all of the following EXCEPT A) solve the problem of large-scale unemployment in England. B) supply England with valuable resources. C) stimulate the shipbuilding industry. D) help England avoid war with Spain. Answer: D Page Ref: 22 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

39) England's colonization of Ireland A) was primarily motivated by a desire to spread the Anglican faith. B) served as a model for its later colonization of North America. C) was peacefully accomplished. D) All of the above. Answer: B Page Ref: 22-23 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

40) The pioneer of English colonization in Ireland was A) Sir Walter Raleigh. B) Sir Humphrey Gilbert. C) Sir Francis Drake. D) Captain John Smith. Answer: B Page Ref: 23 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Factual

41) From the beginning of English colonization in North America, it was decided that A) all mineral wealth that was discovered belonged solely to the Crown. B) English colonists would retain all their rights as English subjects. C) native peoples would be dealt with as equals of the English. D) agriculture would be the economic basis of all colonial economies. Answer: B Page Ref: 23 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Factual

42) The fate of the "lost colonists" of Roanoke most likely involved A) absorption by local Native Americans. B) a return voyage to England. C) migration to the Mississippi Valley. D) escape to Jamestown. Answer: A Page Ref: 23 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

43) What was one lesson learned from the attempt to colonize Roanoke Island? A) Native Americans were automatically going to be unfriendly toward the English. B) Funding these ventures was going to be too expensive for any single individual. C) Colonization was going to be easier than first thought. D) France was going to be England's greatest rival for control of North America. Answer: B Page Ref: 23 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

44) Where was Jamestown, the first enduring English settlement in North America, located? A) on Roanoke Island B) near the mouth of the Kennebec River C) on the coast of Newfoundland D) near Chesapeake Bay Answer: D Page Ref: 24 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Factual

45) How was the Jamestown settlement financed? A) the pooling of capital from English merchants B) a subsidy from the Royal treasury C) an appropriation from Parliament D) the personal investment of a few nobles in Queen Elizabeth's court Answer: A Page Ref: 24-25 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Factual

46) The founding of the Jamestown colony rested on the strong ________ motives of its sponsors. A) strategic B) economic C) humanitarian D) religious Answer: B Page Ref: 25 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

47) The early Jamestown settlement was troubled by A) weak leadership from Captain John Smith. B) an unhealthy location. C) the immediate and unrelenting hostility of local Indians. D) the Virginia Company's refusal to send more supplies and settlers. Answer: B Page Ref: 25-26 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

48) One of the major problems faced by the original Jamestown settlers was that A) they had no desire for personal economic gain. B) they placed too much emphasis on agricultural efforts. C) they were unprepared for the hard labor that was required. D) the cold climate made winters unbearable. Answer: C Page Ref: 25-26 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

49) The person most responsible for keeping the Jamestown villagers alive during the initial years of settlement was A) Captain John Smith. B) Sir Walter Raleigh. C) Pocahontas. D) Edwin Sandys. Answer: A Page Ref: 26 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

50) What ultimately saved Jamestown from disaster? A) Chief Powhatan's decision not to let the beleaguered settlers die off B) the determination and hard work of the first group of settlers C) the cultivation of tobacco as a trading commodity D) John Smith's having to return to England after being accidentally injured Answer: C Page Ref: 26 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Interpretive

51) What was the primary economic activity of both the French and the Dutch in North America? A) mining in the Appalachian Mountains B) fishing along the New England and Canadian coasts C) agriculture in the Hudson and Saint Lawrence river valleys D) fur trading with the Indians of the North American interior Answer: D Page Ref: 26 Topic: Joining in the Invasion of America Skill: Factual

52) The original curiosity between the two turned to mistrust and warfare when it became apparent that the Europeans wanted the Native Americans' A) trade. B) land. C) women. D) culture. Answer: B Page Ref: 12 Topic: Indian Scalping and European War Dogs Skill: Interpretive

53) In their intertribal warfare, Native Americans' military tactics included A) siege warfare. B) linear formations. C) war dogs. D) small-scale hit and run raids. Answer: D Page Ref: 12 Topic: Indian Scalping and European War Dogs Skill: Factual

54) Historians now believe that A) scalping originated as a Native-American substitute for the European practice of beheading a defeated foe. B) scalping was practiced primarily for the economic value Native Americans attached to scalps. C) Europeans learned the practice of scalping from Native Americans. D) while they scalped Europeans, Native Americans did not use the practice in their intertribal warfare. Answer: C Page Ref: 13 Topic: Indian Scalping and European War Dogs Skill: Factual

Essay Questions 1) The text authors conclude that "the Viking voyages (about 1000 A.D.) had no long-term impact because Europe was not yet ripe for westward expansion." Describe what was needed by Europeans to become "ripe" for expansion. Answer: Consider the following: population growth, geographical knowledge, navigational technology, new ship designs, widely disseminated travel narratives, an aggressive merchant class allied with monarchs, a spirit of material acquisition, unification of nation-states, missionary fervor. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

2) Describe how both religious and economic factors stimulated English expansion in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Answer: Religious: Protestant England challenged the New World hegemony of Spain; religious dissenters, persecuted in England, migrated to America. English monarchs viewed America as a convenient dumping ground for religious dissidents. Economic: The enclosure movement, population growth, and price inflation created a displaced, unemployed, and mobile population available for immigration. The quest for national wealth and greatness suggested the need for colonies as suppliers of raw materials and consumers of English trade goods. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

3) Define "Columbian Exchange." Who benefitted most from this exchange, Europeans or Native Americans? Answer: At the point of contact, Europeans and Native Americans began an exchange of flora, fauna, and microbes that had a profound effect on both peoples. The Native Americans lost in at least two ways: Adoption of the tobacco culture stimulated more migration from Europe and threatened Native-American access to land; European diseases destroyed and demoralized Native-American populations, crippling their cultures and their ability to resist further European invasion. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

4) Explain why it is more myth than reality that America was a "virgin land" when it was invaded by Europeans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Answer: Rather than being "virgin" (untouched), the New World was inhabited by 50-80 million Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. These native peoples were culturally diverse and many had quite sophisticated civilizations (Incas, Mayas, Aztecs, for example). Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

5) Explain why in the invasion of America, European "micro-organisms were the true victors." Answer: More than any other single factor, infection by European-carried diseases (smallpox, measles, etc.) decimated and demoralized New World peoples. This increased the ability of Europeans to conquer and dominate the native peoples and transplant their own culture to the New World. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

6) Explain why the early Jamestown settlement nearly failed, and how it managed to survive. Answer: To explain its near failure, consider: poor location, unprepared settlers and their unwillingness to work, and sporadic difficulty with Native Americans. Contributing to its survival were: help from local natives, John Smith's leadership, John Rolfe's cultivation of tobacco, and the persistence of the Virginia Company investors. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

7) Explain why Indian-English contact quickly devolved into mutual hostility. Why were the French in America able to attain a more peaceful relationship with Native Americans? Answer: The English had preformed negative racial and cultural views toward the native population whom they assumed were an inferior people. Also, English agricultural plantations threatened Native-American access to the land. Both the French and the Dutch cooperated with Native Americans to develop a mutually beneficial trade in furs. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

8) Compare and contrast the values and customs of Eastern Woodland Indians with those of fifteenth-century Europeans. Which of these sets of values is most appealing to you? Why? Answer: Native-American values and customs: cooperation, group loyalty, anti-materialism, matriarchal leadership, decentralized political organization, reverence for nature and the environment, common ownership, pantheism. European values and customs: individualism, competition, material acquisition, patriarchal leadership, unified nations, exploitation and domination of the natural environment, private property ownership, Christianity. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

9) Do you think that European expansion to the "New World" was primarily motivated by a concern for economic gain, religious conversion, or simple curiosity? Justify your choice. Answer: All three were involved, but the primary motive was economic. Consider: the Spanish monarchs' excitement over Columbus's report of gold; conquistadores' expectation of personal and national wealth; European exploitation of Native Americans and African slaves to produce wealth; English use of profit-seeking trading companies to establish colonies; Dutch and French emphasis on trade profits with Native Americans. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

10) What role do you think the Europeans' sense of their own cultural superiority played in the conquest and colonization of the "New World?" Use examples from both Spanish and English experiences to illustrate your argument. Answer: Both the Spanish and English relied heavily on the assumption of their own cultural and racial superiority to justify their brutal treatment of native peoples and their importation of African slaves. Consider: the actual operation of the encomienda system and haciendas in New Spain; African slavery in the Caribbean; English assumptions of the racial inferiority of blacks eased the adoption of African slavery on the mainland; early English settlers assumed that God had cleared the way for their settlement by decimating native tribes (by disease epidemics) prior to their arrival Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

Matching Questions

Match the person with a description of his or her major accomplishment. 1) Column 1: Marco Polo Column 2: Venetian trader who traveled throughout the Orient in the thirteenth century Answer: Venetian trader who traveled throughout the Orient in the thirteenth century Page Ref: 11 Topic: Skill:

2) Column 1: Christopher Columbus Column 2: Named "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" by Spanish monarchs Answer: Named "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" by Spanish monarchs Page Ref: 14 Topic: Skill:

3) Column 1: Montezuma Column 2: Aztec emperor defeated by Spaniards in sixteenth century Answer: Aztec emperor defeated by Spaniards in sixteenth century Page Ref: 15 Topic: Skill:

4) Column 1: Hernan Cortes Column 2: Spanish conquistadore responsible for conquest of Aztec Empire Answer: Spanish conquistadore responsible for conquest of Aztec Empire Page Ref: 15 Topic: Skill:

5) Column 1: Francisco Pizarro Column 2: Spanish conquistadore responsible for conquest of the Incas Answer: Spanish conquistadore responsible for conquest of the Incas Page Ref: 16 Topic: Skill:

6) Column 1: John Cabot Column 2: Italian explorer hired by Henry VII to find Cathay Answer: Italian explorer hired by Henry VII to find Cathay Page Ref: 18 Topic: Skill:

7) Column 1: Martin Luther Column 2: German friar who began the Protestant Reformation Answer: German friar who began the Protestant Reformation Page Ref: 19 Topic: Skill:

8) Column 1: Ferdinand Magellan Column 2: First European explorer to circumnavigate the globe Answer: First European explorer to circumnavigate the globe Page Ref: 19 Topic: Skill:

9) Column 1: John Calvin Column 2: Protestant reformer who set forth the doctrine of predestination Answer: Protestant reformer who set forth the doctrine of predestination Page Ref: 20 Topic: Skill:

10) Column 1: Francis Drake Column 2: English sea dog of the sixteenth century Answer: English sea dog of the sixteenth century Page Ref: 21 Topic: Skill:

11) Column 1: Richard Hakluyt Column 2: English publicist who promoted settlement of America Answer: English publicist who promoted settlement of America Page Ref: 22 Topic: Skill:

12) Column 1: Walter Raleigh Column 2: Sponsor of first English settlements in North America Answer: Sponsor of first English settlements in North America Page Ref: 23 Topic: Skill:

13) Column 1: Powhatan Column 2: Leader of tribal confederacy in seventeenth-century Chesapeake area Answer: Leader of tribal confederacy in seventeenth-century Chesapeake area Page Ref: 26 Topic: Skill:

14) Column 1: John Rolfe Column 2: Virginia colonist who developed tobacco as a cash crop Answer: Virginia colonist who developed tobacco as a cash crop Page Ref: 26 Topic: Skill:

Chapter 2 Plantations and Cities Upon a Hill, 1620-1700 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is NOT true of early seventeenth-century Virginia? A) The first-arriving persons of African heritage were sold as slaves. B) English law did not recognize human slavery. C) Blacks faced a deteriorating legal status. D) Some blacks owned land and servants. Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual

2) English folk who agreed to sign a contract temporarily exchanging their labor for payment of their passage to America were called A) burgesses. B) headrights. C) indentured servants. D) barracoons. Answer: C Page Ref: 35 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Factual

3) What was the most pressing problem facing the Virginia Company from 1607 to 1624? A) attracting new settlers to the colony B) converting local Indians to Christianity C) defending the colony against Spanish attacks D) finding enough land to distribute to new immigrants Answer: A Page Ref: 36 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

4) Under the leadership of Sir Edwin Sandys, the Virginia Company attempted to encourage migration to Virginia by all of the following means EXCEPT A) providing settlers representation in a locally elected assembly. B) initiating martial law to guarantee settlers social order and security. C) granting settlers private ownership of land to enhance their economic opportunity. D) modifying the contract labor system. Answer: B Page Ref: 36 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

5) The ratio of males to females in early Virginia was such that A) males greatly outnumbered females. B) females greatly outnumbered males. C) females slightly outnumbered males. D) males and females were roughly equal in number. Answer: A Page Ref: 36 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Factual

6) Settlers to Virginia in the seventeenth century A) usually migrated in stable family units. B) usually came as bonded contract laborers. C) were about equally proportioned between male and female. D) lost their political rights under English common law. Answer: B Page Ref: 36 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Factual

7) English monarchs of the seventeenth century adhered to the notion of A) representative democracy. B) divine right theories of kingship. C) social equality for all subjects. D) religious toleration. Answer: B Page Ref: 37 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Factual

8) What precipitated James I's decision to make Virginia a royal colony? A) the Virginia Company's decision to concentrate on tobacco production in 1617 B) the decision to begin the enslavement of blacks in 1619 C) the granting of dictatorial powers to the colony's governors in 1609 D) the Indian massacre of 1622 Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

9) Early Maryland first served as a A) penal colony. B) home for Puritan separatists. C) haven for persecuted Catholics. D) Dutch trading post. Answer: C Page Ref: 37-38 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Factual

10) Both Carolina and Maryland were A) founded as religious refuges. B) founded after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. C) characterized by religious intolerance. D) proprietary colonies. Answer: D Page Ref: 38 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

11) Like settlers in neighboring Virginia, settlers in Maryland A) left England to escape religious persecution. B) devoted their energies to trading cattle and Indian slaves to the West Indies. C) were granted some local self-government in a representative assembly. D) were denied access to land patents. Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

12) Maryland's Act of Religious Toleration A) granted full religious toleration to all faiths. B) ended the conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the colony. C) allowed freedom of worship only to Catholics. D) guaranteed all males the right to vote as long as they were Christians. Answer: D Page Ref: 38 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill:

13) The "Fundamental Constitutions for Carolina" promised settlers all the following EXCEPT A) headrights. B) social equality. C) a representative assembly. D) religious toleration. Answer: B Page Ref: 38-39 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

14) Which of the following colonies was established by proprietary grant? A) Plymouth Plantation B) South Carolina C) Virginia D) Massachusetts Bay Answer: B Page Ref: 39 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

15) What was one of the unique features of South Carolina as one of England's mainland colonies in the seventeenth century? A) It outlawed indentured servitude. B) It produced a profitable cash crop for export. C) It used a headright system of land distribution. D) It was heavily populated by immigrants from Barbados. Answer: D Page Ref: 39 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

16) One key distinction between the Pilgrims and the Puritans was that A) Puritans were much more tolerant of other ideas and faiths. B) Pilgrims wished to separate from the Church of England, while the Puritans did not. C) Puritans wanted to abandon Christianity for a faith of their own design, while Pilgrims maintained their ties to the Christian faith. D) Pilgrims settled in the Chesapeake region, while Puritans settled in New England. Answer: B Page Ref: 39 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

17) To establish a civil government for themselves, the Plymouth Pilgrims signed the A) Fundamental Constitutions. B) Act of Religious Toleration. C) Cambridge Agreement. D) Mayflower Compact. Answer: D Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

18) At Plymouth Plantation, voting for governing officials was restricted to A) property owners. B) church members. C) investors in the Virginia Company. D) employees of Thomas Weston. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

19) The Pilgrim colony of Plymouth Plantation ultimately A) was absorbed by its neighbor, Massachusetts. B) became one of the original thirteen states in the United States of America. C) was abandoned because of hostility from Native Americans. D) became part of Connecticut. Answer: A Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

20) Massachusetts Bay Puritans A) were separatists. B) wrote the Mayflower Compact. C) were Calvinists. D) believed hard work assured one of receiving God's saving grace. Answer: C Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

21) In part, Puritans disliked the Church of England (Anglican) because they thought it A) placed too little emphasis on ritual during worship. B) made it too difficult for ordinary people to become church members. C) tolerated ministers who were not well-educated enough to instruct the congregation on the scriptures. D) had allowed the Protestant Reformation to go too far in England. Answer: C Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

22) The goal of a typical Puritan in the early seventeenth century was to A) be as successful in business as possible. B) become a "visible saint" on earth and hence a member of the church. C) become a self-sufficient farmer. D) leave the Church of England. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Interpretive

23) Unlike immigrants to Virginia, settlers in Massachusetts Bay A) had no locally elected representative assembly. B) founded their colony under the terms of a joint-stock company charter. C) usually migrated in stable family units. D) outlawed slavery. Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

24) One of the primary causes of the English Civil War of 1640 was A) economic depression. B) reformers' desires to establish pure democracy in England. C) conflict between King Charles I and English Puritans. D) the king's effort to restore Catholicism in England. Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Interpretive

25) The recognized leader of the first Puritans to arrive in America was A) Roger Williams. B) John Smith. C) Thomas Hooker. D) John Winthrop. Answer: D Page Ref: 41 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

26) All of the following were features of Massachusetts Bay politics EXCEPT A) political participation was limited to stockholders in the Massachusetts Bay Company. B) only male church members could vote for delegates to the General Court. C) church ministers were not eligible for political offices. D) the General Court functioned as a colony-wide elected assembly. Answer: A Page Ref: 41, 43 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

27) The settlement pattern of early Massachusetts Bay Puritans took the form of A) a handful of coastal trading villages. B) a few large plantations surrounded by small farms. C) many widely-scattered, individually-owned small farms. D) several small townships. Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

28) Which one of the following values did the early Massachusetts Bay Puritans hold most dear? A) religious toleration B) separation of church and state C) community harmony D) individual rights Answer: C Page Ref: 44 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

29) Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for all the following reasons EXCEPT A) he advocated separation of church and state. B) he challenged the limits of Puritan orthodoxy. C) he believed the colony's land patent was fraudulent. D) he insisted on mandatory church attendance for all settlers. Answer: D Page Ref: 44 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Relational

30) Two new colonies founded by those who left Massachusetts Bay included ________, which became a haven for religious freedom, and ________, where, as in Massachusetts Bay, the Puritan Congregational Church was established. A) Rhode Island; Maine B) New Hampshire; New Haven C) Rhode Island; Connecticut D) Connecticut; New Hampshire Answer: C Page Ref: 44-45 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

31) Antinomians like Anne Hutchinson believed A) only Puritan ministers could determine who had experienced God's saving grace. B) those who were in saving grace were no longer bound by civil or church laws. C) Puritans who led good and faithful lives were assured of saving grace. D) the revealed Word of God could only be found in the Bible. Answer: B Page Ref: 44-45 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

32) One of the original founders of Connecticut was A) Roger Williams. B) Thomas Hooker. C) Anne Hutchinson. D) John Wheelwright. Answer: B Page Ref: 45 Topic: Religious Dissenters Colonize New England Skill: Factual

33) Who was the Wampanoag chieftain who led his warriors against New England settlers in King Philip's War in 1675-1676? A) Metacomet B) Opechancanough C) Tisquantum D) Powhatan Answer: A Page Ref: 46 Topic: Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America Skill: Factual

34) Compared to the early Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century, New England's population had an unusually high A) death rate. B) life expectancy. C) ratio of males to females. D) immigration rate. Answer: B Page Ref: 47 Topic: Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America Skill: Relational

35) The Puritan doctrine of coverture A) allowed for full civil equality for women. B) established matriarchal values in New England. C) made women subordinate to their husbands. D) called for women's voting rights in Massachusetts Bay. Answer: C Page Ref: 48 Topic: Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America Skill: Factual

36) Compared to the early Chesapeake colonies, seventeenth-century New England had all of the following EXCEPT A) a high rate of illegitimate births. B) long lasting marriages. C) surviving grandparents. D) large families. Answer: A Page Ref: 47, 49 Topic: Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America Skill: Relational

37) In both New England and the Chesapeake colonies, the tradition of ________ made men the undisputed heads of households; thus, under the doctrine of ________ , women usually had to surrender their property to their husbands at marriage, but some single and widowed women with the legal status of ________ were able to own and manage property and households themselves. A) femes sole; patriarchy; coverture B) coverture; femes sole; patriarchy C) patriarchy; coverture; femes sole D) patriarchy; femes sole; coverture Answer: C Page Ref: 48-49 Topic: Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America Skill: Relational

38) The Half-Way Covenant signaled the A) emergence of a colonial elite in the Chesapeake colonies. B) decline of religious fervor in New England. C) rejection of commercial values in New England. D) balancing out of the sex ratio in the Chesapeake colonies. Answer: B Page Ref: 52 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Relational

39) Compared to earlier decades, by 1675, Virginia was characterized by all the following EXCEPT A) fading class lines. B) longer marriages. C) a declining death rate. D) larger families. Answer: A Page Ref: 52-53 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Relational

40) Which one of the following was NOT true of West African peoples before the arrival of European slave traders? A) They practiced human slavery. B) They had established regional trading networks. C) They honored family life. D) They lacked well developed political systems and legal codes. Answer: D Page Ref: 52-54 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Factual

41) Of the following English colonies, African slavery first appeared in A) Virginia. B) Barbados. C) South Carolina. D) Maryland. Answer: B Page Ref: 54 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Factual

42) Through most of the seventeenth century, what was the primary source of labor in the Chesapeake colonies? A) white indentured servants B) Native Americans C) black African slaves D) Irish and German immigrants Answer: A Page Ref: 54 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Relational

43) Chesapeake colonists adopted a slave-labor system for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) fewer white indentured servants were available. B) black slaves were becoming cheaper to purchase. C) unlike Indians, blacks did not resist their enslavement. D) compared to white servants, black Africans were more immune to tropical diseases and lived longer. Answer: C Page Ref: 54 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Relational

44) African cultural traditions were most likely to be maintained by slaves A) in Northern colonies. B) on large plantations. C) who became craft workers in towns and cities. D) who converted to Christianity. Answer: B Page Ref: 56 Topic: Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery Skill: Relational

45) Arrange the following events in the correct order in which they occurred. A) Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony B) Maryland adopts the Act of Religious Toleration C) House of Burgesses established in Virginia D) Puritans adopt the Half-Way Covenant A) C, A, B, D B) A, D, B, C C) A, C, B, D D) C, A, D, B Answer: A Page Ref: 52, 58 Topic: From Settlements to Societies in the South Skill: Relational

46) In seventeenth-century colonial communities, from 10 to 30 percent of all A) women died in childbirth. B) infants were stillborn. C) infants died before the age of five. D) women were barren. Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Topic: Childbirth in Early America Skill: Factual

47) In colonial America, it was widely believed that a fetus would be adversely affected if the pregnant mother did any of the following EXCEPT A) get startled by a loud noise. B) have an ungratified desire. C) work during pregnancy. D) look at the moon. Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Topic: Childbirth in Early America Skill: Relational

48) In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, most colonial women A) gave birth at home. B) were attended by a male doctor. C) were given pain killers during delivery. D) All of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 50 Topic: Childbirth in Early America Skill: Factual

Essay Questions 1) Describe the conflict between Puritans and Anglicans in England. What beliefs and practices of the Church of England did Puritans find so objectionable? Answer: Puritans were upset by Anglican attention to ritual, hierarchial church government, sale of indulgences, open door membership policy, and the priests' ignorance of scripture. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

2) What measures were undertaken by the directors of the Virginia Company to try to save their troubled Jamestown colony between 1607 and 1624? What was the chief obstacle they had to overcome? Answer: Directors adopted the headright system, sent women for wives, and allowed an elected assembly. They had to overcome the colony's reputation as a death trap, Native-American hostility, and the chronic shortage of labor. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

3) Describe several significant similarities among the English mainland colonies by 1700. Consider economies, political systems, religious practices, and social structure. Answer: Economic: agricultural economies, trade, indentured servitude and headrights, strong commercial values Political: elected assemblies, elite leadership, voting restrictions (property or church membership) Religious: some level of tolerance outside New England, predominantly Protestant Social: emerging class definition (elite), most small farmers, slavery Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Descriptive

4) Compare and contrast indentured servitude with black slavery. Why did Chesapeake colonists switch from the former to the latter? Answer: Indentured servitude was short term contract labor, usually involving white Europeans. Slavery was lifetime inheritable service only involving Africans. Consider the switch as a result of the need for labor, the declining availability of indentured servants, the growing availability of blacks (becoming less expensive), the need for a more reliable labor force, and that English racial attitudes seemed to justify slavery for blacks. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

5) Explain why Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson posed a real threat to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. What were the key points of their dissent? Answer: Both challenged the truth of Puritan orthodoxy and threatened social order in the colony by questioning the views and authority of the ministers and magistrates. Williams challenged the Puritan's land title, advocated separation of church and state, and embraced freedom of conscience. Hutchinson accepted revelation as a source of God's revealed Word, accused several ministers of preaching good works, and stepped outside the acceptable role for females in Puritan society. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

6) Compare and contrast the major demographic characteristics of colonial New England with the Chesapeake colonies. What evidence illustrates the text authors' contention that "life in early New England was far more secure than in the South"? Answer: Compared to New England, the Chesapeake had a high death rate, a high level of immigration, a high rate of illegitimate births, a larger single adult population, complex family genealogies (from frequent remarriages). Compared to the Chesapeake, New England had a healthier environment, later and longer marriages, larger families, low infant mortality, more stable families, a more evenly balanced sex ratio, and grandparents (greater longevity). Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

7) Explain why, after the mid-seventeenth century, commercial values began to eclipse the religious fervor of the original Puritans in Massachusetts Bay. Answer: Consider: later generations in New England lost touch with the zeal and purpose of the early Puritans, economic opportunity increased, the land was bountiful, English Puritans seemed no longer interested in Massachusetts Bay's success as a Puritan experiment. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Explanatory

8) Considering both problems and opportunities in each case, explain why you would have rather lived either in Massachusetts Bay or Virginia in the early seventeenth century. Answer: Virginia Problems: Indian hostility, harsh and unhealthy environment, forced labor, abuse from masters. Opportunities: eventual land ownership (freedom dues), potential great wealth, political representation, white racial solidarity. New England Problems: religious intolerance, expected conformity, Indian hostility. Opportunities: close knit community life, healthy environment. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

9) Do you think the adoption of a slave labor system in colonial America was inevitable? Why or why not? Answer: Consider: need for labor, declining availability of indentured servants, growing availability and lower price for black slaves, anti-black racial attitudes, no prohibition in law, established models for slavery in Spanish America and in English West Indian colonies. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

10) Assume the role of an indentured servant in seventeenth-century Virginia. Describe what your life is like, what problems you have, what your routine is, and your relationships with others. Answer: Consider: widespread poverty, harsh environment, hard labor, disease epidemics, abuse and sexual exploitation by masters, anticipation of "freedom dues," shortage of women, little chance for marriage or stable family life. Page Ref: Topic: Skill: Interpretive

Matching Questions

Match the person with a description of his or her major accomplishment. 1) Column 1: Opechancanough Column 2: led Indian raid on Virginia settlers in 1622 Answer: led Indian raid on Virginia settlers in 1622 Page Ref: 36 Topic: Skill:

2) Column 1: Pocahontas Column 2: daughter of Powhatan; married Virginia settler John Rolfe Answer: daughter of Powhatan; married Virginia settler John Rolfe Page Ref: 36 Topic: Skill:

3) Column 1: Charles I Column 2: British monarch executed at the conclusion of the English Civil War Answer: British monarch executed at the conclusion of the English Civil War Page Ref: 37 Topic: Skill:

4) Column 1: Sir George Calvert Column 2: proprietor of Maryland Answer: proprietor of Maryland Page Ref: 38 Topic: Skill:

5) Column 1: Charles II Column 2: British monarch restored to throne in 1660 Answer: British monarch restored to throne in 1660 Page Ref: 38 Topic: Skill:

6) Column 1: John Locke Column 2: co-author of "The Fundamental Constitutions for Carolina" Answer: co-author of "The Fundamental Constitutions for Carolina" Page Ref: 38 Topic: Skill:

7) Column 1: John Winthrop Column 2: leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Answer: leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Page Ref: 41 Topic: Skill:

8) Column 1: Anne Hutchinson Column 2: Puritan dissenter who believed in divine inspiration Answer: Puritan dissenter who believed in divine inspiration Page Ref: 44 Topic: Skill:

9) Column 1: Roger Williams Column 2: Puritan dissenter who questioned the legitimacy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter Answer: Puritan dissenter who questioned the legitimacy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter Page Ref: 44 Topic: Skill:

10) Column 1: Metacomet Column 2: led Wamponoag tribe in war against New England colonies Answer: led Wamponoag tribe in war against New England colonies Page Ref: 46 Topic: Skill:

Chapter 3 Provincial America in Upheaval, 1660-1760 Multiple Choice Questions 1) When placed in charge of her father's Carolina plantation, Eliza Lucas pioneered a cash crop that became a major trading staple of the British Empire. What was that crop? A) tobacco B) rice C) hemp D) indigo Answer: D Page Ref: 62 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual

2) English mercantilists believed A) there was an infinite amount of wealth in the world. B) a favorable balance of trade would build a nation's power. C) national wealth and national power were essentially unrelated. D) to become wealthy, a nation needed to avoid government regulation of its economy. Answer: B Page Ref: 63 Topic: Designing America's North American Empire Skill: Factual

3) Mercantilists believed that the colonies could contribute to England's wealth by all of the following EXCEPT A) producing staple crops for export to England. B) supplying valuable raw materials to England. C) purchasing English manufacturing goods. D) becoming economically self-sufficient within the empire. Answer: D Page Ref: 63 Topic: Designing America's North American Empire Skill: Relational

4) The Navigation Acts passed between 1651 and 1673 required all of the following EXCEPT that A) all colonial trade be carried on British ships. B) all European goods destined for the American colonies first pass through England. C) the colonies export a greater value of goods to England than they imported. D) specified colonial goods be shipped only to England. Answer: C Page Ref: 63 Topic: Designing America's North American Empire Skill: Factual