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Adolescence 14e John W. Santrock (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Answers At The End Of Each Chapter

Chapter 01 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

According to Plato, reasoning first appears during A. early childhood. B. middle childhood. C. adolescence. D. young adulthood.

Plato thought children should study A. science. B. music. C. art. D. mathematics.

Plato thought that adolescents should study A. science. B. language. C. music. D. history.

Which ability did Aristotle argue is the most important aspect of adolescence? A. the ability to reason B. the ability to think critically C. the ability to debate D. the ability to choose

What did Aristotle see as the hallmark of maturity? A. self determination B. empathy C. self-efficacy D. critical thinking

Rousseau believed that curiosity should be especially encouraged in the education of A. 6-8 year old children. B. 8-11 year old children. C. 12-15 year old children. D. 17-19 year old children.

Ms. Bowen encourages her students, ages 12-15, to engage their curiosity in their learning. This teacher's ideas most closely resemble those of A. Sigmund Freud. B. Aristotle. C. Hall. D. Rousseau.

G. Stanley Hall believed that development is controlled primarily by _____ factors. A. cultural B. psychological C. social D. biological

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence was postulated by A. Jean Rousseau. B. Alfred Adler. C. G. Stanley Hall. D. Margaret Mead.

10. The "storm and stress" view of adolescence sees adolescence as a time of A. turbulence. B. conflict. C. mood swings. D. all of these. 11. Mary tells her husband that she is not looking forward to the time their son becomes an adolescent, because she has read that it is a time of great conflict and stress for the family. Which of the following theorists would agree with Mary's view of adolescence? A. Carl Jung B. Carol Gilligan C. Anna Freud D. G. Stanley Hall 12. Anthropologist Margaret Mead concluded that the basic nature of adolescence is A. biological. B. psychological. C. sociocultural. D. cognitive. 13. Mead believed that cultures in which adolescents' experiences are quite different from adults' experiences produce adolescents who A. experience more stress. B. experience less stress. C. develop empathy at early ages. D. develop empathy later in life. 14. Every state had developed special laws for youth between the ages of 16 and 18-20 by which year? A. 1920 B. 1930 C. 1940 D. 1950 15. Which of the following historical events changed both the description and the study of adolescents? A. the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s B. the women's movement of the 1970s C. the anti-war protests of the 1960s D. the Great Depression of the 1930s 16. Today's adolescents are more _____ than their counterparts of previous generations. A. diverse B. tolerant C. open-minded D. all of these 17. Marty, age 16, spends most of his leisure time text messaging his friends and watching YouTube. According to Mark Bauerlein, Marty's behavior is A. atypical of someone of his age. B. typical of someone of his age. C. classic for someone with impaired social skills. D. a sign of rebellion against his parents' rules.

18. Mark Bauerlein, author of The Dumbest Generation, asserts that adolescents today are A. reading books at a slightly lower rate than those of their parents' generation. B. more interested in information retrieval than information formation. C. playing fewer video games than younger children. D. becoming more interested in current events. 19. Kevin and Kelly give their 15 year old son, Samuel, options and help him to make choices in his life. William Damon would say that Samuel's parents are A. overly involved in his life. B. helping their son to think about his life's purpose. C. pampering him. D. giving him too much responsibility for his age. 20. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true? A. There are very few stereotypes related to adolescents. B. Stereotypes are difficult to give up once assigned. C. Stereotypes are generalizations about a broad category of people. D. Stereotypes describe a typical member of a specific group. 21. Howard is a manager of a fast food restaurant that employs many adolescents. Howard tells his wife, "They are all self-centered mopes who have no work ethic!" Howard's statement about adolescents is A. a prototype. B. an exaggeration. C. a stereotype. D. a sign that he needs counseling. 22. The term "adolescent generation gap" refers to A. differences in decision-making skills between adolescents and older adults. B. generalizations based on information about a limited group of adolescents. C. technological skill differences between adolescents and grade school children. D. differences in social abilities between younger and older adolescents. 23. Daniel Offer and his colleagues discovered that most adolescents have A. a negative self-image. B. negative attitudes towards their schools. C. a positive self-image. D. an ambiguous self-image. 24. Julie, age 15, has dyed her hair purple and will only wear black jeans and white tops. Julie's parents should know that, according to adolescent psychologists A. Julie is showing signs of a conduct disorder. B. Julie needs counseling for her hostility issues. C. Julie is testing boundaries and discovering her identity. D. Julie needs more parental control over her behavior. 25. Which of the following factors influence the developmental trajectory of every adolescent? A. socioeconomic B. ethnic C. lifestyle D. all of these 26. The settings in which development occurs are known as A. arenas. B. compounds. C. cohorts. D. context.

27. The fastest growing ethnic group of adolescents in the U.S. is A. European-Americans. B. Asians. C. Latinos. D. African Americans. 28. Sherry's community college has partnerships with the local hospital, the library, and the Boys' and Girls' Club to encourage students to engage in cooperative learning experiences and build strong community relationships. This is an example of what Peter Benson and his colleagues would call a A. developmentally attentive youth policy. B. community-enhancing initiative. C. cross-generational policy. D. socially enhancing planned model. 29. Research has shown that children living in poverty have elevated levels of A. blood glucose. B. stress. C. anger. D. growth hormones. 30. Which of the following statements about adolescent health and well-being is TRUE? A. Adolescent health and well-being have improved in all areas. B. More adolescents around the world die of malnutrition today than at any time in the past. C. More adolescents around the world die of infectious diseases today than at any time in the past. D. Rates of HIV infection among adolescents are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. 31. What do studies show about gender differences? A. They appear to be expanding over time. B. Males have more educational opportunities than females. C. Gender differences are similar in all countries. D. Sexual restrictions are more common for females than for males. 32. Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world? A. migration to rural areas B. smaller families C. increase in mothers' employment D. greater family mobility 33. Which of the following is true about adolescents' peers? A. Peers figure prominently in the lives of adolescents in most Western nations. B. Peers can serve as surrogate families for some street youth. C. Peers have a limited role for girls in Arab cultures. D. All of these are true. 34. Development A. involves growth. B. is complex. C. continues through the lifespan. D. all of these. 35. Which of the following is NOT a biological process? A. advances in motor skills B. development of the brain C. weight gains D. changes in personality

36. Dr. Reyes studies hormonal changes of puberty. Which process of human development does Dr. Reyes study? A. socioemotional B. cognitive C. biological D. psychological 37. Which of the following is associated with the developmental period of early childhood? A. beginning of symbolic thought B. school readiness C. extreme dependence on adults D. beginning of sensorimotor skills 38. The developmental period of childhood includes all of the following periods EXCEPT A. prenatal. B. perinatal. C. infancy. D. early childhood. 39. A key task of adolescence is A. refining sensorimotor coordination. B. development of an understanding of one's culture. C. mastery of language skills. D. preparation for adulthood. 40. In the U.S. and most other cultures, adolescence begins at approximately _____ years of age. A. 9-12 B. 11-14 C. 10-13 D. 12-15 41. Alex has begun dating and he is interested in taking a course called "Career Exploration" that will help him decide on a future career. Alex is probably in which period? A. early adolescence B. late adolescence C. late childhood D. early adulthood 42. The developmental period when people are interested in transmitting their values to the next generation is A. emerging adulthood. B. middle adulthood. C. late adulthood. D. early adulthood. 43. Paul spends much of his time working in his garden and reading books on photography. He doesn't have as much strength as he used to have, but he is enjoying his time of decreased responsibility. Developmental psychologists would say that Paul is probably in A. emerging old age. B. middle adulthood. C. late adulthood. D. terminal adulthood. 44. The transition from childhood to adolescence includes all of the following EXCEPT A. biological changes of puberty. B. increased egocentric ways. C. desire to spend more time with family. D. greater interest in romantic relationships.

45. The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as A. preadulthood. B. post adolescence. C. transitional adulthood. D. emerging adulthood. 46. According to Jeffrey Arnett, emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these features? A. stability B. identity exploration C. feeling in-between D. self focus 47. Jeffrey Arnett saw emerging adulthood as a time when many individuals are A. secure in their adult status. B. absorbed in social obligations and family duties. C. optimistic about their futures. D. fairly stable in love and career. 48. In the United States the most widely recognized marker for entry into adulthood is A. graduation from high school. B. graduation from college. C. holding a permanent, full-time job. D. getting married. 49. The ability to adapt positively and achieve successful outcomes despite significant risks and adverse consequences is A. hardiness. B. resilience. C. self-efficacy. D. propriate striving. 50. Ann Masten and her colleagues found that emerging adults who overcame adversity and went on to become competent adults had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A. they were well-traveled. B. they were intelligent. C. they had high-quality parenting. D. they had a higher socioeconomic status. 51. Which of the following events may be seen as a turning-point opportunity for changing the life course during emerging adulthood? A. marriage B. work opportunities C. higher education D. all of these 52. Dr. Jackson argues that human beings have basic growth tendencies genetically wired into them. Dr. Albright believes that humans are basically shaped by their environments. Dr. Jackson supports the _______ approach to development, while Dr. Albright advocates for the __________ approach. A. nurture; nature B. nature; nurture C. continuity; discontinuity D. cognitive; biological

53. Which of the following would a proponent of the nature approach to human development cite as evidence of the strength of genetics? A. the fact that we grow rapidly in infancy B. the fact that development is affected by nutritional status C. the fact that development is shaped by the media D. the fact that access to medical care affects development 54. Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of experience in development have described development as A. a series of distinct stages. B. a gradual, continuous process. C. chaotic and unpredictable. D. none of these. 55. Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of nature in development describe development as A. a series of distinct stages. B. a gradual, continuous process. C. alternating periods of turbulence and calm. D. none of these. 56. Carrie was abused by her parents. She was eventually removed from their care and was later adopted at age 6 by her foster parents. Which of the following doctrines would assert that Carrie's later quality of parental care can overcome her earlier negative experience? A. early experiences B. later experiences C. middle experiences D. positive experiences 57. Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method? A. conceptualize a problem to be studied B. collect data C. analyze data D. publish study results 58. An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomenon and to make predictions is called A. a hypothesis. B. an operational definition. C. a theory. D. an independent variable. 59. Scientific assertions and predictions that can be tested are A. theories. B. hypotheses. C. independent variables. D. extraneous variables. 60. The pioneering theorist of psychoanalytical theory was A. Carl Jung. B. Erik Erikson. C. Karen Horney. D. Sigmund Freud. 61. Psychoanalytic theories emphasize that development is all of the following EXCEPT A. primarily related to observable behavior. B. primarily unconscious. C. heavily influenced by early experiences. D. highly colored by emotions.

62. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages? A. phallic B. genital C. oral D. moral 63. Which of the following is a structure in Freud's concept of personality? A. the collective unconscious B. the id C. the self D. the personal unconscious 64. According to Freud, the moral branch of the personality is the A. ego. B. id. C. superego. D. self. 65. According to Freud, _____ is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. A. reaction formation B. denial C. regression D. repression 66. Peter Blos believed that regression during adolescence was A. normal. B. inevitable. C. universal. D. all of these. 67. The theorist who considered defense mechanisms to be key to understanding adolescent development was A. Sigmund Freud. B. Anna Freud. C. Karen Horney. D. Alfred Adler. 68. Which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is TRUE? A. Defense mechanisms are always unhealthy. B. Defense mechanisms are unconscious. C. Defense mechanisms are conscious. D. Defense mechanisms are always helpful in avoiding reality. 69. Erikson believed that we develop in _____ stages. A. psychosocial B. psychosexual C. psychodynamic D. psychometric 70. Denise argues that early experiences are more important; Barbara believes that both early and later experiences are important. Denise's view is consistent with _____, while Barbara's view would be supported by _____. A. Blos; Erikson B. Erikson; Freud C. Freud; Erikson D. Erikson; Blos

71. Erikson's _____ psychosocial stage is experienced in the first year of life. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. initiative versus guilt C. generativity versus stagnation D. trust versus mistrust 72. Harper, age 19 months, has just begun to assert her independence. Harper is probably in Erikson's psychosocial stage of A. identity versus role confusion. B. trust versus mistrust. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. industry versus inferiority. 73. The negative outcome of Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is A. mistrust. B. shame. C. doubt. D. inferiority. 74. According to Erikson, adolescents are in the psychosocial stage of A. intimacy versus isolation. B. identity versus role confusion. C. initiative versus guilt. D. industry versus inferiority. 75. According to Erikson, the core developmental task of early adulthood is to develop A. intimacy. B. integrity. C. identity. D. initiative. 76. Edith, age 57, believes that she has done little to help nurture the next generation. According to Erikson, Edith has experienced _____ associated with the seventh stage of psychosocial development. A. inferiority B. role confusion C. selfishness D. stagnation 77. Cognitive theories emphasize A. behaviors. B. emotions. C. conscious thoughts. D. none of these. 78. For Piaget, the two processes that underlie cognitive construction of the world are A. denial and distortion. B. internalizing and externalizing. C. organization and adaptation. D. ordering and differentiating. 79. Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is NOT true? A. Piaget believed that people go through six stages in understanding the word. B. Piaget believed that people go through four stages in understanding the world. C. Each of Piaget's stages is age related. D. Each of Piaget's stages represents a different way of understanding the world.

80. Calaeb, age 3, is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational 81. Which of the following statements about Piaget's concrete operational stage is TRUE? A. It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. B. It encompasses the ability to think in an abstract manner. C. It lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age. D. Children can perform operations that involve developing hypotheses. 82. Jenn has just begun to think abstractly and develop images of ideal circumstances. According to Piaget, Jenn is in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. formal operational D. post-formal operational 83. Vygotsky emphasized the role of _____ in cognitive development. A. culture B. social interaction C. learning to use the inventions of society D. all of these 84. Which of the following operations is emphasized by information processing theorists? A. encoding information B. storing information C. retrieving information D. all of these 85. Which of the following statements describing Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is NOT true? A. A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is likely to be repeated. B. A behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur. C. A behavior that is ignored will be repeated. D. Rewards and punishments shape behavior. 86. The leading theorist in the development of social cognitive theory is A. Albert Bandura. B. Walter Mischel. C. George Kelly. D. John Watson. 87. Craig sees his father help an elderly man who seems to have become confused and lost his way. Several days later, Craig notices a woman looking in the shrubs for her lost wallet. Craig tries to help her look for her wallet. Bandura would say that Craig's behavior was learned through A. observation of his father. B. teaching of moral values in Sunday School. C. being punished in the past for not offering to help an older person. D. being given a reward in the past for turning in a lost wallet to the police. 88. Bandura's model of learning and development includes the elements of behavior, person/cognition and the A. unconscious mind. B. environment. C. rewards available. D. all of these.

89. Bronfenbrenner developed ______, a perspective that is receiving increased attention. A. ecological theory B. environmental theory C. socioeconomic theory D. existential theory 90. What is the system in Bronfenbrenner's theory that considers sociohistorical circumstances? A. mesosystem B. microsystem C. chronosystem D. exosystem 91. Which of the following of Bronfenbrenner's systems considers the culture in which people live? A. chronosystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem 92. Harry fights constantly with his parents. Bronfenbrenner would predict that Harry might have difficulty relating to his teacher because of a disruption in his A. mesosystem. B. exosystem. C. chronosystem. D. macrosystem. 93. An approach to understanding adolescent development that selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features is called A. a hybrid theory. B. a patchwork theory. C. an eclectic theory. D. a blended theory. 94. Scientific observations A. require a special set of skills. B. are the first step in collecting data. C. have to be systematic. D. all of these. 95. Researchers can conduct observations in the everyday world or in the A. laboratory. B. virtual world. C. theoretical world. D. none of these. 96. Which of the following is a drawback to conducting observational research in a laboratory? A. People must be paid for their time. B. People behave more naturally when they are away from the stresses of the "real world." C. People may be too relaxed in a laboratory setting. D. People who are willing to come to a laboratory might not be representative of general population. 97. Lilly is a researcher who wants to know how often high-school students are using their cell phones to cheat on tests. Lilly pretends to be a visiting student. She sits in on classes and observes students as they take tests. Lilly's method of research is known as A. in situ research. B. naturalistic observation. C. covert research. D. in vivo research.

98. Which of the following statements about using surveys to collect data is TRUE? A. People answer in ways that they see as socially desirable. B. Surveys are very expensive and time consuming to do. C. Surveys can only be done on a limited range of topics. D. All of these are true. 99. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence test is an example of A. a projective test. B. an open-ended test. C. a standardized test. D. a subjective test. 100.Which of the following statements about standardized tests is TRUE? A. They assume that people will perform differently depending on the setting of the test. B. They assume that a person's behavior is consistent and stable. C. They do not allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other people. D. They do not provide any information about differences among people. 101.Measuring the levels of hormones in an adolescent's blood stream is an example of which type of measure of adolescent development? A. psychological B. experience sampling C. physiological D. concrete 102.MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses _____ to construct an image of the _____. A. x-rays; brain B. radio waves; brain C. radioactive glucose; brain D. electrical activity levels; heart 103.Corey is participating in research. She is given an electronic pager, and a researcher "beeps" her several times a day to ask her what she is doing. The researcher is using which of the following methods? A. random sampling B. experimental design C. experience sampling D. correlational research 104.A research method in which a single individual is examined in depth is called the A. single-subject design. B. case-study method. C. observational design. D. descriptive method. 105.The three main types of research designs are descriptive, correlational, and A. observational. B. covert. C. experimental. D. overt. 106.Dr. Tremble sends out surveys to faculty at 57 randomly selected colleges to assess their perceptions of faculty harassment. This is an example of _____ research. A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. observational

107.Which of the following statements regarding correlational research is NOT true? A. The goal of correlational research is to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships. B. The goal of correlational research is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. C. The results of correlational research are reported in a numerical measure called a correlation coefficient. D. A negative correlation coefficient means an inverse relationship. 108.Professor Sands studies the relationship between the number of minutes that an adolescent spends text messaging each semester and his/her grades in school. She found a correlation of +.60. What can we conclude from this report? A. Text messaging results in lower grades for adolescents. B. Text messaging has no effect on grades for adolescents. C. Text messaging and academic grades are related in adolescents. D. The more an adolescent text messages, the higher his or her grades. 109.Three doctoral students are using correlational research designs for their dissertation research. When all of the work is done, Marilyn's data yielded a correlation coefficient of -.45, Susan's data was at +.30 and Bryan's data a -.50. Which student's data shows the strongest correlation between variables? A. Bryan B. Susan C. Marilyn D. All students showed very similar results. 110.Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the weakest correlation? A. -.10 B. +.15 C. +.70 D. -.80 111.The factor that is manipulated in experimental research is the A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. extraneous variable. D. none of these. 112.The variable that is measured and that is expected to change as a result of experimental research is the A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. extraneous variable. D. experimental variable. 113.Which of the following statements about experimental research is NOT true? A. All experiments involve at least one independent variable and one dependent variable. B. Experiments demonstrate cause and effect. C. Experimental design uses experimental groups only. D. Experimental design uses experimental and control groups. 114.Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance is known as A. random assignment. B. lottery assignment. C. nonrandom assignment. D. convenience assignment.

115.The type of research that involves studying people all at the same time is known as A. single-subject research. B. longitudinal research. C. sequential research. D. cross-sectional research. 116.A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is A. the variable under investigation is assessed all at the same time. B. it is not very effective. C. it gives no information about how individuals change over time. D. it is time-consuming and expensive to conduct. 117.Professor Kelly is interested in seeing how adolescents' prosocial behavior changes over time. He assesses a group of adolescents at ages 12, 15, and 18. Professor Kelly is doing _____ research. A. sequential B. longitudinal C. cross-sectional D. experimental 118.A disadvantage of longitudinal research is A. it is expensive to conduct. B. it is time-consuming to conduct. C. participants who remain in the study may be dissimilar to those who dropped out. D. all of these. 119.Which of the following is NOT one of the APA's guidelines for ethical research? A. full disclosure to participants regarding the exact nature of the research B. informed consent C. confidentiality D. debriefing 120.Melissa has agreed to participate in a 90-day study of food preferences among adolescents. After participating for two weeks, Melissa wants to withdraw from the study because it is taking too much of her time. According to the APA guidelines A. Melissa has to give the researchers a two-week notice before she can withdraw. B. Melissa can withdraw at any time. C. Melissa cannot withdraw once she has signed an informed consent form. D. Melissa can withdraw only if she has a valid reason, such as a health issue or family emergency. 121.Which of the following statements about gender bias is TRUE? A.Gender bias is a preconceived idea about the abilities of females and males that prevents them from reaching their full potential. B. Gender bias is an issue in the United States. C. Gender bias happens when conclusions are drawn about females from research conducted with only males. D. All of these are true. 122.Using an ethnic label such as Asian or Latino in a way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it is, is known as A. ethnic stereotyping. B. ethnic gloss. C. ethnic shine. D. ethnic categorization.

123.Compare and contrast G. Stanley Hall's "storm and stress" view of adolescence with the inventionist view.

124.What were the underlying themes of the 1960s and 1970s?

125.Describe some of the pros and cons of the technological revolution on adolescents, as outlined by Mark Bauerlein in The Dumbest Generation.

126.What was the major theme of William Damon's book The Path to Purpose?

127.List at least four stereotypes of adolescents today.

128.Compare and contrast psychologists' early views of adolescents with views common now.

129.Describe how the cultural contexts of the United States are changing, especially with respect to immigration patterns and the projections for future demographics.

130.List and describe at least four cultural variations of adolescence around the world.

131.Discuss major trends in health and well-being for adolescents around the world. Include both positive and negative changes.

132.Discuss gender differences in the experiences of male and female adolescents, with respect to education, leisure activities, sexual experiences, family, and peers.

133.List and briefly define the three determinants of human development.

134.Explain what modern theorists mean when they say, "Development is a lifelong process."

135.Briefly describe the three periods of adult development.

136.Beth is 22 years old. What developmental period is Beth in, and what are the two main tasks of this period?

137.List Jeffrey Arnett's five key features of emerging adulthood.

138.What are some of the factors that make it difficult to determine when an individual becomes an adult?

139.List and briefly describe the three types of assets that Jacquelynne Eccles and her colleagues determined are especially important for making a competent transition through adolescence and emerging adulthood.

140.List and define the three major issues in studying adolescent development.

141.List the four steps in the scientific method.

142.List and describe Freud's three parts to the personality.

143.Describe Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development. Be sure to address ages and major changes in thinking.

144.What are the main ideas behind Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

145.What is the main idea behind Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?

146.List the three key factors in development, according to social cognitive theory.

147.List and describe the five environmental systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory. Explain how the systems relate to each other.

148.Compare and contrast laboratory observation and naturalistic observation.

149.Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of case-study research.

150.Compare and contrast correlational and experimental research.

151.List and briefly describe the four APA guidelines that must be followed in the conduction of ethical research.

Chapter 01 Key 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. D 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. D 36. C

37. B 38. B 39. D 40. C 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. C 45. D 46. A 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. A 51. D 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. B 60. D 61. A 62. D 63. B 64. C 65. D 66. D 67. B 68. B 69. A 70. C 71. D 72. C 73. D 74. B

75. A 76. D 77. C 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. C 82. C 83. D 84. D 85. C 86. A 87. A 88. B 89. A 90. C 91. D 92. A 93. C 94. D 95. A 96. D 97. B 98. A 99. C 100. B 101. C 102. B 103. C 104. B 105. C 106. B 107. B 108. C 109. A 110. A 111. A 112. B

113. C 114. A 115. D 116. C 117. B 118. D 119. A 120. B 121. D 122. B Feedback: 3-4 The inventionist view saw adolescence as less of a biological event than a sociohistorical creation. Inventionists stress that sociohistorical circumstances, such as a decline in apprenticeship, increased mechanization of the Industrial Revolution, age-graded schools, urbanization, appearance of youth groups such as the YMCA and the Boy Scouts are affecting adolescents. The three key dimensions for the inventionist view of adolescence are schools, work, and economics. 123. Hall's concept was that adolescence was a turbulent time, charged with conflict and mood swings. He saw these changes in thought, feeling, and actions as happening quite frequently and as normative. He believed that adolescence has a biological base.

Feedback: 5 124. There were three major themes in the United States during the 1960s and the 1970s. These were the anti-discrimination protests, the anti-war protests, and the women's movement. One major theme of this period was that political protests reached their peak when millions of adolescents reacted to what they saw as the United State's immoral part in the Vietnam War. Ethnic conflicts became pervasive as African-American adolescents were denied a college education, and the secondary education that they did receive was seen as inferior. College students participated in riots and sit-ins even as they pursued higher education in higher numbers. Finally, the women's movement of the 1970s changed both the description and the study of adolescence.

Feedback: 6 125. Technology can provide an expansive, rich set of knowledge that, if used in a constructive way, can improve adolescents' education. However, a possible downside of technology is that today's youth are more interested in information retrieval than information formation. Technology has decreased adolescents' interest in reading books and, as a result, skills in reading and writing have been negatively affected. Adolescents don't learn and retain general information and historical facts.

Feedback: 6 126. Damon's major theme is that parents today are teaching their children to expect immediate gratification and to look for short-term solutions to their problems and tasks. In Damon's view, although short-term solutions are often necessary, they can distract adolescents from thinking about their life purpose. He proposes that parents guide and assist their children through their choices by giving them options and by sharing how they have coped with setbacks and dilemmas.

Feedback: 7 Any positive youth accomplishment is seen as an exception. 127. "They are all lazy." "All they think about is sex." "They are so self-centered." "Kids today don't have the moral fiber of my generation." "They don't want to work." "They are rebellious."

Feedback: 8 128. For much of the last century in the United States and other Western cultures, adolescence was perceived as a problematic period of the human life span. The discipline of psychology, likewise, viewed adolescents negatively. Psychology today focuses more on the positive side of human experiences and places greater emphasis on hope, optimism, creativity, and positive individual and group traits.

Feedback: 10 129. The cultural context for U.S. adolescents is changing with the dramatic increase in the number of adolescents immigrating from Latino and Asian countries. Asian Americans are expected to be the fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents, with a growth rate of more than 500 percent by 2100. Numbers of Latino adolescents are projected to increase almost 400 percent by 2100. By 2100, Latino adolescents are expected to outnumber non-Latino White adolescents.

Feedback: 12 130. Two-thirds of Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents' choice of a marital partner for them. Many female adolescents in the Philippines will sacrifice their own futures by migrating to the city in order to send money to their families. Street youth in Kenya may engage in delinquency or prostitution to survive. In the Middle East, many adolescents are not allowed to interact with the other sex, even in school. Youth in Russia are marrying earlier to legitimize sexual activity.

Feedback: 13 131. Adolescent health and well-being have improved in some areas but not in others. On the positive side, fewer adolescents around the world die from infectious diseases and malnutrition than in the past. However, adolescents continue to engage in a number of health-compromising behaviors, such as illicit drug use and unprotected sex, at levels that place adolescents at risk for serious developmental problems. Extensive increases in the rates of HIV in adolescents have occurred in many sub-Saharan countries.

Feedback: 13-14 Some cultures give peers a stronger role in adolescence than others. While peers figure prominently in the lives of adolescents in Western countries, in Arab countries peers have a very restrictive role, especially for girls. Family life for adolescents can be very different, depending on the culture and country. For example, adolescents who grow up in Arab countries adhere to a strict code of conduct and loyalty. Adolescents who grow up in the United States and other Western countries may experience divorce and stepfamilies; parenting is less authoritarian than in the past. Other family trends include greater family mobility, migration to cities, smaller families, fewer extended families, and increases in mothers' employment. Adolescent females have less freedom to pursue leisure activities than males, and gender differences in sexual expression are widespread. This is especially true for adolescent females living in India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Arab countries. 132. Except in a few areas, males have more educational opportunities than females. In some countries adolescents do not have access to secondary schools and higher education. Many schools do not provide students with the skills that they need to be successful in adult work.

Feedback: 15 Biological processes involve physical changes in an individual's body. Cognitive changes involve changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence. Socioemotional processes involve changes in an individual's emotions, personality, relationships with others, and social contexts. 133. The three determinants of human development are biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes.

Feedback: 17 134. Today developmentalists do not believe that change ends with adolescence. Adolescence is part of the life course and is not an isolated period of development. Although it has some unique characteristics, what takes place in adolescence is connected with development and experiences in childhood and adulthood.

Feedback: 17 135. The three periods of adult development are early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. Early adulthood begins in the late teens or early twenties and lasts through the thirties. Middle adulthood begins at approximately 35-45 years of age and ends at some point between 55 and 65 years of age. Late adulthood is the period that extends from 60 or 70 years of age until death.

Feedback: 19 136. Beth is in the developmental period of emerging adulthood. The two main tasks of this period are experimentation and exploration.

Feedback: 19-20 137. The five key features that characterize emerging adulthood are identity exploration, especially in love and work; instability; self-focus; feeling in-between; and the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives.

Feedback: 20 138. Determining when an individual becomes an adult is difficult. In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is holding a permanent, full-time job. Economic independence is one marker for achieving adult status, but it is a long process in some cultures. Taking responsibility for oneself, deciding on one's own beliefs and values, and establishing a relationship with parents as equal adults are all markers of adult status.

Feedback: 22-23 Social development is related to connectedness, sense of social place, attachment to prosocial institutions, and commitment to civic engagement. Psychological and emotional development encompasses such things as good mental health, good emotional regulation and conflict resolution skills, mastery motivation, personal autonomy, personal and social identity, and strong moral character. Intellectual development includes such things as knowledge of essential life and vocational skills, critical thinking and reasoning skills, cultural knowledge, and school success. 139. The three types of assets that Eccles and colleagues determined are necessary for the successful transition through adolescence and emerging adulthood are: intellectual development, psychological and emotional development, and social development.

Feedback: 23-25 The nature-nurture issue involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. The continuity-discontinuity issues focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative changes (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity). The last issue focuses on the importance of earlier experiences in the child's life, and whether or not later experiences can make up for deficits or poor early experiences. Proponents of the early-experience doctrine believe that development will never be optimal if infants are not given warm, nurturing care in the first year of life. Proponents of the later-experience view argue that children and adolescents are malleable throughout development, and that they can compensate for less than optimum early experiences with quality later experiences. 140. The three important issues raised in the study of adolescent development are nature and nurture, continuity and discontinuity, and early and later experiences.

Feedback: 27 4. Draw conclusions. 3. Analyze data. 2. Collect data. 1. Conceptualize a process or a problem to be solved. 141. The four steps in the scientific method are:

Feedback: 28 142. The three parts to the personality, according to Freud, are the id, ego, and superego. The id is totally unconscious and has no contact with reality. It contains instincts, which are an individual's reservoir of psychic energy. The ego deals with demands of reality and makes rational decisions. The ego uses defense mechanisms to help resolve conflicts between its reality demands, the id's wishes, and the superego's constraints. The superego is the moral branch of the personality that takes into account whether something is right or wrong.

Feedback: 31 143. The formal operational stage, which appears between the ages of 11 and 15 and continues through adulthood, is Piaget's fourth and final stage. In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. Adolescents begin to think about possibilities for the future, solve problems more systematically, and develop and test hypotheses.

Feedback: 31 144. The main idea behind Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development is that social interaction and culture guide cognitive development. He also believed that individuals actively construct their knowledge. He stressed that cognitive development involves learning to use the inventions of a society, such as language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies.

Feedback: 32 145. B.F. Skinner believed that, through operant conditioning, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of that behavior's occurrence. In Skinner's view, rewards and punishments that follow a behavior shape development. The key aspect of development for Skinner is behavior, not thoughts and feelings. He believed that all behavior is learned and can be unlearned by making changes to the environment.

Feedback: 32 146. Social cognitive theory holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are key factors in development.

Feedback: 32-33 Finally, the chronosystem consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. Each of these systems may overlap one another. 147. Bronfenbrenner holds that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; and chronosystem. The microsystem is the setting in which a person lives. For adolescents the microsystem is made up of family, peers, school, and neighborhood. The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems. The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which a person does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. For example, things that happen at a mother's or a father's workplace may have an indirect effect on the adolescent. The macrosystem involves the cultures in which adolescents live.

Feedback: 34 Naturalistic observation, on the other hand, means observing behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation. 148. Laboratory observation takes place in a controlled situation, with factors of the "real world" removed. A drawback to this approach is that it is almost impossible to conduct this research without the participants knowing that they are being observed. Because a laboratory setting is unnatural, people may behave differently than they would in another context.

Feedback: 36 149. One advantage of case study research is that it allows the researcher to take an in-depth look at a single individual. A disadvantage is that one cannot generalize the findings from the study of one person to a larger population. The subject of the case study is unique, and other people, even those with the same condition, disorder, or factor of interest, may be very different. In addition, case studies involve judgment of unknown reliability.

Feedback: 37 Correlation does not equal causation. If we want to know if one event causes another, we must look to the experimental design for answers. An experiment is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated, while all other factors are held constant. 150. In correlational research, the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. The more strongly the two events are related or associated, the more effectively we can predict one event from the other.

Feedback: 39 4. Deception: In all cases of deception the researcher must ensure that deception will not harm the participants. 3. Debriefing: After the study has been completed, participants should be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used. 2. Confidentiality: Researchers are responsible for keeping all data confidential and, when possible, anonymous. 151. 1. Informed Consent: participants must know what the research will involve and what risks might develop.

Chapter 01 Summary Category Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis Blooms Taxonomy: Application Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic Difficulty: Difficult Difficulty: Moderate Learning Goal: 1 Learning Goal: 2 Learning Goal: 3 Learning Goal: 4 Santrock - Chapter 01

# of Questions 24 25 17 2 83 44 28 79 30 13 31 77 151

Chapter 02 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

______ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily change. A. Menopause B. Puberty C. Menarche D. Andrarche

Which of the following statements about puberty is NOT true? A. Puberty cannot be distinguished from adolescence. B. Puberty ends before adolescence. C. Puberty is the most important marker for the beginning of adolescence. D. Puberty is a period of rapid physical maturation.

Which of the following is a determinant of puberty? A. heredity B. hormones C. birth weight D. all of these

Stacy is 12 years old. Stacy is probably A. arguing with her teachers about homework. B. resisting parental rules. C. going through puberty. D. overweight or obese.

Puberty takes place between ages ______ for most individuals. A. 8 and 15 B. 9 and 16 C. 10 and 17 D. 11 and 18

Chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream are known as A. hormones. B. endorphins. C. cytokines. D. enkephalins.

_____ are the main class of sex hormones in males; and _____ are the main class of female sex hormones. A. Testosterones; estrogens B. Androgens; estrogens C. Estrogens; androgens D. Androgens; progesterones

The main androgen that plays an important role in male pubertal development is A. cortisol. B. leptin. C. testosterone. D. progesterone.

The main estrogen that plays an important role in female pubertal development is A. cortisol. B. estradiol. C. endorphin. D. melatonin.

10. Robert, age 14, is experiencing a rise in testosterone. Which of the following changes would Robert NOT expect to experience? A. increase in height B. voice changes C. decrease in sexual desire D. development of external genitals 11. Sally, age 15, is experiencing a rise in estradiol. Which of the following changes would Sally expect to experience? A. voice changes B. uterine development C. decrease in sexual desire D. weight loss 12. Which of the following structures is involved in puberty? A. gonads B. pineal gland C. parathyroid gland D. beta cells of the pancreas 13. One of the two hormones secreted by the pituitary which regulates the levels of sex hormones is FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone); the other is A. insulin. B. prolactin. C. oxytocin. D. luteinizing hormone. 14. Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the timing of puberty? A. FSH B. LH C. BPH D. GnRH 15. When the temperature in a room drops too low, the thermostat senses it and the furnace turns on. Once the temperature rises to a predetermined level, the furnace turns off. This is analogous to the way sex hormone levels operate on a A. positive feedback system. B. negative feedback system. C. neutral feedback system. D. none of these. 16. Doreen has a tumor on her adrenal gland. Doreen is likely to experience problems with her A. hearing. B. vision. C. growth. D. balance. 17. Which of the following statements about adrenarche is TRUE? A. It involves changes in the thyroid gland. B. These hormonal changes occur between the ages of 6 and 9 in girls. C. This phenomenon is well researched and well understood. D. These changes begin earlier in boys than in girls.

18. Gonadarche is the period most people think of as A. adolescence. B. menopause. C. puberty. D. none of these. 19. Judy and Justin are twins. Which of the following statements about their experiences with gonadarche is most likely to be TRUE? A. Judy will begin gonadarche one to two years before her brother. B. Judy and Justin will begin gonadarche at about the same time. C. Justin will begin gonadarche about two years before his sister. D. Their experiences of gonadarche will depend on whether or not they play sports. 20. The first menstrual period, which occurs in mid to late gonadarche, is known as A. dysmenorrhea. B. spermarche. C. menarche. D. dysphoria. 21. The first ejaculation of semen, which occurs in early to mid gonadarche, is known as A. spermatogenesis. B. spermarche. C. andropause. D. menarche. 22. Research shows a relationship between ______ and the onset of puberty. A. higher body weight B. leptin C. percentage of body fat D. all of these 23. Meaghan weighed 3 pounds, 2 ounces at birth but gained weight rapidly. She weighed 21 pounds at the end of her first year of life. Research indicates that Meaghan will probably experience menarche A. at the same time as her normal birthweight peers. B. approximately one year later than her normal birth weight peers. C. five to ten months earlier than her normal birth weight peers. D. approximately two years earlier than her normal birth weight peers. 24. Which of the following early experiences has been linked to early pubertal onset? A. child maltreatment B. high socioeconomic status C. growing up in a nuclear family D. family stability 25. Early menarche has been linked to A. a father's departure from the home. B. a mother's departure from the home. C. strong religious affiliation. D. lack of religious affiliation. 26. Lucy has grown up in a home with her biological mother and father and enjoys a middle socioeconomic class lifestyle. Joan has grown up with her adoptive parents and, although her family is fairly wealthy, her father has struggled with alcoholism for years. Kathy's parents have a poor relationship, low socioeconomic status, and her father frequently leaves the home for weeks at a time. Which of these girls will probably experience puberty FIRST? A. Joan B. Lucy C. Kathy D. They will probably all experience menarche at approximately the same time.

27. Which of the following statements regarding the growth spurt is TRUE? A. The beginning of the growth spurt for boys is age twelve. B. The beginning of the growth spurt for girls is age nine. C. Height in elementary school is not a good predictor of height in adolescence. D. Better nutrition has very little impact on height. 28. At the peak of her weight gain in adolescence, Maud, age 12, gained 18 pounds in one year. Research on weight gain during adolescence would indicate that Maud's weight gain is A. excessive; she should have gained no more than 10 pounds. B. a little less than normal; she should have gained 20-23 pounds. C. average. D. significantly below average; she should have gained approximately 25 pounds. 29. Which of the following statements abut weight and skeletal changes in adolescence is NOT true? A. Boys' peak weight gain happens at approximately the same time as peak height gain. B. Girls' peak weight gain happens about six months after their peak height gain. C. Girls' increase in hip width is associated with an increase in estrogen. D. Boys' increase in shoulder width is associated with an increase in cortisol. 30. Which of the following male pubertal characteristics develops LAST? A. detectable voice changes B. growth of facial hair C. increase in penis size D. appearance of straight pubic hair 31. Three of the most noticeable signs of sexual maturation in boys are growth of facial hair, penis elongation, and A. increased shoulder width. B. first ejaculation. C. appearance of kinky pubic hair. D. testes development. 32. Which of the following female characteristics is an EARLY sign of pubertal development? A. menarche B. breast enlargement C. axillary (armpit) hair D. slight lowering of the voice 33. Claudia, age 13, has irregular menstrual cycles. Her pediatrician tells her mother that Claudia is probably not ovulating at every cycle. What should Claudia and her mother know about this information? A. This is expected in early development. B. Claudia is atypical for her age; she should have regular cycles. C. Claudia is atypical for her age; she should be ovulating at each cycle even if her cycles are irregular. D. Claudia should see a specialist in adolescent physical development to see why she has these problems. 34. The term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty is A. accelerated puberty. B. precocious puberty. C. premature puberty. D. fast-track puberty. 35. Which of the following statements regarding precocious puberty is NOT true? A. It occurs ten times more often in girls than in boys. B. It is diagnosed when pubertal onset occurs before age eight in girls. C. It is diagnosed when pubertal onset occurs before age eleven in boys. D. The treatment is medically suppressing gonadotropic secretions.

36. Allison, age 7, has begun to show signs of breast development and pubic hair. Allison could be diagnosed with A. nothing; her early pubertal development is within normal range. B. precocious puberty. C. fast-track puberty. D. a psychiatric illness that is affecting her body. 37. The term "secular trend" refers to A. patterns of pubertal onset over historical times. B. patterns of adolescents moving away from religion and moving toward a secular world. C. the tendency of pubertal change to occur slightly later than in previous generations. D. the tendency of African-American boys and girls to mature later than their European-American and Asian peers. 38. Several times a day, Leilani, age 13, flips open her mirror and scans her face for any blemish that might have appeared. From what you have learned about body image, Leilani's behavior is A. indicative of a narcissistic personality disorder. B. normal for her age. C. indicative of a body dysmorphic disorder. D. a clear sign that she is unhappy with her body image. 39. Recent research on body image in adolescence has found all of the following EXCEPT A. adolescent boys become more satisfied with their bodies as they move through adolescence. B. overall health is not affected by body image. C. boys who rated their appearance more positively were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. D. lack of parental support is related to body image in adolescents. 40. Ryan, age 17, has a tattoo of an eagle on his bicep. If he is like the majority of students with tattoos, Ryan is A. a rebellious young man. B. a good student. C. an only child. D. creative and artistic. 41. In boys, higher levels of _____ are associated with violence and acting-out behavior. A. thyroid hormone B. estrogens C. androgens D. adrenalin 42. In adolescent girls, increased levels of estrogen are linked to A. aggression. B. eating disorders. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. depression. 43. Which of the following factors can activate or suppress various aspects of the hormonal system? A. stress B. sexual activity C. depression D. all of these 44. Which of the following statements regarding early-maturing boys is TRUE? A. It is an advantage to be an early-maturing boy. B. Early-maturing boys were more likely to smoke when they were in middle adulthood. C. Early-maturing boys were more likely to drink alcohol when they were in middle adulthood. D. Early-maturing boys were less successful than late-maturing boys at middle adulthood.

45. Recent research on early-maturing girls has found that A. early-maturing girls are more likely than late maturing girls to have eating disorders. B. early-maturing girls have more dating experience than do late maturing girls. C. early-maturing girls are more likely than late maturing girls to be depressed. D. all of these 46. Caryn matured early as an adolescent; her friend Wendy was a late-maturing adolescent. Research shows that, as adults A. Caryn is more likely to have a higher body mass index than Wendy. B. Wendy is more likely to have a higher body mass index than Caryn. C. Wendy is less likely than Caryn to have attained a higher education. D. Caryn is more likely to have attained a higher occupational level than Wendy. 47. Which of the following statements about the effects of puberty is NOT true? A. Most adolescents do not experience adolescence as a time of stress and storm. B. Biological changes are the dominant influences on adolescence. C. Cognitive and social changes shape adolescence. D. Grade level in school influences maturation. 48. Despite the fact that the U.S. has become a health conscious nation, many adolescents A. smoke. B. lead sedentary lifestyles. C. have poor diets. D. all of these. 49. Jon, age 17, smokes cigarettes and has a diet that is high in fat. He believes that he won't develop hypertension or diabetes as the result of these behaviors. This belief is known as A. cognitive deception. B. negative bias. C. the "rose-colored glasses" effect. D. behavioral ignorance. 50. Unprotected sexual intercourse is considered a health-_____ behavior. A. compromising B. detracting C. decreasing D. neutral 51. Wearing seat belts and eating nutritious foods are considered health-_____ behaviors. A. engaging B. enhancing C. increasing D. neutral 52. Which of the following has research found to be positively related to promoting adolescents' healthenhancing behavior? A. secure attachment to parents. B. presence of extended family in an adolescent's life. C. regular participation in religious services. D. having at least one sibling. 53. High risk-taking behavior in adolescents has been linked to A. hanging out with peers in unstructured contexts. B. living in a community that offers a range of activities for youth. C. having good grades in school. D. all of these

54. The part of the brain involved in reasoning, decision making, and self control is the A. amygdala. B. cerebellum. C. temporal lobe. D. prefrontal cortex. E. Difficulty: Moderate 55. The part of the brain involved in emotions is the A. occipital lobe. B. prefrontal cortex. C. amygdala. D. pons. 56. Which of the following strategies has been proposed to help adolescents satisfy their need for risk taking without compromising their health? A. enforcing laws controlling the sale of alcohol B. increasing parental monitoring and supervision C. raising the driving age D. all of these 57. Claire is a 14-year-old African-American girl. If Claire is like most African-American girls, A. she has more contact with health services than older teens. B. she does not have her health care needs met. C. she does not receive health care from a private physician. D. all of these 58. Which of the following is NOT a barrier to better health care for adolescents? A. cost B. health-care providers' commitment to confidentiality C. availability of health care services D. reluctance of health care providers to discuss sensitive health issues with their patients 59. The three leading causes of death in the United States for adolescents and emerging adults are homicide, suicide, and A. congenital heart disease. B. leukemia. C. accidents. D. AIDS. 60. Shane, age 19, died in a motor vehicle accident in which he was the driver. Of the following conditions, which is the LEAST likely to have caused Shane's accident? A. his inexperience as a driver B. speeding C. driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs D. tailgating 61. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. African-American males are three times more likely to die of gunshot wounds than of natural causes. B. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in adolescents and emerging adults. C. Since 1950 the suicide rate in the United States has quadrupled. D. The U.S. suicide rate has declined in recent years.

62. Kaylee, age 22, has a cup of coffee for breakfast, skips lunch on most days, and eats a huge dinner. She is slightly overweight but does not exercise. She admits to getting by with only a few hours of sleep on weeknights but insists that she makes up for this by "sleeping in" on the weekends. Kaylee's lifestyle is A. fairly typical of someone in emerging adulthood. B. atypical of emerging adults; most emerging adults eat in a more healthy manner. C. atypical of emerging adults; most emerging adults are underweight due to stress. D. atypical of emerging adults; most emerging adults are exercise conscious. 63. Which of the following statements regarding nutrition among adolescents is TRUE? A. Adolescents in the U.S. are decreasing their intake of fried foods. B. Adolescents in the U.S. are decreasing their intake of fruits and vegetables. C. Eating disorders are decreasing slightly among U.S. adolescents. D. Adolescents are eating more whole grains than a decade ago. 64. Christine's parents buy fresh fruits and vegetables and have them available for her and the rest of the family. In addition, her parents like these foods. According to recent research, Christine is A. likely to eat fruits and vegetables. B. not likely to eat fruits and vegetables. C. more likely to be influenced by the food choices of her peers than her parents. D. likely to choose a high-fat snack than to eat the available fruits and vegetables. 65. A special concern is the amount of ______ in the diets of American adolescents. A. sugar B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. fat 66. Todd is 10 years old and his brother, Jonah, is 16. If they are like most boys their ages A. Todd gets more exercise than Jonah. B. Both boys get the same amount of exercise, but they differ in the physical activities that they select. C. Jonah gets more exercise than Todd. D. Neither boy gets enough exercise. 67. Which of the following factors has been linked to higher physical activity levels for adolescents? A. being an older adolescent B. having physically active friends C. having parents who nag at adolescents to be more physically active D. all of these 68. Which of these adolescents is likely to exercise the MOST? A. Andrew, a 15-year-old white male living in the United States. B. Karla, a 14-year-old girl living in Germany. C. Maria, a 15-year-old girl living in the United States. D. None of these; they are all equally likely to exercise. 69. All of the following are health benefits of exercise EXCEPT A. lower blood pressure. B. lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes. C. lower incidence of Type 2 diabetes. D. lower triglyceride levels. 70. Exercise in adolescents has been linked to A. improved self-image. B. decreased stress levels. C. less depression. D. all of these

71. Three contextual factors that influence whether or not adolescents engage in regular exercise are influence of the family, use of TV/computers, and A. influence of schools. B. influence of cell phones and iPods. C. influence of siblings. D. none of these. 72. Which of the following statements about adolescents and sports is TRUE? A. Girls are more likely to play on a sports team than boys. B. Adolescents who spend time in sports are less likely to take drugs than their counterparts who are not involved in sports. C. Sports do not play a particularly important role in the lives of adolescents in the United States. D. Participation in sports has very little impact on self-esteem. 73. Ray, age 16, plays hockey in the winter and baseball in the spring and summer. Compared to his peers who do not play sports, Ray is more likely to A. sustain an injury. B. be self-centered. C. have poorer grades. D. all of these 74. The female athlete triad involves a combination of weight loss, absence of menstrual periods, and A. arthritis. B. osteoporosis. C. Type 2 diabetes. D. all of these 75. Amanda is a star athlete on her high-school swimming team. Recently she has developed weight loss, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Amanda has the classic symptoms of A. bulimia nervosa. B. female athlete triad. C. female athlete syndrome. D. none of these. 76. Research on sleep patterns in adolescence have found all of the following to be true EXCEPT A. older adolescents get less sleep than younger adolescents. B. optimal sleep in adolescents is approximately seven hours per night. C. in general, adolescents are not getting enough sleep. D. getting less than the needed amount of sleep can lead to higher levels of anxiety and depression. 77. Research has shown that, given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep about how many hours each night? A. 9.5 B. 7 C. 11 D. 8 78. The sleep-related hormone secreted at night is A. glucagon. B. thyroxin. C. melatonin. D. insulin. 79. Starting school later for older adolescents has been shown to A. increase absenteeism, as adolescents tend to oversleep. B. improve test scores. C. decrease participation in extracurricular activities. D. increase discipline problems.

80. The evolutionary process that favors the individuals of the species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is known as A. Darwinism. B. naturalism. C. selective attention. D. natural selection. 81. Dr. Dutch studies adaptation and reproductive patterns to explain human behavior. Dr. Dutch is most likely A. an evolutionary psychologist. B. a comparative psychologist. C. a cognitive psychologist. D. a forensic psychologist. 82. Which of the following topics would be of interest to an evolutionary psychologist? A. fear responses B. mating patterns C. intelligence D. all of these 83. Albert Bandura has criticized the evolutionary perspective of psychology because it doesn't give enough emphasis to the role of A. culture. B. biology. C. ethnic differences. D. parental attachment. 84. DNA, the complex molecule that contains genetic information, is carried on A. cilia. B. chromosomes. C. mitochondria. D. mitosis segments. 85. All of the following is true of genes EXCEPT A. they direct cells to reproduce themselves. B. they direct cells to assemble proteins. C. they are located on segments of DNA. D. they have their own specific functions. 86. The Human Genome Project recently revised its original estimate of the number of genes that human beings have. The new estimate is approximately A. 21,500. B. 32,500. C. 40,500. D. 10,000. 87. Which of the following statements about the working of genes is NOT true? A. Each gene programs one protein. B. Genes work together to specify our characteristics. C. Genes are influenced by their environment. D. Events inside and outside of the cell can excite or inhibit gene expression. 88. Brendan is 6 feet tall, and has red hair and green eyes. His cousin, Connor, is 5 feet, 6 inches tall, and has brown hair and brown eyes. Both boys are described as friendly and outgoing. These descriptions of genetic expression are known as their A. genotypes. B. phenotypes. C. pheromones. D. latent maps.

89. A person's genetic heritage is called his or her A. genotype. B. phenotype. C. genome. D. cognitive map. 90. Expression of a certain trait or characteristic is partly due to genetics and partly shaped by A. chance or luck. B. life experiences. C. race. D. none of these. 91. You meet a scientist who tells you that she studies the extent to which heredity and environment impact individual differences in human traits and development. This scientist works in the field of A. cognitive genetics. B. behavior intervention. C. gene therapy. D. behavior genetics. 92. Kyle and Karen are twins. Because they are brother and sister, you know that they are A. fraternal twins. B. identical twins. C. maternal twins. D. paternal twins. 93. You learn that your new friends, Connie and Crystal, are identical twins. You now know that they A. developed from two separate eggs and shared the womb at the same time. B. developed from a single fertilized egg which then split into two; from there two separate people developed. C. are probably no more alike than nontwins. D. are also known as dizygotic twins. 94. Twin studies have found that _____ twins are more alike than ____ twins. A. monozygotic; dizygotic B. dizygotic; monozygotic C. fraternal; identical D. paternal; maternal 95. Adoption studies seek to discover the role of _______ on behavior. A. environment B. impulse control C. brain development D. none of these 96. Behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr identified different ways in which heredity and environment correlate. Which of the following is NOT a pattern she described? A. reactive B. niche-picking C. active D. evocative 97. Which of the following best exemplifies an evocative genotype-environment correlation? A. Musical parents buy a piano for their children. B. A high-school student bound for an agricultural college signs up for courses in plant biology. C. A nervous adolescent displays anxiety at school. D. Parents suggest music lessons for their musically talented children.

98. Ben and Alex, ages 12 and 14, live with their biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood. This is an example of: A. shared environment experience. B. nonshared environment experience. C. shared genetic experience. D. nonshared genetic experience. 99. The fact that siblings living in the same house, with the same parents can be very different from each other may be due to A. shared environment experience. B. nonshared environment experience. C. shared genetic experience. D. nonshared genetic experience. 100.Which of the following statements regarding environmental experience is TRUE? A. Shared environment accounts for most of the variation in adolescent personality and interests. B. Heredity influences the nonshared environment of siblings. C. There is no relationship between genetics and environment. D. Environment is much more important than genetics in development of personality. 101.Cody is the star pitcher for his high-school baseball team. His father is a retired minor league baseball pitcher, and his mother played softball in college. The epigenic view of development would say that Cody's pitching ability is the result of A. a combination of heredity and environment. B. his genetically inherited ability to accurately throw a ball. C. hard work and practice; genes have little or nothing to do with his ability. D. luck. 102.The emerging view of the role of genetics and environment is that many complex behaviors likely have some A. complex environment experiences. B. genetic loading. C. environment experiences of nature and biological encounters. D. all of these 103.Discuss the role of sex hormones in puberty for males and females.

104.Explain the negative feedback system involved in managing the levels of sex hormones.

105.What could happen if a prepubescent girl's percentage of total body fat was less than 17 percent?

106.Compare and contrast the experience of the growth spurt in boys and girls. Be sure to include ages and bodily changes.

107.List in order the male and female pubertal changes.

108.Define the term "precocious puberty."

109.Compare and contrast changes in body image that occur at puberty for males and females.

110.Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of early and late maturation.

111.List at least three health-enhancing and three health-compromising behaviors.

112.What are some of the problems of risk-taking behavior in adolescence?

113.Adolescents underutilize the services of private physicians and other health-care services. List and briefly explain at least four barriers to better health care for adolescents.

114.Describe the concerns that have been raised about the nutritional status and diets of adolescents in the United States today.

115.What steps would you take if you wanted to increase the activity levels of adolescents?

116.What has research found about the amount of sleep that adolescents need, the amount of sleep that they usually get, and the problems associated with lack of adequate sleep?

117.What are some of the main themes in evolutionary psychology? Give an example of a human behavior that evolutionary psychologists study.

118.Define the terms genotype and phenotype.

119.Explain what twin studies are and why they are used in behavior genetics research.

120.Explain what adoption studies are and why they are used in behavior genetics research.

121.Describe the three ways in which behavioral geneticist Sandra Scarr believes that heredity and environment are related.

Chapter 02 Key 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. B

37. A 38. B 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. D 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. B 48. D 49. A 50. A 51. B 52. A 53. A 54. E 55. C 56. D 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. C 62. A 63. B 64. A 65. D 66. A 67. B 68. B 69. B 70. D 71. A 72. B 73. D 74. B

75. B 76. B 77. A 78. C 79. B 80. D 81. A 82. D 83. A 84. B 85. C 86. A 87. A 88. B 89. A 90. B 91. D 92. A 93. B 94. A 95. A 96. A 97. D 98. A 99. B 100. B 101. A 102. D Feedback: 51-52 103. Androgens are the main class of males sex hormones; testosterone is the androgen that plays an important role in pubertal development. Throughout puberty, rising testosterone levels are associated with physical changes, including development of external genital, an increase in height, and voice changes. Testosterone level has also been linked to sexual desire and activity. Estrogens are the main class of sex hormones in females. Estradiol is an estrogen that plays an important role in female pubertal development. As estradiol levels rise, breast development, uterine development, and skeletal changes occur.

Feedback: 53 104. Levels of sex hormones are regulated by two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). FSH stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males. LH regulates estrogen secretion in females and testosterone production in males. In addition, the hypothalamus secretes a substance called GnRH. These hormones are regulated by a negative feedback system. If the level of sex hormones rises too high, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland reduce their stimulation of the gonads, decreasing the production of sex hormones. If the level of sex hormones fall too low, the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands increase their production of the sex hormones.

Feedback: 54 105. Some scientists have hypothesized that the onset of menarche is influenced by the percentage of body fat in relation to total body weight. For menarche to occur, they say that a minimum of 17 percent of a girl's body weight must be comprised of fat. If this hypothesis is true, menarche could be delayed in a girl with low body fat.

Feedback: 55-56 The mean age for the beginning of the growth spurt in boys is 11 years of age. The peak of pubertal change occurs at 13.5 years for boys. During their growth spurt, boys increase in height about four inches per year. Boys' peak weight gain per year (20 pounds) occurs at about the same time as their peak increases in height, about 13 to 14 years of age. Boys undergo an increase in shoulder width that is associated with an increase in testosterone. The later growth spurt in boys produces a greater leg length and changes in facial structure. 106. The growth spurt associated with puberty occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys. For girls, the mean beginning of the growth spurt is 9 years of age. The peak of pubertal change occurs at 11.5 years for girls. During their growth spurt, girls increase in height about 3.5 inches per year. At the peak of weight gain, girls gain an average of 18 pounds in one year, at approximately 12 years of age. In addition to changes in height and weight, girls experience a spurt in hip width that is associated with an increase in estrogen.

Feedback: 56 The order of pubertal changes for females is: breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears; growth in height; increase in hip width; menarche. 107. Researchers have found that male pubertal characteristics develop in this order: increased penis and testicle size; appearance of straight pubic hair; minor voice change; first ejaculation; appearance of kinky pubic hair; onset of maximum growth; growth of hair in armpits; more detectable voice changes; growth of facial hair.

Feedback: 56 108. Precocious puberty is the term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty. It is usually diagnosed when pubertal onset occurs before age eight for girls and before age nine in boys. Precocious puberty occurs approximately ten times more often in girls than in boys.

Feedback: 59 109. In general, throughout puberty, girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images than boys. As puberty proceeds, girls become increasingly more dissatisfied with their bodies, probably because their body fat increases. In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably because their muscle mass increases.

Feedback: 61 Early-maturing girls had more problems in school, were more independent, and were more popular with boys than late-maturing girls. Earlymaturing girls were more likely than late-maturing girls to be satisfied with their body image. However, they are also more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, be sexually active, and have older friends. 110. Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations than their late-maturing counterparts. One study indicated that early-maturing boys were less likely to drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes than late-maturing boys when they reached middle adulthood. However, when boys were studied years later, late-maturing boys had a stronger sense of identity than early-maturing boys. This may be because late-maturing boys had more time to explore a wide variety of options. At least during adolescence, it appears that it is an advantage to be an early-maturing, rather than a late maturing male.

Feedback: 64 111. Health compromising behaviors include drug use, violence, unprotected sexual intercourse, and dangerous driving. Health-enhancing behaviors are such things as exercising, eating a nutritious diet, wearing a seat belt, and getting adequate sleep.

Feedback: 64-65 112. Adolescents who are risk takers may have poorer grades, and engage in poor decision making and impulsive behavior. Their health can be compromised if they drink, smoke, or become sexually active at young ages. Automobile fatalities can result from reckless driving.

Feedback: 66 113. Among the chief barriers to better health care for adolescents is cost. Other reasons that adolescents do not seek health care include poor organization and availability of health services. Lack of confidentiality and reluctance on the part of health care providers to communicate with adolescents about sensitive issues may keep some adolescents away from the health-care system.

Feedback: 67-68 114. The eating habits of many adolescents are health-compromising, and an increasing number of adolescents have eating disorders. Adolescents in the United Sates are more likely to eat fried foods and less likely to choose fruits and vegetables. They tend to select foods that are high in protein and energy value. A special concern in American culture is the amount of fat in our diets. The popularity of fast foods, a staple in the diet of many adolescents, contributes to high dietary fat levels.

Feedback: 69-71 Increasing time for physical education classes in school is key. Parents can model the benefits of physical activity for their children and plan family outings that include exercise. Parents can also encourage their children to play a sport or to exercise on a regular basis. Parents can also limit the time that adolescents are allowed to watch television and be on their computers. 115. Adolescents who have physically active friends tend to be more active themselves. Encouraging teens to choose friends who like to be active is one way of increasing their physical activity.

Feedback: 73-74 116. Research on sleep suggests that adolescents need approximately 9.5 hours of sleep each night. A recent survey of adolescents showed that only 31 percent of U.S. adolescents got eight hours of sleep per night on school nights. Other studies confirm that adolescents are sleeping less than the optimal amount each night. Adolescents who got inadequate sleep (eight hours or less on a school night) were more likely to feel tired or sleepy, more cranky and irritable, fall asleep in school, be in a depressed mood, and drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep. In addition, getting less than six to eight hours of sleep a night has been linked to lower levels of exercise, less effective stress management, adoption of an unhealthy diet, and higher levels of anxiety.

Feedback: 75 117. The field of evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in explaining behavior. Evolutionary psychology focuses on the conditions that allow individuals to survive or perish. In this view, the process of natural selection favors those behaviors that increase organisms' reproductive success-their ability to pass their genes on to the next generation. David Buss argues that just as evolution shapes our physical features, it also influences our decision making, our aggressive behavior, our fears, and our mating patterns.

Feedback: 78 118. A person's genetic heritage—the actual genetic material—is his or her genotype. Not all of this genetic material is apparent in our observed and measurable characteristics. The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics is called a phenotype. Phenotypes include physical traits, such as height, weight, eye color, and skin pigmentation, as well as psychological characteristics, such as intelligence, creativity, personality, and social tendencies. For each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.

Feedback: 79 119. Behavior geneticists use twin studies to try to determine the role of heredity for a given behavior or characteristic. Identical twins share the same genetic material, so any differences in their behavior could be attributed to environmental factors. Researchers frequently compare results of research conducted with both identical twins and fraternal twins. Several issues complicate the interpretation of twin studies. For example, perhaps the environments of identical twins are more similar than the environments of fraternal twins.

Feedback: 79 120. Behavior geneticists use adoption studies to try to find out the relative contributions of heredity and environment to a given behavior or characteristic. Researchers compare adopted children to their adoptive parents and to their biological parents to see whom they resemble more, and in what ways. Because the children share genes with their biological parents, yet share an environment with their adoptive parents, if the children are more similar in a given way to their biological parents than adoptive parents, behavior geneticists conclude that heredity likely plays a significant role in behavior or characteristics. If adopted children are more similar in a given way to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents, then environment may play a larger role for that behavior or characteristic.

Feedback: 79-80 121. Sandra Scarr's three correlations are: passive genotype-environment correlations, evocative genotype-environment correlations, and active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations. In the passive genotype-environment correlation, biological parents who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. In the evocative genotype-environment correlation, an adolescent's geneticallyshaped traits elicit environmental responses. They get what they need from the environment through this interaction. In the active genotypeenvironment correlation, adolescents seek out environments that are stimulating for them. They find settings that are best suited for their abilities.

Chapter 02 Summary Category Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis Blooms Taxonomy: Application Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge Blooms Taxonomy: Synthesis Difficulty: Basic Difficulty: Difficult Difficulty: Moderate Learning Goal: 1 Learning Goal: 2 Learning Goal: 3 Santrock - Chapter 02

# of Questions 21 27 13 58 2 22 22 76 55 38 28 121

Chapter 03 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

The basic units of the nervous system are A. synapses. B. neurons. C. neuronal matrixes. D. neurofibrillary plaques.

Which of the following is NOT a basic part of a neuron? A. dendrite(s) B. axon C. cell body D. synapse

What is the main difference between a myelinated cell process and a cell process without myelin? A. Myelinated cell processes are more efficient at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes. B. Myelinated cell processes are slower at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes. C. Non-myelinated cell processes are faster at information processing than myelinated cell processes. D. There is no difference between myelinated and non-myelinated cell processes.

Which of the following statements about synaptogenesis is NOT true? A. Synaptogenesis begins in infancy. B. Synaptogenesis continues in adolescence. C. Synaptogenesis ends in late childhood. D. Synaptogenesis is the process of building connections between neurons.

Increases in levels of dopamine can do which of the following? A. increase risk of onset of schizophrenia B. increase risk-taking behavior C. increase use of addictive drugs D. all of these

The bundle of axon fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain is called the A. corpus callosum. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. amygdala.

Which of the following statements regarding the corpus callosum is NOT true? A. It is a large bundle of axon fibers. B. It becomes smaller in adolescence. C. Its change in adolescence improves the ability to process information. D. All of these are false.

The prefrontal cortex is primarily involved with A. reasoning. B. processing emotions, such as love. C. emotional regulation. D. all of these.