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TEST BANK CHAPTER 1 Multiple Choice 1. At the present time it is thought that the best way to provide learning opportunities for children with special needs is a. In classrooms called non-categorical b. In classrooms with typically developing children c. In classrooms for developmentally delayed d. In classrooms especially equipped for their disability 2. Children with disabilities and special needs a. May not be able to learn spontaneously from play a. Learn in exactly the same way that other children do b. Always learn more slowly and with great difficulty c. Need highly structured lessons to learn 3. The least restrictive environment is a. In a regular classroom if appropriate b. Always in a regular classroom c. Usually in a special education classroom d. Never in a special education classroom 4. Strong parent organizations that aided children with special needs were first created a. After World War I b. After World War II c. In the 1990s d. In 2004 5. Inclusion support activities for the ECE who has a child with special needs in the class might include a. Ongoing observation and assessment of the child b. Inservice information to staff members about the child’s disability c. Demonstration of specific intervention techniques d. All of the above 6. Early childhood curricula usually include experiences in a. Exploration b. Sharing c. Interaction with peers d. All of the above

7. Today children with any disabling condition should a. Always be placed in regular classrooms with special help b. Be educated in the least restrictive appropriate environment c. Be taught from the earliest possible time by teachers who are trained in special education d. Be evaluated and identified according to disabling conditions 8. Legislation requires that __________ of children in Head Start be children with disabilities. a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25% 9. Public Law 94-142 was enacted in: a. 1935 b. 1955 c. 1975 d. 1979 10. Montessori developed a: a. Nursery school for children who are gifted b. Day-care center for young Italians in New York City c. Casa dei Bambini in Rome d. A test to determine if children are retarded 11. The far-reaching law that guarantees equal opportunity in employment, public accommodation, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications is: a. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 b. The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1990 c. The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1990 Part H d. The First Chance Program (HCEEP) in 1968 12. Public Law 99-457, The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, a. Authorized Individual Family Services Plans (IFSPs) b. Requires statements about mental retardation c. Tightened eligibility requirements for infants and toddlers d. All of the above 13. The term “natural environments” means a. The least restrictive environment b. And environment where technology is available c. An environment where children without disabilities participate d. Services provided in the home

14. When caring for young children in groups it is not important to create a. Small group sizes b. A bond between a child and an instructor of the same gender c. Continuity of care d. Cultural and familial continuity 15. An example of a community-based inclusive setting would be: a. Head Start b. Neighborhood play group c. Child development center d. All of the above True-False 1. Children learn many skills from each other. 2. By 2005, the majority of schools had developed curriculum standards for 3- to 5year-olds. 3. The range of “normalcy” in children 0–5 is quite narrow. 4. Children with special needs do not need to have a program with educational experiences individualized. 5. During the early years, the educational focus is more on the process than on the content of learning. 6. The parent of a child with special needs can be assured that there will be a program in the least restrictive environment available for that child in the community. 7. Itard’s contribution to child development was the theory of inborn adaptation. 8. Teachers in a Montessori program use sequenced lessons. 9. Research has shown that a factor significantly associated with positive child development is maternal responsiveness. 10. Most child-focused programs are currently directed by the teacher. 11. The main purpose of P.L. 94-142 was to establish free appropriate public education.

12. Best practice stipulates that evaluation should rely on a single instrument for continuity. 13. An excellent model of an inclusive setting is Head Start. 14. Piaget believed that each child’s capacity to learn is uniquely experientially based. 15. A current paradigm shift in ECSE is the focus on the caregiving environment rather than on the infant or child. Short Answer

1. Describe what is meant by the least restrictive environment. 2. Explain how, during the early years, the educational focus is more on the process of exploration, manipulation, expression, sharing, and active involvement than on the content or products of learning. 3. What are the theoretical assumptions of child-focused programs? 4. Give two examples of kinds of caregiver-focused programs. 5. Name two significant mandates of P.L. 94-142. 6. Name two significant mandates of IDEA. 7. Why should we be cautious in accepting all recent ideas in early childhood special education? 8. What does the term “natural environments” mean? 9. What is the theory behind the transactional approach? 10. ECE has recognized the importance of some ECSE practices. What are they?

Comprehensive Essay 1. Discuss the arguments in favor of educating children with disabilities with children without disabilities in early childhood. What are the pros and cons of these arguments? 2. Suppose a parent said to you: “I don’t want my child in the same classroom with those retarded kids.” Write your appropriate reply.

3. Johnny wears a brace on one leg and has limited visual abilities. Johnny’s parents insist that he be educated with “normal” children. Martha is hard of hearing but has acquired some speech and imitates readily. The multidisciplinary diagnostic team thinks that she will learn from observing typical peers. What steps will you take to integrate these two children into our early education center? Consider the children, their families, and the children and parents you are already serving. Be specific in stating exactly what you will do and when. 4. Give three reasons why the early years are considered to be optimal ones for inclusion of children with disabilities. 5. Give three examples of when full inclusion might not be the best educational alternative for a child. 6. Early childhood special educators are expected to have the skills necessary to work with all children. However, additional skills and competencies are needed as an ECSE. Name five of those skills and/or competences and explain why they are important. 7. Outline the dramatic changes in attitudes toward young children with disabilities that have taken place over the last century. 8. Describe the major features of IDEA. 9. Compare and contrast child-focused and caregiver-focused programs. What are the strong and weak points of each? 10. Explain what is meant by “a child with special needs is a child first” and how that statement relates to the federal legislation terminology change from the Education for All Handicapped Act to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. 11. Explain how Response to Intervention or Tiered Instruction principles for K-12 is, in essence, aligned with the core principles of recommended practices in early childhood. CHAPTER 2 Multiple Choice 1. Parent involvement in the education of young children a. Is less important when children attend a preschool b. Is rapidly being recognized as essential if children are to achieve their potential c. Is not as important as had been thought, according to recent research d. Is not practical, as most parents work

2. Parents of young children with disabilities often report that a. They are confused because even the “experts” disagree about causes of developmental delays b. Their pediatrician called their attention to their child’s problem shortly after birth c. They were told exactly how to help their child, and they were successful the first time d. Professionals who examined their child agreed on the cause of their child’s problem 3. The successful education of children with special needs will demands a. That parents accept the disability and are not emotional about the problem b. That parents always remain calm and in command c. That parents accept everything the professional tells them to do and do it without questions d. That an effective partnership exists between parents and professionals 4. A statement such as “It must be very frustrating and tiring to take your child to so many medical appointments” shows a. b. c. d.

Bargaining Crisis intervention Empathy All of the above

5. P.L. 105-17 (1997 Amendments to IDEA) set the stage for a. Family-professional collaboration b. Nondiscrimination for people with disabilities c. Family-centered early intervention d. All of the above 6. Understanding the differences between mainstream culture and the cultures of specific families is critical to the _________ approach to intervention a. Behaviorist b. Developmental c. Adaptive d. Ecological 7. A childrearing practice that is not culture-sensitive is a. Doing the best they can b. Child independence c. Parents as teachers d. Discipline

8. Methods of increasing parent involvement are a. Home-based interventions, passports, observations by parents b. Written handouts, observations by parents, home-based interventions c. Parent groups, written handouts, medical intervention d. Passports, medical intervention, observations by parents 9. A good way to help parents with developmental disabilities is to a. Provide a concrete, written list of things to do b. Help parents interpret child’s behavior c. Shift child care to someone in the home who is more capable d. Explain what you want them to do at great length so they will understand 10. What is true of foster caregiving? a. Foster caregiving is fortunately decreasing in the United States. b. Early interventionists must be concerned about attachment and emotional development in foster children. c. Foster parents should be excused from participating in home and center activities. d. A foster home is not appropriate for home visits. 11. Which use of Internet-based communication would not be appropriate when emailing with families? a. Sending photos of children playing together b. Discussing issues or concerns c. Providing websites for resources d. Moderating a family support discussion forum True-False 1. Guidance about what to do now is a basic need of parents who seek professional help. 2. The first duty of the professional is to insist that parents face the child’s limitations. 3. Anger and resentment are the first expected parental reactions. 4. An interpreter is the same as a translator. 5. Families pass through developmental and nondevelopmental changes which produce varying amounts of stress for all members. 6. Only parents should be included in conferences and planning. 7. Parent involvement is the best indicator of parent concern.

8. Formal meetings with all parents present should be conducted once-per-week in center-based programs. 9. A family resource center is an excellent way to access parent support groups. 10. One area in which all cultures are similar is in infant-parent communication. Short Answer 1. What are the four subsystems in Family Systems Theory? 2. What is a “passport”? How is it used? 3. Describe the types of services that family resource centers such as Parents Helping Parents can provide to help support families. 4. What is often the first reaction of parents learning of a child’s disability? 5. List some resources likely to be helpful to teen parents who lack support. 6. Briefly compare the attitudes toward disabilities that are influenced by religion. 7. What is an “authoritarian” parenting style? 8. What is an “egalitarian” parenting style? 9. Briefly explain the differences between “individualistic” and “collectivist” views of personal development and behavior. 10. Briefly explain the differences shown in parenting by child’s gender in different cultures. 11. Briefly explain some considerations that a teacher needs to keep in mind when meeting with families that have experienced divorce. Comprehensive Essay 1. Describe each of the emotional stages through which parents of children with disabilities may pass and suggest ways in which teachers may be helpful to those parents. 2. List the basic needs of parents who seek professional help. How can teachers assist in the fulfillment of those needs? 3. Roos identifies eight categories of mishandling of parents’ basic needs. Discuss these categories.

4. Explain the continuum of parent involvement. 5. Explain the role of “active listening” in professional-parent interaction. 6. Discuss concerns and questions of siblings of children with disabilities. How can early interventionists assist siblings? 7. Compare pros and cons of parent involvement in home-based and center-based programs. 8. Describe a model parent orientation meeting. How would you plan it? What are the essential features before, during, and after the meeting? 9. Illustrate all the ways that denial can actually serve families and become a positive and necessary element in their lives. 10. Discuss the impact of poverty on families that have children with special needs. CHAPTER 3 Multiple Choice 1. Participants in IFSP meetings usually include a. Parents, physician, an advocate b. Service coordinator, assessor, physician c. Parents, service coordinator, assessor d. Physician, service coordinator, other family members as desired by parents 2. The person whose job it is to serve as the single point of contact in helping families to obtain appropriate services is the a. Specialist involved b. Early interventionist c. Assessor d. Service coordinator 3. At what age does the law require an IEP? a. One year b. Two years c. Three years d. When the child enters kindergarten 4. Which person does not usually participate in the meeting where the IEP is developed? a. Parent b. Physician c. Administrator in the school district d. Special education teacher

5. Whose goals take highest priority on the list of objectives formulated at the IEP planning meeting? a. Parent b. Special education teacher c. Specialist most involved d. Interdisciplinary IEP team member 6. Who has primary responsibility for implementation of the IEP? a. Parent b. Special education teacher c. Specialist most involved d. Administrator in the school district 7. Proficiency level on a task is usually defined as a. 50% b. 60% c. 80% d. 100% 8. _______ are what a child with disabilities can be expected to accomplish in one school year. a. Program plan b. Behavioral objectives c. Criterion d. Annual goals 9. A child’s IEP must include all of the following except a. A statement of annual goals and short-term objectives b. A complete instructional plan c. A statement of the child’s level of functioning d. The appropriate objective criteria 10. Which of the following is not a basic component of behavioral objectives? a. The behavior the child is expected to perform b. The level of performance expected c. The conditions under which the performance will take place d. The day the objective is completed

True-False 1. The IFSP is family-focused while the IEP is still more child-focused. 2. The IEP includes goals and objectives. 3. The IEP process provides for service coordination and smooth transition.