TEST BANK FOR A Child's World, Infancy Through Adolescence 13e Gabriela Martorell Diane Papalia Ruth by digitaldownload87

Chapter 01 Studying A Child's World

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Child development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence. The main focus of study is how children A. change. B. develop physically. C. develop social relationships. D. learn language skills. refer to page 4

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

2. Which of the following events paved the way for the scientific study of child development? A. the discovery of vaccines B. the enactment of child labor laws C. scientific discoveries about the nature of conception D. all of the above refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

3. Which of the following helped to pioneer the study of child development as a true science? A. G. Stanley Hall's book Adolescence B. the establishment of research institutes at Berkeley and Yale C. Arnold Gesell's studies on motor development D. all of the above refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

4. Five-year-old Tara does not make friends easily. She is shy and anxious in new situations. Because Tara's behavior has persisted over time, it is an example of developmental A. instability. B. resilience. C. stability. D. awkwardness. refer to page 4

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

5. __________ first emphasized the developmental nature of behavior by publishing a record of his son's sensory, motor, language, and emotional milestones during his first years of life. A. Charles Darwin B. John B. Watson C. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard D. John Dewey refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

6. Dietrich Tiedemann and Charles Darwin used the information obtained from __________ to support their early theories about child development. A. baby biographies B. teachers C. doctors D. mothers' diaries refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

7. Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the developmental nature of behavior by studying human origins, both as a species and as individuals. Professor Hughes's belief is consistent with _______ view of child development. A. John Locke's B. Charles Darwin's C. John Watson's D. Alfred Binet's refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

8. Adolescence has been considered a separate stage of development since A. early in the fifteenth century. B. the twentieth century. C. Konrad Lorenz's research on imprinting. D. The Great Depression. refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

9. Who was the first to identify adolescence as a separate stage of development? A. John Watson B. G. Stanley Hall C. Arnold Gesell D. Lewis Terman refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

10. Marsha is taking a class in human development. This class addresses the study of humans from A. conception to adolescence. B. infancy to adolescence. C. adolescence to death. D. conception to death. refer to page 5, 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

11. __________ conducted longitudinal studies that traced the stages of motor development, which contributed to our understanding of developments that typically occur at various ages. A. G. Stanley Hall B. Arnold Gesell C. Jean Piaget D. Lewis M. Terman refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

12. The study of human development A. primarily emphasizes infancy through adolescence. B. emphasizes nature over nurture. C. is interdisciplinary. D. focuses more on adult than child development. refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

13. Developmental scientists are interested in ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physical, cognitive, and psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

14. Annette started crawling, then standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development falls within the _______ domain. A. physical B. motivational C. biological D. toddler refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

15. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. Language development falls within the ______ domain. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. neurological refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

16. Which of the following psychosocial developments occur in adolescence? A. Gender identity develops. B. Self-awareness emerges. C. Search for identity becomes central. D. Self-esteem is global. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

17. In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the nature of human development over time, scientists have divided the life span into five periods. These divisions are A. based on clear-cut development criteria. B. based on cognitive differences. C. arbitrary and approximate. D. separated into 10-year periods. refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of physical development in early childhood? A. Handedness appears. B. Appetite diminishes. C. Abstract thinking emerges. D. Fine and gross motor skills improve. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

19. Dr. Ortiz, a pediatrician, charts his patients' brain and body growth, overall health, and motor skills. Dr. Ortiz is documenting A. hereditary factors. B. neurological development. C. physical development. D. developmental domains. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

20. One-year-old Tamara's height and weight, along with her newfound ability to walk, A. interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development. B. occur independently of her cognitive development. C. will become less important than personality and social development with age. D. are primarily controlled by her genetic makeup. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

21. Fifteen-month-old Lorraine and 5-year-old Joaquin are siblings. Which of the following statements about their physical growth is true? A. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing steady physical growth. B. Joaquin's physical growth is rapid, while Lorraine's growth is steady. C. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing rapid physical growth. D. Lorraine's physical growth is rapid, while Joaquin's growth is steady. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

22. Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory. His research focuses primarily on __________ development. A. physical B. personality C. cognitive D. psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

23. Darrin attends a preschool program that focuses on enhancing children's language and reasoning skills, as well as fostering creativity. Darrin's preschool emphasizes ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physiological refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

24. Donald is referred to as the "Mayor of the First Grade," a title given to him because he gets along with everyone and seems to know everything that is going on. These skills demonstrate Donald's level of __________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. psychosexual refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

25. Three-year-old Lydia is extremely athletic. Although her interpersonal skills were not strong when she entered preschool, her athletic prowess meant that she was always included in play activities. Due to her high level of participation in these activities, she gradually learned to interact with her peers at a higher level. Which of the following statements explains Lydia's progress? A. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her psychosocial development. B. Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development. C. Lydia's physical development was enabled by her cognitive development. D. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her physical development. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

26. Separation anxiety in infancy is an example of the effect of _____ development on _____ development. A. psychosocial; physical B. cognitive; psychosocial C. psychosocial; cognitive D. physical; psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

27. Kari is very tall for her age. She has fewer friends than her average-sized classmates. This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development? A. physical and cognitive B. cognitive and psychosocial C. physical and psychosocial D. personality and psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

28. Carrie (age 22) and Chelsea (age 17) are sisters. Carrie is a focused student who thrives in academic settings. She is working on a graduate degree at a very selective university. Chelsea is much less concerned about school and more interested in socializing. She is considering bypassing college because she wants to go to work as soon as she graduates from high school. Their parents cannot figure out what they did to make their daughters turn out so differently. Which of the following concepts would you emphasize when trying to explain the sisters' differences to their parents? A. social construction B. quantitative change C. individual differences D. physical development refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

29. Which of the following statements about social construction is correct? A. Social construction is a theory that explains the sequence of children's play patterns. B. Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time. C. As children reach adolescence, they socially construct their free time. D. Social construction must be conditioned into children in order to avoid antisocial or deconstructive behaviors. refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

30. Adolescence is an example of a A. domain of development. B. developmental trajectory. C. psychosocial milestone. D. social construction. refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

31. In many pre industrial societies, the concept of __________ does not exist. A. prenatal development B. infancy and toddlerhood C. early childhood D. adolescence refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

32. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major divisions of the life span? A. prenatal period B. infancy and toddlerhood C. late adulthood D. senescence refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

33. During which developmental period do children develop speech and locomotion, and become somewhat more assertive and self-reliant, yet need considerable help in restraining their impulsive behavior? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. the preschool years refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early childhood period of development.

34. During __________, children begin to develop self-control and have more interest in others. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. middle childhood refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early childhood period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

35. Children become proficient in regulating their own behavior and are very interested in their peer group during A. infancy. B. toddlerhood. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

36. Carlos is undergoing rapid physical growth, has the ability to use abstract thought, and is trying to establish an identity. Carlos is a(n) A. school-age child. B. adolescent. C. young adult. D. college student. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

37. Attachment is particularly important during which developmental period? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the infancy period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

38. Research looking at influences on development indicates that A. every child has a unique developmental trajectory. B. developmental milestones are universal. C. heredity is more important than environment. D. there are few gender or ethnic differences in physical or cognitive maturation. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Understand influences on development.

39. Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to A. heredity. B. the environment. C. both heredity and environment. D. a natural sequence. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

40. The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as A. a natural sequence. B. maturation. C. the environment. D. heredity. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

41. William is a gifted baseball player. His father was a star player in the major leagues. They did not spend much time together while William was growing up because of his father's professional commitments. William's talent for baseball would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. cohort differences. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

42. Jenny is a very talented soccer player. Her mother was a star player in both college and in the women's professional leagues. They spent a great deal of time together while Jenny was growing up. Jenny has her mother's speed and height to go along with a superior understanding of the game. Jessica's abilities would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. individual differences. D. both heredity and environment. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

43. Although there are developmental differences in timing, most children learn to walk and talk at a similar age. This is an example of A. heredity. B. environmental influences. C. maturation. D. a critical period. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify the process of maturation.

44. The unfolding of a natural, genetically influenced sequence of physical and psychological patterns is the result of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. personality. refer to page 9

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

45. A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or stepchildren is called a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

46. Shari belongs to a multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. This unit is referred to as a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

47. The Ferkle family goes away each year to see such sights as the world's largest ball of string and the world's largest landfill. On each vacation, they make certain that both parents and children are included. Their vacations are shared by the _______ family. A. extended B. nuclear C. inclusive D. derivative refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

48. Each summer, the Smith's host grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and distant relatives for a two-day reunion. The Smith family reunion involves the ______ family. A. nuclear B. general C. extended D. inclusive refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

49. In western societies, the dominant traditional family structure is the __________ family, while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America, the __________ family is more traditional. A. nuclear; extended B. general; nuclear C. extended; general D. extended; nuclear refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

50. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that determines socioeconomic status? A. ethnicity B. income C. education D. occupation refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

51. Which of the following is/are determined by socioeconomic status? A. the neighborhood in which a family lives B. the school the children attend C. the quality of medical care available to a family D. all of the above refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

52. Charles is a child growing up in a low-SES (socioeconomic status) family. Which of the following will likely have an effect on his development? A. nutritional deficiencies B. frequent illness C. poor housing/living conditions D. all of the above refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

53. Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called __________ factors. A. diversity B. developmental C. adaptive D. risk refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

54. The most powerful factors in a neighborhood that affect the way children develop are income and A. attitudes toward higher education. B. the quality of schools. C. access to resources. D. the number of recreational facilities. refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

55. A society or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, and language is referred to as its A. subculture. B. ethnicity. C. culture. D. origin. refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

56. The well-being of children from affluent families may be at risk due to A. pressure to achieve. B. the amount of time they are left alone by working parents. C. high rates of substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. D. all of the above refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

57. A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin is known as a(n) A. subculture. B. ethnic group. C. unique culture. D. nuclear family. refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

58. Teachers in the classroom need to be aware that ethnic and cultural patterns may influence A. the way the children act toward each other. B. the games children play. C. the way children learn. D. all of the above refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

59. The fact that 11-year-old Kim is interested in attracting boys' attention while her classmates are still focused on their same-sex friendships is an example of the phenomenon that A. developmental periods occur in different sequences for different people. B. deviations from "average" development are a cause for concern. C. rates of development may vary from the average or typical. D. the sequence of development is primarily altered by experience. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

60. Most immigrant children in the United States A. live with two parents. B. are twice as likely as other children to live with an extended family. C. live with parents who have high academic aspirations for them. D. all of the above. refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

61. An overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within an ethnic group is referred to as A. acculturation. B. ancestry impairment. C. cultural confusion. D. ethnic gloss. refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

62. Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools. Each year at Christmas, she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home. For Katherine's classmates and family, the tree decorating was a _________ event. A. nonnormative B. normative C. cohort D. cultural refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

63. Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. nonnormative life events. D. cohort-determined influences. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

64. Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. puberty and menopause. B. starting school. C. retirement. D. war and famine. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

65. Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. cohort experiences. D. nonnormative life events. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

66. Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. worldwide economic depression. B. introduction of the contraceptive pill. C. the AIDS epidemic. D. the death of a spouse. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative history-graded influences.

67. The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the Internet are considered ______ influences. A. nonnormative age-graded B. normative history-graded C. normative age-graded D. nonnormative history-graded refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative history-graded influences.

68. Nonnormative life events are A. unusual events that influence a person's life. B. events that generally happen to everyone. C. typical for a given population. D. traumatic or unhappy events. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

69. All of the individuals who were elementary school students in New York City during the 9/11 Terrorist attacks shared a common experience. This group is referred to as a(n) A. cohort. B. historical generation. C. culture. D. encounter group. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

70. Which of the following individuals are members of the same cohort? A. a woman who raised children in Chicago during World War II and a woman who raised children in Chicago during the 1990s B. an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the United States C. a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in Cincinnati D. all of the above refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

71. Which of the following statements describes a fundamental point of childhood development? A. Social, cognitive, and physical domains are distinct and have little bearing on one another. B. Normal development is quite standard; children developing normally exhibit few differences. C. Historical events influence development. D. Development is a process that ceases at the end of childhood. refer to page 17

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

72. A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact. A. cohort B. nonnormative event C. critical period D. developmental milestone refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

73. Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of A. heredity. B. normative age-graded events. C. maturational timing. D. a critical period. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

74. Morgan was born with a muscle problem that interfered with her ability to focus both of her eyes on the same object. However, the problem was not detected until third grade. Morgan's vision has greatly improved with physical therapy and glasses but it is likely that her depth perception has been adversely affected for life. This is an example of A. cohorts. B. developmental domains. C. critical periods of development. D. imprinting. refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

75. Evidence for critical periods of physical development is undeniable. However, for other aspects of development, there seems to be greater A. rigidity. B. plasticity. C. acceptability. D. latency. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

76. Research suggests a critical period and a sensitive period for language development. The sensitive period ends around the time of A. toddlerhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. puberty. refer to page 19

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

77. Which aspects of development show plasticity? A. physical development B. cognitive development C. psychosocial development D. all of the above refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

78. Which of the following would be the best example of bidirectional influences on child development? A. High-income households support more favorable development than low-SES households. B. School-age children can focus on two or more pieces of information at the same time. C. Children influence their environments, and their environments influence them. D. No two children are influenced in exactly the same ways. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that developmental science is multidisciplinary or multidimensional.

79. In the case study involving "Genie," researchers found that A. there is a critical period for language development. B. no critical period exists for language acquisition. C. the critical period for language development begins in middle childhood. D. adolescence is an optimal time for acquiring a second language. refer to page 19

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

Essay Questions 80. Trace the evolution of the field of child development. To support your answer, include the contributions of such researchers as Dietrich Tiedemann, Charles Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, and Arnold Gesell. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

81. Developmental scientists study development over the human life span. Explain the difference between psychosocial development, cognitive development, and physical development. Provide an example of each type of development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the domains of development.

82. Those who work with children must keep in mind that there are three domains or dimensions of child development. List the three domains, and give specific examples of how these domains are all interrelated in childhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the domains of development.

83. Twelve-month-old Kara, born in Iraq, has just been adopted by an American couple and is moving to the United States. Explain how Kara's heredity, environment, and maturation will play a role in determining her development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

84. Imagine that you are a developmental scientist and have been sent to a war-torn region to observe and make recommendations about the care and treatment of the children there. What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development? What are some of the typical tasks that must be mastered by children during a certain "critical" time period for normal developmental to occur? Explain how these principles would apply to children whose lives have been disrupted by war. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

85. Mrs. Peters is a new seventh-grade teacher in an urban public school. List several normative events likely to occur among her students during the school year. What are some of the nonnormative events that may occur that she could prepare herself for in advance? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

86. A child's development can be affected by many things. For example, the socioeconomic status of a child's family, nonnormative influences, and normative history-graded events all can play a role in a child's development. Choose one of these influences and describe specifically how it contributes to child development. Give specific examples where possible, noting the importance of resilience. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

87. List and briefly describe six fundamental points about child development on which consensus among researchers has emerged. How are these points related to the study of child development? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Identify characteristics of the life-span perspective.

88. One of the major influences on development is the historical period in which one grows up. The text describes a study that looked at both individuals who grew up in the Depression as well as those affected by the 1980s farm crisis. Briefly describe the results of this research. Today's economic crisis may have some similarities to both of these challenging economic times. In one paragraph, briefly design a program to minimize the effects of hard times on infant and early childhood development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Create Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate history-graded influences.

89. In the discussion of critical periods, the text presents the case of Genie, who was subjected to years of child abuse. What evidence does this landmark case provide about critical periods and language acquisition? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluate Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recall that development is contextual.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

True / False Questions 90. Developmental scientists are primarily interested in infant and child development. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Recall the goals of life-span development study.

91. The three domains of development are emotional, physical, and cognitive. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

92. Learning falls under the cognitive domain of development. TRUE refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

93. Cognitive advances are rarely related to physical, emotional, or social factors. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

94. The periods of development are arbitrary. TRUE refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the concept of life-span development.

95. Attachment is a critical component of psychosocial development during middle childhood. FALSE refer to page 8

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the infancy period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

96. As an adolescent, Julio's relationship with his parents is generally good. TRUE refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early adulthood period of development.

97. Intuit parents do not believe that young children are capable of reason and thus are lenient with they become angry or fuss. This is an example of a social construction. TRUE refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Identify major sociocultural concepts of life-span development.

98. Individual differences have minimal effects on development. FALSE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

99. If Bob and his parents are all farsighted, it is likely that vision problems in this family are due to heredity. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

100. If adopted children are like their non-biological adoptive parents on a trait like intelligence, it would suggest that intelligence is strongly influenced by nurture. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

101. If a characteristic has a strong genetic influence, it is largely due to nurture. FALSE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

102. Baby Jenise learns to crawl before she walks. This is an example of maturation. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify the process of maturation.

103. Developmental timing is the same for all humans. FALSE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify major sociocultural concepts of life-span development.

104. Your grandmother is part of your nuclear family. FALSE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

105. Your aunt is part of your extended family. TRUE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

106. The type of food that one eats is a reflection of ethnic and cultural patterns. TRUE refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

107. Children of immigrants are twice as likely as other children to live in extended-family households. TRUE refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

108. One in 4 children in immigrant families has one parent born in the United States. TRUE refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

109. Developmental scientists argue that development is largely unidirectional. FALSE refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that development is multidirectional.

110. Research suggests there is a critical period for language acquisition. TRUE refer to page 19

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

Chapter 02 A Child's World: How We Discover It

Multiple Choice Questions 1. A scientific theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. B. facts derived from research. C. predictions about future outcomes. D. opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory.

2. The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a hypothesis.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

3. Before designing her research study, Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. Dr. Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. interpretation. D. conclusion. refer to page 24

4. Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories? A. Theories are the possible explanations for phenomena. B. Theories can be proved, but never disproved. C. Theories change to incorporate new findings. D. Theories are based on assumptions that are true. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory.

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development? A. Assessing whether development is more influenced by heredity or by environment B. Determining whether children are active or passive in their own development C. Observing whether development is continuous or occurs in stages D. Viewing all development as culturally determined refer to page 25

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the two basic issues that theorists make assumptions about in attempting to explain development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

6. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) _____ developmental change. A. autonomous B. bidirectional C. qualitative D. quantitative refer to page 26

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that mechanistic theorists deal with quantitative change.

7. __________ viewed human development as being shaped by unconscious forces. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Jean Piaget D. John B. Watson refer to page 27

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud.

8. Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by A. extrinsic rewards. B. unconscious forces. C. anxiety. D. their environment. refer to page 27

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

9. Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do. Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development. A. information-processing B. cognitive C. ethological D. psychoanalytic refer to page 27

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud.

10. According to Freud, the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the A. libido. B. id. C. superego. D. ego. refer to pages 27-28

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

11. Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. ego ideal. refer to pages 27-28

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud.

12. According to Freud, during the first year of life, the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior. This is due to the development of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. conscience. refer to pages 27-28

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

13. Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development. A. psychosocial B. psychoanalytic C. unconscious D. psychosexual refer to page 29

14. According to Freud, children move through five stages of psychosexual development. The sequence of these stages is A. anal, phallic, oral, latency, and, genital. B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital. C. anal, oral, genital, latency, and, phallic. D. oral, latency, genital, anal, and, phallic. refer to page 29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

15. According to Freud's theory, a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency refer to page 29

16. Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. defense mechanism. refer to pages 27-29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

17. Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck. She is starting to develop a conscience. Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?" A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido refer to page 29

18. Mrs. Dobber, a teacher, believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm. Mrs. Dobber's students are in the _________ stage, which occurs during middle childhood. A. phallic B. superego C. latency D. generative refer to page 29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

19. Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge, or _______, hat is important at a particular time. A. trauma B. crises C. historical event D. phase refer to page 31

20. A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson A. emphasized female development, whereas Freud emphasized male development. B. viewed development as a lifelong process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences. C. focused on unconscious processes, whereas Freud emphasized conscious processes. D. emphasized biological factors, whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors. refer to page 31

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

21. As an assignment for a developmental psychology class, Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences. In the interview, Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong. The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory. A. Freud's psychosexual B. Erikson's psychosocial C. Bandura's social learning D. Bowlby's ethological refer to page 31

22. In Erikson's theory of development, there are ___ stages of psychosocial development. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12 refer to page 31

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

23. Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson placed greater emphasis on A. physical development. B. intellectual development. C. early experiences. D. social and cultural influences. refer to page 31

24. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called A. modification. B. cognition. C. learning. D. behaviorism. refer to page 31

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss perspective two: Learning.

25. Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. This mental link is referred to as A. associative learning. B. unconscious learning. C. intelligence. D. personality. refer to page 31

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

26. Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care, Timmy cries. Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher. She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance. Timmy's behavior is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. negative reinforcement. refer to page 32

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical conditioning.

27. Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game. Since then, whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court, he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

28. When John B. Watson trained "Little Albert" to be afraid of small furry animals, he used A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping behavior. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32

29. Mr. Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr. Whitford leaves the room because he rewards them with more recess time if they do so. Learning based on association of behavior with consequences is called A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. the pleasure principle. D. the reality principle. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

30. Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines. Two weeks before the play is scheduled, her father implements a reward system. As soon as Marissa learns her lines, she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over. Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. refer to page 32

31. B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by A. defense mechanisms. B. self-actualization. C. unconscious conflicts. D. conditioning. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

32. _____ was the American psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning while working with rats and pigeons. A. John B. Watson B. Sidney Pressey C. B. F. Skinner D. Ivan Pavlov refer to page 32

33. Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car, so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she does so. A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called A. punishment. B. reinforcement. C. aversion. D. classical conditioning. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

34. An example of negative reinforcement is A. shouting, "No!" as a consequence of bad behavior. B. spanking as a consequence of bad behavior. C. increasing a child's allowance as a consequence of good behavior. D. canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior. refer to page 32

35. June's mother explains that she needs help taking care of their new puppy. June's current task, which she really dislikes, is taking the garbage out. Her mother says that if June will help take care of the puppy, she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage. June agrees immediately, because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage. From a behavioral viewpoint, June's decision is based on A. classical conditioning. B. positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. vicarious reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

36. The parents of 15-month-old Helen want to discourage her thumb sucking. When Helen takes her thumb out of her mouth, they give her a small cup of raisins, which she loves. The raisins represent A. a negative stimulus. B. an unconditioned stimulus. C. a neutral stimulus. D. reinforcement. refer to page 32

37. Two-year-old Eric throws a tantrum whenever he is placed in his car seat. To calm him down, his mother has started giving him a lollipop. In effect, his mother is A. extinguishing tantrums. B. reinforcing tantrums. C. using classical conditioning. D. using negative reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

38. Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard, he gets his fingers pinched in the door. Eventually, Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door. This is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. intermittent reinforcement. C. punishment. D. positive reinforcement. refer to page 32

39. To get Michelle to clean her room more often, her parents gave her a piece of candy each time she picked up her toys. This resulted in more frequent room cleaning. However, when her parents stopped giving her candy, Michelle's room-cleaning behavior gradually became less frequent. The weakening of the room-cleaning behavior is called A. intermittent reinforcement. B. extinction. C. punishment. D. negative reinforcement. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

40. Whenever Milo had a tantrum, his father would pick him up and comfort him. Now that he is in preschool, his teachers ignore his tantrums, and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency. Based on our understanding of operant conditioning, we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being __________ in preschool. A. negatively reinforced B. punished C. extinguished D. aversively conditioned refer to page 33

41. When a school principal uses operant conditioning to eliminate students' undesirable behaviors, he is implementing A. classical conditioning. B. punishment. C. behavior modification. D. reinforcement. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

42. First, Jacob is praised when he points to his wet diaper. Then, Jacob is praised only if he speaks up before he is wet. Finally, Jacob is praised only when he uses his potty chair. This is an example of A. extinction. B. behavior modification. C. negative reinforcement. D. aversive conditioning. refer to page 33

43. ________ developed the principles of social-learning theory. A. B. F. Skinner B. Carl Rogers C. John B. Watson. D. Albert Bandura refer to page 33

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define observational learning.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

44. Albert Bandura suggested that the most important element in how children acquire language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is A. classical conditioning. B. observation and imitation. C. punishment of inappropriate behavior. D. shaping of appropriate behavior. refer to page 33

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define observational learning.

45. Children have a tendency to imitate the adults they admire even if some of the observed behavior is not appropriate. This process is known as A. behavior modification. B. assimilation. C. adaptation. D. social learning. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

46. Roberto's favorite type of music is American Jazz. After observing a classmate being teased for mentioning that she loved to listen to classical music, Roberto decided that he would keep quiet about his musical preferences. Roberto's decision is a result of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. refer to page 33

47. By receiving feedback on their behavior, children gradually form standards for judging their own actions. They begin to develop a A. sense of self-efficacy. B. superego. C. gender identity. D. sense of self-esteem. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

48. The ______ perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes. A. cognitive B. behaviorist C. psychodynamic D. evolutionary refer to page 33

49. Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes? A. Behaviorist B. Cognitive C. Psychoanalytic D. Social learning refer to page 33

50. Neo-Piagetian theories combine both Piagetian theory and elements of _____ theory. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. behavioral D. mechanistic refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

51. Which of the following are the two key points of Piaget's cognitive perspective? A. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior develops in a specific order. B. People are active in their development, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. C. People are active in their development, and behavior develops in a specific order. D. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. refer to pages 33-34

52. Which of the following is NOT a general principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Children proceed through the same developmental stages in the same order. B. Individuals reach each stage according to their own timetable. C. If overgratification occurs at a particular stage, fixation may result. D. Each stage represents a qualitative change from one type of thinking to another. refer to pages 33-34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

53. Anabelle knows that after she is fed her bottle, she is patted on the back and put down to sleep. This organized pattern of behavior is called A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. a scheme. refer to page 34

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define schemes.

54. According to Piaget, a child builds internal representations of the world called schemes, and develops these into an integrated network of cognitive structures through the process of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. organization. D. equilibration. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

55. When Ms. Drew teaches a new concept to her students, she always tries to make a connection to something that they already understand. According to Piaget, which technique is Ms. Drew using? A. Information processing B. Accommodation C. Equilibration D. Assimilation refer to page 34

56. According to Piaget, the process of changing existing schemes to adjust to new information is called A. organization. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. disequilibrium. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

57. Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field. His mother points to them and says, "Cows." Later, Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows. Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. adaptation. D. assimilation. refer to page 34

58. Frederika is learning to play a musical instrument. She struggles at first because the experience is unlike anything she has been associated with previously. Slowly she begins to make progress. This best demonstrates Piaget's concept of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. vicarious reinforcement. D. object permanence. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

59. According to Piaget, children change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences because of the need for A. satisfaction of id impulses B. equilibrium. C. a stable sense of identity D. parental approval. refer to page 34

60. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development? A. It pays little attention to emotional development. B. It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development. C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children. D. It says little about individual differences in ability. refer to page 35

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall evaluations of the cognitive theories of development.

61. Sociocultural theory, developed by __________, stresses a child's active involvement with his or her environment. A. Urie Bronfenbrenner B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. Margaret Mead refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

62. __________ developed the concept known as the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone. A. Sigmund Freud B. Neal Miller C. Konrad Lorenz D. Lev Vygotsky refer to page 35

63. Mara purchased a shape sorter for her 9-month-old daughter, Lucia. Mara notices that Lucia picks up the shapes but has difficulty dropping them into the correct slots. Mara hands a shape to Lucia and guides her hand to the correct slot, slowly turning the shape until it fits. After some practice with Mara, Lucia is able to retrieve a shape and twist it until it fits into the slot. Mara's assistance is consistent with which of the following concepts? A. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development B. Piagetian schemes C. The information-processing perspective D. Bandura's Social learning refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

64. Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread. She tells him, "I will help you follow the recipe a few more times, but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Paul's mother is engaging in A. intermittent reinforcement. B. imprinting. C. scaffolding. D. equilibration. refer to page 35

65. Tom volunteers to teach children how to play basketball. He finds that when he first tries to teach a skill, such as shooting the ball, he sometimes has to physically guide the children's feet in the correct position. Generally, the more he works with the children and the more knowledge they acquire, the less support he has to provide. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. information processing. C. equilibration. D. scaffolding. refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

66. A major distinction between Piaget's theory and the information-processing approach is that Piaget A. viewed development as continuous, whereas the information-processing approach regards development as occurring in distinct stages. B. viewed development as an active process, whereas the information-processing approach regards the organism as passive. C. focused on perception, whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory. D. regarded development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach views development as continuous. refer to pages 35-36

67. The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a A. calculator. B. computer. C. modem. D. telephone. refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

68. Those who ascribe to the __________ approach attempt to explain cognitive development by observing and analyzing mental processes involved in perceiving information. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. social learning D. behaviorst refer to pages 35-36

69. According to the __________ perspective, development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed as it interacts with the environment. A. psychodynamic B. contextual C. cognitive D. behavioral refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

70. Dr. Cortez's undergraduate psychology class is studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in the Deep South to those of students in the Northeast. They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences, they must consider the social settings in which the students live. This is an example of the __________ perspective. A. contextual B. cognitive C. information-processing D. psychodynamic refer to page 36

71. _____ developed the bioecological perspective of human development which includes five interlocking contextual systems. A. Vygotsky B. Pavlov C. Bronfenbrenner D. Piaget refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

72. Bronfenbrenner's __________ approach examines how environmental factors interact and contribute to child development. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive refer to page 36

73. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were both laid off from their high-paying positions at a local clean energy plant. Both found new jobs, but they are now working far more hours for much less money. The stress is showing at home, with frequent parental arguments and inpatient discipline with the children. The family's home is no longer the nurturing environment that it once was. Which of the following perspectives best explains this situation? A. Bioecological B. Ethological C. Information-processing D. Cognitive refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

74. Piaget and his wife kept journals noting how their children developed and interacted with one another in the home. According to the bioecological approach, Piaget was studying the children in their A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem. refer to page 36

75. Dr. Adams, who ascribes to the bioecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Adams is studying development at the _____ level of environmental influence. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem refer to page 37

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

76. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the bioecological approach, this situation reflects a change in people's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. endosystem. D. macrosystem. refer to page 37

77. Due to his parents' chronic unemployment and inability to make ends meet, Oliver frequently moves around, never living in one location for more than a few months. Dr. Zsilak recruited Oliver and his family for a study looking at how this type of instability contributes to children's emotional development. According to the bioecological approach, Dr. Zsilak is investigating influences within the A. exosystem. B. chronosystem. C. macrosystem. D. microsystem. refer to page 37

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

78. Over time, the relative importance of peers and parents to the developing child changes. Which level of the bioecological theory accounts for this? A. Microsystem B. Chronosystem C. Macrosystem D. Exosystem refer to page 37

79. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species? A. Behaviorist B. Social-cognitive C. Contextual D. Ethological refer to page 38

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

80. Your psychology professor claims that attachment between an infant and a caregiver must form during a critical period to ensure normal development. Which developmental perspective does your professor support? A. Behaviorist B. Ethological C. Psychoanalytic D. Informative-processing refer to page 38

81. Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive; those less adapted do not. This statement demonstrates the process of A. survival of the fittest. B. ethological development. C. psychoanalytic development. D. biological maturation. refer to page 38

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

82. _____ extended ethological principles to the study of human development, focusing attention on the mother-infant bond. A. Mary Ainsworth B. John Bowlby C. Konrad Lorenz D. Niko Tinbergen refer to page 38

83. Ramona is walking in a mall when she notices a distressed-looking infant in a stroller. The infant's facial expression engrosses Ramona, and she immediately looks around to see if an adult is there to help the infant. The infant's mother is indeed right there, and Ramona moves on, but the image stays with her. She begins to wonder if humans have some innate ability to communicate with facial expressions that provides an evolutionary advantage. Which of the following theories might support Ramona's idea? A. Evolutionary B. Bioecological C. Sociocultural D. Cognitive refer to page 39