CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) A main area of study for physical anthropologists is the study of evolution. ⊚ ⊚
2)
Science can provide answers to all possible questions. ⊚ ⊚
3)
true false
The idea that humans are superior to other animals is termed anthropocentrism. ⊚ ⊚
6)
true false
A theory is more certain than a guess but less certain than a fact. ⊚ ⊚
5)
true false
An empirical observation is one that is made with the help of a microscope or telescope. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
true false
Charles Darwin was the first person to recognize that nature could be dynamic. ⊚ ⊚
true false
7) Lamarck proposed the theory of acquired characteristics, which states that traits gained during a lifetime can be passed to the next generation. Version 1
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true false
8) Darwin's theory states that groups who are better suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce. ⊚ ⊚
9)
true false
Darwin lacked an accurate understanding of the mechanisms of inheritance. ⊚ ⊚
true false
10) The study of the change in body color of peppered moths described in chapter one showed that evolution could be observed in a shorter period of time than Darwin thought possible. ⊚ ⊚
true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 11) The field that studies fossil records is: A) primatology B) paleontology C) genetics D) archaeology
12)
The subfield of physical anthropology includes the study of:
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A) human genetics B) forensic anthropology C) human biological variation D) all of these
13)
Cultural anthropology: A) is a branch of archaeology B) is the study of art and music C) includes the study of human social organizations and learned patterns of behavior D) includes paleontology as a major topic
14)
The study of a people's political organization would be a part of: A) cultural anthropology B) linguistics C) archaeology D) physical anthropology
15)
An anthropological linguist: A) always attempts to learn to speak as many languages as he or she possibly can B) teaches students foreign languages C) studies the history, function, structure, and physiology of language D) would only be interested in cultures that have writing systems
16)
The practical application of anthropological knowledge to real-world concerns is called:
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A) academic anthropology B) lived anthropology C) applied anthropology D) realistic anthropology
17)
An empirical observation is one that is: A) measurable B) a fact C) received through the senses D) all of these
18)
Hypotheses: A) are always considered to be correct statements B) are the same thing as laws in science C) are not a necessary part of the scientific method D) must be logical and testable
19)
Hypotheses: A) can be disproven B) can be tested through experiments and observations C) are based on empirical observations D) all of these
20)
A tentative statement about the relationship between two variables is a(n):
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A) hypothesis B) theory C) empirical statement D) rationalization
21)
An example of a variable would be: A) the theory of evolution by natural selection B) the cranial capacities of a series of skulls C) that all mammals give live birth D) all of these
22)
Once proposed, a hypothesis may be tested by: A) comparing it to known data gathered from nature B) conducting an experiment C) comparing one phenomenon with another to determine the relationships between
them D) all of these
23) A hypothesis may be tested in a number of ways. One of the following is not a way to test a hypothesis. A) Test the predictive value of the hypothesis by comparing it to all known data from nature. B) Ask all scientists doing research in the area the hypothesis concerns and confirm that the hypothesis is based on a consensus of the opinions of those scientists. C) Conduct experiments D) Through comparative studies
24)
A theory is:
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A) a speculative statement B) a statement of extremely high validity C) the same as a hypothesis D) the same as a fact
25)
Darwin's explanation of evolution by natural selection is an example of a(n): A) theory B) hypothesis C) empirical statement D) experiment
26)
That evolution has occurred is a(n): A) theory B) hypothesis C) fact D) experiment
27)
Statements about the ways in which evolution occurs (the processes) are: A) facts B) theories C) experiments D) variables
28)
Scientific investigation can:
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A) provide answers to all possible questions B) generate statements that are considered to be absolute truths C) only deal with empirical observations D) all of these
29)
When scientists say that evolution is a theory, they mean that evolution is: A) a general law or principle supported by mass data B) an educated guess C) but one of several possible explanations for the diversity of life D) accepted by the majority of scientists
30)
A control in science is: A) a situation that differs from the situation being tested B) an empirical observation C) always easy to achieve in physical anthropology D) a monocausal explanation for a phenomenon
31) Which of the following statements is true regarding scientific hypotheses and theories about human evolution? A) Scientists refuse to consider supernatural causes to explain their observations because most scientists are atheists. B) Explanations of natural phenomena based upon religious dogma are superior because science cannot explain the great many things about the world. C) Scientists refuse to invoke supernatural causes because the scientific method restricts scientific inquiry to hypotheses that are falsifiable and testable. D) While evolution has been fairly well demonstrated in bacteria, plants, and simple animals, it has not been demonstrated to have taken place in humans.
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32)
Which of the following statements is true?
A) One cannot accept science and also be a religious person. B) Science can successfully answer questions about ethics and morality. C) Scientific conclusions are based upon available evidence and therefore can change when new evidence appears. D) Scientific conclusions are considered to be absolute facts within the scientific community.
33)
The idea that humans are superior to other animals is termed: A) egocentrism B) anthropocentrism C) ethnocentrism D) geocentricism
34)
The belief that people are the center of the universe is termed: A) ethnocentrism B) anthropocentrism C) holism D) cultural relativism
35)
The idea that life can form from nonliving material is known as: A) uniformitarianism B) spontaneous generation C) anthropocentricity D) immutability
36)
An early belief was that life is immutable, meaning:
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A) once created, a type of organism remains unchanged B) once created, a type of organism may become extinct or change into some other type of organism C) once created, a type of organism may evolve through time into other types of organisms D) none of these
37) In the eighteenth century, the accepted date for the origin of the earth, as calculated in the seventeenth century by Archbishop Ussher, was: A) 1 million B.C. B) 250,000 B.C. C) 10,550 B.C. D) 4004 B.C.
38)
The fact that the earth is not the center of the universe was conclusively demonstrated by: A) James Ussher B) Nicolaus Copernicus C) Carolus Linnaeus D) Comte de Buffon
39)
An eighteenth-century scientific classification of the living world was made by: A) Nicolaus Copernicus B) Carolus Linnaeus C) Comte de Buffon D) Charles Lyell
40)
Linnaeus's classification was important because:
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A) it imposed order on nature's infinite variation B) it provided the means of seeing change and possible ancestral relationships C) it included humans D) all of these
41)
The eighteenth-century biologist Comte de Buffon: A) argued that the earth was the center of the universe B) believed that living forms are immutable C) proposed that the earth is much older than 6,000 years D) developed a classification of the living world that is still used today
42)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was important because: A) his theory of evolution was correct in detail B) he speculated on the mechanisms of change C) he proposed the idea of uniformitarianism D) all of these
43)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is associated with: A) the first scientific account of the gorilla B) the concept of uniformitarianism C) the concept of natural selection D) the principle of acquired characteristics
44) If a woman and a man both lift weights and become muscular, it follows that their offspring:
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A) are more likely to be muscular B) will inherit their father's, but not their mother's, muscularity C) will be genetically weaker D) will not be more muscular simply because their parents lift weights
45) Lamarck believed that parts of the body that are used are strengthened and improved, whereas parts of the body that are not become weak and might disappear. This is the principle of: A) Lamarckism B) strength and weakness C) use and disuse D) inheritance and disinheritance
46)
George Cuvier developed the theory of: A) acquired characteristics B) catastrophism C) uniformitarianism D) anthropocentrism
47) Catastrophists believe that the geographic history of the earth and changes in the biological world are a result of: A) natural selection as described by Charles Darwin B) gradual changes caused by such factors as wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes C) a series of violent and sudden events D) the first six days of creation as depicted in Genesis
48) The idea that animal forms are arranged in a ladder whereby organisms progress from a lesser to a greater state of perfection is termed:
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A) holism B) uniformitarianism C) great chain of being D) anthropocentrism
49)
William Smith is noted for: A) being the first geologist to recognize what a fossil was B) developing the concept of uniformitarianism C) finding the earliest known stone tools of human manufacture D) studying the strata of the earth and creating the first geologic map of England
50) The recognition that the layers of the earth or strata could be identified by specific features and always existed in the same order resulted in the construction of the first geologic map of England by: A) William Smith B) Charles Lyell C) Alfred Russel Wallace D) Peter Grant
51)
Charles Lyell is associated with the concept of: A) uniformitarianism B) catastrophism C) the theory of acquired characteristics D) the heliocentric view of the universe
52)
The principle of uniformitarianism refers to the concept that:
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A) the geological processes at work today are the same as those at work in the past B) evolution is a universal fact C) the basic biological processes of life are the same wherever life is found D) the laws of heredity are universal
53)
The concept of uniformitarianism states that: A) the human genome is uniform throughout the world B) the basic skeletal structure of primates shows much uniformity C) the mechanism of heredity is uniform throughout the animal kingdom D) the physical laws of nature are uniform throughout time
54)
The importance of uniformitarianism for the development of Darwinian theory is that it: A) showed that the earth's age was many times greater than previously thought B) explained the uniformity of shape among different animal species C) allowed for changes in a species over time D) explained the existence of fossils
55) The first person to make a systematic attempt to demonstrate the existence of a prehistoric period was: A) Charles Darwin B) Jacques Boucher de Perthes C) Comte de Buffon D) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
56)
Jacques Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes:
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A) was the first to demonstrate that the earth was extremely old B) recognized primitive stone tools as evidence of prehistoric peoples C) believed that collections of now-extinct fossil animals in particular strata ended with catastrophic events D) developed the principle of use and disuse
57) That each stratum was characterized by distinct fossils that could be used to indicate the age of strata was found by: A) Charles Lyell B) Charles Darwin C) William Smith D) Carolus Linnaeus
58)
Charles Darwin: A) is best known for explaining evolution in terms of natural selection B) was the first person to conceive the idea of evolution C) published The Origin of Species in 1696 D) was the first person to work out the basic principles of heredity
59) When Charles Darwin began his voyage around the world in 1831, he was given a textbook on geology that set forth ideas on the evolution of the earth. This book, Principles of Geology, was written by: A) Thomas Malthus B) Alfred Russel Wallace C) Charles Lyell D) William Smith
60)
Darwin's five-year voyage on board the HMS Beagle:
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A) was disappointing to him since he only was able to visit South America B) allowed him to gain new insights into the plants and animals in different parts of the world C) was important because he traveled with the older and more experienced naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace D) all of these
61) was:
The main destination of the HMS Beagle, on which Darwin was the ship's naturalist,
A) Europe B) Asia C) South America D) North America
62)
The Galápagos Islands are located off the coast of: A) New Guinea B) Ecuador C) Australia D) England
63)
Which of the following statements is not correct?
A) Charles Darwin was the first person to conceive the idea of evolution. B) The concept of evolution was the result of a long chain of discoveries and hypotheses. C) The theory of evolution was not developed by one person. D) Thomas R. Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population was influential on Darwin and Wallace in their conceptualization of natural selection.
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64) The concept of natural selection was developed by Charles Darwin and, at about the same time, by another biologist: A) Thomas Malthus B) Charles Lyell C) Alfred R. Wallace D) Carolus Linnaeus
65) Charles Darwin realized that populations have the potential to grow at a faster rate than their food supply. This idea came from the writings of: A) Thomas Malthus B) James Hutton C) Charles Lyell D) Georges Cuvier
66)
Charles Darwin wrote in On the Origin of Species that: A) the genetic material is a protein B) traits are inherited through paired genes C) natural selection occurs because of differences in fertility rates among individuals D) humans are descended from apes
67)
Charles Darwin: A) was the first to apply the scientific method to examine evolution B) proved that evolution had occurred C) provided a mechanism to explain how evolution works D) disproved the biblical account of creation
68)
Alfred Russel Wallace:
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A) wrote Essay on the Principles of Population B) was a rigorous opponent of the concept of natural selection C) came up with the idea of natural selection at about the same time as Charles Darwin D) disproved spontaneous creation
69)
Darwin laid out his ideas on evolution by natural selection in the book: A) The Antiquity of Man B) The Principles of Populations C) On the Origin of Species D) The Principles of Geology
70) The synthetic theory of evolution integrates the Darwinian concept of natural selection with: A) genetics B) paleontology C) embryology D) all of these
71)
Which of the following statements is true? A) The earth is 4000 years old. B) Evolution has never been actually seen occurring. C) Evolution generates testable predictions. D) Evolution is not accepted by substantial number of biologists.
72) Essential elements of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection include which of the following?
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A) Individuals within a population vary. B) While organisms are able to reproduce rapidly, resource growth is limited. C) Individuals with favorable variations will be more likely to survive and reproduce. D) All of these
73)
Darwin lacked an accurate understanding of: A) inheritance B) variability of populations C) population growth D) differential survival rates
74) Darwin's theory states that ____________ who are more well suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce. A) individuals B) species C) families D) groups
75)
Darwin believed that evolution: A) happened quite rapidly B) could be observed in an individual's lifetime C) occurred over extremely long periods of time
76)
Which of the following is not a part of the concept of natural selection?
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A) There are limited resources for which individuals compete. B) Modifications acquired by an organism during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring. C) Individuals in a population vary in physical characteristics. D) Variations possessed by individuals are, in part, inherited.
77)
Court cases advocating the teaching of creation science: A) are now on the books in over 40 states B) have not occurred in the last twenty years C) are supported by the majority of anthropologists D) are still being fought well into the 21 st century
78)
Intelligent design theory is: A) a new version of evolutionary theory B) a creationist explanation C) an attempt to blend natural selection and religion D) based on new genetic information
79) The creationist idea that the great complexity found in living organisms implies the existence of a creator is called: A) intelligent design theory B) God as creator theory C) the science of design theory D) creation science
80)
Creationism and Intelligent Design are:
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A) scientific explanations of phenomena that do not appear to be affected by natural selection B) attempts to discredit evolution and replace evolutionary theory by religious-based ideas C) based upon new discoveries in genetics D) developed because of growing doubts about the validity of evolution within the scientific community
81)
Intelligent Design Theory:
A) answers important questions that have not been successfully explained by natural selection B) suggests that the existence of complex design in the world is evidence of an intelligent designer C) is consistent with the scientific methods and should be included in scientific discussions
82) From 1925 to until recently, a series of court cases have ruled that which of the following laws or policies was legal? A) law prohibiting the teaching of evolution B) law mandating equal treatment of creation-science with evolution C) school district rule restricting the right of teachers to teach creationism in the classroom D) All of these were declared illegal.
83) On November 20, 2005, Federal Judge John Jones ruled in a case involving the attempt of the Dover Pennsylvania school board to introduce Intelligent Design into the biology curriculum that:
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A) since the "designer" is not identified as God, Intelligent Design is not a religious concept B) Intelligent Design is a form of creationism and, being a religious concept, cannot be taught in the public schools as science C) in order to present all sides of an issue, Intelligent Design should be taught alongside evolution in the science classroom
84)
In the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District legal case, the Judge declared that:
A) intelligent design was a legitimate scientific concept B) the school board had the right to require teachers to discuss intelligent design in their th 9 grade classes C) intelligent design is not a scientific concept D) the concept of evolution is a religious concept
85)
The synthetic theory of evolution refers to the fusion of natural selection with: A) intelligent design theory B) theology C) genetics, paleontology, and other disciplines D) new discoveries in astronomy and astrophysics
86) Of the following, the most tentative statement about the relationship between two variables is a: A) hypothesis B) theory C) law D) rationalization
87)
An early belief was that life is immutable, meaning:
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A) life was created once and only once B) once created, a type of organism remains unchanged C) once created, an organism will eventually change into some other type of organism D) once created, a type of organism may evolve through time into other types of organisms
88)
The principle of uniformitarianism refers to the concept that: A) evolution occurs in a uniform manner for every species B) the geological processes at work today are the same as those at work in the past C) the laws of heredity are universal D) all of these
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 89) What is anthropology? What are some of the subfields within anthropology?
90) Early views on the nature of humankind were anthropocentric. What major intellectual and historical events served to move people away from an anthropocentric view?
91) Why was the classification scheme of Linnaeus so important to the later development of evolutionary biology?
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92) Great ideas seldom develop in a vacuum. Summarize the ideas that were developed prior to 1859 that influenced the work of Charles Darwin.
93) Contrast the concepts of catastrophism and uniformitarianism. What is the relationship of each of these concepts to the development of evolutionary theory?
94) What role did the development of historical geology play in the development of evolutionary theory?
95) What is meant by the synthetic theory of evolution? How does the synthetic theory of evolution differ from the concept of evolution as conceived by Charles Darwin?
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96) What are some of the major concepts of creationism? Discuss the debate over the teaching of evolution in public schools.
97) What is the theory of intelligent design? What do scientists say to counter the claims of intelligent design theory?
98) Describe the basic principles of scientific thinking. Can science provide answers to all questions?
99) Many people confuse the terms hypothesis and theory. What do these two terms mean and how do they differ?
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100) Ideas do not develop in a vacuum. Darwin was certainly not the first person to conceive the idea of biological evolution. The roots of the concept of biological evolution go back to at least the time of ancient Greece. Research and discuss these early concepts and why they failed to become widely accepted.
101) What were some of the concepts about human nature and the relationship between humans and nature that had to change before an evolutionary concept could develop?
102)
Explain the components of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
103) How does a scientific inquiry work? Can science provide answers to all questions? Why/why not?
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104) How does the peppered moth example, discussed in this chapter, help explain the concept of natural selection?
105)
What is the concept of intelligent design and what are the scientific arguments against it?
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 01_12e 1) TRUE 2) FALSE 3) FALSE 4) FALSE 5) TRUE 6) FALSE 7) TRUE 8) TRUE 9) TRUE 10) TRUE 11) B 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) C 16) C 17) C 18) D 19) D 20) A 21) B 22) D 23) B 24) B 25) A 26) C Version 1
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27) B 28) C 29) A 30) A 31) C 32) C 33) B 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) D 38) B 39) B 40) D 41) C 42) B 43) D 44) D 45) C 46) B 47) C 48) C 49) D 50) A 51) A 52) A 53) D 54) A 55) B 56) B Version 1
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CHAPTER 2 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) The blending theory of inheritance correctly describes the mechanisms by which offspring resemble their parents. ⊚ ⊚
2)
The principles of heredity worked out by Gregor Mendel apply to all living organisms. ⊚ ⊚
3)
true false
Proteins are chains of nucleotides. ⊚ ⊚
6)
true false
X-linked traits will be expressed more commonly in females than males. ⊚ ⊚
5)
true false
A human body cell has 44 autosomes. ⊚ ⊚
4)
true false
true false
The correct sequence for protein synthesis is nDNA-mRNA-tRNA-protein synthesis. ⊚ ⊚
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1
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 7) The blending theory is the idea that: A) inherited characteristics of offspring are intermediate between maternal and paternal characteristics B) individuals inherit some traits from the mother and some from the father C) inherited traits can be altered by the environment D) none of these
8)
Pangenesis is: A) based on the principle that acquired characteristics can be passed on B) a "Noah's Ark" explanation for the origin of life C) an explanation for the origin of all life D) none of these
9)
The basic principles of heredity were first worked out by: A) Charles Darwin B) Gregor Mendel C) Carolus Linnaeus D) Jean Lamarck
10)
Gregor Mendel's work, published in 1866, was: A) not generally known until 1900 B) immediately accepted by Mendel's contemporaries C) footnoted extensively by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species D) used by Francis Galton in his studies on human heredity
11)
Gregor Mendel's success was the result, in part, of the fact that he:
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A) used pairs of sharply contrasting features B) precisely defined the traits he studied C) quantified the results of the breeding experiments D) all of these
12)
True-breeding means:
A) hybrid B) bred only with the same kind and shows the same trait or traits over many generations C) only the dominant characteristics will express themselves D) only the recessive traits will express themselves
13)
One of Gregor Mendel's major contributions to science was his: A) explanation of the mechanisms of heredity B) discovery of the process of mutation C) description of chromosomes D) discovery of DNA within the nucleus of the cell
14)
Gregor Mendel demonstrated that the hereditary units: A) are discrete B) blend with one another C) are composed of DNA D) all of these
15)
Male sex cells are called:
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A) pollen B) sperm C) ova D) pollen and sperm
16) In the production of sex cells, paired hereditary units separate into different sex cells. This is termed the principle of: A) segregation B) hybridization C) independent assortment D) heterozygosity
17) When Mendel crossed a true-breeding tall plant with a true-breeding dwarf plant, all of the F 1 generation was tall. Therefore, we may conclude that the allele for dwarfism in the plant is: A) recessive B) codominant C) dominant D) intermediate in expression
18)
The inheritance patterns of differing traits are unconnected. This is the principle of: A) segregation B) independent assortment C) dominance D) recessiveness
19)
"A simplified representation of a real-world phenomenon" best defines a(n):
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A) theory B) model C) experiment D) control
20)
In 1900, important differences among red blood cells were discovered by: A) Gregor Mendel B) Karl Landsteiner C) James Watson D) Francis Galton
21) Proteins whose primary function is to destroy or neutralize foreign substances that have entered the body are called: A) enzymes B) antigens C) antibodies D) hormones
22)
A substance that stimulates the production or mobilization of antibodies is called a(n): A) antigen B) allele C) nucleotide D) enzyme
23)
How many major alleles are involved in the inheritance of ABO blood types?
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A) one B) two C) three D) four
24)
In the presence of anti-A, type A red blood cells will undergo: A) agglutination B) hydrolysis C) lysis D) fusion
25) If a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, the recipient's blood would experience: A) heavy agglutination of the donor's cells B) light agglutination of the donor's cells C) no agglutination of the recipient's cells D) no agglutination of the donor's cells
26) An individual whose blood contains the antibodies anti-A and anti-B would be of the blood type: A) A B) B C) AB D) O
27) In the context of the ABO blood-type system, when two different alleles of the same gene are present, both alleles are expressed in the phenotype. Such alleles are called:
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A) codominant alleles B) recessive alleles C) polymorphic alleles D) dominant alleles
28)
Which of the following is true of erythroblastosis fetalis?
A) It is a recessive genetic abnormality in which the retina of the eye lacks the cones that are necessary for color vision and for seeing fine details. B) It is a late-onset genetic disease characterized by a loss of motor control resulting in jerky movements and is associated with psychiatric symptoms. C) It is a hemolytic disease affecting unborn or newborn infants and is caused by the destruction of the infant's Rh+ blood by the mother's anti-Rh antibodies. D) It is a genetic disease caused by the absence of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine.
29) Which of the following is true of the relationship between the ABO and Rh blood-type systems? A) Individuals who are O are always Rh−. B) Individuals who are O are more likely to be Rh−. C) The genes for the two blood systems are linked. D) The two systems are inherited independently.
30)
The phenotype is the result of: A) the genotype B) the environment C) traits D) the genotype and the environment
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31)
The term phenotype refers to: A) physical traits B) physiological traits C) personality traits D) all of these
32)
An individual's phenotype would include that individual's: A) stature B) blood type C) skin color D) all of these
33)
A trait is: A) one aspect of the phenotype B) one aspect of the genotype C) not influenced by the environment D) one aspect of the genotype and not influenced by the environment
34)
Which of the following characteristics is least influenced by the environment? A) skin color B) stature C) PTC tasting D) intelligence
35)
The term genotype refers to:
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A) an individual's appearance B) an individual's genetic makeup C) an individual's observable and measurable characteristics D) all of these
36)
An allele is: A) a specific type of trait B) an alternate form of a gene C) the dominant form of a gene only D) the recessive form of a gene only
37)
Cytogenetics is defined as the study of: A) cells B) zygotes C) hereditary mechanisms within the cell D) the genetics of cytoplasm
38)
The chromosomes are located within the cell's: A) cytoplasm B) nucleus C) ribosome D) endoplasm
39) as a:
The standardized classification and arrangement of photographed chromosomes is known
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A) karyotype B) cytoplasm C) cytology D) chromotype
40)
Different organisms: A) may have different number of chromosomes, ranging from 2 to 1,260 B) usually have over 1,000 chromosomes per cell C) have between 40 and 50 chromosomes per cell D) have half of their chromosomes in the nuclei and half in the cytoplasm of their cells
41)
A human body cell has the following number of chromosomes: A) 48 B) 46 C) 44 D) 23
42)
A human body cell has the following number of autosomes: A) 48 B) 46 C) 44 D) 23
43)
The chromosomes that make up a pair are called:
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A) homologous B) linked C) associated D) homozygous
44)
Genes that are located on the same chromosome are said to be: A) associated B) linked C) homologous D) homozygous
45)
The Y chromosome: A) carries no genes B) is larger than the X chromosome C) is smaller than the X chromosome D) carries no genes and is smaller than the X chromosome
46)
X-linked means: A) the site of the gene is unknown B) the gene lies on "x" number of chromosomes C) the gene lies on the X chromosome D) the gene is only inherited by women
47)
Mitosis is the process by which:
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A) single-cell organisms reproduce B) growth and replacement of cells occur in multicellular animals C) gametes are produced D) single-cell organisms reproduce and growth and replacement of cells occur in multicellular animals E) all of these
48)
A chromosome consists of two strands held together by the: A) nucleolus B) centromere C) centriole D) spindle
49)
The proper sequence of phases of division in mitosis is: A) prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase C) prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase D) metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase
50)
In mitosis, the chromosomes first become visible during: A) anaphase B) prophase C) metaphase D) telophase E) interphase
51)
Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?
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A) Meiosis takes place only in the testes and the ovaries. B) The chromosome number is cut in half. C) There are two cycles of division. D) All of these are correct.
52)
Meiosis differs from mitosis in that in meiosis: A) there are two cycles of division B) the chromosome number is cut in half C) crossing-over can occur D) all of these
53)
The cell produced by meiosis in humans contains the following number of chromosomes: A) 23 B) 24 C) 46 D) 48
54)
At the end of the first division of meiosis, each second-generation cell contains: A) 46 double-stranded chromosomes B) 46 single-stranded chromosomes C) 23 double-stranded chromosomes D) 23 single-stranded chromosomes
55)
In meiosis, crossing-over refers to:
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A) one type of chromosomal mutation B) a process whereby alleles from homologous chromosomes are exchanged C) a process that occurs only on the X chromosome D) a type of gene mutation
56) New combinations of alleles on the same chromosomes as a result of crossing-over is referred to as: A) recombination B) linkage C) mitosis D) homology
57)
Like the production of ova, the production of sperm: A) begins during fetal development B) is a product of meiosis C) is a product of ovogenesis D) none of these
58)
Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis in that oogenesis: A) leads to sex cells that, if fertilized, will contribute mtDNA to the zygote B) begins in fetal life C) usually produces only one mature ovum at any one time D) all of these
59)
Cytogenetics shows that Mendel's principle of segregation:
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A) does not work on the molecular level B) is based on the separation of chromosomes during meiosis C) is based on the separation of chromosomes during mitosis D) is based on the linkage of genes on a single chromosome
60)
The study of cytogenetics: A) contradicts Mendelian inheritance B) is unrelated to Mendelian inheritance C) grounds Mendelian genetics in biology D) contradicts Mendelian inheritance and is unrelated to Mendelian inheritance
61)
In general, half of the human babies born are males and half are females because: A) the sex chromosomes segregate in the formation of sperm in males B) the sex chromosomes segregate in the formation of ova in females C) one half of the ova carry the male-determining gene D) none of these
62)
Which of the following statements is correct about human chromosomes? A) A human karyotype shows 46 chromosomes. B) Humans and chimpanzees possess the same number of chromosomes in each body
cell. C) DNA, a special coding protein, is located within the chromosome. D) In humans, an individual who possesses a sex chromosome count of XXY is a female.
63) Large molecules, characteristic of living organisms, are based upon the tendency to form long chains of the atom:
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A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) carbon D) oxygen
64)
The genetic material is classified chemically as a: A) nucleic acid B) protein C) carbohydrate D) lipid
65)
The basic building blocks of the nucleic acids are: A) amino acids B) nucleotides C) fatty acids D) peptides
66)
A nucleotide is composed of: A) a five-carbon sugar B) a phosphate C) a nitrogenous base D) all of these
67)
Ribose and deoxyribose are:
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A) sugars B) lipids C) amino acids D) fatty acids
68) The nucleotides that make up the RNA contain the pyrimidines uracil and cytosine and the purines guanine and: A) thymine B) proline C) adenine D) tyrosine
69) In the DNA molecule, bonding can take place only between an adenine and a thymine and between a cytosine and a guanine. These are said to be: A) polar bodies B) chromatids C) hybrids D) base pairs
70)
In the DNA molecule, the base adenine always forms a complementary pair with: A) another adenine B) guanine C) thymine D) cytosine
71)
The basic sugar-phosphate-base unit is called a(n):
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A) polypeptide B) protein C) nucleotide D) amino acid
72)
The two categories of bases are: A) purines and pyrimidines B) proteins and lipids C) ribose and deoxyribose D) peptides and phosphates
73)
Physically, the nuclear DNA molecule can be described as a: A) single-stranded chain B) double helix C) two-dimensional ladder D) sphere
74)
Proteins are chains of: A) nucleotides B) amino acids C) lipids D) nucleic acids
75)
Chains of amino acids are referred to as:
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A) polypeptides B) carbohydrates C) lipids D) nucleic acids
76)
In DNA replication:
A) messenger RNA translates each triplet into the corresponding amino acid B) transfer RNA translates each triplet into the corresponding amino acid C) the bonds holding the bases together are broken and the exposed bases attract complementary bases D) mitochondrial DNA is formed based on the template of nuclear DNA
77)
Proteins are manufactured within the cell in structures called: A) mitochondria B) nuclei C) nucleoli D) ribosomes
78)
Enzymes are: A) nucleic acids B) proteins C) carbohydrates D) lipids
79)
Which of the following sequences is correct in relationship to protein synthesis?
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A) nDNA-mRNA-tRNA-protein synthesis B) mRNA-nDNA-tRNA-protein synthesis C) nDNA-tRNA-mRNA-protein synthesis D) tRNA-nDNA-mRNA-protein synthesis
80) The nuclear DNA molecule controls the manufacture of proteins by the following process: A) pieces of the DNA molecule break off and travel to the site of protein manufacture B) the appropriate code is copied and transported by messenger RNA to the site of protein manufacture C) the appropriate code is copied and transported by transfer RNA to the site of protein manufacture D) none of these
81)
Each amino acid is determined by specific three-base units called: A) ribosomes B) nucleotides C) proteins D) codons
82)
Identify the codons that code for the amino acid alanine. A) GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG B) GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG C) ATT, ATC, ATA D) TTT, TTC, TTA, TTG
83)
Mitochondrial DNA is found in the:
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A) nucleus of the cell B) fat cells only C) cytoplasm D) X and Y chromosomes
84)
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from: A) the father only B) the mother only C) both the mother and the father D) neither the mother nor the father; it develops after conception
85)
The body uses amino acids: A) to build protein molecules B) to build nucleic acids C) both of these D) neither of these
86) When Mendel crossed a true-breeding violet with a true-breeding white plant, all of the F 1 generation were violet. Therefore, we may conclude that the allele for violet in the pea plant is: A) recessive B) dominant C) codominant D) intermediate in expression
87)
The term phenotype refers to:
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A) a trait that is dominant B) a trait that is recessive C) an individual's genetic makeup D) an observable or measurable characteristic of an individual
88)
The principle of independent assortment:
A) states that inheritance patterns of differing traits are independent of one another B) states that paired hereditary factors separate and form sex cells containing either one or the other factor C) applies only to humans D) states that paired hereditary factors separate and form sex cells containing either one or the other factor and applies only to humans only
89)
Polymorphism refers to: A) the presence of several distinct forms of a gene or a trait within a population B) a trait in which two alleles are codominant C) a single gene that affects multiple aspects of the phenotype D) multiple genes that affect a single aspect of the phenotype
90)
An allele is: A) the complementary base to thymine B) the dominant form of a gene C) an alternate form of a gene D) an X-linked gene
91)
The chromosomes are located within the cell's:
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