Solutions Manual for A Concise Introduction to Logic, Patrick J. Hurley, 14th edition, 2024, 9780357 by digitaldownload87

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Solutions Manual Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise Answers................................................................................................................ 2 Exercise 1.1 ................................................................................................................................. 2 Exercise 1.2 ................................................................................................................................ 6 Exercise 1.3 ............................................................................................................................... 10 Exercise 1.4 ............................................................................................................................... 12 Exercise 1.5 ............................................................................................................................... 14 Exercise 1.6 ............................................................................................................................... 16

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

EXERCISE ANSWERS EXERCISE 1.1 Part I 1.

P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules. C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests. C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it. 3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war. C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other countries are concerned. 4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that they might have had. C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. 5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order. P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events. P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories. C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature. 6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland. P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in contact in the last several million years. C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland 7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories. P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good night’s sleep. P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving. C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep. 8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average student. P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels, including the superintendent.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they are doing and freely choose to do it. C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are. 10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior. P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives. C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior that the person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be suppressed. 11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry. P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter the industry in the long run. P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater efficiency. C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own. 12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse, trapping their sleeping Doberman inside. P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I don't think so. You should have gotten a dog." C: Cats can think circles around dogs. 13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves. P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence. P3: Private property is finite. C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from accumulating the necessities of life. 14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good. P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing. C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists. 15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children. P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent fashion. C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two children at most. 16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to more than a million Hiroshima bombs. P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough soot, smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a nuclear winter that would threaten the survival of the human race. C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the compost heap. P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap again and again. C: Apparently the communication is highly effective. 18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good. C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim. 19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work, penology and public health. P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of bureaucracies dependent on the existence of poverty. C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor. 20. P1: Corn is an annual crop. P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow. P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food (meat) than the other. C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of the price. 21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend. P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. C: Neither a borrower nor lender be. 22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through unnecessary surgery. P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new rapid-transit vehicles. P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and overspending. P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own careers may be at risk. C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high. 23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua employer to know it. P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the description of most jobs P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance. C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring of a job applicant. 24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin. P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most worrisome, it plays a role in skin cancer. C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is simply avoiding suffocation. P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their gills, and out through the gill slits. C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the mouth of an approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory. 26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid sunglasses) in front of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day, you will notice a change in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid. C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized. 27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not received from any star or from the sun. P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth. C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth. 28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who behave little better than brute beasts. P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would long ago have vanished. C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of capital punishment as a deterrent. 29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure increases with deprivation. P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant. C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult. 30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued because of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of something else is more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their own right and because of this end. C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own right, and never because of something else, is complete without qualification.

Part II. 1.

College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.

2. The creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us. 3. The competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and fitness of our children. 4. Business majors are robbing themselves of the true purpose of collegiate academics, a sacrifice that outweighs the future salary checks. 5. The sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized. 6. Congress should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

7. A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior. 8. Patients should not be offered elective Cesarean section. 9. Parents who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while. 10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth.

Part III 1.

Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.

2. Argument: A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). 3. Statement: A sentence that is either true or false. 4. Premise: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons. 5. Conclusion: The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply. 6. Conclusion indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion. 7. Premise indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises. 8. Inference: The reasoning process used to produce an argument. 9. Proposition: The information content of a statement. 10. Truth value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.

Part IV 1.

True

6. False

2. False

7. True

3. False

8. True

4. False

9. True

5. True

10. True

EXERCISE 1.2 Part I 1.

Nonargument (explanation)

2. Nonargument; conditional statement 3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally guaranteed freedoms.) 4. Nonargument (illustration) 5. Nonargument (piece of advice)

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

6. Argument (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take them to be.) 7. Argument (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die prematurely.) 8. Argument (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles, and philosophical insights from their behavior.) 9. Nonargument (statement of belief) 10. Nonargument (report) 11. Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared. 12. Nonargument (expository passage) 13. Nonargument (illustration) 14. Nonargument (report of an argument) 15. Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.) 16. Nonargument (piece of advice) 17. Nonargument (loosely associated statements) 18. This passage could be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation (or both). If it is interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations include a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer. 19. Argument (conclusion: For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means death.) 20. Nonargument (temporal meaning of "since"; "hence" indicates an explanation.) 21. Argument (conclusion: Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children.) 22. Argument (conclusion: Atoms can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally very different from those of the constituent atoms.) 23. Argument (conclusion: The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke.) 24. Nonargument (conditional statement) 25. Nonargument (explanation) 26. Argument (conclusion: Words are slippery customers.) 27. Nonargument (report) 28. Argument (conclusion: A person never becomes truly self-reliant.) 29. Nonargument (opinion) 30. Nonargument (expository passage and illustration)

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

31. This passage could be both an argument and an explanation (conclusion: In areas where rats are a problem, it is very difficult to exterminate them with bait poison.) 32. Argument (conclusion: Population growth has not been a steady march.) 33. Argument (conclusion: Temperance and bravery, then, are ruined by excess and deficiency, but preserved by the mean.) 34. Nonargument (loosely associated statements) 35. Argument (conclusion: One form of energy can be converted to another.)

Part II 1.

Nonargument

2. Argument (conclusion: Social Security is not merely a retirement program) 3. This passage is probably best considered a nonargument, but it could be rephrased to form an argument. (Possible conclusion: Something is wrong with our approach to education.) 4. Nonargument 5. Argument (conclusion: The Democratic Party is more concerned with achieving broad happiness, while the Republican Party is more concerned with fulfilling selfishness.) 6. Argument (conclusion: Treating cruelty to animals with the seriousness it deserves doesn’t only protect animals, it also makes the entire community safer.) 7. Argument (conclusion: Creating a third political party—the independent party—is a good idea.) 8. Argument (conclusion: When women’s voices are silenced, the institutions themselves suffer.) 9. Nonargument 10. Argument (conclusion: Strong anti-bullying programs are needed to provide a means to report bullying anonymously, to train all school personnel to take reports of bullying seriously, and to offer workshops for children on how to respond to being bullied.)

Part IV 1.

Argument from example: An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more examples of it.

2. Conditional statement: An "if ... then ..." statement. 3. Antecedent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "if." 4. Consequent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "then"; the component of a conditional statement that is not the antecedent. 5. Sufficient condition: The condition represented by the antecedent of a conditional statement.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

6. Necessary condition: The condition represented by the consequent of a conditional statement. 7. Explanation: A statement or group of statements intended to shed light on some event. 8. Explanandum: The component of an explanation that indicates the event or phenomenon to be explained. 9. Explanans: The component of an explanation that explains the event indicated by the explanandum. 10. Illustration: A kind of nonargument composed of statements intended to show what something means or how something is done. 11. Expository passage: A kind of Nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and one or more other sentences that expand or elaborate on the topic sentence.

Part V 1.

True

6. True

2. False

7. True

3. False

8. True

4. True

9. True

5. True

10. True

Part VI 1.

Sufficient: If something is a tiger, then it is an animal.

2. Necessary: If something is not an animal, then it is not a tiger. Or: If something is a tiger, then it is an animal. 3. Sufficient: If a person drinks a Coke, then he will quench his thirst. 4. Necessary: If a person has no racquet, then he/she cannot play tennis. Or: If a person plays tennis, then he/she has a racquet. 5. Necessary: If a person does not heat water, then he/she cannot brew coffee. Or: If a person brews coffee, then he/she has heated water. 6. Sufficient: If someone steps on a cat’s tail, then the cat will yowl. 7. Sufficient: If leaves burn, then smoke is produced. 8. Necessary: If a person does not pay attention, then he/she will not understand a lecture. Or: If a person understands a lecture, then he/she pays attention. 9. Sufficient: If a number is exactly divisible by 4, then it is an even number. 10. Necessary: If a person does not intend to deceive someone, then he/she does not tell a lie. Or: If a person tells a lie, then he/she intends to deceive someone.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

EXERCISE 1.3 Part I 1.

Deductive (argument based on mathematics; also, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.)

2. Inductive (argument based on signs) 3. Inductive (prediction; also, there is an inductive indicator word and the conclusion follows only probably from the premise.) 4. Deductive (categorical syllogism; also, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 5. Inductive (generalization) 6. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise) 7. Inductive (causal inference; also, the conclusion follows only probably from the premise.) 8. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 9. Inductive (causal inference) 10. Inductive (argument from analogy; also, there is an inductive indicator word and the conclusion follows only probably from the premises.) 11. Deductive (argument from definition) 12. Deductive (disjunctive syllogism; also, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 13. Inductive (argument from authority; also, the conclusion follows only probably from the premise.) 14. Deductive (hypothetical syllogism; also, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 15. Inductive (causal inference; also, there are inductive indicator words.) 16. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.) 17. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 18. Inductive (generalization) 19. Inductive (causal inference) 20. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.) 21. The use of the indicator "manifestly deduced" and the quasi-geometrical approach suggest that this argument is deductive. Nevertheless the argument could be interpreted as an inductive causal inference: Reasoning from the appearances to the reality behind the appearances. 22. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise; this example might also be interpreted as an argument from definition--the definition of "refraction.") 23. Inductive (prediction; also, the conclusion follows only probably from the premises.)

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

24. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 25. Inductive (causal inference: the dog's familiarity with the visitor caused the dog to be silent.) 26. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 27. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 28. Inductive (causal inference; also, the word "may" suggests a probabilistic inference.) 29. Inductive (argument from analogy) 30. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.)

Part II 1.

Deductive argument: An argument in which the arguer claims that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

2. Inductive argument: An argument in which the arguer claims that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true. 3. Argument based on mathematics: A deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement. 4. Argument from definition: A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely upon the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion. 5. Categorical syllogism: A syllogism in which all three statements are categorical propositions; a syllogism in which all three statements begin with the words "all," "no" or "some." 6. Hypothetical syllogism: A syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises. 7. Disjunctive syllogism: A syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises. 8. Argument from analogy: An inductive argument that depends on the existence of a similarity between two things or states of affairs. 9. Generalization: An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group. 10. Prediction: An inductive argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future. 11. Argument from authority: An inductive argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is. 12. Argument based on signs: An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes. 13. Causal inference: An inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

14. Particular statement: A statement that makes a claim about one or more (but not all) members of a class. 15. General statement: A statement that makes a claim about all the members of a class.

Part III 1.

True

6. False

11. True

2. True

7. True

12. False

3. True

8. False

13. True

4. True

9. False

14. False

5. False

10. False

15. False

EXERCISE 1.4 Part I 1.

Valid, unsound; false premises, false conclusion.

2. Valid, sound; true premise, true conclusion. 3. Invalid, unsound; true premises, false conclusion. 4. Valid, sound; true premise, true conclusion. 5. Invalid, unsound; false premise, true conclusion. 6. Valid, unsound; one false premise, true conclusion. 7. Invalid, unsound; true premise, true conclusion. 8. Valid, unsound; one false premise, true conclusion. 9. Valid, sound; true premises, true conclusion. 10. Valid, unsound; one false premise, false conclusion. 11. Invalid, unsound; false premise, false conclusion. 12. Valid, sound; true premises, true conclusion. 13. Invalid, unsound; true premises, true conclusion. 14. Valid, unsound; one false premise, true conclusion. 15. Valid, sound; true premise, true conclusion.

Part II 1.

Strong, cogent; true premise, probably true conclusion.

2. Weak, uncogent; true premise, probably false conclusion. 3. Strong, uncogent; false premise, probably false conclusion. 4. Weak, uncogent; true premise, probably false conclusion.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

5. Strong, cogent; true premises, probably true conclusion. 6. Weak, uncogent; true premise, probably false conclusion. 7. Strong, uncogent; false premise, probably true conclusion. 8. Strong, cogent; true premises, probably true conclusion. 9. Weak, uncogent; true premise, undecided truth value of conclusion. 10. Strong, cogent; true premise, probably true conclusion. 11. Strong, uncogent; false premise, probably false conclusion. 12. Strong, uncogent; false premise, probably false conclusion. 13. Weak, uncogent; true premises, probably false conclusion. 14. Strong, cogent; true premise, probably true conclusion. 15. Strong, uncogent; false premise, probably false conclusion.

Part III 1.

Deductive, valid

11. Inductive, weak

2. Inductive, weak

12. Deductive, invalid

3. Inductive, strong

13. Inductive, weak

4. Deductive, valid, unsound

14. Deductive, valid, unsound

5. Deductive, valid*

15. Inductive, strong

6. Inductive, strong

16. Deductive, invalid

7. Inductive, weak

17. Deductive, valid

8. Deductive, invalid

18. Deductive, valid

9. Inductive, strong

19. Inductive, strong

10. Deductive, invalid

20. Deductive, invalid

*To prove this, from the side between the two equal angles construct a perpendicular line through the other vertex. The resulting two right triangles are then congruent by the angleangle-side theorem. Hence the hypotenuses of these two triangles are equal, which proves that the original triangle has two equal sides.

Part IV 1.

Valid argument: An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

2. Invalid argument: A deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. 3. Sound argument: A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises. 4. Unsound argument: A deductive argument that is either invalid or has one or more false premises (or both).

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

5. Strong argument: An inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true. 6. Weak argument: An inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises. 7. Cogent argument: An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises. 8. Uncogent argument: An inductive argument that is either weak or has one or more false premises (or both).

Part V 1.

False

6. True

11. False

2. True

7. False

12. True

3. False

8. False

13. False

4. True

9. True

14. False

5. True

10. False

15. False

EXERCISE 1.5 Part I 1.

All G are S.

All cats are animals.

(T)

All Q are S.

All dogs are animals.

(T)

All G are Q.

All cats are dogs.

(F)

2. No C are E.

No cats are dogs.

(T)

Some P are not C.

Some animals are not cats.

(T)

Some E are not P.

Some dogs are not animals.

(F)

No cats are dogs.

(T)

All P are R.

All cats are animals.

(T)

No M are R.

No dogs are animals.

(F)

4. No I are P.

No fish are mammals.

(T)

Some I are not F.

Some fish are not cats.

(T)

Some F are not P.

Some cats are not mammals.

(F)

Some animals are dogs.

(T)

No W are T.

No dogs are fish.

(T)

No P are T.

No animals are fish.

(F)

All dogs are mammals.

(T)

All S are M.

All dogs are animals.

(T)

All M are T.

All animals are mammals.

(F)

No dogs are fish.

(T)

No C are H.

No mammals are fish.

(T)

No P are C.

No dogs are mammals.

(F)

3. No P are M.

5. Some P are W.

6. All S are T.

7. No P are H.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

8. Some T are S

Some cats are animals.

(T)

Some S are U.

Some animals are dogs.

(T)

Some T are U.

Some cats are dogs.

(F)

All dogs are animals.

(T)

Some A are I.

Some dogs are mammals.

(T)

Some I are not G.

Some mammals are not animals.

(F)

Some dogs are not fish.

(T)

Some G are not O.

Some animals are not fish.

(T)

Some S are not G.

Some dogs are not animals.

(F)

All mammals are animals.

(T)

Some U are B.

Some animals are cats.

(T)

Some B are not S.

Some cats are not mammals.

(F)

No fish are dogs.

(T)

Some H are M.

Some animals are fish.

(T)

No H are U.

No animals are dogs.

(F)

Some animals are not mammals.

(T)

All C are E.

All cats are mammals.

(T)

Some C are not I.

Some cats are not animals

(F)

14. Some S are A.

Some animals are fish.

(T)

All D are S.

All dogs are animals.

(T)

Some D are A.

Some dogs are fish.

(F)

Some dogs are animals.

(T)

No N are E.

No dogs are cats.

(T)

Some E are not S.

Some cats are not animals.

(F)

9. All A are G.

10. Some S are not O.

11. All S are U.

12. No M are U.

13. Some I are not E.

15. Some N are S.

Part II 1.

If A then E.

If George Washington was assassinated, then George Washington is dead.

Not A.

George Washington was not assassinated.

Not E.

George Washington is not dead.

2. If C then P.

If George Washington was assassinated, then George Washington is dead.

George Washington is dead.

George Washington was assassinated.

3. If H then C.

If Lassie is a dog, then Lassie is an animal.

If E then C.

If Lassie is a cat, then Lassie is an animal.

If H then E.

If Lassie is a dog, then Lassie is a cat.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

4. If E, then either D or C. If Tom Cruise is a man, then he is either a mouse or a human. If D, then I.

If Tom Cruise is a mouse, then he has a tail.

If E, then I.

If Tom Cruise is a man, then he has a tail.

5. All H who are P are D. All H are D.

All humans who are female are women. All humans are women.

6. Some W are C.

Some fruits are purple.

Some W are H.

Some fruits are lemons.

Some W are CH.

Some fruits are purple lemons.

7. All C with L are either S or I. All C are I.

All cats with fur are either mammals or dogs. All cats are dogs.

8. All M that are R are B that are I.

All animals that are cats are felines that are mammals.

All M are I.

All animals are mammals.

9. All D are either I or G.

All dogs are either mammals or fish.

Some D are I.

Some dogs are mammals.

Some D are G.

Some dogs are fish.

10. All R that are F are either L or H.

All cats that are mammals are either dogs or animals.

All R are H.

All cats are animals.

All F are L.

All animals are dogs.

EXERCISE 1.6 Part I 1.

2 4

1 1

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

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Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Part II 1.

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Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

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Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

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Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

Solutions Manual Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise Answers.............................................................................................................. 22 Exercise 2.1 .............................................................................................................................. 22 Exercise 2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 25 Exercise 2.3 ............................................................................................................................. 26 Exercise 2.4 ............................................................................................................................. 28 Exercise 2.5 ............................................................................................................................. 30

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

EXERCISE ANSWERS EXERCISE 2.1 Part II 1.

In dog sled races the dogs are tortured. Torturing animals is morally wrong. Therefore, dog sled races are morally wrong.

2. The children of Somalia are starving and covered with flies. Such a condition is extremely evil. A God that is loving would want to eliminate this evil if he is aware of it. A God that is ever-present is aware of this evil. A God that is omnipotent has the power to eliminate this evil. The evil in Somalia has not been eliminated by any God. Therefore, there is no God that is loving, ever-present, and omnipotent. 3. The beliefs of the creationists are mistaken, ignorant, and superstitious. No beliefs that are mistaken, ignorant, and superstitious should be taught in school. Evolution is a scientific truth. The beliefs of the creationists contradict evolution. Parents have a right to have their children taught the truth. The majority of parents favor the teaching of evolution. Therefore, the beliefs of the creationists should not be taught in school. 4. Free ownership of guns is as noble as belief in God and intestinal fortitude. Belief in God and intestinal fortitude made our country great and free. Continued belief in God and intestinal fortitude are necessary to keep our country the way it is. Free ownership of guns is no less important than God and intestinal fortitude. Therefore, gun control is wrong. 5. All killers should pay for their crimes by spending many years in jail. The insanity plea allows killers to spend as little as six months in a mental hospital and then be released. The insanity plea allows killers to avoid what is coming to them. Therefore, the insanity plea should be abolished. 6. Abortion and infanticide have produced a holocaust in our nation. These practices have resulted in the death of millions of innocent children. It is wrong to kill innocent children. All of us should oppose what is wrong. The Human Life Bill would outlaw abortion and infanticide. Therefore, all of us should support the Human Life Bill.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

7. The celebration of cultural diversity causes social fragmentation. The celebration of cultural diversity is symptomatic of a split personality. The people who set this country up framed one nation, indivisible. The celebration of cultural diversity works against the intention of these people. The celebration of cultural diversity erodes national identity. Therefore, the celebration of cultural diversity is wrong. 8. A kind and loving God wants children to be happy, well-fed, cared for, and loved. The pro-choice attitude insures that the children who are born will be happy, wellfed, cared for, and loved. Therefore, God favors the pro-choice attitude. and The Catholic Church opposes pro-choice. Whatever opposes pro-choice fosters famine and disease in Third World nations. Anything that fosters famine and disease is wrong. The policies of the Catholic Church are outdated. Whatever is wrong and outdated should be changed. Therefore, the Catholic Church should change its policy in favor of pro-choice. 9. Over thousands of years, organized religion has solved no social problems. Organized religion has exacerbated social problems by promoting fear, superstition, and irrational mythologies. Organized religion recommends that we solve these problems through prayer. Prayer is a waste of time. Prayer lulls the supplicant into inactivity. Inactivity solves nothing. Therefore, organized religion takes the wrong approach to solving social problems, and the correct approach is reality based, empirical, and rational. 10. Liberalism has excessively enlarged the welfare system. Liberalism has made welfare recipients indolent and irresponsible. The liberals refuse to acknowledge or correct the defects in this system. Liberalism has made the criminal justice system too sensitive to the criminal and too insensitive to the victim of crime. Liberalism has given more rights to the criminal than to the ordinary citizen. Liberalism has promoted sex and violence in the school system. Liberals have opposed prayer in the schools. Therefore, liberalism is bad.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

Part IV 1.

Probably verbal (ambiguity). Does “sound” designate a subjective perception or an objective disturbance of the air (or some other medium)?

2. Factual and verbal (vagueness). What do we mean by “art”? Also, Carla appears committed to the idea that there is a true and eternal essence of art that excludes such things as graffiti, whereas Luna would probably deny this. 3. Factual. Did Stephen Curry score 37 points or 34 points? 4. Probably verbal (ambiguity). By “violence” do we mean intentional hostility exerted by one human against another, or the operation of blind physical forces? Possibly a combination of verbal and factual. Is human violence caused by the operation of physical forces just as other physical events are? 5. Probably a combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Does “death” mean the point at which the soul takes leave of the body, or the point at which life terminates? Also, Kathy appears to claim that an afterlife exists, whereas Anne appears to deny this. 6. Verbal (ambiguity). Does “education” refer to formal schooling only, or to schooling plus informal study? 7. Factual. Did Paul go to Knoxville or Nashville? 8. Verbal (ambiguity). Does “euthanasia” refer to passive measures to end life or active measures? 9. A combination of verbal (vagueness) and factual. What does “music” mean? Also, Cheryl claims that Metallica makes good sounds, whereas Oliver claims it does not. 10. Factual. When was the Battle of Trafalgar fought, and when did Nelson die? 11. Verbal (ambiguity). Eric thinks “metaphysics” refers to the study of magic and ghosts, while Leah is using the word in its more proper sense as designating the branch of philosophy that deals with ultimate questions of existence. 12. Probably a combination of verbal (ambiguity) and factual. Does “intelligence refer to IQ or to practical abilities? Also, Harold claims that Steinbeck's classes are worth taking, whereas Joyce appears to deny this. 13. Probably a combination of verbal (ambiguity and vagueness) and factual. First, does “freedom” mean the absence of external constraint only, or the absence of both internal and external constraint? Second, given the former, is it appropriate to punish the perpetrator of evil acts even though those acts might be internally compelled? 14. Factual in two ways. First, is the sun's volume greater or less than the earth's, and second, is gravity proportional to a body's mass or its volume? Of course, both disputants are mistaken about the comparative mass of the sun and earth. 15. Verbal (ambiguity). Does “three-piece” mean three instruments or three musical pieces? 16. Verbal (vagueness). How much must one earn to be overpaid? 17. Verbal (ambiguity). Brian is referring to a moral right, Elaine to a legal right.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

18. Verbal (vagueness) and possibly factual. What is required for something to be called a food? Also, Penny considers marijuana to be relevantly similar to alcohol and coffee, whereas Sam does not. 19. Verbal (vagueness). When is someone considered to be poverty stricken? 20. Verbal (ambiguity). Does “performance enhancing” mean athletic performance or sexual performance?

EXERCISE 2.2 Part I 1.

extortion - term laborious - nonterm cunningly - nonterm practitioner - term seriousness - term forever - could be a term; e.g. “Forever is a long time.” whoever studies - term interestingly impassive - nonterm scarlet - term reinvestment - term therefore - nonterm Thomas Jefferson - term Empire State Building - term annoy - nonterm render satisfactory - nonterm graceful dancer - term wake up - nonterm not only - nonterm tallest man on the squad - term mountaintop - term between - nonterm since - nonterm

2. drum: round, loud politician: gregarious, double-talking, elected devil: crafty, evil, powerful wolf: carnivorous, four-legged, dangerous Mona Lisa: expensive, mysterious, hanging in the Louvre

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

Statue of Liberty: made of copper, standing in New York harbor, given by France fanatic: narrow-minded, dogmatic, obsessed carrot: edible, crunchy, orange riot: destructive, irrational, uncontrollable piano: large, having eighty-eight keys, made of wood 3. newspaper: Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Washington Post scientist: Enrico Fermi, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg manufacturer: Boeing, General Dynamics, Intel river: Rhine, Amazon, Volga opera: Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida tallest mountain on earth: Everest prime number less than ten: two, three, five, seven Governor of New York: Eliot Spitzer language of Canada: English, French Scandinavian country: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland 4a. plant, tree, conifer, spruce, Sitka spruce b. vehicle, car, sports car, Italian sports car, Maserati c. person, professional person, doctor of medicine, surgeon, brain surgeon d. animal, mammal, marsupial, kangaroo, wallaby e. polygon, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle, square

Part II 1.

False

6. True

2. True

7. True

3. True

8. True

4. False

9. False

5. False

10. True

EXERCISE 2.3 Part I 1.

Precising

2. Persuasive 3. Stipulative 4. Lexical 5. Theoretical 6. Lexical

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

7. Persuasive 8. Precising 9. Stipulative 10. Theoretical 11. Precising 12. Theoretical 13. Stipulative 14. Persuasive 15. Lexical 16. Persuasive 17. Theoretical 18. Stipulative 19. Lexical 20. Precising 21. Theoretical 22. Precising 23. Persuasive 24. Lexical 25. Stipulative

Part II 2. Capital: (1) The seat of government of a state or nation; (2) The head of a column. Depression: (1) A period of low economic activity; (2) Dejection or sadness. 4. Energy: A physical unit equal to the mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. Atom: A fundamental unit of matter consisting of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons and an outer shell of electrons. 5. Conservative: A responsible person interested in preserving the values of the past. Conservative: A stodgy curmudgeon who is afraid of change. Socialism: An enlightened form of government that ensures that the basic human needs of all the people are met. Socialism: A depraved form of government that violates the God-given right to own property and dispose of it as one chooses.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

Part III 1.

False

6. True

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EXERCISE 2.4 Part I 1.

Subclass

16. Etymological

2. Genus and difference

17. Synonymous

3. Operational

18. Genus and difference

4. Enumerative

19. Enumerative

5. Etymological

20. Demonstrative

6. Synonymous

21. Genus and difference

7. Demonstrative

22. Synonymous

8. Enumerative

23. Operational

9. Subclass

24. Enumerative

10. Operational

25. Subclass

11. Etymological

26. Synonymous

12. Enumerative

27. Etymological

13. Genus and difference

28. Genus and difference

14. Operational

29. Operational

15. Subclass

30. Subclass

Part II 1a. “Skyscraper” means the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, Willis Tower, etc. Nonsynonymous term: “Buildings” b. Corporation: General Motors, Ford, Toyota (auto maker) c. Island: Oahu, Maui, Kauai (Hawaiian island) d. Composer: Bruckner, Mahler, Strauss (nineteenth century Austrian male) e. Novel: Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, Oliver Twist (motion picture) 2a. Ocean: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic b. Continent: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia, Antarctica

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

3a. “Animal” means a horse, bear, lion, and so on. Nonsynonymous term: “Mammal” b. Fish: skipjack, yellow fin, albacore (tuna) c. Vehicle: Pontiac, Cadillac, Oldsmobile (automobile) d. Gemstone: diamond, sapphire, ruby (very hard object) e. Polygon: triangle, square, hexagon (figure) 4a. Quadrilateral: irregular quadrilateral, trapezoid, parallelogram, rectangle, square b. Circulating American coin: penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar, dollar 5a. “Intersection” means crossing. b. Fabric: cloth c. Nucleus: center d. Abode: dwelling e. Wedlock: marriage f. Cellar: basement g. Summit: top h. Apparel: clothing 6a. A person is a “genius” if and only if that person can earn a score of 140 on an IQ test. b. A metal is “ferromagnetic” if and only if a magnet sticks to it when placed in contact with it. c. A substance is “fluorescent” if and only if it glows when an ultraviolet light shines on it. d. A solution is “alkaline” if and only if litmus paper turns blue when dipped into it. e. Light is “polarized” if and only if its intensity changes when viewed through a piece of rotating Polaroid. 7a. “Drake” means a male duck. b. Biologist: A scientist who studies life c. Felony: A very serious crime d. Widow: A woman whose husband has died e. Library: A room or building for housing books 8a. Morphology: Derived from the Greek morphe (form) and logos (reason, speech, account). The morphology of something (such as an animal or plant) gives an account or explanation of the form or structure of that thing. b. Isomorphic: Derived from the Greek isos (equal, same) and morphe (form). Something is isomorphic to something else if it has the same form, shape, or structure. c. Isotropic: Derived from the Greek isos (equal, same) and tropos (turn, way, manner). Something exhibits isotropic properties (such as the velocity of light) if it has the same value when measured in different directions. In other words, no matter which way you turn, the value is the same. d. Phototropic: Derived from the Greek phot- from phos (light) and tropos (turn). Something (such as a plant) is phototropic if it turns toward the light.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

e. Photography: Derived from the Greek phot- from phos (light) and graphein (to write). Photography is a process by which an image is produced by the action of light. In other words, the image is “written” by light. f. Lithography: Derived from the Greek lithos (stone) and graphein (to write). Lithography is a printing process by which an image is transferred from an inkembedded stone (or metal) plate to a piece of paper. g. Lithology: Derived from the Greek lithos (stone) and logos (word, reason, speech, account). Lithology is the study of rocks. In other words, lithology gives an account or explanation of rocks. h. Psychology: Derived from the Greek psyche (spirit, soul) and logos (word, reason, speech, account). Psychology is the study of the soul (mind) or of disorders that afflict the soul.

Part III 1.

False

6. False

2. True

7. False

3. False

8. True

4. False

9. True

5. True

10. True

EXERCISE 2.5 Part I 1.

Too narrow: The definiens excludes images made of bronze, wood, plaster, etc.

2. Circular 3. No reference is made to the context. 4. Figurative 5. Improper grammar 6. Fails to state the essential meaning: No reference is made to the purpose of an iPhone. 7. Negative 8. Circular: What is an IQ test? A test that measures intelligence? Also too narrow? 9. Too broad: The definiens also includes overtures, concertos, incidental music, etc. 10. Affective terminology 11. Obscure 12. Ambiguous: What includes definitions? Is it logic or arguments? 13. Improper grammar 14. Too narrow: Houses can also be made of brick, etc.

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition

15. Figurative language (contains a metaphor.) 16. Circular 17. Fails to indicate the context 18. Vague, possibly ambiguous 19. Vague 20. Negative 21. Figurative language (contains a metaphor.) 22. Improper grammar; vague; too broad: “Sailboat” also includes ketches, sloops, and yawls. 23. Affective terminology; perhaps also figurative language 24. Ambiguous: One player defeats another before who can remove whose men from the board? 25. Too broad: The definiens also denotes violins, violas, and string bass. 26. Affective terminology 27. Figurative language 28. Fails to state the essential meaning: The definition says nothing about the purpose of a clock, which is to tell the time. Also too narrow: the definiens excludes 24 hour clocks, digital clocks, and other clocks without numerals on their face. 29. Obscure 30. Too broad: The definiens also denotes salmon, tuna, swordfish, etc. 31. Affective terminology 32. Improper grammar 33. Negative, fails to convey the essential meaning 34. Too broad: The definiens also includes pencils, crayons, etc. Also too narrow: Pens can be used on material other than paper. 35. Too broad (brandy is also made from grapes) and too narrow (some wines are made from fruits other than grapes).

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies

Solutions Manual Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies

TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise Answers.............................................................................................................. 33 Exercise 3.1 .............................................................................................................................. 33 Exercise 3.2 ............................................................................................................................. 33 Exercise 3.3 ............................................................................................................................. 36 Exercise 3.4 ............................................................................................................................. 39 Exercise 3.5 ............................................................................................................................. 44

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies

EXERCISE ANSWERS EXERCISE 3.1 Part I 1.

Formal fallacy

6. Formal fallacy

2. Informal f33allacy

7. Informal fallacy

3. Formal fallacy

8. Informal fallacy

4. Informal fallacy

9. Formal fallacy

5. Informal fallacy

10. Formal fallacy

EXERCISE 3.2 Part I 1.

Appeal to pity

2. Argument against the person, circumstantial 3. Red herring. The issue is whether the schools are in need of repair. The arguer changes the subject to whether the students spend too much time on their smartphones. 4. Accident 5. Appeal to the people, indirect variety 6. Argument against the person, abusive. The exercise assumes that philosophy consists of arguments. 7. Appeal to force 8. Straw man. The arguer distorts Senator Albright’s argument (which is about Social Security benefits) by making it appear that the argument promotes socialism. 9. Missing the point. The point is that we should improve the schools—not close them. 10. Tu quoque (you too) 11. No fallacy. The argument is deductively valid, and probably sound. 12. Appeal to the people, direct variety 13. Red herring. The issue is whether the students spend too much time on video games. The arguer changes it to whether video games are fun and entertaining. 14. Appeal to pity 15. Accident 16. Argument against the person, circumstantial 17. Argument against the person, abusive

Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies

18. No fallacy. This is not an ad hominem. Ad hominem attempts to discredit an argument. Höss has not made any argument. 19. Straw man. The arguer distorts Bartiromo’s argument by making it appear that it advocates the abolition of government altogether. 20. Appeal to force 21. Red herring. The issue is whether biomedical labs abuse animals. The arguer changes the issue to whether pet owners abuse their pets. 22. Appeal to the people, indirect variety 23. No fallacy. This is not an ad hominem. Ad hominem attempts to discredit an argument. Marie Osmond’s testimonial is not an argument. 24. Tu quoque 25. Missing the point. The point is whether Mr. Rhodes has murdered his wife—not whether he recalls having done so.

Part II 1.

False

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2. True

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3. False

8. True

4. True

9. True

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Part III The fallacies are noted in brackets throughout the text:

Food For Thought “Let’s hit the produce section first,” Curtis says to his fiancée Talia, as they enter Payless grocery store. “Okay,” she says. “Oh, look,” says Curtis. “The corn is on sale. Let’s buy a couple of ears and cook them for dinner.” “I don’t know,” says Talia. “Did you see that sign over the display? The corn is genetically modified. I know we’ve never paid much attention to that sign in the past, but now I’m thinking that maybe we should.” “Why’s that?” asks Curtis. “I read an article the other day about foods containing genetically modified organisms—they call them GMO foods—and now I know what’s behind this GMO business,” Talia replies. “And what is behind it?” Curtis asks.