Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 10th Edition Chapter 1: Ethics, Crime, and Justice: An Introductory Note to Students 1. The ____________ context is the first (innermost circle) for understanding justice, crime, and ethics. a. b. c. d.
criminal justice personal social community
ANS: b 2. The study of ____________ is an endeavor in which many of your beliefs and assumptions will be challenged. a. b. c. d.
politics society ethics all of the above
ANS: c 3. According to Braswell, which of the following is one of the goals for exploring ethics? a. b. c. d.
becoming more aware and open to moral and ethical issues developing critical thinking and analytical skills becoming more personally responsible all of the above
ANS: d 4. According to Braswell, the fifth goal of ethics exploration is to: a. b. c. d.
always be honest do community service develop wholesight develop relationships
ANS: c 5. Which of the following is not one of the contexts for understanding ethics? a. social
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1-2 b. psychological c. personal d. criminal justice ANS: b 6. Asking the question “ ____” is an important aspect of developing critical thinking skills. a. b. c. d.
how why when where
ANS: a 7. A goal of our ethics education is to understand how criminal justice is engaged in a process of _________. a. b. c. d.
racism sexism coercion impartiality
ANS: c 8. Developing___________ involves exploring ethical issues not only with your mind, but with your heart. a. b. c. d.
connectedness wholesight critical thinking skills responsibility
ANS: b 9. Asking meaningful questions require us to develop: a. b. c. d.
critical thinking skills analytical skills maturity both a and b
ANS: d 10. According to the test, which goal for exploring ethics is likely to give us hope for the
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1-3 future? a. b. c. d.
developing wholesight understanding that the criminal justice system is involved in coercion becoming more personally responsible becoming more aware and open to ethical issues
ANS: c 11. Criminal justice is the study of right and wrong, good and evil. a. True b. False ANS: b 12. Braswell suggests that as we grow older we learn to become wiser. a. True b. False ANS: b 13. According to the text, to become more responsible, we must increase our response time. a. True b. False ANS: b 14. According to Braswell, the study of justice, of good and evil, involves a sense of politics. a. True b. False ANS: b 15. According to the text, the study of ethics, crime, and justice will challenge your personal beliefs and assumptions. a. True b. False ANS: a
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16. Ethical acts involve not only the commission of wrongdoing, but omission of wrongdoing as well. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. According to the text, there are often differences between appearances and reality in the study of ethics. a. True b. False ANS: a 18. Ethics is the scientific study of morality. a. True b. False ANS: b 19. The three contexts for understanding justice, crime, and ethics are community, social, and economic. a. True b. False ANS: b 20. According to the text, wholesight creates a vision in which our minds and hearts, our thinking and feeling, work together for a common good. a. True b. False ANS: a
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Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 10th Edition Chapter 2: Utilitarian and Deontological Approaches to Criminal Justice Ethics 1. Mill’s higher order of pleasures includes: a. b. c. d.
sexual gratification fine foods poetry none of the above
ANS: c 2. Deontologists have argued that human beings sometimes have to make right decisions based upon nothing more than: a. b. c. d.
positive consequences a sense of duty avoiding pain all of the above
ANS: b 3. Factors relevant in calculating the amount of pleasure and pain produced by an action consist of these three things: a. b. c. d.
duration, intensity, probability probability, proximity, pleasure proximity, duration, probability none of the above
ANS: a 4. Justice theories address broad social issues, including human rights, distribution of wealth, and: a. b. c. d.
leadership education equality all of the above
ANS: c 5. The utilitarian holds that we evaluate the ____________ of an action in terms of the results or outcomes of that action.
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2-2 a. b. c. d.
legality validity viability morality
ANS: d 6. ____________ is one of the central ethical issues concerning criminal justice. a. b. c. d.
Deception Force Interrogation none of the above
ANS: b 7. The most famous deontologist was ____________. a. b. c. d.
John Mill Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham none of the above
ANS: b 8. ____________ believed one had a duty to make right choices regardless of the consequences. a. b. c. d.
Kohlberg Mill Kant Bentham
ANS: c 9. ____________ holds that the morality of an action is determined by the consequences produced by the action. a. b. c. d.
Bentham Functionalism Consequentialism a and c
ANS: d 10. When evaluating specific justice-related issues (such as how much power is given to
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2-3 police officers), which theory has a weakness of being too simplistic? a. b. c. d.
utilitarianism deontology both neither
ANS: c 11. Bentham holds that only actions that are done for the sake of duty have moral worth. a. True b. False ANS: b 12. According to deontologists, the fundamental principle of morality is the “categorical imperative.” a. True b. False ANS: a 13. The utilitarian holds that we should not judge the morality of an action in terms of the consequences or results of that action. a. True b. False ANS: b 14. Theories of justice address broad social issues, including human rights, equality, and distribution of wealth. a. True b. False ANS: a 15. Mill (1979) considered pleasures such as drinking and playing video games to be superior to “lower order” pleasures such as poetry and reading. a. True b. False
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2-4 ANS: b 16. Utilitarianism is classified as a consequentialist ethical theory. a. True b. False ANS: a 17. Deontologists would agree that justice involves the maximizing of pleasure for the majority, sometimes at the expense of the minority. a. True b. False ANS: b 18. The use of force is a central criminal justice ethical issue unique to the profession. a. True b. False ANS: a 19. A normative ethical theorist tries to discover basic, fundamental principles of right and wrong a. True b. False ANS: a 20. Interest in professional ethics has decreased steadily over the last 15 to 20 years. a. True b. False ANS: b 21. Utilitarianism is closely associated with deterrence theory. a. True b. False ANS: a
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Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 10th Edition Chapter 3: Justice, Ethics, and Peacemaking 1. A(n) ____________ may perceive danger in advocating ethical rules and principles because they may replace natural caring. a. b. c. d.
Christian rehabilitationist Taoist Indian
ANS: c 2. Nel Noddings advocates a ____________ approach to ethics. a. b. c. d.
feminine masculine mindful none of the above
ANS: a 3. ____________ may be explained as experiencing a more transcendent sense of awareness. a. b. c. d.
Mindfulness Wholesight Caring Connectedness
ANS: a 4. _________ relates to promoting societal growth through personal practice regardless of one’s spiritual perspective. a. b. c. d.
Christianity spirituality humanism folklore
ANS: c
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3-2 5. Which of the following is not one of the themes of peacemaking? a. b. c. d.
connectedness mindfulness caring virtue
ANS: d 6. The metaphor of “mother earth” best represents which theme of peacemaking? a. b. c. d.
Connectedness Care Mindfulness Duty
ANS: a 7. According to Braswell and McDowell, contemporary prisons are typically ____________ institutions that tend to perpetuate rather than diminish violence. a. b. c. d.
traditional violent punitive none of the above
ANS: b 8. ____________ has been said to be contemporary from a justice and criminology perspective, although its roots are grounded in ancient religious traditions. a. b. c. d.
Peacemaking Caring Mindfulness none of the above
ANS: a 9. ____________ reasoning is the mind-set that draws distinctions and discriminations between right and wrong. a. b. c. d.
Retributive Legal Moral all of the above
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3-3 ANS: c 10. According to Palmer (1983), ____________ includes both the heart and the head in one’s decision making. a. b. c. d.
meditation caring wholesight mindfulness ANS: c
11. ____________ is an important aspect of looking within and taking more personal responsibility for the relationships of which we are a part. a. b. c. d.
Rationalization Connectedness Caring none of the above ANS: b
12. ____________ traditions are often associated with the value and usefulness of suffering and service. a. b. c. d.
Justice Ancient New-age none of the above ANS: b
13. A criminal justice professional who is considerate of both the current situation as well as future impacts of his/her actions is exemplifying: a. b. c. d.
Connectedness Mindfulness Care Hedonistic calculus ANS: b
14. There is often a sense of disconnectedness, inconsistency, and neglect regarding relationships in unhealthy and abusive families. a. True
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3-4 b. False ANS: a 15. Peacemaking as a justice and criminology perspective has been considered a contemporary, traditional phenomenon. a. True b. False ANS: b 16. Peacemaking has failed to include the possibility of mercy and compassion within the framework of justice. a. True b. False ANS: b 17. According to Braswell and McDowell, wholesight allows us to experience a more transcendent sense of awareness. a. True b. False ANS: b 18. According to Braswell and McDowell, once we accept connectedness, it becomes clear that our actions do not take place in a vacuum but within a complex web of interconnected people and things. a. True b. False ANS: a 19. As explained by Nel Noddings, ethical caring is ultimately grounded in natural caring, a. True b. False ANS: a 20. According to the text, acting violently, cruelly, and unjustly will fill the world with
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3-5 violence, cruelty, and injustice. a. True b. False ANS: a 21. The idea of karma is that the earth is a collection of natural resources. a. True b. False ANS: b 22. Nonviolence is a fundamental concept in Hinduism and Buddhism. a. True b. False ANS: a 23. The number of prison programs on mediation and conflict resolution have been decreasing in recent years. a. True b. False ANS: b
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Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 10th Edition Chapter 4: Learning Police Ethics: Sources, Content, and Implications 1. The idea that individuals bring with them into their police officer role an identifiable set of broader societal values in the organization is referred to as: a. b. c. d.
value system value-predisposition values-learned value-creation
ANS: b 2. The concept that police values are the result of socialization and culturalization within a particular police agency is referred to as: a. b. c. d.
value system value-predisposition values-learned value-creation
ANS: c 3. Which is not an example of a value-predisposition? a. b. c. d.
conservatism conformity commitment to the noble cause war stories
ANS: d 4. A moral predisposition by those seeking careers in law enforcement to make the world a safer place in which to live is a/an: a. b. c. d.
noble cause utilitarian principle crime fighting none of these
ANS: a 5. The correct order of a police officer’s occupational stages is: a. choice, training, encounter, metamorphosis
4-2 b. training, choice, encounter, metamorphosis c. training, encounter, choice, metamorphosis d. encounter, training, choice, metamorphosis ANS: a 6. A unique group within a larger social group is referred to as a: a. b. c. d.
subculture culture society none of the above
ANS: a 7. A value that represents the preferred means to achieve an end-state is a(n): a. b. c. d.
terminal value instrumental value idealistic value value predisposition
ANS: b 8. The main (overt) message of a war story is considered: a. b. c. d.
black swans latent content manifest content reflexivity
ANS: c 9. At which stage of officer socialization do recruits learn how to perform “real” police work? a. b. c. d.
training choice encounter metamorphosis
ANS: c 10. During the _______ stage, police work can often become mundane, tedious, and mechanical.
4-3 a. b. c. d.
training choice encounter metamorphosis
ANS: d 11. The acknowledgement that the media shapes public consciousness of policing ethics by amplifying both the symbolic connection of the police to the law as well as misconduct committed by the police is called: a. socialization b. symbolic interactionism c. reflexivity d. Ferguson effect ANS: c 12. The theory that widely publicized incidents of police force has ultimately resulted in an increase in homicide is called the: a. marginalization theory b. Ferguson effect c. militarism of police d. Black Lives Matter effect ANS: b 13. Veteran status among police officers has recently been linked to increased likelihood of: a. improved community relations b. war stories c. being involved in a police shooting d. black swans ANS: c 14. The consequence of negative media images on officer behavior and attitudes includes: a. decreased morale b. increased reluctance to enforce the law c. declining trust in citizen partnerships d. all of the above
4-4 ANS: d 15. The idea that individuals bring with them into their police officer role an identifiable set of broader societal values in the organization is referred to as the value-predisposition perspective. a. True b. False ANS: a 16. The concept that police values are learned through the process of socialization and culturalization within a particular police agency is referred to as the values-learned perspective. a. True b. False ANS: a 17. War stories are an example of a value-predisposition. a. True b. False ANS: b 18. A noble cause is an example of a value-predisposition. a. True b. False ANS: a 19. The socialization model of police ethics or the values-learned perspective argues that professionalization creates the police officer. a. True b. False ANS: a 20. The moral career defined by Sherman consists of distinct aspects that threaten to move officers from positive values to the adoption of behaviors that are contrary to ethical standards.
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a. True b. False ANS: a 21. According to the text, the stages of a police officer’s moral career are contingencies, moral experiences, apologia, and stages. a. True b. False ANS: a 22. “Symbolic assailants” typically take on characteristics of marginalized segments of society. a. True b. False ANS: a 23. A subculture is a set of differences among beliefs, laws, morals, and customs that sets large groups apart. a. True b. False ANS: b 24. According to the text, one of the primary goals of police personnel systems is to identify and retain individuals who are conservative and conformist. a. True b. False ANS: a 25. The Ferguson effect hypothesizes that a deliberate depolicing effort has undermined the perceived legitimacy of police. a. True b. False ANS: a
4-6 26. Individuals with prior military experience not usually attracted to police work due to their distrust of the chain of command. a. True b. False ANS: b
Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 10th Edition Chapter 5: Using Ethical Dilemmas in Training Police 1. In terms of discretion, according to the text, ethics class participants very often identify the _____________ as problematic. a. b. c. d.
riot family dispute accident whistle-blowing
ANS: b 2. Whistle-blowing is most associated with what type of ethical dilemma? a. b. c. d.
discretion loyalty honesty gratuities
ANS: b 3. According to the text, while teaching ethics to police officers, it is useful to weigh all of the following except: a. b. c. d.
requirements of the law requirements of the department personal ethics public opinion
ANS: d 4. _________ dilemmas may involve situations in which the officer knows that the job requires a particular action, but feels that action is a waste of time. a. b. c. d.
Duty Service Discretion Loyalty
ANS: a 5. The phenomenon of police officers lying about the facts of a case is often called: a. misconduct