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Table of Contents 1

Thinking Critically 1A Living in the Media Age....................................................................... 1 1B Propositions and Truth Values ............................................................. 9 1C Sets and Venn Diagrams .................................................................... 17 1D Analyzing Arguments ......................................................................... 29 1E Critical Thinking in Everyday Life .................................................... 37

Approaches to Problem Solving 2A Understand, Solve, and Explain ......................................................... 46 2B Extending Unit Analysis..................................................................... 52 2C Problem-Solving Hints ....................................................................... 58

Numbers in the Real World 3A Uses and Abuses of Percentages ........................................................ 66 3B Putting Numbers in Perspective ......................................................... 74 3C Dealing with Uncertainty ................................................................... 80 3D Index Numbers: The CPI and Beyond................................................ 88 3E Numerical Surprises: Polygraphs, Mammograms, and More ................................................................... 96

Managing Money 4A Taking Control of Your Finances ..................................................... 108 4B The Power of Compounding ............................................................ 114 4C Savings Plans and Investments ......................................................... 120 4D Loan Payments, Credit Cards, and Mortgages ................................. 126 4E Personal Income Taxes ..................................................................... 132 4F Understanding the Federal Budget ................................................... 140

Statistical Reasoning 5A Fundamentals of Statistics ................................................................ 146 5B Should You Believe a Statistical Study? .......................................... 154 5C Statistical Tables and Graphs ........................................................... 162 5D Graphics in the Media ...................................................................... 172 5E Correlation and Causality ................................................................. 180

Putting Statistics to Work 6A Characterizing Data .......................................................................... 190 6B Measures of Variation ...................................................................... 198 6C The Normal Distribution .................................................................. 206 6D Statistical Inference .......................................................................... 214 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. iii

Probability: Living with the Odds 7A Fundamentals of Probability............................................................. 222 7B Combining Probabilities ................................................................... 230 7C The Law of Large Numbers ............................................................. 238 7D Assessing Risk .................................................................................. 246 7E Counting and Probability .................................................................. 254

Exponential Astonishment 8A Growth: Linear versus Exponential .................................................. 260 8B Doubling Time and Half-Life ........................................................... 268 8C Real Population Growth ................................................................... 274 8D Logarithmic Scales: Earthquakes, Sounds, and Acids ..................... 282

Modeling Our World 9A Functions: The Building Blocks of Mathematical Models............... 288 9B Linear Modeling ............................................................................... 294 9C Exponential Modeling ...................................................................... 303

Modeling with Geometry 10A Fundamentals of Geometry .............................................................. 313 10B Problem Solving with Geometry ...................................................... 323 10C Fractal Geometry .............................................................................. 330

Mathematics and the Arts 11A Mathematics and Music .................................................................... 334 11B Perspective and Symmetry ............................................................... 338 11C Proportion and the Golden Ratio ...................................................... 344

Mathematics and Politics 12A Voting: Does the Majority Always Rule? ........................................ 350 12B Theory of Voting .............................................................................. 358 12C Apportionment: The House of Representatives and Beyond ........... 368 12D Dividing the Political Pie.................................................................. 379 Answers to Unit Exams ................................................................................ 387

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Unit 1A Test 1

Date:

1. List the two components of a logical argument.

2. Summarize the fallacy of personal attack.

3. Summarize the fallacy of false cause.

4. Give an example of an argument that involves a straw man.

5. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: The dogs are barking. Someone must be outside.

6. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: People love puppies, so don’t count on there being any puppies at the animal shelter.

Unit 1A Test 1 (continued)

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7. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of hasty generalization occurs in the argument. Obviously it is best not to testify on your own behalf. Casey Anthony and George Zimmerman each declined to testify, and they were both found “not guilty.”

8. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to popularity occurs in the argument. Most people find out what’s happening on social media or other internet sites so it is the most reliable source for news.

9. For the following argument, identify one or more of the 10 fallacies described in this unit. Explain how the fallacy is involved. “Finding Bigfoot” has yet to provide evidence that bigfoots exist, so all those sightings are obviously bogus.

10. When evaluating information from media, explain the importance to consider the source.

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Unit 1A Test 2 1.

Date:

Define fallacy.

2. Summarize the fallacy of circular reasoning.

3. Summarize the fallacy of appeal to ignorance.

4. Give an example of an argument that involves a hasty generalization.

5. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: Not many people were in the theatre when I went to see the movie version of “IT.” Horror stories are not popular around here.

6. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: No one who would wear a hat like that has the judgement to be mayor!

Unit 1A Test 2 (continued)

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7. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to emotion occurs in the argument. A poster which reads “Support the Humane Society,” shown with pictures of small dogs and cats in cages.

8. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to ignorance occurs in the argument. None of those haunted places shown ever show proof positive that ghosts exist, so obviously they do not.

9. For the following argument, identify one or more of the 10 fallacies described in this unit. Explain how the fallacy is involved. The president of that university is campaigning for funds to build a new stadium. He doesn’t care about academics.

10. When evaluating information from media, explain the importance to Check the date.

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Unit 1A Test 3

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is the study of the methods and principles of reasoning? (a) Fallacy

(b) Premise

(d) Argument

2. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that if you have a few cases, you can draw a conclusion? (a) Hasty generalization

(b) Limited choice

(d) Appeal to ignorance

3. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something is desired or chosen by a majority of the people, it must be true or desirable? (a) Circular reasoning (c) Appeal to popularity

(b) Appeal to ignorance (d) Appeal to emotion

4. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true? (a) Hasty generalization (c) Diversion (red herring)

(b) Appeal to ignorance (d) Straw man

5. Which argument involves the fallacy of limited choice? (a) Buy this television—it’s the most popular brand! (b) Three dentists on Main Street recommend SuperWhite Toothpaste. Therefore, all dentists prefer SuperWhite. (c) If you didn’t have Wheatie O’s for breakfast, then you must have had granola. (d) A television commercial for a board game features healthy, happy people enjoying the game. 6. Identify the conclusion of the following argument: Steve bought a new car, and then he got into a traffic accident. Buying the new car must have caused the accident. (a) Steve bought a new car. (b) Steve got into a traffic accident. (c) Buying the new car must have caused the accident. (d) None of the above 7. Which argument involves the fallacy of appeal to popularity? (a) You’d better get there on time, since otherwise you’ll be late. (b) Since America’s Founding Fathers were in favor of free speech, they would certainly have opposed any ban of pornography. (c) Since most people are in favor of the bill, it must certainly be a good law. (d) There is no evidence that this product causes heart attacks. Therefore, it is perfectly safe.

Unit 1A Test 3 (continued)

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8. When confronted with questions from the press about alleged political scandals, a congress woman replies that the allegations against her should be ignored since her accuser is part of a vast right-wing conspiracy. This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Appeal to popularity (c) Personal attack

(b) Circular reasoning (d) Limited choice

9. A senatorial candidate favors eliminating affirmative action programs. His opponent writes that “The other candidate doesn’t think there’s anything wrong with discriminatory hiring practices.” This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Hasty generalization (c) False cause

(b) Limited choice (d) Straw man

10. Going onto the internet to check information delivered in the media is an example of which step in Evaluating Media Information? (a) Watch for hidden agenda (c) Don’t miss the big picture

(b) Consider the source (d) Validate accuracy

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Unit 1A Test 4

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. The use of a set of facts to support a conclusion is called: (a) Logic (c) Circular reasoning

(b) Argument (d) Fallacy

2. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since many people believe something is true, it must be true? (a) Appeal to ignorance (c) Straw man

(b) False cause (d) Appeal to popularity

3. Which of the following describes a conclusion which is drawn from an inadequate number of cases or cases that have not been sufficiently analyzed? (a) Appeal to ignorance (c) Diversion (red herring)

(b) Hasty generalization (d) Circular reasoning

4. Which argument involves the fallacy of limited choice? (a) Since Paul is not at work, he must be at the hardware store. (b) Four eye doctors in town all recommend Krystal Kleer contact lenses. Therefore, all eye doctors recommend Krystal Kleer contact lenses. (c) We have never been able to communicate with beings from another planet. Therefore, the earth is the only planet with intelligent life. (d) Buy this stereo system—it’s the most popular brand! 5. Which argument involves a personal attack (ad hominem)? (a) Dad: “If you want to do well in life, you should do well in school.” Son: “Oh yeah? Well, Mom tells me your grades weren’t very good either.” (b) A driver tells a policeman, “You can’t give me a ticket. I’ve never gotten a ticket!” (c) We must raise taxes because of the children. Children are our most important resource, and we must do everything that we can to give them a brighter future. (d) If Proposition S is passed, there will be more pollution. 6. Identify the conclusion of the following argument: Roberta washed her car, and then it started to rain. Washing her car must have caused the rain to fall. (a) Roberta washed her car. (b) It started to rain. (c) Washing her car must have caused the rain to fall. (d) None of the above

Unit 1A Test 4 (continued)

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7. My political opponent would like to loosen the town’s sign rules. He wants to make our beautiful town trashy looking! This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) False cause (c) Straw man

(b) Hasty generalization (d) Diversion (red herring)

8. A television commercial shows two senior citizens enjoying rock climbing and scuba diving and then drinking a certain kind of vitamin drink. This is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Hasty generalization

(b) Appeal to ignorance

(d) Appeal to emotion

9. We must limit immigration to the United States in order to sustain the prosperous economy. A strong economy is vital to the health and wealth of the American people and the future of our children. This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) False cause (c) Straw man

(b) Diversion (red herring) (d) Appeal to force

10. The instruction to stand back and think about whether information delivered in the media makes sense is an example of which step in Evaluating Media Information? (a) Watch for hidden agenda (c) Don’t miss the big picture

(b) Consider the source (d) Validate accuracy

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Unit 1B Test 1

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1. Define proposition.

2. Determine whether the following statement is a proposition. Explain. Make America great again!

3. Answer the question regarding the meaning of the given statement which contains a multiple negation. Stephen failed to avoid spoilers on the new Star Wars movie. Did Stephen see spoilers?

4. If you put the following in “If p, then q” form, what would q be? You must study if you want to pass the test.

5. State p and q, and give the truth values of each. Then state whether the entire proposition is true or false. All varieties of apples are fruit and Taylor Swift is a rap artist.

Unit 1B Test 1 (continued)

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6. Does the following use an inclusive or exclusive “or”? Explain. I’m going to the movies or to a party Friday night.

7. Make a truth table for the given statement: if not p, then q.

8. Make a truth table for the given statement: (not p) and q.

9. State p and q and give their truth values. Then state whether the disjunction (or statement) is true or false. Sparrows can swim, or fish can fly.

10. Express the statement in the form of if p, then q. Siamese is a breed of cat.

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Unit 1B Test 2

Date:

1. Define negation.

2. Determine whether the following statement is a proposition. Explain. Life is better after 40!

3. Answer the question regarding the meaning of the given statement which contains a multiple negation. The state legislature failed to repeal the law banning the sale of cigarettes in drug stores. Can cigarettes still be sold in drug stores?

4. If you put the following in “If p, then q” form, what would q be? You need to order now if it is going to be delivered on time.

5. State p and q, and give the truth values of each. Then state whether the entire proposition is true or false. Apple makes iPads and bananas are fruit.

Unit 1B Test 2 (continued)

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6. Does the following use an inclusive or exclusive “or”? Explain. The insurance policy will cover damage to the car from weather or accidents.

7. Make a truth table for the given statement: p and q.

8. Make a truth table for the given statement: p and (not q).

9. State p and q and give their truth values. Then state whether the disjunction (or statement) is true or false. Cows have calves and chickens lay eggs.

10. Express the statement in the form of if p, then q. Male lions have manes.

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Unit 1B Test 3

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is a proposition? (a) The boy with the brown eyes. (c) Toads can sing opera.

(b) What is your IQ? (d) 15 – 12

2. Emily scored highest on the test. Which of the following is the negation of this proposition? (a) Jason scored highest on the test. (b) Emily scored lowest on the test. (c) Emily did not score highest on the test. (d) Emily did not score lowest on the test. 3. The House failed to overturn the veto banning the use of the chemical process. Choose the logical conclusion of the statement. (a) The House will vote again. (b) The use of the chemical process is destructive. (c) The use of the chemical process will continue. (d) The use of the chemical process will cease. 4. Determine the truth values of p and q in the following statements, then determine which statement is false. (a) Earth revolves around Sun and moon revolves around Earth. (b) Huskies are dogs and herring can swim. (c) Netflix requires subscription and not all movies are on Netflix. (d) Hershey’s makes candy and lima beans are fruit. 5. Which of the following most likely demonstrates an inclusive “or”? (a) I should wear a sweater or a jacket. (b) Soup or salad is included in the price of the entrée. (c) On vacation, I like to go to the beach or to the mountains. (d) I need to spend less or make more money.. 6. Determine the truth values of p or q in the following statements, then determine which statement is true. (a) Busses fly or dogs purr. (b) Dolphins are fish or trees have roots. (c) Poodles are cats or ostriches fly. (d) Rhode Island is in Europe or birds swim. 7. Use truth tables to determine which statement is logically equivalent to if p, then q. (a) p and not q

(b) (not p) and q

(d) p or not q

Unit 1B Test 3 (continued)

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8. If wishes were horses, then beggars could ride. Which of the following is the inverse of this statement? (a) If beggars can’t ride, then wishes aren’t horses. (b) If wishes aren’t horses, then beggars can’t ride. (c) If beggars can’t ride, then wishes are horses. (d) If wishes aren’t horses, then beggars can ride. 9. Which of the following is logically equivalent to any conditional? (a) Inverse (c) Contrapositive

(b) Converse (d) Negation

10. You are searching for the book The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway. Which of the following key word search combinations would not have your book on its search list? (a) (Man or Sea) and Hemingway (c) (Man or Sea) and (Hemingway or Steinbeck)

(b) (Man and Sea) or (Hemingway and Steinbeck) (d) Man and (Hemingway and Steinbeck)

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Unit 1B Test 4

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is a proposition? (a) 7 + 3 – 5 (c) Alison lives here?

(b) Bring me a glass of tea. (d) Louie likes lobster less than Leslie.

2. Susie came in first in the race. Which of the following is the negation of this proposition? (a) Billy came in first in the race. (c) Susie did not come in first in the race.

(b) Susie came in second in the race. (d) Susie came in last in the race.

3. Jane will not vote for a candidate who opposes a ban on hand guns. Assuming this statement is true, which of the following is false? (a) Jane supports a ban on hand guns. (b) Jane may vote for a candidate who does not own a hand gun. (c) Jane might vote for Senator Jones who supports a ban on hand guns. (d) If Senator Jones opposes a ban on hand guns, then Jane will vote for her. 4. If p is false, q is false, and r is true, which of the following is true? (a) (p and q) and r

(b) (not p) and (q or r)

(d) p and (q or r)

5. If p is true, q is true, and r is false, which of the following is false? (a) If not p, then (q and r). (c) If not p, then (q or r).

(b) If p, then (q and r). (d) If p, then (q or not r).

6. Determine the truth values of the hypothesis and the conclusion in the following statements. Which statement is false? (a) If California is on the west coast, then Colorado is on the east coast. (b) If Colorado is on the east coast, then California is on the west coast. (c) If Colorado is on the east coast, then New York is on the west coast. (d) If California is on the west coast, then New York is on the east coast. 7. Use truth tables to determine which statement is logically equivalent to if not p, then not q. (a) p and not q

(b) (not p) and q

8. If I don’t get a job soon, then I will lose my car. Which of the following is the inverse of this statement? (a) If I lose my car, then I won’t get a job soon. (b) If I get a job soon, then I can keep my car. (c) If I can keep my car, then I’ll get a job soon. (d) If I can keep my car, then I won’t get a job soon.

(d) p or not q

Unit 1B Test 4 (continued)

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9. Which of the following is logically equivalent to any conditional? (a) Inverse (c) Negation

(b) Contrapositive (d) Converse

10. You are searching for the book Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. Which of the following key word search combinations would not have your book on its search list? (a) (Little and Women) and Alcott (c) (Little or Women) and (Alcott or Bronte)

(b) Women and (Alcott and Bronte) (d) (Little and Women) or (Alcott and Bronte)

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Unit 1C Test 1

Date:

1. Use set notation to write the members of the following set: odd numbers between 20 and 30.

2. Draw a Venn diagram with 2 circles to illustrate the relationship between men and surgeons. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

3. Draw a Venn diagram with 2 circles to illustrate the relationship between women and kings. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

4. Some roses are red. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, can you conclude that some roses are not red?

Unit 1C Test 1 (continued)

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5. No cows are plants. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, is it possible that some plants are cows?

6. All Labradoodles are dogs. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, can you conclude that some dogs are not labradoodles?

7. In the Venn diagram below, what does the region with the X in it tell us? Be specific. students surveyed

lefthanded 6 22

boys 4 23

Unit 1C Test 1 (continued) 8.

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In the Venn diagram below, what does the region with a Y in it tell us? Be specific.

X lefthanded 6 22

boys 4 23

9. In a survey of 50 musicians, it was found that 20 people played the piano, 25 played the guitar. Additionally, it was noted that 7 played both instruments while 12 played neither. Draw a Venn diagram to represent this situation. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

Unit 1C Test 1 (continued)

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10. In a survey of 20 men and 10 women, 18 were history majors and 12 were science majors. Notably, 16 of the men majored in history. Make a two-way table to represent this situation. Label each part of the table clearly.

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Unit 1C Test 2

Date:

1. Use set notation to write the members of the following set: states that begin with the letter “M.”

2. Draw a Venn diagram with 2 circles to illustrate the relationship between snakes and rocks. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

3. Draw a Venn diagram with 2 circles to illustrate the relationship between celebrities and politicians. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

4. All fish live in water. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, can you conclude that some fish do not live in water?

Unit 1C Test 2 (continued)

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5. Some cheese is made from goat milk. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, is it possible that some cheese is not made from goat milk?

6. No salamanders are mammals. a) State the subject and predicate sets; b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationship; c) Based on the diagram, can you conclude that some mammals are salamanders?

7. In the Venn diagram below, what does the region with the X in it tell us? Be specific. athletes

basketball

volleyball 9

Unit 1C Test 2 (continued)

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8. In the Venn diagram below, what does the region with the Y in it tell us? Be specific. athletes

basketball

volleyball 9

9. In a veterinary waiting room, there were a total of 12 individuals, 8 of whom brought dogs, 5 brought cats. Additionally, it was noted that three brought both dogs and cats, and two individuals had neither. Draw a Venn diagram to represent this situation. Label each part of the diagram clearly.

Unit 1C Test 2 (continued)

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10. In a freshman class of 50 students, 32 of them male, 24 students are taking math, 26 students are taking history. Notably, half the men were taking each subject. Create a two-way table to represent this situation. Label each part of the table clearly.

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Unit 1C Test 3

Date:

1. Which of the following sets are disjoint? (a) Aunts and uncles (c) Women and aunts

(b) Men and uncles (d) They are all disjoint

2. In a Venn diagram, if the circle for set A overlaps the circle for set B, (a) some A are B (c) all A are B

(b) no A are B (d) all B are A

3. In a Venn diagram, if the circle for set B is entirely inside the circle for set A, (a) some A are B (c) all A are B

(b) no A are B (d) all B are A

Use this Venn diagram, which describes the cars on a used car lot, to answer questions 4 and 5.

4. How many Red Fords are on the lot? (a) 10

(b) 23

(d) 3

(d) 35

5. How many cars on the lot are Fords? (a) 5

(b) 3

Unit 1C Test 3 (continued)

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Use this Venn diagram, which describes the desserts people ordered at a party, to answer questions 6 and 7.

6. How many people were at the party? (a) 3

(b) 5

(d) 26

7. How many people had ice cream with their cake? (a) 3

(b) 5

Use the information below to answer questions 8, 9 and 10. Students living off-campus were asked about the electronic products they own: VCRs, DVD and MP-3 players. The table below shows the gender of students and the types of products they own. Gender male female Total

Android 4 5 9

Apple 10 7 17

Total 14 12 26

8. How many students were surveyed? (a) 9

(b) 26

(d) 78

(d) 17

9. How many men own an Apple product? (a) 4

(b) 14

10. According to the table, do students prefer Android or Apple products? (a) Android

(b) Apple

(d) Neither

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Unit 1C Test 4

Date:

1. Which of the following sets are overlapping? (a) Dogs and cats (c) Pets and dogs

(b) Cats and birds (d) Birds and fish

2. Which of the following sets are not disjoint? (a) Cloudy days and holidays (c) Fords and Chevrolets

(b) Brothers and sisters (d) Democrats and Republicans

3. In a Venn diagram, overlapping circles indicate (a) Sets that share common members (c) Sets of numbers

(b) Disjoint sets (d) Subsets

4. In a Venn diagram, if the circle for set B is totally enclosed within the circle representing set A, which of the following is true? (a) some A are B (c) Se all A are B

(b) no A are B (d) all B are A

Use this Venn diagram, which describes the optional features ordered by new telephone customers in one day, to answer questions 5, 6 and 7.

5. How many customers ordered neither caller ID nor call waiting? (a) 17

(b) 21

(d) 112

(d) 98

6. How many customers ordered caller ID? (a) 17

(b) 77

7. How many customers did not order call waiting? (a) 77

(b) 35

Unit 1C Test 4 (continued)

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Use this Venn diagram, which describes the types of cookies in a bakery, to answer questions 8, 9, and 10. Cookies

Chocolate Walnut Chip 10 13 15

8. How many cookies were in the bakery? (a) 7

(b) 28

(d) 45

9. How many cookies have neither chocolate chips nor walnuts in them? (a) 7

(b) 13

(d) 15

(d) 3

10. How many chocolate chip cookies also have walnuts? (a) 10

(b) 13

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Unit 1D Test 1

Date:

1. Explain what is meant by a valid argument.

2. Explain what is meant by an inductive argument.

3. Give an example of a deductive argument.

4. For the following argument, state the truth of each premise and the truth of the conclusion. Premise: All birds lay eggs. Premise: Frogs lay eggs. Conclusion: Frogs are birds.

5. Identify the form of the following conditional argument. Is the argument valid? Premise: If I stay home from work, I am sick. Premise: I did not stay home from work today. Conclusion: I am not sick.

Unit 1D Test 1 (continued)

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6. What can be deduced from the following argument? If Amy studies for the test, she will pass it. If Amy passes the test, she has a good chance of passing the course.

7. Premise: Most girls like to color. Premise: Emily is a girl. Conclusion: Emily might like to color. Use a Venn diagram to determine the validity of this argument.

8. Premise: Some animals are cold-blooded. Premise: My dog is an animal. Conclusion: My dog is cold-blooded. Use a Venn diagram to determine the validity of this argument.

9. Illustrate “the sum of two odd numbers is an even number” by stating four examples. Is this inductive or deductive reasoning?

10. Give an example that invalidates the mathematical rule “the difference of two negative numbers is always a negative number.”

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Unit 1D Test 2

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1. Explain what is meant by a sound argument.

2. Explain what is meant by a deductive argument.

3. Give an example of an inductive argument.

4. For the following argument, state the truth of each premise and the truth of the conclusion. Premise: All mammals have live births. Premise: Some snakes have live births. Conclusion: Some snakes are mammals.

5. Identify the form of the following conditional argument. Is the argument valid? Premise: If I am sick, I stay home from work. Premise: I stayed home from work today. Conclusion: I am sick.

Unit 1D Test 2 (continued)

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6. What can be deduced from the following argument? If Aaron goes to bed early, he will get up early. If Aaron gets up early, he should not be late for his appointment.

7. Premise: All horses are green. Premise: Trigger is a horse. Conclusion: Trigger is green. Use a Venn diagram to determine the validity of this argument.

8. Premise: Everyone who drives faster than the speed limit is breaking the law. Premise: Gary is breaking the law. Conclusion: Gary is driving faster than the speed limit. Use a Venn diagram to determine the validity of this argument.

9. Illustrate “six times any number is an even number” by stating four examples. Is this inductive or deductive reasoning?

10. Give an example that invalidates the following mathematical rule a(b + c) = ab + c

Unit 5C Test 4 (continued)

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Use the following to answer questions 7 and 8. 88 56 98 72 55 78 64 87 92 73 47 32 76 78 94 96 89 90 33 67 92 87 7. Which of the following describes the best decision for constructing a frequency table? (a) Use 10-point bins because the data is well spread. (b) Use 10-point bins because the data is close together. (c) Use 5-point bins because the data is well spread. (d) Use 5-point bins because the data is close together. 8. Compute the cumulative frequency for the third bin. (a) 2

(b) 4

(d) 18

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Unit 5D Test 1

Date:

Use the following graph to answer 1 – 2.

1. What is the percentage difference in the earnings for a man who earns an associate degree with the earnings of a woman who earns an associate degree?

2. What is the percentage difference in the earnings for a man who earns an associate degree with the earnings of a man who is a high school graduate?

Unit 5D Test 1 (continued)

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Use the following graph to answer 3 – 4.

3. List all locations whose mean score for the girls was greater than the mean score for the boys on the PISA Mathematics test.

4. Compute the percentage difference in the mean score for boys in Singapore and in Canada. Discuss the difference between the computed percentage and the visualization of that difference in the graph.

5. In a contour map displaying altitudes, explain the significance of the distances between the lines.

Unit 5D Test 1 (continued)

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6. What type of data may be displayed more clearly on an exponential scale? Give an example.

7. How are the features of a line graph or histogram manipulated in order to accentuate the differences in the data?

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Unit 5D Test 2

Date:

Use the following graph to answer 1 – 2.

1. What is the percentage difference in the earnings for a man who earns a master’s degree with the earnings of a woman who earns a master’s degree?

2. What is the percentage difference in the earnings for a woman who earns an associate degree with the earnings of a woman who is a high school graduate?

Unit 5D Test 2 (continued)

Name:

Use the following graph to answer 3 – 4.

3. List the country with the greatest difference between the mean score for the girls and the mean score for the boys on the PISA Mathematics test.

4. Compute the percentage difference in the mean score for girls in Finland and in the United States. Discuss the difference between the computed percentage and the visualization of that difference in the graph.