INSTRUCTOR MANUAL with TEST BANK for Adult Development and Aging Biopsychosocial Perspectives 5th Edition By Susan Krauss Whitbourne Stacey Whitbourne
Chapter 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging As the opening chapter to the book, the material covered here provides the orientation to the course. There is enough material in this chapter to cover two to three lectures. During the first lecture, it is particularly important to provide students with a sense of excitement about the field. Reflect on your own enthusiasm for teaching this topic and, if appropriate, relate personal experiences that have led you to want to become involved in adult development and aging. It would also be useful to find out why students have chosen to taken the course, as it is quite likely that many of them are there for personal reasons as well.
LECTURE GUIDELINES There is a logical break between the theoretical issues in the first part of the chapter and the demographic material presented at the end. The lecture on demography can begin with a discussion of current issues relevant to aging, such as the effect on the population of the "graying of America". A discussion of the "Baby Boomers" would also be interesting, as many of the students have parents, or possibly grandparents, in this generation. You can also encourage students to contrast their views about Baby Boomers with “Millennials,” “Gen-X’ers,” and the like. Ask them if they believe that generational labels are helpful in understanding the behavior of individuals.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many potentially relevant materials to include in the lectures based on this chapter. Keep your eyes open for news items that concern aging in the U.S., Canada, and the world relevant to the economy, social trends, and population dynamics. Non-stereotypic older adults can also be shown to counter negative representations that students may have such as older persons engaging in activities that would not normally be associated with aging. There are two excellent films by PBS: “The Way We Get By” (http://www.pbs.org/pov/waywegetby/) and Frontline “Living Old” (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/livingold/view/). Because there are many statistics to summarize in the demography section, it is helpful to provide anything that will put a human face to the numbers. There is an excellent series available on YouTube divided into five parts, called “The World’s Oldest People”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjd8_9dtLHo
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important? How does the material in this course relate to other courses that you have taken which employ an interdisciplinary perspective?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING Do you feel that you are a different person than you were when you were younger? Do you know of individuals who illustrate the principle of individual differences in development? What are the important intraindividual dimensions that psychologists should study? What are the implications for the field when you consider that the only people we can study in old age are those who survived? How can you be a survivor? Name some changes that you think are age-related and see if they are in fact age- or disease-related. How many of the CDC "Five Ways to Shorten Your Life" lifestyle habits do you follow?
THE MEANING OF AGE IM-1 |1
How would you define a person as an "adult"? Do you feel that you qualify as an adult? What are appropriate criteria to use for this distinction other than or in addition to age? What are the pros and cons of using these age-based divisions? How could the alternative indices of age be implemented in a practical sense so that they would replace chronological age? Can you come up with examples of influences on development that have affected you?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING How is your identity affected by your gender? Why is race a difficult concept to measure? Do you feel that the U.S. Census measure of race is an appropriate one? What might be its problems? How has your social class affected your own life so far? How do you think social class will affect your life in the future? What sorts of influences do you think that social class has on people's lives and why is it important in development? How has your religion affected your own development? Why do you think religion has not been examined in previous research on adult development and aging?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD What are the implications of an aging population? Will the aging Baby Boomers change the way that we think about aging, or have they done so already? Who are famous aging Baby Boomers you can think of in the media who defy traditional stereotypes? What are the implications of changes in the racial and ethnic distribution of the aging population?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1.
SUBJECTIVE AGE
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age. A. chronological B. subjective C. biological D. sociological
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2. DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context: A. biopsychosocial B. physiocultural C. multidirectional
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D.
transformational
3. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE- STEM Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “biological” component of the biopsychosocial model? A. Changes in muscle mass. B. Loss of a spouse. C. Retirement from a job. D. Gains in vocabulary skills.
4. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C Which of the following would be considered a “social” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective? A. Improving in wisdom. B. Losing muscle strength. C. Becoming a grandparent. D. Increasing in conscientiousness.
5. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model. A. psychological B. sociocultural C. biological D. cognitive
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging? A. Sociocultural B. Biological C. Gerontological D. Psychological
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7. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development? A. Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older. B. The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life. C. People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes. D. Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger.
8. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion. A. selection B. continuity C. individuality D. normative
9. THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time. A. institutionalized B. less able C. young-old D. survivors
10. SURVIVOR BEHAVIORS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”? A. They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol. B. Their families provided a strong support network. C. They have lived a life in which they took high risks. D. They avoided exercising or being too physically active.
11. IMPLICATIONS OF SURVIVOR PRINCIPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging? IM-1 |4
A. B. C. D.
Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them. Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging. The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics.
12. CIGARETTE SMOKING- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The Centers for Disease Control regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life? A. Cigarette smoking. B. Eating too many fruits and vegetables. C. Taking in too little alcohol. D. Being underweight.
13. INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES EXAMPLE-CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A 75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging? A. Interindividual differences. B. Normal aging is different from disease. C. Survivors are an increasingly select group. D. Changes are continuous over the life span.
14. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging? A. continuity B. multidirectionality C. survivor effects D. tertiary aging
15. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HIPPOCAMPUS Difficulty: .80 Correct choice: C Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that: A. most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults.
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B. the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30. C. at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults. D. the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s.
16. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as: A. interindividual variability. B. multidirectionality. C. personal aging. D. nonnormative influences.
17. INDIVIDUALITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that: A. changes are continuous. B. aging is interdisciplinary. C. individuality matters. D. only the survivors grow old.
18. TERTIARY AGING - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging: A. tertiary B. primary C. normal D. accelerated
19. NORMAL AGING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes? A. Abnormal and disease-related B. Sudden and rapid C. Preventative and compensatory D. Universal and progressive
20. NORMAL AGING EXAMPLE- STEM IM-1 |6
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age-related psychological changes? A. lowering of self-esteem B. moderation of personal qualities C. development of sleep problems D. losing interest in hobbies
21. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging? A. Developing diabetes at the age of 67. B. Marrying for the third time at age 55. C. Working part-time at the age of 72. D. Moving to a retirement community at age 62.
22. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun. A. primary B. tertiary C. secondary D. normal
THE MEANING OF AGE 23. YOUNG-OLD Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is: A. oldest-old B. middle-old C. healthy-old D. young-old
24. OLD-OLD- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B People referred to as “old-old” have which specific characteristic? IM-1 |7
A. B. C. D.
Prematurely gray and wrinkled Between the ages of 75-84 Retire after the age of 65 Become grandparents in middle age
25. OLDEST-OLD Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population? A. young-old B. oldest old C. old-old D. super-old
26. SUPERCENTENARIAN- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of: A. 100. B. 90. C. 130. D. 110.
27. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age. A. Psychological B. Social C. Biological D. Secondary
28. SOCIAL AGE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old. A. psychological B. biological C. physiological D. social
29. EMERGING ADULTHOOD- STEM
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Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities? A. Early signs of the normal aging process. B. Transition to responsible family and work roles. C. Difficulties in interacting with older family members. D. Psychological but not physiological maturity.
30. EMERGING ADULTHOOD EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood: A. emerging B. young-old C. psychological D. normative
31. NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The large impact that Hurricane Sandy had on residents of the Northeast U.S. in 2012 makes it a ________________ influence on development. A. secondary aging B. normative history-graded C. personal aging D. normative age-graded
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B The term "gender" refers to: A. biologically assigned characteristics. B. self-identification as male or female. C. treatment of women in society. D. orientation toward sexual partners.
32. WHITEHALL II FOCUS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development. A. historical change IM-1 |9
B. racial disparities C. social class D. nationality
33. RACE CATEGORIES IN U.S. CENSUS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following categories would be considered an example of “race” as used in the 2010 U.S. Census? A. Hispanic B. American Indian C. Asian American D. Latino
34. SEX AND GENDER INFLUENCES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development? A. Disparities in income. B. Social role expectations. C. Identification as a male or female. D. Role of hormones in behavior.
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD 35. AGE-SEX STRUCTURE Difficulty: Correct choice: D Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age-sex structure that resembles which shape? A. Trapezoid. B. Circle. C. Diamond. D. Rectangle.
36. GREATEST GENERATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: A The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II: A. Greatest Generation B. Baby Boom C. Millennials D. Gen Xers IM-1 |10
37. NUMBER OVER 65- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Census 2010 estimates that the number of people 65 plus and older in the U.S. is _____ million. A. 40.3 B. 13.1 C. 35.4 D. 83.7.
38. PERCENT OVER 65- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B As of the latest estimates in 2010, the percentage of people in the United States population 65 years and older is: A. 3.1 B. 13.0 C. 36.7 D. 40.2
39. LIFE SPAN DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: .98 Correct choice: B The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance. A. length/expectancy B. span C. limit D. potential
40. LIFE EXPECTANCY CHANGES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The increased population of adults 65 and older in the U.S. can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations. A. length B. expectancy C. growth D. span
41. HEALTH EXPECTANCY DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D IM-1 |11
The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as: A. life span projection B. morbidity-free span C. functional age D. health expectancy
42. SILENT GENERATION Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The parents of people in the Baby Boom generation are known as: A. Gen B B. Senior Boom C. Silent Generation D. Pioneer Cohort
43. LIFE EXPECTANCY VALUE IN 2010 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B What was the average life expectancy at birth in 2010? A. 89.3 B. 78.7 C. 47.8 D. 84.1
44. GENDER PROPORTIONS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C What percent of the total U.S. 65 and older population is male? A. 31 B. 56 C. 42 D. 39
45. STATE PERCENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Because the state of _______________ has such a high percentage of adults 65 and older, political candidates put heavy emphasis into making promises about Medicare and Social Security when they campaign there. A. California B. South Carolina C. Florida D. New Mexico
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46. MINORITY POPULATION CHANGES U.S. Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Which racial/ethnic minority group in the U.S. is expected to show the largest decrease in the U.S. population between 2010 and 2050? A. Asian alone B. Non-hispanic Black C. Non-hispanic White D. Hispanic of any race
47. WORLD POPULATION IN 2050 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: A. 106 million B. 2.3 billion C. 1.5 billion D. 670 million
48. HIGHEST NUMBER IN WORLD Difficulty: .94 Correct choice: A The country with the highest number (not percent) of individuals 65 and older is: A. China B. Italy. C. Sweden D. United States.
49. DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING NATIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The least percentage growth in populations over the age of 65 will occur around the world in countries that are described as: A. developed. B. agrarian. C. non-industrialized. D. developing.
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50. NUMBER OF 65 AND OLDER IN THE WORLD IN 2050 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: E. 106 million F. 2.3 billion G. 1.5 billion H. 670 million
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 1. 2.
Provide examples of concepts from the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective. Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1. 2.
What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging? Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease?
THE MEANING OF AGE 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define "adult"? Define and explain the purpose of using alternative indices of age. List the three influences on development and provide examples of each. Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1. 2.
List and define the 5 major social categorizations used in describing the findings and theories in adult development and aging. What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion in aging? What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD 1. 2.
What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 years? What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in the U.S. over the next 30 to 40 years?
ESSAY QUESTIONS What is the value of using age as a means of understanding development? Would alternative indices be more useful? Why or why not? Why is it important to understand individual differences in the process of development in later life? How will changes in the age distribution of the population affect society as a whole? Provide specific examples.
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Chapter 2 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood LECTURE GUIDELINES This is a heavily theoretical chapter and can be tough going for students who are eager to move on to learning more concrete information about adult development and aging. Depending on the nature of the class and its size, the lecture can be oriented toward more or less theoretical aspects of the material by providing a conceptual orientation (more theoretical) or concrete examples (less theoretical). Because this material previews much of what is to come in later chapters, it is also possible to use this chapter as a way to plant the "seeds" for these later concepts and discussions. Depending on the length of the class, it is advisable to break this chapter into two or more lectures, dividing it along the lines of biological vs. psychosocial theories. Biological theories can occupy an entire class period, particularly when combined with videos (see below). Some students may need extensive background in concepts of genetics. These will be important for later chapters, particularly Chapter 5, in which the genetic contributions to Alzheimer's and other diseases are discussed. The psychosocial theories provide an opportunity to present some substantive material that may be of greater inherent interest to students in psychology and other social sciences as it previews concepts that will not appear until much later in the course, such as personality development and family issues.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The topic of developmental models is an important one to break up with relevant videos and films because the concepts are inherently dry and theoretical for some students. There are ample resources on biological theories of aging. The best ones that I have found are on the PBS series called “NOVA Science Now”: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ which aired several segments about the genetics of aging. A popular movie that contains interesting twists about age and time is “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/can-we-slow-aging.html Ageism can be illustrated by showing scenes from humorous portrayals of aging characters in a stereotyped fashion, such as the Simpson's, a classic cartoon series with a wealth of material on aging. There is also an excellent example in the Seinfeld episode called “The Old Man,” in which the characters each confront and older adult who is depicted in a funny but stereotypical fashion. Examples of identity assimilation and identity accommodation can also be provided from film or television shows in which characters either resist changing (identity assimilation) or change excessively (identity accommodation) in response to an event that challenges their identities. A good example of identity assimilation is "Driving Miss Daisy" which, in the first scene of the movie, shows the struggle she experiences as she is faced with accommodating to her loss of the ability to drive.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN How does the notion of contextual influences on development relate to concepts such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status? How do "nature" and "nurture" interact in development throughout life?
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Which model do you feel is most appropriate for understanding development? Why is it important to an interactionist model to emphasize the concept of reciprocity? IM-2 |1
How has your life involved niche-picking? Can you think of examples from your life when an action you took or decision you made had an outcome on a later event?
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT How does the life course perspective relate to the concepts of social clock and age-graded normative influences discussed in Chapter 1? How does the ecological perspective link models of development that focus on external processes to those that focus on processes within the individual? Why do you think disengagement theory was popular at one time? Do you know anyone who exemplifies disengagement theory? Activity theory? Continuity theory? What type of involvement in society would make you happiest when you get older? Why? How do older minority individuals (especially women) manage to cope with discrimination? What is your social clock? Do you think that the social clock is helpful or harmful when people think about themselves and their lives?
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD Do you feel that Erikson's theory provides a reasonable framework for understanding development throughout life? What are its weaknesses and what are its strengths? Some critics of Erikson's theory feel that the theory is narrowly focused on heterosexual relationships in adulthood. Others argue that Erikson made an unreasonable distinction between development in men and women in that he suggested that intimacy precedes identity for women. What do you think of these criticisms? Why is identity balance considered an optimal way of adapting to the aging process? Provide some examples of age-related thresholds either in your own life or in the life of other people you have known. How did the people involved adapt to these thresholds? Why are psychological models of development necessary? What do they add to biological theories?
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD What would the world (or universe) be like if there was no aging? What will be the implications of mapping the human genome? What would you like most to learn about the genome and how would this information be of relevance to you? Can aging be programmed by our genes? What if the process of replicative senescence could be stopped? Which is your favorite biological theory? Why? What products are being sold on the market based on these theories of aging? Are their claims legitimate or not, in your opinion, based on what you’re learning in the course?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1. PRENATAL STRESS AND DEVELOPMENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother’s pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child’s body. IM-2 |2
A. B. C. D.
proteins eye color blood type sex
KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN 2. LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE- STEM The life-span perspective in development emphasizes: A. decline in later adulthood due to biological changes. B. psychological rather than biological influences on the individual C. understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age. D. childhood as the most important period of an individual’s life.
3. LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective. A. gerontological B. life span C. contextual D. sociocultural
4. DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field. A. psychology B. sociology C. science D. programming
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 5. ORGANISMIC MODEL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development. IM-2 |3
A. B. C. D.
psychosocial organismic existential mechanistic
6. ORGANISMIC MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories? A. Sociological B. Behavioral C. Social-psychological D. Biological
7. PLASTICITY EXAMPLE- STEM Correct choice: D According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by: A. seeking genetic therapy. B. accelerating the rate of the social clock. C. describing the changes that occur in their bodies. D. engaging in physical and mental exercise.
8. MECHANISTIC MODEL- CHOICE Difficulty: Difficult Correct choice: A The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development? A. Mechanistic. B. Organismic. C. Reciprocal. D. Interactionist.
9. NICHE-PICKING EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A young woman joins her college’s intramural tennis team because it’s a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so. It turns out that she’s virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team’s roster. This example illustrates which process in in individual-environment interactions? A. multidimensionality B. epigenesis C. niche-picking D. accommodation
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10. DISENGAGEMENT THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory? A. Activity B. Disengagement C. Mechanistic D. Ecological
11. RECIPROCITY MODEL- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community? A. Reciprocal B. Mechanistic C. Organismic D. Contextual
12. ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? A. mesosystem B. exosystem C. macrosystem D. microsystem
13. MACROSYSTEM DEFINITION- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: B In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes: A. friends, family, and others who the individual knows. B. culture, nationality, and the economic structure. C. the community and healthcare agencies. D. changes that occur in systems over time.
14. MICROSYSTEM- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: D IM-2 |5
In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? A. mesosystem B. exosystem C. macrosystem D. microsystem
15. CHRONOSYSTEM DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the: A. social clock B. chronosystem C. age strata D. macrosystem
16. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A In the Whitehall II study, the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner’s model? A. Sociocultural B. Proximal C. Adaptational D. Reciprocal
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT 17. LIFE COURSE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development? A. life span B. life course C. life expectancy D. life clock
18. CONTINUITY THEORY EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate IM-2 |6
Correct choice: C An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging? A. Social clock B. Disengagement C. Continuity D. Organismic
19. SOCIAL CLOCK DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The idea of being “on-time” or “off-time” in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model. A. role fulfillment B. disengagement C. social clock D. identity process
20. AGEISM FROM WHO Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D According to the World Health Organization, which is one of the stereotypes about aging? A. Older men have less value than younger men B. Older adults are selfish and wish to use up society’s resources. C. Older women lack interest in providing care for others. D. Older people are helpless and unable to care for themselves.
21. AGEISM EXAMPLE FROM WHO Difficulty: Correct choice: B The ageist stereotype that older adults are “past their sell-by date,” according to the World Health Organization, is refuted by the fact that: A. an Olympic gymnast performed a record-setting high jump at the age of 42. B. a 100-year-old Canadian woman completed a marathon in Toronto. C. the majority of women in sub-Saharan Africa care for their grandchildren. D. most Nobel prize winners in Medicine or Physiology are scientists in their 60s and 70s.
22. MODERNIZATION HYPOTHESIS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C
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The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that: A. emphasize oral traditions in which families hand down collective wisdom. B. do not believe in an afterlife in which people can come back from the dead. C. value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society. D. insist that older adults try to “fit in” by looking as young as possible.
23. TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to: A. lack of familiarity about the aging process. B. loss of contact with older adults in the family. C. greater urbanization and industrialization in society. D. the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths.
24. MULTIPLE JEOPARDY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic? A. Being from more than one category of minority status. B. Only being over the age of 75 years old. C. Frequent involvement with younger adults. D. Unable to live independently in the community.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD 25. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY EXAMPLE - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson’s psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development? A. Identifying with the work ethic. B. Getting close to a romantic partner. C. Being able to accept death. D. Having a strong sense of self.
26. AUTONOMY IN OLDER ADULT EXAMPLE - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson’s theory, might be confronting which situation? A. Trying to meet new friends after having recently become widowed. IM-2 |8
B. Having to move to a nursing home instead of being able to live independently. C. Recovering from having been mugged after getting off the bus. D. Becoming concerned about an illness that is likely to be terminal.
27. GENERATIVITY EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In Erikson’s theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity? A. Becoming independent from one’s parents. B. Mentoring a younger colleague. C. Investing in a risky new financial venture. D. Appreciating a beautiful work of art.
28. ISOLATION CONCEPT- CHOICE Difficulty:Hard Correct choice: D People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson’s theory, to be high on which specific quality? A. Stagnation B. Mistrust C. Despair D. Isolation
29. INITIATIVE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of: A. initiative B. identity C. industry D. inferiority
30. PIAGETIAN ASSIMILATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called: A. equilibrium B. assimilation C. epigenesis D. accommodation
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31. IDENTITY ASSIMILATION EXAMPLE - CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would be considered to show which identity process? A. Secondary aging B. Identity assimilation C. Ego integrity D. Identity accommodation
32. IDENTITY ACCOMMODATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In the process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated. A. assimilation B. reflection C. balance D. accommodation
33. IDENTITY BALANCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated. E. assimilation F. reflection G. balance H. accommodation
34. IDENTITY BALANCE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning? A. Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change. B. Becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline. C. Pretending that the change has not occurred. D. Giving up entirely on any form of physical exercise.
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35. SELF-EFFICACY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________ A. selective optimization. B. identity accommodation. C. self-efficacy. D. ego integrity
36. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION MODEL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss? A. Seek help from younger adults to do those tasks for them. B. Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most. C. Continue to try to achieve their goals, even if they seem out of reach. D. Disengage from as many social roles and obligations as they can.
37. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION MODEL - CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement. A. Cognition B. Compensation C. Complexity D. Coping
38. MULTIPLE THRESHOLD MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner. A. clocklike B. stepwise C. sudden D. selective
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD
39. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE STUDY- CHOICE
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers study the entire genomes of family members who seem to have a higher risk of developing a particular disorder is known as what type of study? A. B. C. D.
genome-wide linkage selective optimization genome-wide association multiple threshold
40. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study? A. genome-wide linkage B. mutation analysis C. genome-wide association D. random error investigation
41. GOMPERTZ CURVE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The ________ curve illustrates the relationship between death rate and age for different species. A. Gompertz B. Telomere C. Mitochondrial D. Resveratrol
42. GOMPERTZ CURVE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between: A. calories and rate of aging. B. free radicals and cancer. C. death rate and age. D. exercise and life span.
43. ERROR CATASTROPHE THEORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe, the most significant effects of aging involve which structure in the cell? A. Chromosome B. Mitochondrial DNA C. Microfibril D. Collagen
44. TELOMERE THEORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to: A. release of free radicals. B. destruction of the ends of chromosomes. C. deterioration of the mitochondria. D. cross-linking of long ends of proteins.
45. TELOMERE THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The ends of the chromosome lost with repeating cell replications that are thought to underlie the aging process are called the: A. telomeres. B. cross-links. C. mutations. D. Mitochondria.
46. SNPS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In genome-wide association studies on genetic causes of aging, researchers are seeking to identify genetic variations in sequences of amino acids known as: A. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). B. cytosine replacement molecules (CRM). C. mutation linkage abnormalities (MLA). D. glycolization end-product units (GEP).
47. FREE RADICALS- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B According to one random error theory of aging, the _________ are unstable molecules that bond to other molecules, causing cells to misfuntion. A. cross links
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B. free radicals C. genetic alleles D. amino acids
48. RESVERATROL- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: B Some research evidence suggests that drinking red wine can slow the aging because it contains: A. protein. B. resveratrol. C. alleles. D. mitochondria.
49. FOXO GENE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Researchers are identifying a possible genetic candidate for determining longevity known as the _________ gene. A. BOXY B. GWAS C. SNPP D. FOXO
50. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND AGING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C [As discussed in class], mice with mitochondrial DNA defects show what effects on aging? A. faster running speeds in lab treadmills. B. longer ability to reproduce sexually. C. loss of muscle and spine strength. D. increased appetites for high caloric food.
51. CALORIC RESTRICTION- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Researchers studying caloric restriction find that rats fed on diets low in total calories: A. have longer lifespans B. experience more stress C. mate less frequently D. become more hostile
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
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KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN 1.
What are the three major approaches to understanding development? How do they differ in their emphasis on the role of the individual in development?
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 1. 2.
What is niche-picking? Provide an example from your own experience that illustrates how this principle operates in development. Define and contrast the terms: theory, hypothesis, model, and perspective.
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT 1. 2.
What is the major assumption of the life course perspective? What are the major levels of organization in the ecological perspective?
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Define the term "epigenetic" and explain how it relates to Erikson's psychosocial theory. What are the four major psychosocial crises of adulthood according to Erikson? Define and provide an example of each. What is an implication of the "matrix" as described within Erikson's theory regarding the relationship between age and specific psychosocial issues? Define and provide an example of these terms: a. Assimilation. b. Accommodation. c. Equilibration. How does Piaget's theory differ from that of Erikson?
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2. 3.
Briefly describe the process of aging according to the telomere theory. Define and contrast the random error theories of aging and provide an implication that each theory has for how individuals can slow the rate of their own aging. Can random error theories be integrated with programmed aging theories? Why or why not?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Defend your position about "why" aging occurs, from an evolutionary perspective. Describe and analyze a behavior of yours related to your own aging in terms of: a. Identity processes. b. Multiple threshold model. c. Sociocultural perspectives. What are two forms that "ageism" can take in terms of ways of thinking about older adults? Provide your own analysis of why negative attitudes have existed toward older adults in Western society. How might these change in the future? How do biological theories of aging relate to sociocultural views of development?
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Chapter 3 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter is the third and final chapter that serves as background for what is to follow in the rest of the course. Given that the topic is not one that inherently of great interest to students, some imagination is required to keep students motivated. It is recommended that the instructor make ample use of charts and diagrams to provide explanations of the various research designs. Furthermore, examples of specific research studies can be inserted throughout the lecture on design to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of particular methods.
VIDEOS AND FILMS As stated above, it is helpful to use some imagination in planning the research methods lecture because the material is not of strong inherent interest to students. Suggested videos would include recent studies from the national news media using cross-sectional or longitudinal designs. A segment from “56 Up (http://www.pbs.org/pov/56up/#.UbedgPm1GCl) can be used to illustrate longitudinal research. “Neil” is a particularly interesting case.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: Can you define independent and dependent variables? Think of examples from research and label the variables as independent and dependent. Can you think of examples of an experimental study? Are studies on aging experimental or quasi-experimental? Why is it that cohort, time of measurement, and age cannot truly be separated from each other? Can you give some examples of cohort and time of measurement effects? Prior to showing the box with disadvantages and advantages ask students to state what these might be. Can you provide examples of cases where sequential designs would be important in the study of aging? How would you interpret the age gradients for intellectual ability from the SLS? Which designs seem to make more sense to you and would you use in conducting your own research? Why do researchers maintain that it is not possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from correlational research? What types of variables and problems are best studied through correlational methods? What are the advantages to using multivariate designs in research on adult development and aging? Is it truly possible to infer causal relationships from multivariate models? (This is a rather advanced question.) How might an older adult feel when tested in a laboratory situation? For what type of research questions would qualitative methods be particularly well-suited? In what areas would archival research be of particular value? Why? What types of special considerations might be needed in conducting surveys on older adults? What can researchers do to reduce the subjectivity involved in a case report? How could a focus group help a researcher begin to identify issues that can then be addressed in subsequent empirical studies? If you were a consultant in a nursing home, how might you use observational methods to answer questions about the factors that affect the adjustment of residents? Why is it necessary to establish the appropriateness of measures for different age groups of adults? Why is it necessary to protect the rights of research subjects? Under what sorts of conditions would it be necessary to keep subjects unaware of the purpose of the study until it had been completed? What steps should be followed in such conditions to ensure that subjects are protected? How did HIPAA change the way that health information is used in research?
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