10.
The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level of your family is stressing _____ determinants of personality: a. genetic b. * sociocultural c. existential-humanistic d. unconscious
11.
Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are: a. nativists b. existentialists c. humanists d. * empiricists
12.
Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize in their explanation of personality: a. * learning b. genetics c. early experience d. unconscious mechanisms
13.
According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control _____ and you can control personality development: a. inheritance b. * patterns of reward c. cultural expectations d. early experience
14.
Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their explanations of personality are said to accept: a. nativism b. unconscious thought processes c. free will d. * environmentalism
15.
Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask: a. Why are you the way you are? b. What have you been rewarded for being? c. * What does it mean to be you? d. Why doesn't anyone like you?
3
16.
The _____ theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own personality: a. learning b. trait c. * existential-humanistic d. psychoanalytic
17.
According to the psychoanalytic theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are: a. * unconscious b. learned c. traits d. cultural norms
18.
Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called _____ behavior: a. * teleological b. hedonistic c. humanistic d. existential
19.
For which of the following theories are childhood experiences considered of vital importance for subsequent personality development: a. existential-humanistic b. sociocultural c. learning d. * psychoanalytic
20.
The _____ believes that all of the influences acting on a person at a given time can actually be known: a. determinist b. existentialist c. free-willist d. * none of the above
21.
The intense study of the individual case is called _____ research: a. * idiographic b. nomothetic c. introspective d. humanistic
22.
The mind-body problem consists of determining how: a. our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the time b. * mental events and bodily events are related to each other c. bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences d. the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior
4
23.
Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problem because the mind does not exist: a. * physical monism b. epiphenomenalism c. parallelism d. interactionism
24.
Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events trigger mental and bodily events at the same time: a. physical monism b. epiphenomenalism c. * parallelism d. interactionism
25.
The _____ theory of human nature states that people become what they experience: a. rationalistic b. * empirical c. existential d. animalistic
26.
The _____ conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositions from our evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or by cultural influence: a. empirical b. * sociobiological c. existential d. mechanistic
27.
The _____ theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good: a. rationalistic b. existential c. animalistic d. * humanistic
28.
Concerning the consistency of human behavior, which of the following statements is true: a. some individuals are more consistent than others b. those theories stressing the importance of unconscious mechanisms expect very little consistency c. those theories stressing the importance of traits or of genetics expect considerable consistency d. * more than one of the above
5
29.
_____ is the study of knowledge: a. Introspection b. Empiricism c. * Epistemology d. Rationalism
30.
Scientific theory combines _____ and _____ : a. introspection…nativism b. hedonism…epistemology c. determinism…free will d. * rationalism… empiricism
31.
_____ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge: a. Determinism b. Rationalism c. * Empiricism d. Hedonism
32.
In order to be useful a scientific theory must: a. synthesize observations b. generate new research c. be incapable of being proven incorrect d. * more than one of the above
33.
According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personality theory is: a. * Does it generate empirical research? b. Would it be approved by physical scientists? c. Does it seem reasonable? d. Does it explain everything that is known about personality?
34.
Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists a: a. * paradigm b. theory c. beam of light d. heuristic approach
35.
According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is that: a. logically only one can be correct b. * they all generate different research methodologies c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
6
36.
According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must: a. make risky predictions b. be falsifiable c. make nothing but correct predictions d. * more than one of the above
37.
Which of the following did Popper consider to be nonscientific: a. astrology b. Freud's theory of personality c. Einstein's theory of relativity d. * more than one of the above
38.
Which of the following statements would Marx and Goodson (and Popper) most agree: a. To be useful a theory must make useful predictions b. Postdiction is more important than prediction c. Freud's theory is rare among personality theories because it is capable of falsification d. * Science most often progresses by addressing the errors in prediction made by scientific theories
Test 2 39.
The statement, “He has an Irish temper,” implies which of the following explanations of personality: a. cultural expectations b. learning c. * inherited characteristics d. unconscious mechanisms
40.
The nature-nurture controversy is also called the: a. mind-body problem b.* nativism-empiricism controversy c. existential-humanistic controversy d. uniqueness-lawfulness controversy
41.
A person who believes that the maximum IQ that an individual can possess is set upon conception is a(n) a. empiricist b. existentialist c. humanist d. * nativist
7
42.
To the nativist, the upper limit of a person's intelligence is found in the _____ not in the _____: a. mind...body b. * genes…environment c. body…mind d. environment…genes
43.
According to those stressing cultural determinants, personality is: a. * a combination of the many roles we play b. a function of early experience c. mainly a matter of biological inheritance d. actually nonexistent
44.
Which of the following statements does a theorist emphasizing the learning explanation of personality agree with the most: a. Like father, like son b. * If our history of reward had been different, our personality would be different c. We are what we choose to be d. Birds of a feather flock together
45.
According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, the difference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found in: a. cultural norms b. early experience c. the genes d. * patterns of reward
46.
Which of the theories of personality emphasize the question, "What does it mean to be you?": a. * existential-humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. trait d. learning
47.
Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that you ultimately must die?”: a. a learning theorist b. a psychoanalytic theorist c. * an existential theorist d. a geneticist
8
48.
The _____ theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory: a. learning b. trait c. existential-humanistic d.* psychoanalytic
49.
The _____ theorist assumes the person knows the least about the determinants of his own or her own personality: a. learning b. trait c. existential-humanistic d. * psychoanalytic
50.
Theorists who seek to understand how information from the environment is perceived, retained, transformed, and acted on by individuals emphasize _____ in their explanation of personality: a. genetics b. free will c. * cognitive processes d. unconscious mechanisms
51.
Teleological behavior is also called _____ behaviour: a. learned b. unconscious c. * purposive d. hedonistic
52.
Hedonism refers to: a. man's search for meaning b. * the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain c. goal directed behavior d. a strange attraction to men named Don
53.
Self theories and trait theories of personality emphasize: a. * internal mechanisms that control behavior b. dream analysis c. the importance of the environment d. the importance of early experience
9
54.
If all the influences acting on an individual at any given time were known, it would be possible to predict a person's behavior with complete accuracy. This statement defines the position of the: a. * determinist b. hedonist c. existentialist d. humanist
55.
Examining and reporting the contents of one's mind is called: a. nativism b. empiricism c. * introspection d. hedonism
56.
The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called _____ research: a. idiographic b. * nomothetic c. introspective d. humanistic
57.
Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merely irrelevant by-products of bodily events: a. physical monism b.* epiphenomenalism c. parallelism d. interactionism
58.
Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that the body influences the mind and the mind influences the body: a. physical monism b. epiphenomenalism c. parallelism d. * interactionism
59.
A theory of human nature attempts to specify: a. the impact of culture on personality b. * what all humans have in common c. what makes a particular human unique d. the impact of learning on personality development
60.
The _____ theory of human nature likens humans to computers: a. empirical b. animalistic c. * mechanistic d. existential
10
Chapter 2 - Sigmund Freud Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic) B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age C. Entered private practice as a Clinical Neurologist in 1886 D. Married in 1886 E. Died September 23, 1939
II.
Early Influences on Freud's Theory A. Studied with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism B. Visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism C. Collaboration with Breuer (late 1870s) and the case of Anna O. D. The development of free association
III.
Instincts and Their Characteristics A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts. B. Characteristics of Instinct 1. Source (Biological Deficiency) 2. Aim (Correct the Deficiency/Restore Balance) 3. Object (Goal that Satisfies) 4. Impetus (Strength and Direction of Motive) C. Life and Death Instincts 1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts 2. Thanatos/the Death Instincts
IV.
Divisions of the Mind A. The Id (Pure, Unconscious Instinctual Energy) 1. Governed by the Pleasure Principle 2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfillment (Primary Processes) B. The Ego (Brings individual into contact with real goal objects) 1. Identification (matching Id images with real objects) 2. Governed by the Reality Principle 3. Reality Testing (Secondary Processes) C. The Superego (The moral arm of personality) 1. Conscience (from past punishments) 2. Ego Ideal (from past rewards)
V.
Cathexis and Anticathexis A. Influenced by Helmholtz's Principle of Conservation of Energy 1. Applied the principle to psychic energy B. Cathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies 2. Persists until the wish is satisfied
13
C. D.
Anticathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes Displacement 1. Superego and ego divert undesirable cathexes to alternative objects
VI.
Anxiety A. All anxiety derived from the birth trauma 1. Functions to warn us if actions or thoughts are dangerous B. Reality Anxiety-related to real-world dangers C. Neurotic Anxiety-fear that Id will overpower the Ego D. Moral Anxiety-fear of actions or thoughts contrary to Superego
VII.
Ego-Defense Mechanisms A. Irrational attempts to protect against anxiety 1. All ego-defenses are unconscious 2. All ego-defenses falsify or distort reality B. Repression 1. The basic defense mechanism-must occur before any of the others 2. Prevention of ego-threatening thoughts from entering consciousness a) Primal repression: Protects against Id impulses b) Repression proper. Protects against painful memories C. Displacement 1. Substitution of one goal/activity for another that provokes anxiety 2. Sublimation: Displacement that is advantageous for society D. Identification 1. Self-protection through affiliation with powerful persons or groups E. Denial of Reality 1. Denial of facts despite evidence to the contrary F. Projection 1. Anxiety-provoking truths about the Self are attributed to others G. Undoing 1. Using ritualistic acts to atone for past actions that provoke anxiety H. Reaction Formation 1. Overt actions that are the opposite of anxiety-provoking thoughts I. Rationalization 1. Logically explaining anxiety-provoking actions or thoughts J. Intellectualization (Isolation of Affect) 1. Stripping emotional content from anxiety-laden thoughts via analysis K. Regression 1. Returning to an earlier mode of gratification or anxiety relief
VIII.
Psychosexual Stages of Development A. Each stage has an erogenous zone as its greatest source of pleasure B. Too much or too little gratification causes fixation (substantial cathexes) C. Oral Stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of mouth, lips, and tongue
14
Chapter 14 - Carl Rogers Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born January 8, 1902 B. University of Wisconsin BA degree in 1924 C. Married 1924 D. Columbia University PhD in 1931 E. Died February 4, 1987
II.
Actualizing Tendency A. The One Master Motive 1. Person becomes more differentiated, more independent, and more socially responsible B. Organismic Valuing Process
III.
Phenomenological Field A. Phenomenological Reality (known only to individual) B. Experience versus Awareness C. Emergence of the Self
IV.
Need for Positive Regard A. Comes with emergence of Self B. Conditions of worth (specify circumstances for positive regard) C. Unconditional positive regard promotes actualizing tendency
V.
Incongruent Person A. Incongruency exists when people no longer use organismic valuing process B. Incongruence between self and experience produces psychological maladjustment C. Anxiety experienced when event threatens existing self-structure
VI.
Psychotherapy A. Nondirective, Client-Centered Therapy 1. Therapist attempts to understand client's phenomenological field B. Therapy designed to eliminate incongruity between experience and the Self
VII.
Fully Functioning Person A. Living in accordance with organismic valuing process rather than conditions of worth B. Characteristics of Fully Functioning Person 1. They will be open to experience 2. Self-structures will be congruent with experiences 3. Perceive themselves as the locus of evaluation 4. Experience unconditional self-regard 5. Meet each new experience with honest spontaneity
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6. 7. 8.
Live in harmony with others Freedom Creativity
VIII.
Q-Sort Technique A. Real Self vs Ideal Self 1. Card sorting task
IX.
Rogers-Skinner Debate
X.
Freedom to Learn A. Rogers advocated radical changes in American education 1. Emphasis on individual 2. Reflects his approach to therapy
XI.
Modem Marriage A. Felt traditional views of marriage were restrictive B. Emphasized relationship that was mutually beneficial
XII.
Person of Tomorrow A. Characteristics 1. An openness to both inner and outer experience 2. Rejection of hypocrisy, deceit, and double talk 3. Skepticism toward science and technology that has goal of conquest of nature or the control of people 4. Desire for wholeness 5. Wish for shared purpose 6. Tendency to embrace change and risk taking 7. Gentle, subtle, nonmoralistic, nonjudgmental caring 8. Feeling of closeness to, and a caring for, nature 9. Antipathy for highly structured, inflexible, bureaucratic institutions 10. Tendency to follow organismic valuing process 11. Indifference toward material comforts 12. Desire to seek a meaning in life that is greater than the individual
XIII.
Evaluation
Discussion or Essay Questions 1.
Develop a definition of the actualizing tendency. As a psychological scientist, what aspects of human behavior would you count as evidence of this master motive?
2.
What aspects of Rogers' theory make it existential and humanistic? Are there reasons to react negatively to Rogers’ theory as an instance of "existential humanism?"
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3.
Explain the notion of “unconditional positive regard,” and discuss how this concept might operate in child rearing or in a romantic relationship.
4.
Contrast and compare Rogers’ approach to therapy with the approach favored by Kelly. In what ways are their goals and approaches similar?
5.
What are the critical differences between Skinner's and Rogers' views of human nature and the role that psychology can play in human lives? Which position do you find most appealing? Why?
6.
Contrast Rogers' ideas about marriage with more traditional views. Do you see problems or advantages in Rogers' approach? Explain your position.
Multiple Choice Questions Test 1 7.
According to Rogers, the most important resource that an individual possesses is his or her: a. construct system b. * actualizing tendency c. will to survive d. phenomenological field
8.
Rogers believed that some individuals act in undesirable ways because: a. of their nature b. * of fear and defensiveness c. they are born without an actualizing tendency d. more than one of the above
9.
The _____ create(s) a feedback system which allows people to coordinate their experiences with their actualizing tendencies: a. * organismic valuing process b. phenomenological field c. conditions of worth d. need for positive regard
10.
Which of the following did Rogers value the most as a guide for human conduct: a. the intellect b. * the emotions c. objective reality d. conditions of worth
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11.
Which of the following comes closest to meaning the same thing as phenomenological reality: a. * private reality b. objective reality c. physical reality d. cultural reality
12.
Before an event can enter one's phenomenological field it must first be: a. denied b. * symbolized c. verbalized d. distorted
13.
Rogers resisted using the concept of self in his theory because he believed it was too: a. closely aligned with the humanistic movement b. closely aligned with the behavioristic movement c. * unscientific d. similar to other terms already in use
14.
According to Rogers, the _____ gradually emerges from experiences involving verbal labels such as “me” and “I”: a. mind b. phenomenological field c. actualizing tendency d. * self
15.
With the emergence of the self comes: a. conditions of worth b. * the need for positive regard c. the actualizing tendency d. the organismic valuing process
16.
_____ involves receiving warmth, love, and respect from the relevant people in one's life: a. The need for self-regard b. The actualizing tendency c. * The need for positive regard d. The organismic valuing process
17.
After children have internalized the values of those individuals controlling them, their behavior is guided by: a. the organismic valuing process b. * introjected conditions of worth c. the need for positive regard d. the actualizing tendency
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18.
When the child develops the need to view himself or herself positively, the child is said to have developed: a. the need for positive regard b. * the need for self-regard c. conditions of worth d. actualizing tendency
19.
According to Rogers, the only way not to interfere with the child's actualizing tendency is to give him or her: a. conditions of worth b. positive regard c. * unconditional positive regard d. equal status within the family
20.
How, according to Rogers, should parents deal with behavior problems: a. tell the child he or she is disliked when certain activities are engaged in b. punish the child but always tell him or her why he or she is being punished c. * give the child the feeling that he or she is always loved but that certain things he or she does may be disliked d. express love toward the child only when he or she is acting in a desirable way
21.
_____ exists when individuals no longer use their organismic valuing processes as a means of determining if their experiences are in accordance with their actualizing tendencies: a. Neurosis b. * Incongruency c. Uncertainty d. Hostility
22.
_____ results when a person subceives an experience as being incompatible with his or her self-structure and its introjected conditions of worth: a. Hostility b. Aggression c. * Anxiety d. An identity crisis
23.
According to Rogers, the process of _____ consists of editing experiences via the mechanisms of denial and distortion: a. displacement b. sublimation c. * defense d. suppression
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24.
According to Rogers, an experience is denied symbolization if it is: a. sinful b. * contrary to one's self-structure c. contrary to one's superego d. outside the range of convenience of one's construct system
25.
According to Rogers, any experience we have can be: a. symbolized accurately in awareness b. distorted c. denied d. * all of the above
26.
Rogers’ _____ approach to therapy emphasized the client's ability to solve his or her own problems: a. client-centered b. * non-directive c. experiential d. person-centered
27.
During the _____ stage of Rogers’ thinking about psychotherapy, the feelings of the therapist are as important as those of the client: a. client-centered b. non-directive c. * experiential d. person-centered
28.
Which of the following concepts has remained important throughout all of the various stages of Rogers’ thinking concerning psychotherapy: a. the actualizing tendency b. the organismic valuing process c. unconditional positive regard d. * all of the above
29.
According to Rogers, the main goal of psychotherapy is to: a. socialize clients b. release repressed conflicts c. * bring clients ever closer to using their organismic valuing process in living his or her life d. all of the above
30.
What describes "the good life" according to Rogers: a. power and influence b. having many close friends c. * being true to oneself d. making a significant contribution to society
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31.
According to Rogers, if a relationship is to facilitate growth it must be characterized by: a. genuineness b. unconditional positive regard c. empathic understanding d. * all of the above
32.
As part of his method of measuring the effectiveness of therapy, Rogers had his client choose a number of statements that best described the person he or she would most like to become. This creates a(n): a. Q-sort b. self-sort c. * ideal-sort d. ideal self
33.
If Rogers found the correlation between a self-sort and an ideal-sort to be +.10, he would have concluded that the two sorts were: a. almost perfectly correlated b. inversely related c. substantially correlated d. * almost totally unrelated
34.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the Rogers-Skinner debate: a. The two disagreed completely b. * There was as much agreement between the two as there was disagreement c. The two totally agreed d. Skinner believed that the behavioral sciences have provided a great deal of useful information about humans, but Rogers did not agree
35.
Which of the following questions did Rogers raise concerning cultural engineering during the Rogers-Skinner debate: a. Who will exercise control? b. What type of control will be exercised? c. Toward what end will control be exercised? d. * all of the above
36.
Who believed that humans possess free choice: a. Skinner b. * Rogers c. both Skinner and Rogers d. neither Skinner nor Rogers
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37.
Concerning education, Rogers believed: a. the training of graduate students was typically cold and mechanical b. improving the educational system in the United States would require a revolution c. education in the United States was the best in the world because it was humanistically oriented d. * more than one of the above
38.
Which of the following terms did Rogers want to replace the term "teacher": a. friend b. conditioner c. dispenser d. * facilitator
39.
According to Rogers, for a marriage to work it must be: a. based entirely on love b. destined to work c. * advantageous to both partners d. viewed as sacred
40.
A satellite relationship is: a. * a close, perhaps intimate, relationship with someone outside of one's marriage b. a deep, emotional involvement in America's space program c. a relationship one forms instead of a marital relationship d. more than one of the above
41.
According to Rogers, jealousy is closely related to: a. honesty b. * possessiveness c. our biogrammar d. our organismic valuing process
42.
Rogers saw the emergence of a new person who is _____ oriented: a. * humanistically b. technologically c. scientifically d. religiously
43.
According to Rogers, which of the following slogans represents a viewpoint that will oppose the emergence of "the person of tomorrow": a. Our truth is the truth b. The intellect above all c. Tradition above all d. * All of the above
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44.
In a review of 22 studies, Gurman’s psychotherapy research showed that clients who perceived their therapists as _______ were more likely to judge the therapy as effective. a. genuine b. showing unconditional positive regard c. empathic d. * all of the above
45.
In Flett and Hewitt’s study of perfection, they believe that _______ perfectionism denotes a response to others’ unrealistic goals. a. self-oriented b. other-oriented c. * social prescribed d. other prescribed
46.
Rogers has been criticized for: a. ignoring the unconscious mind b. refusing to use established diagnostic categories, such as neurotic and psychotic c. having an overly simplified view of human nature d. * all of the above
47.
Among Rogers’ contributions are: a. the creation of a new form of therapy b. promoting a positive view of humans c. the creation of a theory with significant applied value d. * all of the above
Test 2 48.
Rogers postulated one master motive which he called: a. the need to reduce uncertainty b. hedonism c. * the actualizing tendency d. internal harmony
49.
Because Rogers believed in the inherent goodness of humans and that the emotions are the best guide for human conduct, his theory can be placed in the philosophical tradition of: a. empiricism b. rationalism c. existentialism d. * romanticism
231
50.
According to Rogers, it is _____ that determines a person's behavior: a. objective reality b. * phenomenological reality c. the physical environment d. the unconscious mind
51.
According to Rogers, a person's subjective reality can: a. be completely known by other people b. * be known only by the person himself or herself c. never be known by anyone d. be known only by a psychotherapist
52.
According to Rogers, _____ is all that is going on within the organism's environment at any given moment which is potentially available to awareness: a. awareness b. * experience c. symbolization d. more than one of the above
53.
Experiences become part of the person's phenomenological field after: a. * they become symbolized and enter awareness b. the individual experiences some degree of self-actualization c. they enter awareness but before they become symbolized d. they attain a degree of independence from one another
54.
Although Rogers initially opposed the use of the term self, he finally accepted the term into his theory because he: a. found instruments with which to reliably measure it b. * found that it was an important element in the experiences of his clients c. realized that it could be differentiated from the concepts of "me" and "I" d. all of the above
55.
The concept of self: a. was not used by Rogers b. * was only of secondary importance to Rogers c. is the cornerstone of Roger's theory d. became increasingly less useful to Rogers although it was very useful earlier in his theorizing
56.
By making positive regard contingent on a child's desirable behavior, parents create: a. the need for self regard b. self-actualization c. * conditions of worth d. the need for positive regard
232
57.
_____ specify the circumstances under which a child will experience positive regard: a. * Conditions of worth b. Organismic evaluations c. Actualizing experiences d. All of the above
58.
According to Rogers, people often join various groups and organizations because doing so: a. * stabilizes their conditions of worth b. gives them power c. is in accordance with their organismic valuing process d. allows them to experience unconditional positive regard
59.
For Rogers, each person's ultimate goal should be to: a. serve society b. satisfy his or her parents c. help other people d. * act in accordance with his/her true feelings
60.
_____ allow(s) the child to experience positive regard no matter what he or she does: a. Conditions of worth b. * Unconditional positive regard c. The organismic valuing process d. Self-regard
61.
What, according to Rogers, occurs when conditions of worth replace one's organismic valuing process as a frame of reference for evaluating experience a. * incongruency b. neurosis c. aggression d. a spirit of community develops
62.
Rogers viewed _____ as the cause of all human adjustment problems: a. the basic evil b. lack of identity c.* incongruence d. all of the above
63.
_____ involves the detection of an experience before it enters full awareness: a. Perception b. * Subception c. Sensation d. All of the above
233
64.
For Rogers, the process of defense consists of: a. denial b. distortion c. * both a and b d. neither a nor b
65.
Incongruency occurs if experiences are: a. distorted b. denied c. * both a and b d. neither a nor b
66.
Rogers’ notions concerning personality came from his: a. religious background b. background in philosophy c. early experiences on his family's farm d. * therapeutic practice
67.
During the _____ stage of the evolution of Rogers approach to psychotherapy, therapy was viewed as a joint venture involving both the client and the therapist: a. * client-centered b. non-directive c. experiential d. person-centered
68.
During the _____ stage of Rogers' thinking about psychotherapy, the emphasis was on the total person rather than on the person only as a client: a. client-centered b. non-directive c. experiential d. * person-centered
69.
Rogers believed that a fully functioning person is very much like a: a. saint b. * young infant c. mystic d. philosopher
70.
Which of the following characterizes fully functioning people: a. they are open to experience b. they see themselves as the locus of evaluation of their experiences c. they receive and give unconditional positive regard d. * all of the above
234
71.
As part of his method of measuring the effectiveness of therapy, Rogers had his client choose a number of statements that best described how the client saw himself or herself at the moment. This created a(n): a. Q-sort b. * self-sort c. ideal-sort d. real self
72.
Which of the following correlation coefficients between the self-sort and the ideal-sort after therapy would indicate that therapy had been most successful: a. * +1.00 b. + .79 c. - .79 d. -1.00
73.
One way to state the goal of therapy as Rogers viewed it is to make the real sell and the ideal self: a. opposite b. much different from each other c. * the same d. disappear
74.
During the Rogers-Skinner debate, the most important difference between the two was over: a. what constitutes the good life b. the importance of religion c. * cultural engineering d. their visions of the future
75.
Rogers believed that the widespread improvement of education in the United States would require: a. longer teacher education b. more frequent examinations c. * a revolution d. clearly defined goals and regulations
76.
Rogers believed that our educational system would be vastly improved if it assumed that: a. relevant material is learned best b. much learning takes place by doing c. learning that involves both the intellect and feelings is retained the longest d. * all of the above
235
77.
According to Rogers, optimal educational practices would realize that every student: a. is unique b. has an actualizing tendency c. needs unconditional positive regard d. * all of the above
78.
According to Rogers, which of the following statements made by a married person suggested that the marriage might be in trouble: a. We love each other b. We will work hard on our marriage c. We are destined for each other d. * All of the above
79.
According to Rogers, which of the following characterize successful marriages: a. open, honest communication b. recognition of the importance of both the intellect and the emotions c. the formation of important relationships outside of the marriage d. * all of the above
80.
Concerning the formation of strong, perhaps intimate relationships outside of one's marriage, Rogers believed that such relationships: a. are sought only by people in unhappy marriages b. * characterize the most successful marriages c. are sinful and should be actively avoided by all married couples d. always weaken marriages instead of strengthening them
81.
According to Rogers, for a satellite relationship to work it must be accepted by both marital partners: a. emotionally b. intellectually c. * both a and b d. neither a nor b
82.
According to Rogers, which of the following characterizes "the person of tomorrow": a. a rejection of hypocrisy, deceit, and double talk b. an indifference toward material comforts and rewards c. a yearning for the spiritual d. * all of the above
83.
Research has supported the Rogerian contention that: a. congruent people are defensive people b. effective therapy causes the real and ideal selves to move farther apart c. * congruent people are more open to experience than incongruent people d. all of the above
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84.
Research has indicated that the variables that produce effective psychotherapy and those that produce effective education are: a. * the same b. distinctly different c. somewhat similar d. somewhat different
85.
Flett and Hewitt’s research showed that _______ perfectionism was linked to higher levels of vulnerability to stress. a. * self-oriented b. other-oriented c. socially prescribed d. other prescribed
86.
Rogers’ theory has been criticized for: a. being overly simplistic and optimistic b. failing to give credit to those that influenced his theory c. ignoring or denying important aspects of personality d. * all of the above
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Chapter 15 – Abraham Maslow Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born on April 1, 1908 B. University of Wisconsin BA in1930, MA in 1931, and PhD in 1934 C. Married 1928 D. Died June 8, 1970
II.
Third Force Psychology A. First and Second Forces: Psychoanalytic and Behavioristic Psychology B. Humanistic Psychology as the third force 1. Emphasis on the positive aspects of human personality 2. Use of holistic-analytic approach to science C. Humanistic Principles 1. Study of psychology should be the experiencing person 2. Choice, creativity, and self-realization are primary concerns 3. Only personally and socially significant problems should be studied 4. Concern should be dignity and enhancement of people
III.
Hierarchy of Needs A. Needs are instinctoid (innately human) B. Higher versus lower needs 1. Higher needs emerge later in evolution 2. Higher needs emerge later in individual development 3. Higher needs not related directly to survival 4. Satisfaction of higher needs is mere satisfying (psychologically) 5. Higher needs require more prerequisites than lower needs C. Maslow's Hierarchy 1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Belongingness and Love Needs 4. Esteem Needs 5. Self-Actualization D. Exceptions in the Hierarchy of Needs 1. Individuals may fixate at certain stages E. Degrees of Satisfaction 1. Individuals may attempt to satisfy two or more needs simultaneously 2. Individuals may regress F. Desire to Know and Understand (Exist at all levels of hierarchy) G. The Aesthetic Needs (Also instinctoid)
IV.
Being Motivation A. Self-Actualizing People 1. Governed by Being Values (B-values)
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